Deciphering Multi-layer City An Urban Handbook of Shibuya and Shinjuku Chang Zong Siwen Ma Advised by: Mark Mulligan
2016 Fall GSD 9201
Content Analysis
Samples
1 Topography
2
A Typology Study in Shinjuku
38
2 Train Station
8
B Typology Study in Shibuya
44
3 Pedestrian System
16
4 Public Gathering Space
20
5 Top-down Commercial
26
6 Bottom-up Commercial
34
1 Topography Tokyo, as one of the biggest cities in the world, hosts more than 13.6 million people in its metropolitan area and 37.8 million people in greater Tokyo area, according to Tokyo Metropolitan Government’s Archive in 2008. In other to accommodate such high density in a compact urban space, Tokyo is doing a good job to make everything as efficient as possible. The public transportation system, especially the railway network, make it possible for millions of commuters to go through the city to work, shop, travel or simply explore the metropolitan area. The railway network, although have been developed for 90 years, most lines were completed upon the commencement of the last Tokyo Olympics in 1964, which embarks the fastest growing period of this symbolical Asian country. Among these train stations, Shinjuku and Shibuya rank the 1st and 2nd largest train stations around the world, accommodating near 3 million people in average daily. 40m
Shinjuku Section
500 m N
N
Shinjuku Station
Shinjuku Station
Shinjuku Tokyo
500 m N
Shibuya
Shibuya Station
15m
Shibuya Station
0m
2
Shibuya Section 3
1 Topography In traditional Japanese culture, high-land is considered as more valuable and safer area due to its resilience to flood. Therefore, most urban centers are located on the high-land. Shinjuku is one of them. The sub-district follows the topography and sits right on the high-land area. Shown in the topographic map, Shinjuku station in the center is much higher than surrounding areas. Kabukicho, the largest red light area in Tokyo, sits in the darker area northeast to Shinjuku station, which historically has been considered as cheaper land. Similarly, Shinjuku Gyoen National Garden and Yoyogi Park on the South are in the low-land. On the highest area in West Shinjuku, there is an obvious grid-shape land to the West. It used to be reservoir ponds 60 years ago. During the Great Kanto Earthquake of 1923, West Shinjuku was proved to be a relatively safe area. Therefore, the new Metropolitan Government of Tokyo moved to West Shinjuku in the 1990’s.
Kabukicho
Metropolitan Government of Tokyo
Shinjuku Map
Shinjuku Station Shinjuku Gyoen National Garden Shinjuku Infrastructure
Road Train Line Park
Shinjuku Landuse
High-rise Residential 1 High-rise Residential 2 Residential 1 Residential 2 Adjacent Commercial Commercial Industrial Special District
Shinjuku Street
Urban context in Shinjuku Street
4
5
1 Topography In contrast, Shibuya is an exception. As the intersection of two rivers, Shibuya station is 15 meter lower than the surrounding area. However, it gives Shibuya many opportunities to develop a unique urban fabric that makes it stand out from other city centers. Since the train lines and highways run above the center area, ground lever can be open to pedestrian circulation. Currently, the soil podium of JR line separates Shibuya into East and West part. It still has the potential to lift the train track up on steel or concrete frame to give back the space underneath it to the public. In the 2027 Redevelopment Plan, Shibuya River is also undergoing a lot of improvement. Because the rivers used to be the drainage system, the upstream of Shibuya River was covered because of the sanitary problems. Since the drainage system developed to be much better, the redevelopment plan tries to uncover the upstream river and let it run through the whole station. The banks on both sides of the downstream river would also be widened and developed into an urban scenery for recreation.
Multi-Layer Structure of Shibuya Station 6
2027 Shibuya Redevelopment Plan
Shibuya Station in 2014
Shibuya Station in 2027
Current Status of Shibuya River
Future Plan of Shibuya River 7
2 Train Station: A City Center On Railway Like other sub-city centers in Tokyo, Shibuya and Shinjuku’s urbanism started with the train stations. The stations and metro in Japan are privately owned by five kinds of companie. The JR Group used to be a nation-owned corporation. Major private railways are those run by big corporations. City governments also run some lines, mainly subways. Third Sectors are joint corporations run by the local government and private companies. There are also some smaller private railways owned by other operators, mainly in rural area. This ownership leads to the complicated situation of railway stations in the city.
