Fig 30- Qingdao Citizen Fitness Center

Crowd Control

Perimeter fences protect the pitch from crowd invasion but also obstruct viewing, are often unsightly and may hinder escape in cases of emergency.

A ‘half moat’ or combination of low fence and shallow moat. Note that the stair handrail will intrude into spectators’ views. Cat’s Cradle Perimeter

The ‘bullring’ solution, or level change, is widely used in baseball and American football stadia in the USA. Note that the stair handrail will intrude into spectators’ views. An inaccessible moat

A typical accessible moat. Note that the stair handrail will intrude into spectators’ views.

Fig 13- Cricket Crowd Control Source- Stadia: A Design and Development Guide; by Geraint John, Rod Sheard and Ben Vickery (2007)

Sightline and ‘C’- Value

As stated in the book- Stadia, “The term ‘sightline’ refers to a spectator’s ability to see a critical point on the playing field over the head of the spectator below, and is measured by the ‘C’ value.”

Use of a ‘super riser’ to ensure that spectators in wheelchairs can see over the heads of spectators in front of them, even when the latter rise to their feet.

N= (R+C) X (D+T) D -R

Tread fixed (Typical Seat)

N= riser height; R= height between eye on ‘point of focus’ on the playing field; D= distance from eye to ‘point of focus’ on the playing field; T= depth of seating row

Tread fixed (With Arms) Riser fixed (Typical Seat)

Riser fixed (With Arms) Nose fixed (Typical Seat)

Nose fixed (With Arms)

Tread fixed (Bench Seat/ Tractor Seat) Riser fixed (Bench Seat/ Tractor Seat)

Fig 14- Sightline, ‘C’-Value and Spectators Seating Type Source- Stadia: A Design and Development Guide; by Geraint John, Rod Sheard and Ben Vickery (2007) Nose fixed (Bench Seat/ Tractor Seat)