History of the Minda de Gunzburg Center for European Studies by Minda de Gunzburg Center for European Studies, Harvard University

History of the Minda de Gunzburg Center for European Studies

HISTORY OF THE MINDA DE GUNZBURG CENTER FOR EUROPEAN STUDIES Fifty years ago, a young graduate student named Guido Goldman joined one of his professors, Stanley Hoffmann, in a modest venture that would eventually grow into today’s Minda de Gunzburg Center for European Studies (CES) at Harvard University. Recently, he reflected on his part in the undertaking: “Originally, I thought of the Center as a showcase for the genius of Stanley Hoffmann, and I am proud of my role in creating it. But today, looking back, I think the thing I am proudest of is something Peter Hall said to me, that of the 10 top political science departments in the United States today, eight include faculty who trained as graduate students at the Center.” “Trained” is perhaps too pale a word to convey the way the Minda de Gunzburg Center for European Studies has captured the imagination and fired the scholarly passions of those fortunate enough to have known it as students. Again, Hall’s words best convey what the Center has meant to so many scholars of Europe who, like him, have found their life’s work there: “The Center for European Studies has been the defining influence on my life.”

“Originally, I thought of the Center as a showcase for the genius of Stanley Hoffmann, and I am proud of my role in creating it. But today, looking back, I think the thing I am proudest of is ... that of the 10 top political science departments in the United States today, eight include faculty who trained as graduate students at the Center.”

This is the story of how CES evolved from humble origins into the preeminent institution for the study of Europe in the United States.

HISTORY OF THE MINDA DE GUNZBURG CENTER FOR EUROPEAN STUDIES

THE LAUNCH OF WEST EUROPEAN STUDIES In the beginning, before there was a Center for European Studies, there was a program that was simply called “West European Studies.” Created in 1969, this was the successor to two earlier efforts to establish the study of Europe at Harvard: the “German Research Program” initiated by Henry Kissinger, who at the time was a member of the faculty at Harvard’s Department of Government, with the encouragement and assistance of his then-graduate student assistant Guido Goldman, and a seminar in “West European Studies” taught by three professors, Hoffmann, David Landes, and Laurence Wylie, who in 1968 approached the Ford Foundation for funding to bring European academics to Harvard. They had pointed out that, in line with the new integrative approach of “area studies,” experts on the history, politics, and societies of China, Japan, Latin America, the Middle East, and the Soviet Union had been integrated into interdisciplinary regional studies centers, but that research and teaching on Western Europe, arguably the most critical area in terms of the United States’ national interests, remained fragmented. Important to the founding concept was that MIT faculty and graduate students were to join with their Harvard colleagues as full members of the program, a link, which as noted below, significantly strengthened its research and activities.

HISTORY OF THE MINDA DE GUNZBURG CENTER FOR EUROPEAN STUDIES

“West European Studies” was conceived as a way of expanding the core seminar into a broader effort that would bring together scholars in various disciplines united by a common interest in all aspects of Europe. Hoffmann and Goldman would preside over its inception, joining their two very different personalities to shape the spirit of the fledgling institution. Es ist der Geist der sich den Körper baut, reads the inscription from the German poet Friedrich Schiller at the entrance of today’s Adolphus Busch Hall: “The spirit builds its own body.” The spirit of the future CES first embodied itself in rather cramped quarters at 6 Divinity Avenue but soon decamped to a triple-decker at 471 Broadway, since demolished to make way for a Harvard parking garage. In that first humble abode, “West European Studies” took shape, with Hoffmann as chair and Goldman, then still a graduate student, as executive director. Eventually, they would be joined by Abigail (Abby) Collins, who served as assistant to Kissinger at Harvard before he moved to Washington.“We had two offices,” Collins recalls of those early days, “one of which was Guido’s, and the other was everything else.” Hoffmann was steeped in Europe’s often tragic history. Born in Austria in 1928 and raised in France, where he attended lycée during the Occupation, he had been invited by Dean McGeorge Bundy to join the Harvard faculty in the 1950s. A man of vast intellectual range and mordant wit, for American students he also embodied Europe in his person: his precise, impeccable, elegant English was inflected by an inimitable Austrian accent, which was immortalized when Hoffmann recorded the infamous message “Welcome to the Center for European Studies” that greeted callers on the CES answering

machine. His intimate familiarity with the classics of European literature and music — he was especially fond of the prose of Jean-Jacques Rousseau and Albert Camus, Franz Schubert’s Lieder, and Ludwig van Beethoven’s quartets — lent his conversation a charm and flavor uncommon among scholars who labored within the confines of their disciplines. Goldman, born in Zurich in 1938, had fled Europe in 1940 with his parents. At Harvard College, he studied with Hoffmann and Zbigniew Brzezinski (who later served as National Security Advisor under President Jimmy Carter), graduating in 1959. His doctoral dissertation on heavy industry and foreign policy in the Weimar Republic was awarded the Edward M. Chase Prize at Harvard for the best dissertation on a subject relating to world peace. In 1967, he became advisor to the John F. Kennedy Memorial Fellowship, which was endowed that year by the German government in memory of President Kennedy. In 1972, Goldman was instrumental in persuading the German government to establish the German Marshall Fund of the United States with a very substantial endowment to mark the 25th anniversary of the European Recovery Program (ERP), also known as the Marshall Plan, proposed by Secretary of State George C. Marshall in his commencement speech at Harvard in 1947. Goldman became founding chair of the German Marshall Fund, which has continued as a major institution for funding European-American exchanges and studies.

To mark the occasion West German Chancellor Willy Brandt came to Harvard in 1972. Planning for this important event was Collins’ first mission as Goldman’s assistant. “It was an amazing event from start to finish,” Collins recalled 20 years later, “one which I don’t remember being equaled.” In addition to the grant founding the German Marshall Fund, the German government also gave a smaller grant to CES, which placed it on a firm financial footing for the first time. The original governance structure was remarkably informal for a Harvard institution: a standing committee appointed by Hoffmann met once a year over dinner to discuss activities and plans.

View of Adolphus Busch Hall in 2019.

HISTORY OF THE MINDA DE GUNZBURG CENTER FOR EUROPEAN STUDIES

THE EARLY YEARS: INTERDISCIPLINARITY, CONVIVIALITY, EQUALITY In 1970, West European Studies moved to new quarters at 5 Bryant Street, which it initially shared with Latin American Studies, then chaired by Albert Hirschman. At that time it was still called West European Studies (Collins recalls that official designation as the Center for European Studies came in 1974). Landes played a key role in obtaining this space, which had previously been occupied by Harvard Hillel. The Bryant Street location left its mark on its inhabitants. If the spirit builds its own house, as Schiller believed, qualities of the house can also seep into an institution’s spirit. As Peter Hall, Krupp Foundation Professor of European Studies and CES Director from 2001 to 2006, recalls, “There was a kind of natural egalitarianism to the physical environment of 5 Bryant Street. Everybody’s office was crummy, including those of Stanley and Guido.” The cramped quarters fostered a constant conviviality. “Everybody had to pass one another up the same narrow central stairway,” Hall remembers. Cramped though the quarters may have been, there was always space to dine together, and food was from the beginning central to the life of the Center. “We

HISTORY OF THE MINDA DE GUNZBURG CENTER FOR EUROPEAN STUDIES

came up with the simple idea that food always attracts a crowd,” Collins observed. Gary Herrigel (now a professor at the University of Chicago) notes that there was something of a “Euro-chic” overtone to the Center’s conviviality: people smoked Gauloises and menus often had a European flavor. “This was the time when fine European cooking had entered the American imagination,” Collins notes, and Julia Child, the American chef, who introduced a generation to the art of French cuisine, lived around the corner from the Bryant Street house. “Friday lunches became an institution at the Center,” Collins recalls, providing “interesting, cheap food and good conversation.” This communal dining also served another purpose: it made CES a refuge from the hierarchy that prevailed elsewhere at Harvard. Scarcity of funds also played a part: “There was relatively little money for programming,” Hall remembers. “One of the greatest things about CES in those years was that, partly because there were relatively few tenured faculty members associated with it, many of the seminars and other activities were organized by untenured faculty or graduate students. This was part of Stanley’s policy of letting ‘a hundred flowers bloom.’ That approach probably owes more to Stanley’s attitude toward these things than to anything else.” The Center’s conviviality thus reinforced its interdisciplinarity, another of its leading characteristics. The emphasis on interdisciplinarity was reinforced by the Center’s close association with another Harvard institution, the Concentration in Social Studies, which admitted its first class of 18 sophomores in 1960. Hoffmann, who served as Buttenwieser University Professor at Harvard until his retirement, had also been a leader in that effort,

along with Wylie, Barrington Moore Jr., Alexander Gerschenkron, Michael Walzer, and others. The concern with breaking free of the constraints of the academic disciplines, as then constituted, was already a powerful motive, one which continued to inform Hoffmann’s vision for CES in subsequent decades. As Hoffmann stated in the Harvard Crimson in 1965,“Given the growing competition for honors within departments and the requirements of the Gen Ed Program, too few students were taking a satisfactory number of courses related to their discipline of concentration. We were graduating narrow specialists, government majors with no knowledge of Freud and Weber, economics majors with no political science background. We were all concerned that social science itself was losing coherence, splintering into artificial and uncommunicating disciplines.” Many of the graduate students at CES in those years also served as teaching assistants in Harvard College, which imparted the same historical and interdisciplinary vision of what the social sciences ought to be. Alumnus Peter Gourevitch mentions courses taught by Sam Beer and Moore, as well as Hoffmann’s famous seminars “On War” and “French Society and Politics,” as particularly influential in shaping the thought of the younger generation, who participated in course design and exchanged ideas with their more senior colleagues. Charles Maier, then a second-year graduate student in history, had his initial grading experience when Hoffmann recruited him to be a course assistant once he transformed his seminar on war to a lecture course. One purpose of promoting efforts to transcend disciplinary boundaries, according to the official history of the Program in Social Studies, was to aid students who “were finding it difficult to

focus intelligently on specific problems (such as racism, nationalism, or revolutionary movements) or certain areas (such as Western Europe or Latin America) without being academically coerced into a conventional departmental approach.” Another was to broaden the horizons of students who came to Harvard with little appreciation of the great traditions of European social thought. “Government majors knew little about Freud or Weber,” Hoffmann remarked, while “economics majors knew little about politics or history.” In the early years, many CES students came from Social Studies and most CES faculty taught in the program. Although the Social Studies concentration had begun to remedy the narrowness of Harvard’s outlook in the 1960s, there was still something missing: a place where Europe could be seen whole and examined as an object of study in its own right, both in its historical longue durée and in its postwar incarnation as a space of political and social innovation and contestation. The problem was not exactly that Europe was being neglected. There were certainly scholars at Harvard studying European history, politics, and society. The Center for International Affairs stressed, in the words of its first director Robert Bowie, “awareness of the nature and complexity of foreign affairs,” including European affairs, but its emphasis was on the immediate needs of policymakers, to the exclusion of the broader historical and theoretical issues that Hoffmann believed cried out for greater attention.The “area studies” approach to the study of the world beyond the borders of the United States had been strongly promoted by the Rockefeller and Ford Foundations and the Carnegie Corporation during the early years of the Cold War, but by the late ’60s the premises underlying that approach were being questioned, even by area studies specialists