Yamanote Line 山手線 Chūō Main Line 中央本線 Chūō Rapid Line 中央線快速 Chūō-Sōbu Line 中央・総武緩行線 Shōnan-Shinjuku Line 湘南新宿線 Saikyō Line 埼京線 Keio Line 京王線 Keio New Line 京王新線 Odakyu Odawara Line 小田急小田原線 Seibu Shinjuku Line 西武新宿線
Toei Shinjuku Line 都営地下鉄新宿線 Toei Ōedo Line 都営地下鉄大江戸線 Marunouchi Line 東京地下鉄丸ノ内線 Tokyo Metro Fukutoshin Line 東京地下鉄副都心線
8
Shinjuku Station 新宿駅 Operators
East Japan Railway Company 東日本旅客鉄道株式会社 Keio Corporation 京王電鉄株式会社 Odakyu Electric Railway Co., Ltd. 小田急電鉄株式会社 Seibu Railway Company, Ltd. 西武鐵道株式會社
Japanese Railways’ Operators
Japan Railways Group JRグループ
Major private railways 大手私鉄
Shibuya Station 渋谷駅 Operators
East Japan Railway Company 東日本旅客鉄道株式会社 Keio Corporation 京王電鉄株式会社 Tokyu Corporation 東京急行電鉄株式会社
City governments 公営鉄道
Third sector 第三セクター鉄道
Keio Inokashira Line 京王井の頭線
Tokyu Den-en-toshi Line 東急田園都市線 Tokyu Toyoko Line 東急東横線
Tokyo Metro Ginza Line 東京地下鉄銀座線 Tokyo Metro Hanzomon Line 東京地下鉄半蔵門線 Tokyo Metro Fukutoshin Line 東京地下鉄副都心線
Tokyo Metropolitan Bureau of Transportation 東京都交通局 Tokyo Metro Co., Ltd. 東京地下鉄株式会社
Saikyō Line 埼京線 Shōnan-Shinjuku Line 湘南新宿線 Yamanote Line 山手線
Tokyo Metro Co., Ltd. 東京地下鉄株式会社
Minor private railways 中小私鉄
9
2 Train Station: Metro Lines and Stations
ne
Toei Shinjuku Line
i Ke
e Lin
i Ke
nc
ho
me
Toei Shinjuku Line 都営地下鉄新宿線
線
線
王
e京
in oL
S Stahinju tio ku n -sa
新
王
京
Tok y 東京 o Me 地下 tro F 鉄副 uku 都心 tosh in L 線 ine
e Lin
Tok y 東京 o Me 地下 tro F 鉄副 uku 都心 tosh in 線
Lin
e De n東 en-t 急 os 田 hi 園 Li 都 ne 市 線
yu
ew oN
i aL ar w a 線 Od 原 u 田 ky 小 a 急 Od 田 小
Seibu Shinjuku Station
Line JR omdo都営地下鉄新宿線 Toei hŌe e 江戸線 Shinjuku 都営地下鉄大 Station Line n New tatio Keio juku S Shin
線
線
o
i Ke
Lin
S StahoinLi ne tiojuStkat ion Toei Ōed aen u-sa ōm ch To nc
王
e京
横
To k
De yu
Li
東
w Ne
急
線
横
東
io Ke
線
JR Shinjuku Station Line n New tatio Keio juku S Shin
Yamanot e Line 山手線 Saikyō Li ne 埼京線 Shōnan-S hinjuku Li ne 湘南新宿 線
Seibu Shinjuk 西武新宿u Line 線
Mar 東京 unouc 地下 hi Li 鉄丸 ne ノ内 線
新
王
e東 in
急
To k
L ko yo To
東
10
Seibu Shinjuku Station
e Toei Ōedo Lin 線 江戸 都営地下鉄大
京 ne
Yamanot e Line 山手線 Saikyō Li ne 埼京線 Shōnan-S hinjuku Li ne 湘南新宿 線
Seibu Shinjuk 西武新宿u Line 線
e Lin on m zo MHaar n 線 e un門 ouc a Lin 東 ro 京 蔵 t h L e ine M 鉄半地下G鉄 inz i 線 o 丸 ky 下 tro 座ノ内線 To 京地 Me 鉄銀 東 yo 下 k 地 Too Line Toei Ōedae St京 ation Tochōm 東
yu
e in
Shibuya Station 涉谷駅
Saikyō Line 埼京線
k To
Keio Inokashira Line 京王井の頭線
Yamanote Lin e 山手線
Tok 東京 yo M 地下 etro 鉄副 Fuk 都心utos 線 hin
Li on om z n Ha 門線 ine L ro et 半蔵 nza M i yo 下鉄 ro G 座線 k et 銀 To 京地 oM 鉄 東 ky 地下 o T 京 東
oL ok oy uT
n東 en-t 急 os 田 hi 園 Li 都 ne 市 線
ne
ky To
Keio Inokashira Line 京王井の頭線
Tok 東京 yo M 地下 etro 鉄副 Fuk 都心utos 線 hin
Saikyō Line 埼京線
Shōnan-Shin juku Line 湘南新宿線