HISTORY OF THE MINDA DE GUNZBURG CENTER FOR EUROPEAN STUDIES

themselves. Hoffmann, a great admirer of French president Charles de Gaulle, shared the general’s skepticism toward many aspects of U.S. foreign policy, especially as the Vietnam War escalated. Hence the Center for European Studies was never destined to become a center of policy studies, and in the Vietnam era, most of the scholars associated with the Center, starting with its chairman Hoffmann, were strong critics of the American role in the world. Interdisciplinarity was encouraged not only by the political turbulence of the era but also by the disciplinary ferment that marked the first decade of CES. The political turbulence led to the questioning of many received pieties. As Hall recalls: It was an exceptionally vibrant intellectual community. From my perspective, some of that followed from the way the disciplines were developing at the same time. This was a period when social history had succeeded political history as the driving force in the discipline. … As a result there was enormous intellectual ferment among the historians and interest in how to do history. … In political science this was a period when Peter Evans and others had just published Bringing the State Back In, and political science was turning its attention to a new institutionalism. And at the same time the subfield of political economy was developing. In its CES version it emerged out of labor studies, but I think, in the United States, CES was central to the emergence of a particular kind of political economy, which instead of an approach that applies ideas of economics to issues of politics was an approach that was much more eclectic methodologically but fundamentally interested in the relation of politics to economics. And so it was extraordinarily exciting to be in a

HISTORY OF THE MINDA DE GUNZBURG CENTER FOR EUROPEAN STUDIES

place where new ways of thinking about political economy were emerging.

“In the United States, CES was central to the emergence of a particular kind of political economy, which instead of an approach that applies ideas of economics to issues of politics was an approach that was much more eclectic methodologically but fundamentally interested in the relation of politics to economics.”

Importantly, the Center’s historians and social scientists did not simply share space but also communicated ideas across disciplinary boundaries. Again, Hall is eloquent on the unique qualities of this environment: One of the features that distinguished the Center then and to some extent still now from other centers that were to develop in the U.S. was its focus on the social sciences. So, although the Center, with the rise of cultural history in the 1990s, moved to embrace a wider array of cultural approaches to the study of Europe, for its first decade and more, it was focused on the social sciences, which gave it an intellectual focus that most centers for European studies lacked. In those years the historians associated with the Center, were unusual to some extent in that they were more oriented toward social theory than many historians are. So even if they were not social historians themselves they had a natural affinity with social history, which made them interested in the

SETTING A “One of the features that distinguished the Center then and to some extent still now from other centers that were to develop in the U.S. was its focus on the social sciences.”

study of labor and the subsequent debates about political economy that emerged at CES.

View of the Braunschweig Lion and a quotation from Johann Wolfgang von Goethe’s Faust inscribed on the facade of the building’s courtyard. “Die That ist Alles, Nichts der Ruhm” can be translated as “The deed is everything – glory nothing.”

COURSE FOR EUROPEAN STUDIES AT HARVARD Two other figures played key roles in setting the intellectual course of CES in its first decade: Gourevitch and Lange. Gourevitch, Founding Dean of the School of Global Policy & Strategy and Distinguished Professor Emeritus at UC San Diego, served as acting director of CES when Goldman took a leave of absence to head the German Marshall Fund in 1972–73 until a permanent president could be found. Hoffmann was also on leave that year, so Gourevitch filled in for both before eventually leaving for a professorship at McGill University. He “laid out an intellectual agenda which came to focus on the welfare state, labor markets, work, unions, and women,” Collins recalls, with assistance from a “remarkable group of graduate students and young faculty” (including Lange, Charles Sabel, George Ross, Stephen Bornstein, Joel Krieger, Molly Nolan, Andrei Markovits, John Keeler, Jane Jenson, Chris Allen, Andrew Martin, Rosemary Taylor, and Maurizio Vannicelli). It was Gourevitch who set up the Center’s study groups, around which its day-today activities would be organized for the next four decades. “I thought it was inefficient that every time someone wanted to invite a guest speaker, they had to come and ask me for $100 or $200, as if I were the royal chamberlain,” he said. “So, I proposed setting

HISTORY OF THE MINDA DE GUNZBURG CENTER FOR EUROPEAN STUDIES

up regular study groups, each of which would be given a budget to organize whatever activities they could manage. And these worked so well that when Guido and Stanley returned from their leaves, they decided to keep them.” One of those groups was the “Seminar on the State and Capitalism Since 1800.” Lange, who had become an assistant professor of government at Harvard (and ultimately went on to serve for many years as Provost of Duke University with an office at the Center), recalls: The origins of the seminar were intellectual and loosely ideological, and they were collective; there was no individual “leader,” although I took on many organizing responsibilities. The intellectual stimulus was a conviction among a number of the denizens of CES and other Harvard and MIT colleagues that there was an alternative to the neo-Marxist understanding of the state, markets, and the role of culture based on ideals flourishing in academic leftist circles at the time as well as to a burgeoning neo-liberal thrust, especially in economics and development economics, arguing for clearing away state obstacles to the “free” operation of markets. The thrust of the “State and Capitalism Since 1800” seminar (or “State and Cap,” as it came to be known) was what might be characterized as “left institutionalist,” reflected both in the selection of topics and speakers and in the discussions among the participants. … Further,“history mattered,” generally in the form of significant path dependency, embedded in national institutions. As this suggests, the seminar was also interdisciplinary in its intellectual matrix.

HISTORY OF THE MINDA DE GUNZBURG CENTER FOR EUROPEAN STUDIES

It was this combination of shared broad understanding of what the seminar was exploring and openness to speakers and topics ranging broadly across time (after all, 1800 to 1975 was a long time), disciplines and approaches, plus the intelligence and engagement of those participating, that made the seminar so exciting and attractive, both to its core (mostly at CES or among their close Harvard colleagues) and to those who attended fairly frequently. I [Lange] was the “organizer” but a number of the CES denizens (Peter Gourevitch, James Kurth, Charles Maier, and Peter Hall, to name a few) were very much a part of the intellectual leadership, suggesting speakers, volunteering to present topics, and taking part in the ongoing conversations on the couches and over the meals at 5 Bryant Street. Hence, the seminar was really a collective product of a unique and remarkably stimulating group of relatively young faculty members and graduate students embarking on what became mostly highly successful careers while reaching beyond their narrow professional boundaries to engage their broader intellectual commitments and their peer colleagues. It is unlikely this could have happened in a setting other than the physically and intellectually special place that was CES at 5 Bryant Street. Gourevitch adds that the seminar also drew participants from sociology, including Theda Skocpol, Ann Swidler, and Rosemary Taylor and occasional graduate students from economics, along with professors such as Hirschman, Tom Horst, and Landes. As Maier summarizes, the seminars were perhaps the premier intellectual events across campus: drawing arguments from political economy, history, theoretical analysis, and empirical studies into discussions that were always highly anticipated and crowded.

A HUB FOR EUROPEAN STUDIES BEYOND HARVARD CES is today a Harvard institution, but it has always been more than that: a veritable hub for European studies in the Boston area and beyond. As Gourevitch notes, CES has long projected a â&#x20AC;&#x153;regional aura, especially in the early days, when it was a lifeline for people from other colleges. This is what made the study groups work. You could have one on, say, British politics, or French, or labor, because there were people with jobs at

CES is today a Harvard institution, but it has always been more than that: a veritable hub for European studies in the Boston area and beyond.

the other colleges who would come. As big as Harvard was, it did not itself have enough people to populate some of the groups, so CES drew on other pools of talent, which was a lifeline for them and a lifeline for CES.â&#x20AC;? The connection with MIT, as noted, was ingrained from the beginning and

remained particularly important. Suzanne Berger, who had trained with Hoffmann and had been a major presence in the early days of CES, today is John M. Deutch Institute Professor at MIT. Charles Sabel, Michael Piore, John Zysman, Gary Herrigel, Andrew Martin, and Kathleen Thelen of MIT

HISTORY OF THE MINDA DE GUNZBURG CENTER FOR EUROPEAN STUDIES

contributed to the essential relationship between the two institutions. There were also important ties to Brandeis University, through Ross, in particular, one of the early CESers who served as acting director in 1998–1999. Boston College has maintained longstanding ties through faculty affiliates such as James Cronin, Devin Pendas, and Julian Bourg, as has Boston University through Vivien Schmidt, Cathie Jo Martin, Stephen Kalberg, Sofia Perez, and Fred and Jane Leventhal. Northeastern is represented by Laura Frader and Kathrin Zippel. Tony Smith, one of the earliest CESers, maintained his ties after moving to Tufts, as did Taylor. Jenson was a frequent visitor from as far away as Montreal. “The Center was a magnet for people from all over,” Gourevitch recalls. “This was one of the things that made it work. The specialist at each place could come to Harvard and find community. People drove a long way to be at Friday Lunch followed by the “State and Capitalism” seminar. I flew from Montreal often the first couple of years I was there. People came from Dartmouth and all the colleges around.”