本線快速 行線 中央 線 武緩 ine 中央 ・総 in L ine 央 M a id L e 中 ūō ap Lin Ch ūō R ōbu Ch ūō-S Ch
Yamanote Lin e 山手線
本線快速 行線 中央 線 武緩 ine 中央 ・総 in L ine 央 Ma id L e 中 ūō ap Lin Ch ūō R ōbu Ch ūō-S Ch
Shōnan-Shinj uku Line 湘南新宿線
Lin e
The scale of both stations is a big difference. Shibuya station (2,300,000ppl/day) ends around Shibuya crossing. Shinjuku Station is bigger, (3,640,000ppl/day)the underground tunnel and entrances spreads out more into the commercial district to the east of the station.
ne
i aL ar w 線 a Od 原 yu 田 ak 急小 d O 田 小
Shinjuku Station 新宿駅 11
2 Train Station: Platforms and Railways/Subway Lines The range of station complexs are also different. The underground tunnel spreading from the station reaches a larger range in Shinjuku. Subway Subway Railway Railway Seibu Shinjuku Line 西武新宿線 Seibu Shinjuku Line 西武新宿線
Subway Railway
JR Lines JR線
Marunouchi Line Shinjuku-sanchome Station
yu De n yu 東 -enDe急田 tos hi n L 東 -en園 急 -to都市 ine 田 sh 線 園 i Li 都 ne 市 線
To k
To k
Odakyu Odawara Line
Keio New Line Shinjuku Station
Odakyu Odawara Line
12
JR
小田急小田原線
Keio Line 京王線
Marunouchi Line Line Marunouchi Shinjuku-sanchome Shinjuku-sanchome StationStation
Shinjuku StationStation Shinjuku
Keio Line Keio 京王線 Line 京王線
小田急小田原線 Odakyu Odawara Line
Keio New Line 京王新線
Toei Ōedo Line ToeiLine Shinjuku Line Toei Ōedo 都営地下鉄大江戸線 都営地下鉄大江戸線 都営地下鉄新宿線 JR JR Shinjuku Shinjuku Station Station
Keio New Keio Line New 京王新線 Line 京王新線Keio New KeioLine New Line
Shinjuku Station TokyuTokyu Toyoko Line 東急東横線 Toyoko Line 東急東横線
Shinjuku Station
Toei Ōedo Line 都営地下鉄大江戸線
Toei Ōedo Toei Line Ōedo Line Seibu Tochōmae StationStation Tochōmae Shinjuku Station
Toei Shinjuku Line Line Toei Shinjuku 都営地下鉄新宿線 都営地下鉄新宿線
Odakyu Odawara Line
JR JR
Gi o Gin r 線 線 etroMet座 o鉄銀 鉄銀座 yo M y k k o o T T地下 地下 Toei Ōedo Line 東京 東京 Tochōmae Station
Marunouchi Line Shinjuku Station
Marunouchi Line Line Marunouchi Shinjuku StationStation Shinjuku
小田急小田原線
ine za L Gin o r 線 et 銀座 yo M Tok 地下鉄 京 東
Ginza Line
Marunouchi Line 東京地下鉄丸ノ内線 Line ine GinzaGinza Line Line nza za L Shinjuku Station
on Line oshi Line
KeioKeio
JR Lines JR線
Odakyu Odawara Line
Tokyo Metro Fukutoshin Line 東京地下鉄副都心線 Tokyo 東京地Metro Han 下鉄半 zomon 蔵門線 Line
Marunouchi Line 東京地下鉄丸ノ内線 Marunouchi Line 東京地下鉄丸ノ内線 Shinjuku Station
Keio Inokashira Line Line Keio Inokashira 京王井の頭線 京王井の頭線
Station Station
Odakyu Odawara Line
Saikyō Line 埼京線 Shōnan-Shinjuku Line 湘南新宿線
TokyoTokyo MetroMetro Fukutoshin Line Line Fukutoshin 東京地下鉄副都心線 東京地下鉄副都心線 TokyoToky M toroMet 東京地 東京e地 Haroz Han omoznomo 下鉄半 Hanzomon Line 下鉄n半 Hanzomon Line Linen Line 蔵門線 蔵門線 Den-en-toshi Line Line Den-en-toshi
JR Lines JR Lines Seibu Seibu JR線 JR線ShinjukuShinjuku
Seibu Shinjuku Line 西武新宿線
Yamanote Line LineSaikyō Line 埼京線 Yamanote Saikyō Line 埼京線 山手線 Line 湘南新宿線 山手線Shōnan-Shinjuku Shōnan-Shinjuku Line 湘南新宿線
JR Lines JR Lines JR線 JR線
TokyoTokyo MetroMetro Fukutoshin Line Line Fukutoshin 東京地下鉄副都心線 東京地下鉄副都心線
Tokyo Metro Fukutoshin Line 東京地下鉄副都心線
13
2 Train Station: Main Station Structure The spatial structure in Shibuya is more intensive because platforms are in indifferent elevations and stacked up in the station(which also makes it more confusing to find connecting lines’ platform or exit to the ground level). Shinjuku is a plain staion, where platforms are mainly parallel, with only two elevations (which is simpler for platfrom-searchers but also means a longer way to walk through between connecting lines).
Shibuya Station 涉谷駅 14
Shinjuku Station 新宿駅 15
3 Pedestrian Circulation Shibuya's pedestrain is multilayered in and around the station, because of height difference between the bottom of the valley and surrounding streets. So the skywalk starting from Hikarie to Tokyu station building eading in Mark City is a multi-layered system connecting different floor heights. The exterior pedestrain on the ground also follows the slope. Because of the topography, connected skywalk is above the ground. So ground level side walks still connects South and North of the Station. Meanwhile, because of slopes and stairs in this area, there are a few side streets which are not vehicle-friendly, forming an exclusive environment for walkers.
In Shinjuku, the pedestrain on the east side of the station is mainly flat, while the west side has two elevations: The underground walk starting from the west underground plaza in the station connects the lower level of high-rise district. Meanwhile, the ground level sidewalk/street connects the higher level of high-rise district. Because the staion complex sits on the ground directly, there is a longer block of pedestrain system between East and West sides of the station. No pedestrain could go through the station complex. Connections happen in underground tunnels or skywalks instead of continuous side walks on the ground in Shibuya.
The commercial stree (Spain Zaka) in a slope
A skywalk crossing the railways
16
Ground level side-walk under Mark City
An underground tunnel going through the station
17
3 Pedestrian Circulation Shibuya 涉谷
Shinjuku 新宿
The underground pedestrian system of Shibuya is limited in the station area, when the elevated interior streets are comprehensive in Tokyu, Mark City and Hikarie.
On the other side, Shinjuku has a widely-spread underneath tunnel system, connecting the station with shopping malls. Also, the underground street under Chuo Doori connects the station basement and the lower level of Tokyo Metropolitan Government Area.