“The Center was a magnet for people from all over ... This was one of the things that made it work. The specialist at each place could come to Harvard and find community.”

HISTORY OF THE MINDA DE GUNZBURG CENTER FOR EUROPEAN STUDIES

FOSTERING COLLECTIVE VENTURES In addition to providing a stimulating environment that nurtured the work of faculty and graduate students alike, the Center also provided the spark and resources for a number of significant collective projects. One of the earliest products of Centernurtured collaborations was a two-volume set of papers on European labor entitled Unions, Change, and Crisis: French and Italian Union Thought and Strategy in the Political Economy Since 1945. Published by Allen and Unwin, the first volume, edited by Lange, Ross, and Vannicelli, appeared in 1982, and the second, edited by Gourevitch, Martin, Ross, Bornstein, Markovits, and Christopher Allen, followed two years later. Recognized as classics in the field, both volumes were republished by Routledge in 2016. Another notable collective project emerged from the “Workshop on Women in War,” which took place at CES in early January of 1984. A book entitled Behind the Lines: Gender and the Two World Wars, edited by Margaret Higonnet, Jenson, Sonya Michel, and Margaret Weitz and published by Yale in 1986, collected many of the papers presented at this workshop. This work staked out a position for the Center at the forefront of the burgeoning field of feminist history. It also highlights another significant strength of CES: its openness to a broad scholarly community, whose boundaries extended well

beyond the walls of Harvard. None of the organizers belonged to the Harvard faculty, yet the success of the conference depended significantly on CES staff and resources. The “Women in War” conference, and the book that grew out of it, was not the only CES contribution to women’s history and feminist political studies. Already in the early 1980s Jennifer Schirmer, Jenson, and Michel were working on women and the welfare state. The “Gender, Politics, and Society Study Group” dates back to the early 1990s, when it was chaired by Frader, Schirmer, and Caroline Ford.There were also several conferences on women in the labor force and women and the welfare state. Seyla Benhabib and Susan Pedersen were also important presences.

note, the Center celebrated the 35th anniversary of the Marshall Plan in 1982. Among the participants were many leaders who had been influential in implementing the plan, including Governor Averell Harriman and Lord Eric Roll.

Behind all of this activity was one driving force. The editors of Behind the Lines acknowledge the “invaluable contributions” of Associate Director Collins, who “provided the initial concept for the workshop.” Thanks to such engagement, the institution became a true “center” for European studies not just at Harvard but throughout the greater Boston academic community. Indeed, Collins’ organizing energy became the impetus for many of the Center’s public activities. “Abby loved organizing conferences and especially keying them to historical anniversaries, which gave the historians their particular opportunity,” Maier recalls. “We had quite a few of them [in the ’80s]. There was one in ’83, to mark the anniversary of 1933,” the year Hitler became the German chancellor. Before that there had been a conference on the advent of Italian fascism in 1982, 60 years after Mussolini’s march on Rome. On a brighter

View of the mechanism that runs the clock located on the tower of Adolphus Busch Hall.

HISTORY OF THE MINDA DE GUNZBURG CENTER FOR EUROPEAN STUDIES

THE INFLUENCE OF EVENTS AND THE HISTORICAL TURN While analyzing significant past events may have provided one impetus for organizing conferences, current events also exerted a significant influence on the direction of CES. As the ferment of the ’60s subsided, the interest in European social democracy that had been a central focus of the “State and Capitalism” seminar discussions burgeoned into a broader consideration of the revitalized European Community, which would eventually become the European Union. Maier recalls that “the 1980s, with [Jacques] Delors, [president of the European Commission from 1985 to 1995] and progress on European institutions, obviously gave new vitality to European studies.The late ’80s, when the Communist regimes fell, provided the next huge impetus.” CES scholars made significant contributions to the study of the European Union, most notably Ross’ Jacques Delors and European Integration (1995) and Andrew Moravcsik’s The Choice for Europe (1998). The ’80s also saw a significant broadening of the Center’s historical focus. Simon Schama, Professor of Art History and History at Columbia University, already celebrated for his Patriots and Liberators (1977), was beginning his studies of art and landscape, and John Brewer, a distinguished historian of Britain, who later became Eli and Edythe Broad Professor of History and Literature, Emeritus at Caltech, joined the resident faculty. They added a cultural

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dimension to the Center’s strengths in history, which were already represented by longtime resident faculty Patrice Higonnet, Robert Walton Goelet Research Professor of French History Emeritus, and Maier, Leverett Saltonstall Research Professor of History and CES Director from 1994 to 2001. David Blackbourn, who would win renown for his studies of popular religion and environmental politics in Germany, later complemented this group. Blackbourn, Cornelius Vanderbilt Distinguished Chair of History at Vanderbilt University, served as CES Director from 2007 to 2012. The relations among social historians, cultural historians, and historically-oriented political scientists proved to be an important nexus of the Center’s intellectual life, bearing out Hoffmann’s intuition that there was much to be gained by encouraging scholars to roam beyond the customary boundaries of their disciplines. Maier, who had continued his affiliation during five years at Duke University and returned to teaching at Harvard in 1981, replacing Goldman as director in 1994 (the offices of director and chair were merged in 1997), observes: “The intellectual thrust of the Center was set by intellectuals committed to interdisciplinarity. … We’re Stanley’s children in that sense. Originally our emphasis was on political history and political-economy issues. That continues, but interest in cultural history, citizenship, ethnicity, and popular culture has grown. It became clear during my time as director that our intellectual approaches divided less according to department discipline or country expertise than by methodological approaches — political-economy and its institutions on the one hand, cultural and intellectual studies on the other hand. Talking across the divide has been the challenge, but we’ve always supported projects

across the board. I can vouch from reading graduate student applications [in history] over a long period of time and in trying to recruit faculty that the Center’s existence was important [in inducing them to come to Harvard]. After almost 50 years I can testify that it’s not been a bad place to hang out.”

THE 1990S: AN ERA

The intellectual thrust of the Center was set by intellectuals committed to interdisciplinarity. … We’re Stanley’s children in that sense.

The year 1989 was momentous not only for Europe but also for the Center. That year, CES moved into Adolphus Busch Hall, the splendid building that has become its permanent home, and was renamed the Minda de Gunzburg Center for European Studies. The inaugural event for the Center’s new conferences was a conference keynoted by European Commission President Jacques Delors, invited by Ross. Adolphus Busch Hall had previously housed Harvard’s Germanic Museum, which had most recently been called the Busch-Reisinger Museum. Two events paved the way for this transition. First, the Fogg Art Museum was expanded, and part of the new space was devoted to the German art collection, which could be better conserved, with more exacting control of environmental conditions, in the new, combined Harvard Art Museums. Second, Baron Alain de Gunzburg, together with his two sons Jean and Charles, supplemented an earlier de Gunzburg family gift to the Center with a new and extraordinarily generous gift of $10 million in 1986. The gift was made in honor of Baron de Gunzburg’s late wife, the mother of Jean and Charles, Aileen Mindel Bronfman de Gunzburg, known to family and friends as “Minda.” Once again it was Goldman, a longtime friend of the Bronfman family and CES director from 1969 to 1994, who stewarded this benefaction: “The de Gunzburgs support has been essential to the success of the Center,” Goldman

It was not just interdisciplinarity, though, that set the tone. The effort to overcome hierarchy, which each director since Hoffmann has striven for, has also been remarkable. This was helped by the fact that since it was not a department, CES did not have to make decisions about promotion. “We’ve always tried to make the Center as nonhierarchical as possible,” Hoffmann told the Harvard Gazette. “We treat everyone as members of a research community.”

OF MOMENTOUS CHANGES

HISTORY OF THE MINDA DE GUNZBURG CENTER FOR EUROPEAN STUDIES

told the Harvard Gazette in 1996. “We needed a larger permanent home for our growing group of faculty, students, and visiting researchers. … The new gift enhances and stabilizes our existence for the next generation.” After 1994, Goldman ceased to play a direct role in running the Center but has remained an active supporter. The new quarters in Adolphus Busch Hall made it possible to expand this educational mission, always an essential part of the Center’s activities, through the inclusion of more senior and junior faculty and extension of the program’s intellectual range. By 1996–97, the Center housed 18 senior faculty, 10 junior faculty, 26 visiting scholars, 47 affiliates from Harvard and other local universities, and 52 graduate students. Goldman was also instrumental at the end of the 1980s in encouraging the government of German Chancellor Helmut Kohl — concerned that the generation of émigré scholars who had been so crucial for America’s postwar ties to Europe was departing the active academic scene — to provide another financial impetus for German and (this was a crucial feature of the program) European studies in the United States. In 1990, the German government decided to establish three Centers of Excellence for German and European Studies at Harvard University, Georgetown University, and University of California, Berkeley, each given extraordinary gifts of $10 million over a decade on condition that the universities create endowments that would sustain forever the essential elements of the program. The program enabled CES to enlarge its program of fellowships and to encourage students training in the study of other European countries to extend their projects to include a German comparative component. It also funded the journal, German Politics and Society, which joined the existing

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CES publication French Politics and Society. The de Gunzburg family stepped in generously again to provide an additional $5 million when the original German grant expired.

The centaur overlooking the entrance of the Center on Cabot Way.