Underground Tunnels Upper-level Path
18
The underneath pedestrian under Chuo Doori
The underneath pedestrian under Chuo Doori
The interior street in Mark City
Underground shopping malls in Shinjuku 19
4 Public Gathering Space The concept of public gathering space seems missing out in Japanese urban context. Although there are different types of public space such as public parks, historic gardens and community parks, they are mostly introverted space. The government pays a lot of effort to regulate the cities’ appearance, making it clean and organized. It successfully eliminates homeless people to stay in the public areas. However, at the same time, the city became inhumane and repelling to the pedestrians. If you examine the two sub-districts carefully, you can find a series of public space in different scales and shapes. However, most of them are not properly used. New possibilities need to be discovered to serve for millions of passengers every day. Kashiwagi Park is a community park in Shinjuku area. It is strictly fenced and the rails make it even more unaccessible for pedestrians. However, this kind of small parks are considered safe and is commonly seen in Tokyo.
Public Spaces in Shinjuku
20
Public parks and gardens are great natural resources for urban dwellers. In Shinjuku, there are two big ones - Shinjuku Central Park and Shinjuku Gyoen National Garden. However they are too far away from the station and not intended for daily uses.
21
4 Public Gathering Space Security is the most important criteria for city government. Long benches are banned because it invites homeless people. Miyashita Park redeveloped to get rid of the urban refugees. The metropolitan government did a fantastic job, in some sense, to regulate homeless and dangerous people and make the city the safest and clean place in the world. The life style of normal people changes with those regulations. Are the changes worthwhile? Homeless people don’t disappear. They just move away. Reducing sitting equipment and public space isn’t the solution for the problem. On the contrary, it hides the problem. If the city no longer serves for its people but emphasize too much on the appearance of the place, it makes no sense to continue the regulations. A city should follow certain regulations to make it stay in order, but it needs irregular and uncertainty to make it interesting and inclusive. City is made for people, not “the society.”
Public Spaces in Shibuya A
Miyashita Park was once an assembly point for homeless people. Since it was built on top of a parking structure on the roof top and was adjacent to the JR railline, it seldom had visitors and became a shelter for homeless people. The city government collaborated with NIKE and Atelier Bow-Wow in 2010 to transform the park into a sports theme public space. Although lots of effort been put into the redevelopment project, homeless people didn’t move away. They resettled on the road side right underneath the park with blue tents. New park is now clean and organized but still not as welcome as it should be.
22
B
C
Sitting space is hard to find in Shibuya. A: a businessman is working on his laptop sitting in a quiet corner of the urban core in Hikarie. B: two commuters is playing Pokémon Game on their way home in Miyashita Park. C: three young people are waiting for their friends while leaning on handrail along the pedestrian street. 23
4 Public Gathering Space Although there are codes for privately owned public space (POPS), it is not as specific as those in New York. Some POPS in Shinjuku and Shibuya are roof gardens or vertical circulation cores that are relatively inaccessible for pedestrians. Seldom is the POPS on ground level. It results in the shortage of public gathering space. Well-developed commercial streets and high-rise office towers composed most part of the station surroundings. Streets are relatively narrow with crowds of people. While there seems to be no more space for public gatherings, there is great need for open leisure space, even if it is just sitting areas.
Street is packed with moving people. No place for sitting or resting is the common scene in Shinjuku and Shibuya
Proposal: adding tiny street furnitures into existing pedestrian deck. The photo is taken by author at Hikarie, the pedestiran bridge outside the first “Urban Core”, linking the depato with Shibuya Station.
Good examples of minimal interventions that change the identity of space 24
For Shinjuku and Shibuya, the busiest gathering space is the plaza in front of train station exit - Hachiko Plaza in Shibuya with the JR Southeast Exit Plaza in Shinjuku. Comparing the two plazas, it is noticeable that Hachiko has more stoppers whether they are talking, taking pictures or waiting for friends. Shinjuku plaza is more typical in Tokyo with people moving pass it but not staying. There is not much difference in terms of scale and sitting equipment. Although Hachiko Plaza has more plantation, it cannot be the main reason why people like to stay at Hachiko Plaza a lot more than the others.