BUILDING NETWORKS THROUGH FELLOWSHIPS Through the years, the presence of visiting scholars at CES and the activities of Center faculty and graduate students have been supported by a variety of generous fellowships, of which two deserve special mention: the John F. Kennedy Memorial Fellowships and the Krupp Foundation Fellowships in European Studies. The Kennedy Fellowships, which predate the founding of CES, were launched in 1967 with a gift of two million Deutschmarks from the Federal Republic of Germany, supplemented by another 1.2 million Deutschmark raised by the industrialist and politician Kurt Birrenbach. “Through this program,” Hall noted in 2017 on the occasion of the 50th anniversary of the Fellowships’ founding, “a substantial proportion of the most eminent social scientists in Germany … have spent a year at the Minda de Gunzburg Center for European Studies.” Over the years, the Kennedy Fellowships have supported more than 120 scholars — the cream of German social science — and fostered a close bond between researchers in Germany and American scholars trained at CES but now working at institutions across the United States. Andreas Busch, who was a John F. Kennedy Memorial Fellow

in 1997–1998 and today is Professor of Political Science at University of Göttingen, recalls his time at CES as “one of academic conviviality and spirited conversation over excellent food and drink with friends from a wide variety of backgrounds. … The Center had a brilliant capacity to connect people with each other and to make one feel at ease. … I was lucky to be here while Peter Hall and David Soskice (and with them many others) were in the gestation period of what became Varieties of Capitalism:The Institutional Foundations of Comparative Advantage, a book that defined comparative political economy in the first decade of this century. I treasure the contacts and exchanges with many of the colleagues I met during my time at CES, and I keep in contact with several of them.”

“Through this program, ... a substantial proportion of the most eminent social scientists in Germany … have spent a year at the Minda de Gunzburg Center for European Studies.”

The Kennedy funds also support the John F. Kennedy Memorial Policy Fellowship, which brings German academics, politicians, journalists, and other leaders to the Center for shorter periods of intellectual reflection at Harvard. This, too, has fostered a vibrant network of former fellows who maintain ties to the Center and carry its influence outside the walls of academia. Recent John F. Kennedy Memorial Policy Fellows include Sigmar Gabriel, Georg Mascolo, Miriam Meckel, Wolfgang Merkel,

HISTORY OF THE MINDA DE GUNZBURG CENTER FOR EUROPEAN STUDIES

Wolfgang Münchau, Majid Sattar, Isabel Schayani, Sybille von Obernitz, and Johannes Vogel. In 2016, following discussions with the Federal Foreign Office of Germany and the German Academic Exchange Service (DAAD), the German Kennedy Memorial Fellowship was created. Whereas the original Kennedy Fellowships are available only to German citizens, the new grant is extended to citizens of all other European Union member states. Tom Chevalier of Sciences Po was the first German Kennedy Memorial Fellow in 2017. The activities of the Center have also benefited greatly from the generosity of the Alfried Krupp von Bohlen und Halbach Foundation, which in 1974 and 1979 gave two grants, each of $1 million, to endow the Krupp Foundation Chair in European Studies and fellowships supporting dissertation research by doctoral students in the social sciences studying modern Europe. This marked the first partnership between an American university and a private German foundation. The first holder of the Krupp Foundation Chair was the Italian sociologist Alessandro Pizzorno, who eventually returned to Italy. He was succeeded by Maier and then Hall, both of whom took the Chair in connection with the directorship of CES. The Krupp Foundation fellowships for students — at first limited to Harvard graduate students but eventually expanded to undergraduates and later, at Maier’s suggestion, to MIT students as well — have enabled hundreds of students to study and undertake dissertation research in Europe. As Hall has written, “Those who have gone to Europe on these fellowships have returned with a greater understanding of its peoples and places, its history and culture, which continues to

HISTORY OF THE MINDA DE GUNZBURG CENTER FOR EUROPEAN STUDIES

guide both their thinking and the ideas they impart to their students.”

“Those who have gone to Europe on these fellowships have returned with a greater understanding of its peoples and places, its history and culture, which continues to guide both their thinking and the ideas they impart to their students.”

The Krupp grant financed an extraordinary range of CES activities for many years. Its importance to the Center’s growth cannot be overstated.

THE VISITING

the years, either as visitors again or participants in Center forums, panels, and conferences.

SCHOLARS

For instance, Christiane Lemke, who is professor of political science at Leibniz University in Hannover, was selected as a John F. Kennedy Memorial Fellow from 1983–1984 and returned as a visiting scholar twice since, has this to say about her tenure at CES: “The openness and the intensity of intellectual exchange was the most important aspect of my experience at the Center. Back then at Bryant Street there were several study groups.The most prominent one was “State and Capitalism.”… In this seminar, pioneer research in modern political economy and the history of political institutions took shape. It was such a lively discussion. In Germany we had the impression that American social science was more pragmatic and mainly interested in empirical research. And it is. But here at the Center you had very deep intellectual debates about capitalism, the role of states in shaping markets, labor movements, welfare states, and different economic models in Europe and the United States. It was a laboratory of innovative research which was deeply rooted in social theory.”

PROGRAM A word should be said at this point about the visiting scholars. Inviting visitors from abroad had been a primary activity of the Center from its earliest days, when the number of visitors was still quite small. The move to Adolphus Busch Hall made it possible to provide office space, though no stipends, for a much larger number of visitors, and before long regular relations developed with European institutions such as the German Academic Exchange Service (DAAD), the WZB Berlin Social Science Center, Sciences Po, and numerous other universities and research centers across Europe and the United States. Visitors included John F. Kennedy Memorial Fellows, senior and junior faculty, and postdoctoral researchers in all the areas covered by Center faculty. In order to facilitate integration of the visitors into the activities of the Center and of the broader Harvard and greater Boston intellectual communities, Judith Vichniac founded the “Visiting Scholars Brown Bag Lunch Seminar,” in the early 1990s when she served as acting director of CES. This seminar became an institution within the institution. The visiting scholars annually infuse fresh energy into the Center by sharing the latest European research trends and political developments with one another during the weekly seminar. Collaborations have developed at CES, and many visiting scholars have found their visits so productive that they have returned over

Another virtue of exposure to CES was that the Center’s unique intellectual atmosphere opened the eyes of young scholars to the possibility of a less rigid, less traditional and hierarchical academic culture: “As a woman in German academia back then, I was a minority. There were very few women who were professors, even at the more modern universities, such as my alma mater, the Free University of Berlin. It was very different to come here and be taken seriously, as a young scholar but also as a woman in the field of political science,” Lemke recalls.

HISTORY OF THE MINDA DE GUNZBURG CENTER FOR EUROPEAN STUDIES

Another repeat visitor, Eloi Laurent from the French Economic Observatory (OfCE), writes: “I’ve had the honor and pleasure to come to CES three times as a visiting scholar over the last fifteen years. … The reasons why I came back each time are simple: people and place.Art Goldhammer, Michèle Lamont, and Peter Hall are among the most insightful and generous people I’ve encountered in my academic life, and I’ve met them thanks to CES.While at CES, I was given the chance to collaborate with Amartya Sen and William Clark. CES is also the place where I finished my Ph.D. dissertation (on the failures of European economic policy), the book that defined my research agenda (social-ecology), and the book that defined my policy agenda (building the socialecological state).” In recent years Laurent has become a regular visitor to Stanford. “But there is one thing Stanford does not have,” he concedes: “a civilized place like CES.” One final comment from Eva Marlene Hausteiner of the University of Bonn, who was a John F. Kennedy Memorial Fellow in 2016–17: “When I first got [to CES], my main purpose was to move forward with my second book, which required a lot of focus, and I was really optimistic about finding such focus here, which I did. But the fantastic thing was that I had so much space to also do other things. To meet fantastic people. … I made so many meaningful connections. That really changed my life in a way. I met people I’ve stayed in close contact with, both professionally and socially, and I really had the space not only to write my book but also to explore other topics, which I think is so important, especially for a political scientist. So the fact that I was here during a year of particular political upheaval made me look at my field differently.”

HISTORY OF THE MINDA DE GUNZBURG CENTER FOR EUROPEAN STUDIES

Since the early 1990s the Center has continued to host 20–25 visiting scholars year in and year out, and hundreds of alumni serve as CES ambassadors to Europe and their home institutions, providing a welcome for Harvard students studying abroad while orienting young Europeans toward Harvard’s incomparable resources and the manifold opportunities to learn from and collaborate with resident faculty and students. On a personal note, the author of these lines has served as chair of, what is now called, the “New Research on Europe Seminar”for nearly two decades and can attest to the liveliness of the discussions and to the important contribution of each year’s new crop of visiting scholars to the Center’s intellectual life. The cross-disciplinary nature of the seminar is a rare opportunity for scholars in the increasingly hyper-specialized academy to learn of the latest work in fields remote from their own. Ideas, sources, and methods have been transmitted across disciplinary as well as national boundaries. The seminar is a unique vantage point from which to observe the astonishing variety of work being pursued by students of Europe from all corners of the globe. It is also an opportunity for spirited debate, as assumptions taken for granted within one discipline come under vigorous scrutiny from people with very different training and perspectives.

THE NEW

needed to integrate all of this into what CES was doing without losing the core of our strengths.”

MILLENNIUM

It was also essential to do more to involve undergraduates in the daily life of the institution. To that end, an undergraduate advisory board was established. Alex Bevilacqua, assistant professor of history at Williams College, was one of the first to serve. In addition to its usual seminars and conferences, the Center began to organize events such as a Venetian Ball, designed explicitly to integrate undergraduates into the activities of CES. “We organized a breakfast for students with [former French president Valéry] Giscard d’Estaing,” Craig recalls.

The advent of the new millennium saw a generational change of leadership at the Center. In 2001, Hall became director — the first director to have been a graduate student at CES. Trisha Craig became executive director, completing the transition from the founding generation. “It was really an inflection point for European studies,” Craig, who now serves as Vice President of Engagement, YaleNUS College, recalls of her first months in the job. “Not just for the Center, but for European studies generally.” Europe itself was changing rapidly, moving toward a common currency (the euro would enter circulation the following year) and consolidation of the single market. The issues that had animated European studies in previous decades — the nature of the welfare state, the viability of social democracy, the collapse of communism, the integration of social history with political economy — now required reinterpretation in a more global context. “CES had been inward-facing,” Craig observes. “Now it had to reach out more actively to other departments, disciplines, and schools across the university as part of a broader effort to situate the study of Europe in a more global, less area-studies-oriented framework.” The Center also had to accommodate to the changing realities of the disciplines with which it interacted: “Departments [of political science] were no longer going to have budget lines for scholars who did just, for example, British politics. History departments were hiring people who worked on questions of gender and sexuality and intellectual history. So we

In addition, as relations between CES and the departments evolved, it was also important to assist not only students but also junior faculty to ensure that association with CES did not compromise their relationship to their home departments. There was also renewed effort to forge a relationship with Sciences Po in Paris: “One of my favorite things was the online course that Stanley [Hoffmann] and Louise [Richardson, Vice-Chancellor of University of Oxford,] did with Sciences Po,” which involved a trans-Atlantic video link and students in Cambridge and Paris collaborating electronically — at the time a technological feat and pioneering experiment. Another innovation introduced by Craig was the summer internship program, which created dozens of internships for Harvard students in Europe. In 2007, CES hosted a discussion on the first five years of the euro featuring Jean-Claude Trichet, then head of the European Central Bank, and Larry Summers, then a Harvard professor but soon to become head of President Obama’s Council

HISTORY OF THE MINDA DE GUNZBURG CENTER FOR EUROPEAN STUDIES

of Economic Advisors and later Secretary of the Treasury. In 2008, there was a visit by Ségolène Royal, who had lost the French presidential election of 2007 to Nicolas Sarkozy. Former French Prime Minister Lionel Jospin also visited that year. Such dignitaries were among many important European political figures who visited CES over the years. From Germany came Willy Brandt, Sigmar Gabriel, Helmut Kohl, Johannes Rau, Peer Steinbruck, and, most recently, Chancellor Angela Merkel, who gave the Commencement address at Harvard in 2019 and met with CES faculty and students. From France, in addition to Giscard, Royal, and Jospin, came European Commission President Jacques Delors, European Commissioner and former French finance minister Pierre Moscovici, former prime ministers Raymond Barre, Jean-Marc Ayrault, and Bernard Cazeneuve. From Italy CES has hosted Prime Ministers Mario Monti, Romano Prodi and Matteo Renzi along with many others. Spanish Prime Minister José Zapatero reflected on his time in office. One memorable conference featured an epic clash between Prime Minister Alain Juppé and May ’68 student leader and later Green politician Daniel Cohn-Bendit. And of course there was the important visit of Czech president Vaclav Havel in 1995.

THE CHALLENGE OF THE FINANCIAL CRISIS In 2007, David Blackbourn, who had been acting director in 2004, took over as director, a position in which he remained until 2012, when he left Harvard for Vanderbilt University. He quickly found himself navigating a difficult passage in CES’s history: “The biggest challenge, bigger than anything I faced when chair of history, was the fallout from the financial crisis, which led to major budgetary constraints.” But, he notes, adversity had its compensations: “The crisis created tremendously useful meetings among center directors, who faced similar problems.” Blackbourn gives full credit to the CES staff in helping him overcome the many difficulties of keeping the institution afloat in straitened circumstances: “I would like to emphasize that the staff were wonderful, [with] Trisha Craig very much to the fore as executive director. The great joy of being director is the role of CES as a bridge — between scholars in Europe and the USA, between the generations, between the disciplines. A major issue facing any CES director will be maintaining some sort of rough balance in programming, especially between policy issues and more purely scholarly questions. As an historian, Blackbourn was especially conscious of changes within his own discipline and of the way in which these changes complicated history’s integration with the Center’s other activities. Departments, he

HISTORY OF THE MINDA DE GUNZBURG CENTER FOR EUROPEAN STUDIES

notes, are able to effect changes of intellectual outlook relatively quickly because they have the power to hire; centers do not. What does that mean in practice? That, for the most part, the intense intellectual activity at CES (and it is intense) consists of things going on side by side. CES is the place, not where social science interdisciplinarity drives research agendas, but where a hundred flowers bloom. That is reflected in the study groups, lectures, and choices when selecting visiting fellows. One of the things I would have liked to see is the forging of new kinds of interdisciplinary engagement. Some of the things I encouraged aimed at that — a conference called “What is a Context,” which brought together Harvard scholars from history, history of science, philosophy, and English, another focused on the environment. I suppose one signature aspect of my directorship was the desire to balance events that dealt with the EU, elections, labor markets, energy, security questions, and the many other immediate political issues that demanded attention (I remember wonderful events devoted to the headscarf debate and to the banlieue riots in France) with events that tackled cultural questions, or perhaps better, questions that addressed culture and politics. Hence symposia devoted to French New Wave Cinema, the centennial of Simone de Beauvoir, Futurism at 100, art and empire, and the films of the European Recovery Program. I pondered (as I know other directors have) whether we took on too much — whether more means less, especially less time to attend to matters of common interest.” The Center has also adapted to changes in the focus of the many disciplines on which it draws. The addition of Peter Gordon, Amabel B. James Professor of History, to the faculty established

an important presence in intellectual history, a subspecialty that Gordon describes as “a hybrid discipline,” which is one reason it can be so challenging to define. “It borrows promiscuously from neighboring disciplines — political theory, philosophy, and sociology, to name only three. But its chief task is to explore the complex fortune of arguments and intellectuals in historical perspective. This task has been construed in various ways, but my own sense is that intellectual history operates in closest proximity to the history of philosophy.This is my own practice, though working at the boundary line between history and philosophy is today rather uncommon,” Gordon explains. Harvard historians Mary D. Lewis, Robert Walton Goelet Professor of French History, and Maya Jasanoff, Coolidge Professor of History, bring expertise in the study of Europe’s colonial past and its aftermath, a burgeoning field of study. Lewis notes that as Europe’s former dominance recedes into the past, teaching that past poses new challenges. “When I started teaching at CES in 2002, students still sometimes had immediate family connections to World War II and its aftermath. … Fast forward to 2017, when, in planning a retrospective exhibit on the 50th anniversary of May 1968 at CES, the wonderful research assistant I hired admitted to me that she had to look up what May 1968 was before she applied. … In my teaching of late, my goal is to take concepts students think they understand, like democracy and secularism, and expose them to different ways of looking at them through the study of Europe. My hope is that they will learn both about Europe and, by comparison, about the United States from this approach.” Jasanoff has also been struck by the shift in student

HISTORY OF THE MINDA DE GUNZBURG CENTER FOR EUROPEAN STUDIES

interests since she joined CES in 2007. “My undergrads are just as likely to be taking courses in histories of Asia, etc., and are more likely on balance to be studying Arabic or Chinese than French or German. … Fewer students are coming in with grounding in European languages.” That said, undergrads continue to encounter Europe eagerly through language, literature, art, music, and travel (including study abroad). I believe that CES should open itself up to the arts and humanities faculty to create a more multi-disciplinary understanding of what it means to study Europe.”

HISTORY OF THE MINDA DE GUNZBURG CENTER FOR EUROPEAN STUDIES

CONTINUITY WITHIN TRANSFORMATION AND CHANGE The tenure of Grzegorz Ekiert, Laurence A. Tisch Professor of Government, as CES Director, which began in 2012, has been marked by innovative endeavors that have expanded the Center’s constituencies, as well as provided new and more diverse pathways to study and understand Europe. He notes that he and Elaine Papoulias, who became Executive Director at the end of 2012, have aimed at ushering in a period of transformations and adjustments to rapidly changing conditions: “First of all, we have become a university-wide Center and embraced both faculty and students from Harvard’s professional schools. We are much more focused on providing diverse learning opportunities for undergraduate students today than ever before. We developed a new website and communication strategies to make the Center more visible not only at the University but in the wider world as well. We transformed seminars and study groups, and we do many more events than in the past (we have over 300 speakers every year). We instituted a hallmark conference, the “Summit for the Future of Europe,” as a yearly signature event and instituted a number of annual lectures [including the Guido Goldman Lecture on Germany, the Hüsnü Özyegin ˘ Annual Lecture on Modern Turkey, and the Stanley Hoffman Lecture on France].

We have become a university-wide Center and embraced both faculty and students from Harvard’s professional schools. We are much more focused on providing diverse learning opportunities for undergraduate students today than ever before.

We also transformed the space by upgrading our seminar rooms and common work spaces, etc. All of this reflects our determination to carry on Stanley’s mission of the historically grounded, contextually sensitive, and morally uncompromising study of Europe. It is much more challenging to do this in today’s more fragmented, narrowly specialized, and fad-driven academic environment. In the social science disciplines there is a general retreat from regional studies, which affects Europe as well. Moreover, European studies today compete with China and Asia for attention of students and scholars. We, as a Center, need to be more intellectually agile and innovative, more active and more open-minded than at any time before in order to survive for the next 50 years. This reality has been the driving force of most of the new initiatives we have introduced.” To advance the Center’s mission of contributing to undergraduate education at Harvard, CES established a Secondary Field in European History, Politics, and Societies (EHPS) in 2016. The secondary field (or minor as it is more commonly referred to) provides students the opportunity to obtain a guided and interdisciplinary study of

Europe. The requirements of the field are based on the principle that a nuanced understanding of modern Europe comes from a program of study that integrates various academic disciplines rather than focusing on an isolated subject. The EHPS has also helped undergraduates to identify fellow students who share their academic interests, thereby coalescing them into a unified cohort. During Ekiert’s tenure, the Center has also strengthened its attention on Eastern Europe. The Zaleski endowment to promote understanding of Poland’s history and politics, which had resided at Harvard’s Department of History, was transferred to CES. The Zaleski funding has supported a series of important and well attended events as part of the annual “August Zaleski Memorial Lecture

All of this reflects our determination to carry on Stanley’s mission of historically grounded, contextually sensitive, and morally uncompromising study of Europe.

in Modern Polish History,” which hosted noted Poland experts and policy-makers, such as Anne Applebaum, Leszek Balcerowicz, Adam Bodnar, Bronislaw Geremek, Anna Grzymala-Busse, Adam Michnik, Andrzej Rzeplinski, Radosław Sikorski, Timothy Snyder, and Jacek Zakowski.