JR Southeast Exit Plaza in Shinjuku
Hachiko Plaza in Shibuya
The reason may be as obvious as the names. Hachiko Plaza is known for the dog statue. The statue is famous and easy to recognize and likely to be a meeting spot. It gives the space identity so people can say “Let’s meet there”. A public space with identity would be more popular and welcome for both locals and tourists, even without sitting area. Therefore, lots of people tend to stay in Hachiko Plaza while JR Southeast Exit Plaza in Shinjuku is only a transit crossing.
Real Hachiko in history
Hachiko Statue 25
5 Top-down Commercial: Department Stores The shopping culture in Shibuya and Shinjuku consists of the department stores, which also lead to the economy prosperity. These department stores belong to the big corporations which also own the train stations and railways.
26
These department stores are used as a facility to engage people’s daily life with shopping. They are co-constructed with stations to attract more customers. Or in another word, the staions are built/buried inside these department stores.
Shibuya Station in the early 20th century
Shinjuku Station in 1900’s
Present view of Shibuya Station constructed in depatos
Present view of Shinjuku Station buried in depatos 27
5 Top-down Commercial: Depato Department stores controls many pieces of land in both areas. Shibuya is basically taken by Tokyu when Shinjuku has a bit more diversity in the brands, But nearby the station, Shinjuku is shadowed by Keio and Odakyu.
These department stores are used as a facility to engage people’s daily life with shopping. They are co-constructed with stations to attract more customers. Or in another word, the staions are built/buried inside these department stores.
Depatos in Shibuya Station 涉谷駅
Depatos in Shinjuku Station 新宿駅
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29
5 Top-down Commercial: Big Groups in Shinjuku Keio and Odakyu are both based in Greater Tokyo Arear. Keio was founded in 1910 as the Keio Denki Kido Co., Ltd. and began operations in 1913. Since 1950s, Keio has been engaged in developing lands along itsand railways. Odakyu is another 2 Hotel Leisure big group of 44 consolidated subsidiaries. They both take Shinjuku as a strategicalPrince Hotels, Inc. Urban Transportation ly1important area for their business development. Yokohama Hakkeijima Inc.
and Regional
Seibu Travel, Inc.
Seibu Railway Co.,Ltd., Seibu Bus Co., Ltd. Seibu Recreation Keio RailwaysCo., Ltd. Toshimaen Co., Ltd.
Shinjuku Station is the start of both Keio and Odakyu railways. So around the station area, these two corporations hold many territories.
Odakyu Railways Karakida
3 Real Estate Seibu Properties Inc.
6 Other Businesses
Sagami-Ono
4 Construction
Izuhakone Railway Co., Ltd. Ohmi Railway Co., Ltd. Seibu Lions, Inc.
5 Hawaii Business
Seibu Construction Co., Ltd. Seibu Landscape Co., Ltd. Seibu Construction Supply Co Ltd.
30
Keio Plaza Hotel
Kamakura Odawara Katase-Enoshima
Gotemba Hakone-Yumoto
Prince Resorts Hawaii, Inc. Hawaii Prince Hotel Waikiki LLC. Mauna Kea Resort LLC.
Keio Department Store
Shinjuku
Ito
Odakyu Department Store
Odakyu MyLord 31
5 Top-down Commercial: Big Groups in Shibuya The Tokyu Group began as Meguro-Kamata Electric Railway Company in 1922. As of March 2014, the group comprises 220 companies and eight other incorporated bodies, headed by the Tokyu Corporation. The cornerstone of the group’s business is urban development underpinned by transportation services. The Seibu Group is another big coorporation which shadows in Shibuya. It has 54 business subsidiaries including Seibu Railways and Prince Hotels, and exercises corporate governance and general control over them. Seibu Railway Co., Ltd. was founded in 1894. Tokyu Group
Tokyu Group
2 Hotel and Leisure
1 Transportation Tokyu Bus Corporation Jotetsu Corporation
2 Real Estate
1 Urban Transportation and Regional
Tokyu Facility Service Co., Ltd. Tokyu Livable, Inc. Tokyu Community Corp.
Seibu Railway Co.,Ltd., Seibu Bus Co., Ltd. Seibu Recreation Co., Ltd. Toshimaen Co., Ltd.