HISTORY OF THE MINDA DE GUNZBURG CENTER FOR EUROPEAN STUDIES

Work on Eastern Europe at the Center actually began much earlier, all the way back in 1973, which Henry Kissinger had designated the “Year of Europe.” David Stark, Arthur Lehman Professor of Sociology at Columbia University, who was then a graduate student in sociology at Harvard, was working on Hungary at the time. Ekiert recalls: When Anna and Stanisław Baranczak ´ (a celebrated poet, translator, and professor of Slavic literature at Harvard) arrived in 1981, they founded the first East European study group. This group was continued by David Stark and, after his departure for Duke, by a group of graduate students (myself, Anna Seleny, and Tony Levitas). It was then when the Center truly became the Center for European Studies. The new study group received funding from the Ford Foundation in 1989, the year the Berlin Wall fell, and became one of the first groups in the United States to promote research on the transition from Communism. Coming to CES after a 14-year tenure at Harvard Kennedy School, where she worked on Southeastern Europe, Papoulias has supported the deeper integration of this part of the continent into the Center’s programmatic activities. Whether introducing internships in Bulgaria, Croatia, Greece, and Serbia; helping to launch a new program on Turkey; or hosting Edi Rama, Prime Minister of Albania, at CES, Papoulias has been committed to building bridges especially to those parts of Europe that remain outside of the EU and have experienced disruption or disjuncture in their ties to American academia. “For me, joining CES was an opportunity to anchor the Western Balkans and the broader Southeastern European region

HISTORY OF THE MINDA DE GUNZBURG CENTER FOR EUROPEAN STUDIES

within a community of social scientists committed to excellence in the study of Europe. Especially at this stage in this region’s developmental trajectory, nothing could be more impactful and profound for its intellectual future.” Ekiert and Papoulias have facilitated and encouraged the development of new seminars, including the “European Economic Policy Forum” and the “European Election Monitor.” Hans-Helmut Kotz, a highly respected German economist and former banker who spends one semester a year as Visiting Professor of Economics at the Center, has been instrumental in inviting leading European economists and policymakers to discuss the ramifications of the financial crisis and its consequences for the euro. On his experience teaching Harvard students, Kotz notes that Europe’s variety surprises many of them. “It creates curiosity. In my course, the main purpose is to show that economics can be useful to understand real-world issues. I ask students to look at things from different perspectives, to be eclectic, not to rely on only one model. In their response papers, for example, students are supposed to critically assess an article (e.g. from The Economist, the Financial Times, or whatever outlet they find interesting), engaging with the author’s arguments (developing it, checking for consistency, thinking about different perspectives/models to address the issue). In other words, it is about understanding, not about making a case or defending a particular view. In their term papers, students often do empirical work, confronting analytical arguments with data.” CES has also expanded its focus and initiatives beyond the Faculty of Arts and Sciences, so that it may begin to function more as a university-wide center. To pursue this goal, the Center affiliated

faculty from Harvard Kennedy School, Harvard Business School, the Graduate School of Design, and the T.H. Chan School of Public Health; created the European Council of Professional School Students; and increased its collaboration with other centers and programs across Harvard. The Center’s former library, which was closed after the university decided to consolidate its branch libraries, was converted into an art gallery thanks ´ who also to a generous gift from Jacek E. Giedrojc, provided funds to support the gallery’s activities. ´ Gallery has hosted To date, the Jacek E. Giedrojc a number of significant photography exhibitions including Landscapes of History; Poles Apart: Poland’s Culture Wars; West Meets East — Photographs from ´ Still the Promised Germany by Barbara Klemm; Łódz: Land; and Remember Yugoslavia? Photographs by Martin Karplus. Moreover, there have been unique poster exhibits, including The Dream of a United Europe, which featured the 25 winning posters of the ERP’s competition in Marshall Plan countries from 1950, as well as Politics on Paper, a collection of political posters by Polish artists from 1957 to 2013, and Occupying Paris, a commemoration of the events of May ‘68 in France through the lens of period posters and photographs, which was conceptualized by Mary D. Lewis.“I see the gallery as a very important innovation that brings new people to the Center and allows us to explore connections between arts, politics and social sciences,” says Ekiert. One of the Center’s oldest study groups will celebrate its 40th anniversary as CES celebrates its 50th. The “Jews in Modern Europe Seminar” was founded as a study group in 1979 by Phyllis Albert Cohen and Judith Vichniac. Albert continued to co-chair the seminar until 2019; her co-chairs

included Markovits, Dennis Klein, Aron Rodrigue, and Alex Sagan. The seminar’s development over the years reflected the changing nature of the field of modern Jewish history, as a traditional focus on intellectual history gave way to a growing emphasis on social history as well as increasing interdisciplinarity across the humanities and social sciences. The seminar invited junior scholars (including advanced graduate students) as well as more senior faculty, and it emphasized presentations of work in progress so as to maximize the benefit of the seminar for lecturers and attendees alike. In 2019, the chair passed to Derek Penslar, William Lee Frost Professor of Jewish History at Harvard, who detailed ambitious plans for the future: “Moving forward, the seminar will retain its interdisciplinary approach and openness to scholars at all phases of their careers. Reflecting recent changes in the fields of European and Jewish history, the seminar will be Europe-centred but not Eurocentric. Its purview will be increasingly comparative, transnational, and international, with more attention to migration into and out from European countries, networks connecting Jews in Europe with other parts of the globe, and the changing meanings of empire for Jewish subjects. Moreover, in keeping with critiques of a clear division between the religious and secular in the modern world, the seminar will pay more attention to Judaic practices and their meanings for European Jews. Expanding chronologically as well as geographically and thematically, the seminar’s purview will reach back into early modernity and up to the present day.”

HISTORY OF THE MINDA DE GUNZBURG CENTER FOR EUROPEAN STUDIES

ENGAGING THE NEXT GENERATION In 2019, the Center faces several significant challenges. As the number of faculty specializing in Europe has declined, so has the number of graduate students. The current broad challenge therefore, is to attract excellent students to the study of Europe and to provide them with the means to do so while keeping abreast of evolving agendas within their disciplines. Over the last decades, there has also been an expansion of courses at Harvard in new and more technical fields, which has precipitated a shift in the interests of undergraduates and perhaps explains declining enrollments in social science concentrations in the college. Fewer students take courses on Europe today and elect to write senior theses than in past years. The Center therefore endeavors to attract more undergraduates to the study of Europe and to deepen their understanding of its history, politics, and societies through novel experiential learning models. Of course, student interests often follow current events, and recent concern about the fate of democracy in Europe has stimulated new interest in the old continent, according to Daniel Ziblatt, Eaton Professor of the Science of Government at Harvard. As in the past, real-world crises present academic opportunities. Ziblatt’s own best-selling book, How Democracies Die?, co-authored with Steve Levitsky illustrates to perfection how intellectual interests are shaped by events.

HISTORY OF THE MINDA DE GUNZBURG CENTER FOR EUROPEAN STUDIES

Still, it may be necessary in the future for the Center to reconsider its internal model and relation to the rest of the university. There are several avenues it might take. One would be to integrate the humanities and fine arts more intimately into CES activities. There have been notable collaborations in the past with Romance Languages and Literatures and History and Literature, such as the “Europe on Credit” workshop organized by Mary D. Lewis and French literary scholar Emmanuel Bouju. Peter Gordon organized a year-long series on Adorno and aesthetics in 2018–19. Such interaction with a broader range of disciplines could be extended. A second avenue might be to aim for an even deeper involvement in undergraduate studies, expanding CES involvement in supporting courses, summer programs, internships, mentoring, and advising. Finally, a third avenue might be to strengthen the Center’s role as an advanced research center by seeking funds to support high-profile visiting scholars and post-doctoral fellows. For the time being, however, the Center continues to thrive in the spirit in which it was originally created by Hoffmann, Goldman, and Collins. It currently provides a home for 12 resident faculty members from four social science departments and 40 non-resident faculty affiliates from the Faculty of Arts and Sciences and Harvard’s professional schools. In addition, numerous local affiliates from other Boston-area institutions ensure that CES remains a vibrant regional hub for European studies in all its aspects. Across Harvard, CES-affiliated faculty offer some 120 courses on Europe in a broad range of disciplines. The Center typically organizes 150 events annually involving more than 300 speakers from the worlds of academia, politics, and public

affairs, more generally. To quote the words of Hoffmann’s favorite statesman, Charles de Gaulle: “Vaste programme!”

For 50 years, the Center has pursued that vast program with great energy and imagination and served as the place “Where Harvard and Europe Meet.”

May it continue to do so in the 21st century.

The quotation at the Kirkland Street entrance of the building states “Es ist der Geist der sich den Körper baut.” It is from Friedrich Schiller’s Wallenstein’s Tod and can be translated as “It is the spirit that creates the body.”

HISTORY OF THE MINDA DE GUNZBURG CENTER FOR EUROPEAN STUDIES

Guido Goldman, Co-founding Director of CES and Founder of the German Marshall Fund of the United States.

5 Bryant Street in Cambridge, MA was the home of the Center for European Studies until it moved to Adolphus Busch Hall in 1989.

Stanley Hoffmann, Co-founding Director of CES, was Paul and Catherine Buttenwieser University Professor at Harvard University. (1928-2015).

German Chancellor Willy Brandt visited Adolphus Busch Hall when he spoke at the Marshall Memorial Convocation at Harvard University on June 5, 1972 to commemorate the 25th anniversary of the Marshall Plan.

HISTORY OF THE MINDA DE GUNZBURG CENTER FOR EUROPEAN STUDIES

Patrice Higonnet, Stanley Hoffmann, and Simon Schama (left to right).

Baroness Aileen Mindel “Minda” Bronfman de Gunzburg.

Alain de Gunzburg, Charles de Gunzburg,Tony Smith, and Stanley Hoffmann at the opening of the Minda de Gunzburg Center for European Studies in Adolphus Busch Hall in 1989.

HISTORY OF THE MINDA DE GUNZBURG CENTER FOR EUROPEAN STUDIES

An aerial view of Adolphus Busch Hall in the 1930s, then home of the Germanic Museum at Harvard University.

View of the Braunschweig Lion outside of Rogers Gymnasium where it stood from 1913 to 1917.Today, the statue stands in the center of the garden of Adophus Busch Hall.