4 Hotel and Resorts Mauna Lani Resort (Operation), Jnc. Tokyu Hotels Co., Ltd.
Tokyu Store Chain Co., Ltd. Tokyu Malls Development Corporation Tokyu Card, Inc. Tokyu Recreation Co., Ltd. its communications Inc.
Prince Hotels, Inc. Yokohama Hakkeijima Inc. Seibu Travel, Inc.
6 Other Businesses
Tokyu Seibu Karakida
Shinjuku
3 Real Estate Seibu Properties Inc.
Sagami-Ono
4 Construction
Izuhakone Railway Co., Ltd. Ohmi Railway Co., Ltd. Seibu Lions, Inc.
3 Life Style and Service
Seibu Construction Co., Ltd. Seibu Landscape Co., Ltd. Seibu Construction Supply Co Ltd.
5 Community and Engagement
5 Hawaii Business
Private Educational Corporations Incorporated Foundations
Prince Resorts Hawaii, Inc. Hawaii Prince Hotel Waikiki LLC. Mauna Kea Resort LLC.
Kamakura Odawara Katase-Enoshima
Gotemba Hakone-Yumoto
Ito
Seibu Group
Tokyu Group
2 Hotel and Leisure 1 Urban Transportation and Regional
Real Estate
yu Facility Service Co., Ltd. yu Livable, Inc. yu Community Corp.
yu Card, Inc.
In 1968-1988, the history of competition between Tokyu and Seibu represents the history of Shibuya development.
4 Hotel and Resorts Mauna Lani Resort (Operation), Jnc. Tokyu Hotels Co., Ltd.
Prince Hotels, Inc. Yokohama Hakkeijima Inc. Seibu Travel, Inc.
Seibu Railway Co.,Ltd., Seibu Bus Co., Ltd. Seibu Recreation Co., Ltd. Toshimaen Co., Ltd.
6 Other Businesses Izuhakone Railway Co., Ltd. Ohmi Railway Co., Ltd. Seibu Lions, Inc.
Karakida
Seibu Properties Inc.
Sagami-Ono
4 Construction Seibu Construction Co., Ltd. Seibu Landscape Co., Ltd. Seibu Construction Supply Co Ltd.
5 Community and Engagement
5 Hawaii Business
Private Educational Corporations Incorporated Foundations
Prince Resorts Hawaii, Inc. Hawaii Prince Hotel Waikiki LLC. Mauna Kea Resort LLC.
32
Shinjuku
3 Real Estate
Kamakura Odawara Katase-Enoshima
Gotemba Hakone-Yumoto
Ito
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6 Bottom-up Commercial Top-down commercial is a national trend during the last century. But it does not mean that city centers are all controlled by the big depato (department store) companies. On the contrary, the spirit of each sub-centers are even more reflected in the bottom-up commercials. Shinjuku has a long history of hosting the biggest red light district - Kabukicho - in Tokyo. Although its shape changed through each disasters, it grow bigger and bigger in the central area of Shinjuku. Another example is Omoide Yokocho or Memory Lane, located next to the station. It is a narrow street packed with tiny traditional Japanese restaurants and bars. Since the World War II, it was here. And it kept the atmosphere after 60 years, with thick smoke in the air and the smell of grilled chicken.
Kabukichi was a busy street historically. It had been distroyed by earthquacks and fires for multiple times. But it grew back to its prosperity fairly quick.
Memory Lane is super narrow inside and outside. It has a unique charactor and is always attrative to certain group of customers.
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Nowadays, Kabukicho is the biggest red light district in Tokyo and it attracts a variety of people come to visit.
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6 Bottom-up Commercial Whereas in Shibuya, the occurring of bottom-up commercials equally distributed through the fast development of this city center. Starting from 1970’s, “109 Girls” lead the costume dressing, tanned skin high-school girl’s trend across Asia. Nowadays, domestic big events like Halloween party is held on Shibuya crossing. In November, Fashion week’s runway stage is implemented on the street. Shibuya’s rapid changes and tendency of serving adventurous young people make it more diverse and unique among the sub-districts in Tokyo.
Shibuya crossing in 1952
Left: the super trend of 109 girls in Shibuya in 1990’s Right: trendy teenagers’ public social event in Shibuya
Left: Shibuya fashion show held on street Right: thousands of young people celebrating Halloween Party at Shibuya crossing
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Shibuya crossing in 2016
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Typology Study in Shinjuku Topography 1 Tokyo Metropolitan Government Area Bottom-up Commercial 2 Memory Lane
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Bird’s View of Tokyo Metropolitan Government from the West
東京都庁 Tokyo Metropolitan Government Area Tokyo New Metropolitan Government Building was finished in 1990, designed by Kenzo Tange. Before that, the former government was located in the Marunouchi district east of the Imperial Palace. The area nearby is the earliest skyscraper district in Japan constructed during late 1960’s to 1980’s as office towers and luxury hotels. It proved to be a seismically safe place due to the performance during the 1923 Kanto Earthquake. In addition, as a former reservoir, the huge area in west Shinjuku stayed as empty publicly owned blocks until 1960’s, while other big blocks along Yamanote line were either privately owned or segmented into pieces. Therefore, west Shinjuku became the best choice for the location of new Metropolitan Government. 40
View of West Shinjuku from Tokyo Metropolitan Government Building
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Model of current Memory Lane
思い出橫丁 Memory Lane Tokyo New Metropolitan Government Building was finished in 1990, designed by Kenzo Tange. Before that, the former government was located in the Marunouchi district east of the Imperial Palace. The area nearby is the earliest skyscraper district in Japan constructed during late 1960’s to 1980’s as office towers and luxury hotels. It proved to be a seismically safe place due to the performance during the 1923 Kanto Earthquake. In addition, as a former reservoir, the huge area in west Shinjuku stayed as empty publicly owned blocks until 1960’s, while other big blocks along Yamanote line were either privately owned or segmented into pieces. Therefore, west Shinjuku became the best choice for the location of new Metropolitan Government. 42
Historic photos of Memory Lane in 1971 43
Typology Study in Shibuya Commercial Street 1 Spanish Street Department Store 2 Tokyu & Shibuya Station
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大正5-10年 1916-1921 Before Kantō Great Earthquake
昭和3-11年 1928-1936 Before World War II
昭和30-昭和35年 1955-1960 Before Kantō Great Earthquake
昭和59-平成2年 1984-1990 After Bubble Economy
スペイン坂 Spanish Street Location: To the northwest of Shibuya Station Area/Length: 98m Spanish Street is a commercial walking street on a slope near Shibuya Station. The height difference between two ends of the street is around 3.5 meters. The street is a shorcut from Inokashira Dori to Parco Department Store (which is currently in an overall renovation.) The development in this street was also influenced by both sides. The gowth of Shibuya Station commercial zone and the development of Yoyogi Statium and North Jinnan meets here. The commercial typology of small stores in individual low-rise buildings in this street were remained by it’s special location in this valley topography.
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Seibu Loft Tsutaya
Seibu Department Store B Seibu Department Store A
大正5-10年 1916-1921 Before Kantō Great Earthquake
昭和3-11年 1928-1936 Before World War II
昭和30-昭和35年 1955-1960 Before Kantō Great Earthquake
Seibu Seed
昭和59-平成2年 1984-1990 After Bubble Economy
Seibu Depato
Shibuya Crossing on Seibu Depato Side
西武渋谷店 Seibu Department Store in Shibuya Location: Next to Shibuya Station Area/Length: 11, 075 m2 Seibu Department store is located to the Northwest of Shibuya Station, consisting of two department stores, Seibu A and Seibu B, and two mix-used buildings, Loft and Seed. This building group was built in 1968-1987, in the period of competition between Seibu and Tokyu. The building group spreads into three blocks, the three main department stores connected with skywalks. This area couold be reached easily through Shibuya croassing. Because of the topography in Shibuya valley, this area is a higher than the underneath in station area, so it’s not connected to the station by underground walking streets as Tokyu in the bottom of the valley. This is also one reason Seibu lost the competition with Tokyu in Shibuya. Tokyu takes more pieces of land nearby the station, which turned out to be a more successful strategy in real estate business.
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