HISTORY OF THE MINDA DE GUNZBURG CENTER FOR EUROPEAN STUDIES

Guido Goldmann, Stanley Hoffmann, Charles Maier, and Abigail Collins at the 25th anniversary celebration of the Center.

Vaclav Havel, President of the Czech Republic (center), visited the Center when he served at Harvardâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Commencement speaker on May 12, 1995.

Peter A. Hall, Guido Goldmann, David Blackbourn, Charles Maier, and Stanley Hoffmann (left to right).

HISTORY OF THE MINDA DE GUNZBURG CENTER FOR EUROPEAN STUDIES

RESIDENT

Mary D. Lewis

FACULTY

Charles Maier

The following are resident faculty at the Minda de Gunzburg Center for European Studies.

Derek Penslar

Bart Bonikowski

Daniel Ziblatt

Associate Professor of Sociology

Eaton Professor of the Science of Government

Grzegorz Ekiert Laurence A.Tisch Professor of Government and Director, Minda de Gunzburg Center for European Studies

Alison Frank Johnson Professor of History

Peter E. Gordon Amabel B. James Professor of History

Peter A. Hall Krupp Foundation Professor of European Studies and Director, Minda de Gunzburg Center for European Studies (2001–2006)

Patrice Higonnet Robert Walton Goelet Research Professor of French History, Emeritus

Maya Jasanoff Coolidge Professor of History

Hans-Helmut Kotz Visiting Professor of Economics, Harvard University; Senior Fellow,Center for Financial Studies, Goethe University of Frankfurt

HISTORY OF THE MINDA DE GUNZBURG CENTER FOR EUROPEAN STUDIES

Robert Walton Goelet Professor of French History Leverett Saltonstall Research Professor of History and Director, Minda de Gunzburg Center for European Studies (1994–2001) William Lee Frost Professor of Jewish History

PAST RESIDENT FACULTY The following is a select list of individuals who were resident faculty or senior associates of the Minda de Gunzburg Center for European Studies. Alberto Alesina Nathaniel Ropes Professor of Political Economy, Harvard University

Robert Fishman Professor of Architecture and Urban and Regional Planning, Taubman College of Architecture and Urban Planning, University of Michigan

Laura Levine Frader Professor of History, Northeastern University

Daniel Jonah Goldhagen Author; Former Associate Professor of Government and Social Studies, Harvard University

Guido Goldman

Frank G.Thomson Professor of Government, Harvard University

Co-founding Director, Minda de Gunzburg Center for European Studies, Harvard University; Founder & Chairman Emeritus, German Marshall Fund of the United States

Seyla Benhabib

Michael Herzfeld

Eugene Meyer Professor of Political Science and Philosophy, Yale University

Ernest E. Monrad Research Professor of the Social Sciences, Harvard University

Suzanne Berger

Stanley Hoffmann

John M. Deutch Institute Professor, MIT

Co-founding Director, Minda de Gunzburg Center for European Studies, Harvard University; Paul and Catherine Buttenwieser University Professor, Harvard University†

James Alt

David Blackbourn Cornelius Vanderbilt Distinguished Chair of History, Vanderbilt University; Director, Minda de Gunzburg Center for European Studies (2007-2012)

Dame Olwen Hufton

John Brewer

Torben Iversen

Eli and Edythe Broad Professor of History and Literature, Emeritus, Caltech

Harold Hitchings Burbank Professor of Political Economy, Harvard University

Thomas Ertman

Andrew Moravcsik

Associate Professor of Sociology, New York University

Professor of Politics and Director, European Union Program, Princeton University

Niall Ferguson Milbank Family Senior Fellow, Hoover Institute, Stanford University

Emeritus Fellow, Merton College, University of Oxford

Kalypso Nicolaïdis Professor of International Relations and Director of the Center for International Studies, St. Anthony’s College, University of Oxford

HISTORY OF THE MINDA DE GUNZBURG CENTER FOR EUROPEAN STUDIES

Susan Pedersen

Judith Vichniac

Gouverneur Morris Professor of History, Columbia University

Founding Director and Associate Dean, Radcliffe Institute Fellowship Program, Harvard University†

Paul Pierson John Gross Endowed Chair and Professor of Political Science, University of California at Berkeley

Hans-Ulrich Wehler

Alessandro Pizzorno

J.H.H. Weiler

Emeritus Professor in Political and Social Sciences, European University Institute†

University Professor, Joseph Straus Professor of Law, and European Union Jean Monnet Chaired Professor, New York University School of Law

Robert Putnam Malkin Research Professor of Public Policy, Harvard University

Louise Richardson Vice Chancellor, University of Oxford

George Ross Professor Emeritus of Labor and Social Thought and Chair, Executive Committee, Center for German and European Studies, Brandeis University

Simon Schama University Professor of Art History and History, Columbia University

Cindy Skach Professor, University of Bologna; Emeritus Professor of Law, King’s College London

Theda Skocpol Victor S.Thomas Professor of Government and Sociology, Harvard University

Tony Smith Cornelia M. Jackson Professor of Political Science,Tufts University

Judith Surkis Associate Professor of History, Rutgers School of Arts and Sciences

HISTORY OF THE MINDA DE GUNZBURG CENTER FOR EUROPEAN STUDIES

Professor Emeritus, University of Bielefeld†

Grzegorz Ekiert speaking to Elaine Papoulias at the opening of the “Remember Yugoslavia? Photographs by Martin Karplus” exhibit on September 25, 2019.

Elaine Papoulias

Grzegorz Ekiert, Patrice Higonnet, Suzanne Berger, Charles Maier, and Peter A. Hall at a retirement event for Maier and Higonnet on September 11, 2019.

Anna Grzymała-Busse and Bart Bonikowski speaking at the 2019 “August Zaleski Memorial Lecture in Modern Polish History.”

HISTORY OF THE MINDA DE GUNZBURG CENTER FOR EUROPEAN STUDIES

PAST FACULTY AND VISITING SCHOLARS The following is a select list of individuals who served as resident visiting faculty or visiting scholars at CES throughout the last five decades.

Director, Jean Monnet Center of Excellence for European Integration, Free University Berlin

Olivier Borraz CNRS Senior Research Fellow, Sciences Po

Andreas Busch Professor of Political Science, Economics and Public Law, Georg-August University of Göttingen

Giovanni Capoccia Professor of Comparative Politics, University of Oxford

Karen J. Alter

Deborah Cohen

Professor of Political Science and Law, Northwestern University

Peter B. Ritzma Professor of Humanities and Professor of History, Northwestern University

Caitlin Anderson Business Development Manager, Institute for Healthcare Improvement

Daniele Archibugi Professor of Innovation, Governance and Public Policy, Birbeck University of London; Research Director, Institute for Research on Population and Social Policy, National Research Council of Italy

Phyllis Cohen Albert Local Affiliate & Seminar Co-chair of the Jews in Modern Europe Study Group, Minda de Gunzburg Center for European Studies, Harvard University

Yves Cohen Professor of History and Director, Center for Historical Research, School of Advanced Studies in the Social Sciences (EHESS)

Constantine P. Arvanitopoulos

Samuel Cohn

Minister of Education and Religious Affairs, Greece (2012-2014); Professor of International Relations, Panteion University of Social and Political Sciences

Professor of Medieval History, University of Glasgow

Keith G. Banting Professor Emeritus of Political Studies, Queen’s University

Jens Beckert Director, Max Planck Institute for the Study of Societies

Mabel Berezin Professor of Sociology, Cornell University

Michael Bolle

HISTORY OF THE MINDA DE GUNZBURG CENTER FOR EUROPEAN STUDIES

Stefan Collignon Professor of Political Economy, Sant’Anna School of Advanced Studies

Christoph Conrad Professor of Contemporary History, University of Geneva

Maurizio Cotta Professor of Political Science, University of Siena

Hans Daalder

Peter A. Gourevitch

Dutch Political Scientistâ&#x20AC;

Founding Dean and Distinguished Professor Emeritus, School of Global Policy & Strategy, UC San Diego

Mary E. Daly President, Royal Irish Academy

Anna Grzymala-Busse

Victoria de Grazia Moore Collegiate Professor of History, Columbia University

Michelle and Kevin Douglas Professor of International Studies and Senior Fellow, Freeman Spogli Institute for International Studies, Stanford University

Mark Ebers

Bertrand Guillarme

Professor of Business Administration, Corporate Development and Organization, University of Cologne

Professor of Social and Political Philosophy, University of Paris 8

Helen Epstein

Professor of Political Analysis, University of Sheffield

Author

Kevin Featherstone Eleftherios Venizelos Professor in Contemporary Greek Studies and Professor in European Politics, London School of Economics and Political Science (LSE)

Colin Hay Jeffrey Herf Distinguished University Professor, University of Maryland

Martin Hoepner Political Scientist, Max Planck Institute for the Study of Societies

Mark Franklin

Gunter Hofmann

Professor Emeritus, European University Institute

Journalist and Author

Erhard Friedberg

Jane Jenson

Professor Emeritus of Sociology, Sciences Po

Professor of Political Science Emerita, University of MontrĂŠal

Paul Friedland

Riva Kastoryano

Professor of History, Cornell University

Senior Research Fellow, National Center for Scientific Research (CNRS) and Professor, Sciences Po

Uta Gerhardt Professor Emeritus, University of Heidelberg

Jessica Gienow-Hecht Director and Chair of the Department of History, John F. Kennedy Institute for North American Studies; University Professor of History, Free University of Berlin

Uwe Kitzinger Professor Emeritus, Nuffield College, University of Oxford

Jytte Klausen Lawrence A.Wien Professor of International Cooperation, Brandeis University

Thomas Kleine-Brockhoff Vice President, German Marshall Fund of the United States

HISTORY OF THE MINDA DE GUNZBURG CENTER FOR EUROPEAN STUDIES

Martin Klingst

Mark Mazower

Journalist, Die Zeit

Professor of History, Columbia University

Jeffrey Kopstein

Malcolm McKinnon

Professor of Political Science, University of Toronto

Associate Professor, School of History, Philosophy, Political Science and International Relations,Victoria University of Wellington

Ulrich Bernhard Krotz Professor of Political Science, European University Institute (EUI)

Wolfgang Merkel

School Professor of Law, Gender and Social Policy, London School of Economics and Political Science (LSE)

Director, Research Unit “Democracy and Democratization,” WZB Berlin Social Science Center; Professor of Comparative Political Science and Democracy Research, Humboldt University of Berlin

Brigid Laffan

Sonya Michel

Director and Professor, Robert Schuman Centre for Advanced Studies, European University

Professor Emerita, University of Maryland

Stephan Leibfried

Leader of the Labour Party (2010-2015)

Nicola Lacey

Professor, SOCIUM Center for Inequality and Social Policy, University of Bremen

Christiane Lemke Professor of International Relations and European Studies, Leibniz University Hannover

Susanne Lütz Professor of Political Science, Free University Berlin

Philip Manow

Edward Miliband Wolfgang C. Müller Professor of Political Science, University of Vienna

Michael Naumann Journalist, Politician and Publisher; Secretary of Culture, Federal Republic of Germany (1998-2001)

Eyal Naveh Professor of History, Tel Aviv University

Professor of Comparative Political Economy, Bremen University

Pippa Norris

Andrei Markovits

Paul F. McGuire Lecturer in Comparative Politics, Harvard Kennedy School

Arthur F.Thurnau Professor and Karl W. Deutsch Collegiate Professor of Comparative Politics and German Studies, University of Michigan

Renate Mayntz Emeritus Director, Max Planck Institute for the Study of Societies

Claus Offe Professor Emeritus of Political Sociology, Hertie School of Governance

Katiana Orluc Political and Strategic Advisor,World Future Council

HISTORY OF THE MINDA DE GUNZBURG CENTER FOR EUROPEAN STUDIES

David Ost

Anne Sa’adah

Professor of Political Science, Hobart and William Smith College

Professor of Government Emerita and Joel Parker Professor of Law and Political Science Emerita, Dartmouth College

Mary O’Sullivan Professor of Economic History, University of Geneva

Mary Elise Sarotte

Bruno Palier Research Director, CNRS, Sciences Po

Marie-Josée and Henry R. Kravis Distinguished Professor of Historical Studies, Johns Hopkins School of Advanced International Studies (SAIS)

Sofia A. Perez

Stefan A. Schirm

Associate Professor of Political Science, Boston University

Professor of Political Science, Ruhr University of Bochum

Victor Pérez-Díaz

Carsten Q. Schneider

Professor of Sociology, Complutense University of Madrid

Professor of Political Science, Central European University

Marta Petrusewicz

Volker Schneider

Professor of History Emerita, City University of New York

Chair of Empirical Theory of the State, University of Konstanz

Uta G. Poiger

Denis Segrestin

Dean of the College of Social Sciences and Humanities, Northeastern University

Professor and Researcher, Emeritus, Sciences Po

George Prevelakis Professor of Geopolitics, University of Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne

Professor Emerita of Urban Studies and Sociology, Brown University

Nuria Puig Raposo

Quentin Skinner

Professor of Economic and Business History, Complutense University of Madrid

Professor of History, Queen Mary University of London

Harriet Ritvo

CEO, New America; Bert G. Kerstetter ’66 University Professor of Politics and International Affairs, Emerita, Princeton University; Director, Policy Planning, United States Department of State (2009–2011)

Arthur J. Conner Professor of History, MIT

Bo Rothstein August Röhss Chair in Political Science, University of Gothenburg

Jacques Rupnik Senior Research Fellow, Center for International Studies, Sciences Po

Hilary Silver

Anne-Marie Slaughter

Timothy Snyder Richard C. Levin Professor of History, Yale University

David C. Stark Arthur Lehman Professor of Sociology, Columbia University

HISTORY OF THE MINDA DE GUNZBURG CENTER FOR EUROPEAN STUDIES

Carina Sprungk Academic Coordinator, Doctoral Program “Good Work: Approaches to Shaping Tomorrow’s World of Work,”WZB Berlin Social Science Center; Assistant Professor for Political Science and European Integration, Free University of Berlin

Allison Stanger Russell Leng ’60 Professor of International Politics and Economics and Founding Director, Rohatyn Center for International Affairs, Middlebury College

Jan Teorell Associate Professor of Political Science, Lund University

Annette Toeller Professor of Political Science, University of Hagen

Milada Vachudova Associate Professor of Political Science, Jean Monnet Chair of European Integration,The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill

Dana Villa Packey J. Dee Professor of Political Theory, University of Notre Dame

Patrick Weil Senior Research Fellow, National Center for Scientific Research (CNRS)

Birgitta Wolff President, Goethe University of Frankfurt

Cornelia Woll Professor of Political Science, Sciences Po

J. Nicholas Ziegler Director of Postdoctoral Program, Brown University

Kathrin Zippel Professor of Sociology, Northeastern University

HISTORY OF THE MINDA DE GUNZBURG CENTER FOR EUROPEAN STUDIES

Past and present CES Directors: Peter A. Hall, Charles Maier, Grzegorz Ekiert, and Guido Goldman (left to right).

Mary D. Lewis

Alison Frank Johnson

Maya Jasanoff

HISTORY OF THE MINDA DE GUNZBURG CENTER FOR EUROPEAN STUDIES

Daniel Ziblatt speaking at the annual Summit on the Future of Europe, an initiative that started at the Center in 2014. Wolfgang Merkel (right)

Anna Popiel and Peter Gordon

Trisha Craig

Derek Penslar

HISTORY OF THE MINDA DE GUNZBURG CENTER FOR EUROPEAN STUDIES

Hans-Helmut Kotz

Peter A. Hall

Past alumni gathered to celebrate the 50th anniversary of the John F. Kennedy Memorial Fellowship on September 14, 2017.

HISTORY OF THE MINDA DE GUNZBURG CENTER FOR EUROPEAN STUDIES

Vaclav Havel, President of the Czech Republic, visited the Center when he served at Harvard’s Commencement speaker on May 12, 1995. Credit: © Minda de Gunzburg Center for European Studies

INFORMATION

Peter A. Hall, Guido Goldmann, David Blackbourn, Charles Maier, and Stanley Hoffmann (left to right). Credit: © Minda de Gunzburg Center for European Studies

Guido Goldman, Co-founding Director of CES and Founder of the German Marshall Fund. Credit: From the photography collection of Guido Goldman 5 Bryant Street in Cambridge, MA was the home of CES until 1989, when the Center for European Studies moved to Adolphus Busch Hall. Credit: Schlesinger Library, Radcliffe Institute, Harvard University Stanley Hoffmann was Paul and Catherine Buttenwieser University Professor at Harvard University and Co-founding Director of CES. (1928-2015). Credit: © President and Fellows of Harvard College German Chancellor Willy Brandt visited Adolphus Busch Hall when he spoke at the Marshall Memorial Convocation at Harvard University on June 5, 1972 to commemorate the 25th anniversary of the Marshall Plan. At the convocation, Chancellor Brandt provided funding for the Center for European Studies and the founding deeds to establish the German Marshall Fund of the United States. C. Douglas Dillon, Chancellor Willy Brandt, John J. McCloy, Presidents Derek C. Bok and James B. Conant of Harvard University, and David Rockefeller (first row left to right). Guido Goldman (last row on the right). Credit: German Marshall Fund of the United States Patrice Higonnet, Stanley Hoffmann, and Simon Schama (left to right). Credit: From the photography collection of Guido Goldman Baroness Aileen Mindel “Minda” Bronfman de Gunzburg Credit: From the photography collection of Guido Goldman Alain de Gunzburg, Charles de Gunzburg,Tony Smith, and Stanley Hoffmann at the opening of the Minda de Gunzburg Center for European Studies in Adolphus Busch Hall in 1989. Credit: From the photography collection of Guido Goldman An aerial view of Adolphus Busch Hall in the 1930s, then the home of the Germanic Museum at Harvard University. Credit: Harvard University Archives View of the Braunschweig Lion outside of Rogers Gymnasium where it stood from 1913 to 1917.Today, the statue stands in the center of the garden of Adophus Busch Hall. Credit: Harvard University Archives Guido Goldmann, Stanley Hoffmann, Charles Maier, and Abigail Collins at the 25th anniversary celebration of the Center. Credit: © Minda de Gunzburg Center for European Studies

HISTORY OF THE MINDA DE GUNZBURG CENTER FOR EUROPEAN STUDIES

Trisha Craig Credit: © Minda de Gunzburg Center for European Studies NOTE: All remaining photos in the collection should be credited as follows: Credit: © David Elmes for Minda de Gunzburg Center for European Studies

ABOUT THE AUTHOR Arthur Goldhammer is a writer and translator. He has translated more than 125 works from the French, including books by Alexis de Tocqueville, Georges Duby, Jean Starobinski, and Thomas Piketty. The author of the novel Shooting War, he is an officer of the French Order of Arts and Letters, a recipient of the Médaille de Vermeil of the Académie Française, and a four-time winner of the French-American Foundation Translation Prize. He earned his B.S. and Ph.D. in mathematics at MIT. He has been a Local Affiliate of CES since 1978 and has chaired the “New Research on Europe Seminar” since 2001.

Author: Arthur Goldhammer Editor: Gila Naderi Copyeditor: Clea Simon Design: Fenway Group Minda de Gunzburg Center for European Studies Harvard University 27 Kirkland Street Cambridge, MA 02138 USA ces.fas.harvard.edu ces@fas.harvard.edu @EuropeAtHarvard © Copyright reserved by the Minda de Gunzburg Center for European Studies, Harvard University.

HISTORY OF THE MINDA DE GUNZBURG CENTER FOR EUROPEAN STUDIES

German Chancellor Angela Merkel met with Guido Goldman and other representatives of the Minda de Gunzburg Center for European Studies at a private meeting following her Commencement address at Harvard University on May 30, 2019.

Charles Maier, Elaine Papoulias, Daniel Ziblatt, Grzegorz Ekiert, and Guido Goldman on May 30, 2019.

HISTORY OF THE MINDA DE GUNZBURG CENTER FOR EUROPEAN STUDIES