Hebron Conflict Analysis by Charlie Fisher

Hebron CONFLICT ANALYSIS OF THE WEST BANK

re:fuse

Charles Fisher, Amaliya Gilo, Ashleigh King andConflict Matt Nazemi Hebron Waste Analysis

re:fuse not letting lives go to waste

Hebron CONFLICT ANALYSIS OF THE WEST BANK

Charles Fisher, Amaliya Gilo, Ashleigh King and Matt Nazemi

PART

CONFLICT ANALYSIS p. 4 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY a. Introduction b. Study Aims and Objectives c. Overview of our Approach p. 7 CONTEXT ANALYSIS a. Historical i) Timeline ii) The Hebron Massacres iii) The Intifadas b. Geography & Demographics i) Hebron Overview ii) Israeli Settlements iii) Urban Fabric c. Economy and Industry d. Culture i) Religion ii) Sumud iii) Symbolic Violence & Culture of War iv) Spaciocide v) Education e. Environment i) Water and Sanitation ii) Waste Management p. 25 CONFLICT DYNAMICS a. Actor Triangles b. Actor Diagrams c. Onion Diagram d. Conflict Map e. Conflict Tracking f. Future Dynamics g. Operational Implications

re:fuse not letting lives go to waste

PART

PROJECT PROPOSAL p. 33 HEBRON WASTE ECONOMY Waste in Hebron Project Framework Implementation Timeframe Log Framework Management Monitoring Evaluation Impact

PART

PROCESS ANALYSIS

BIBLIOGRAPHY

p.39 Roles and competencies Meetings Communication Reasearch Analysis Intervention strategy Presentation Main Challenges

p. 41

PART

APPENDIX

p. 45

ABSTRACT As a small scale NGO, RE:Fuse has been assigned to develop a waste management strategy for Old City Hebron in the West Bank. In light of the area’s current state of conflict, we will first put forward a detailed analysis of the situation, using conflict analysis methodology, which will subsequently inform and contextualise our project. In understanding the West Bank and, more specifically, Hebron, particular note should be taken of the policy of ‘de facto annexation’ (Lockman, Beinin 1989) that manifests itself in the Old City. The strict measures of control enforced by the Israeli Defence Force (IDF) demonstrate an imbalance of power, often resulting in physical, psychological and symbolic violence being shown towards the Palestinian community, which in turn results in a volatile environment.

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Syria

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JORDAN

West Bank Jordan

Israel

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JERUSALEM / AL-QUDS

6k m

Gaza Strip

BETHLEHEM/ BAYT LAHM

sti

ce Ag r

Lin

HEBRON / AL-KHALIL

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Hebron Waste Conflict Analysis

reeme

nt Line

T S E K W N BA

L E A

Contextual Mapping

PART 01

CONTEXT ANALYSIS

Where is the West Bank and how is it occupied?

JERUSALEM / AL-QUDS

6k m

The city of Hebron is located in the Hebron Governorate; the most southern district in the West Bank. The regionâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s population is an estimated 500,000 (PCBS, 2008) and incorporates 1,060 Km of predominantly rural land, surrounded by the Hebron Hills. Aside from the main city, the district comprises of around 70 Palestinian towns and villages, four refugee camps and numerous Israeli settlements.

BETHLEHEM / BAYT LAHM

L AE NK R A IS TB S E W

Built up Area A Area A

Area B

Area C Built up Area C

sti

ce Ag r

Lin

HEBRON / AL-HALIL

1949 A

rmistice

Agreem

ent Lin

Since the 1993 Oslo Accords, land within the West Bank has been divided into Areas A, B (grey) and C (white). This was supposed to be a temporary measure that would allow a gradual transfer of power from the Israeli Civil Administration (ICA) to the Palestinian Authority (PA), but negotiations were frozen in 2002. Area A is under control of the Palestinian authorities; Area B is under Palestinian civil authority with Israeli security measures in place; Area C is under total Israeli control and includes Hebronâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s H2 area, which is inhabited by approximately 30,000 Palestinians and 500 Israeli Settlers. (TIPH, n.d.)

Hebron Waste Conflict Analysis

re:fuse not letting lives go to waste

The market (Souq) in old town is still home to thriving local commerce. Governed by a market association, all waste is tidied away overnight to create a clean and inviting environment for tourists and locals alike.

3 Hebron Fig.1 - BSPWaste Conflict Analysis

PART 01

CONTEXT ANALYSIS

Executive Summary

Introduction, Study Aims and Objectives

s a small scale NGO, RE:Fuse has been assigned to develop a waste management strategy for Old City Hebron in the West Bank. In light of the area’s current state of conflict, we will first put forward a detailed analysis of the situation, using conflict analysis methodology, which will subsequently inform and contextualise our project. In understanding the West Bank and, more specifically, Hebron, particular note should be taken of the policy of ‘de facto annexation’ (Lockman, Beinin 1989) that manifests itself in the Old City. The strict measures of control enforced by the Israeli Defence Force (IDF) demonstrate an imbalance of power, often resulting in physical, psychological and symbolic violence being shown towards the Palestinian community, which in turn results in a volatile environment. STUDY AIMS AND OBJECTIVES The aim of this report is to understand the complexities of the conflict in Hebron and so determine possible conflict transformation techniques. Effective waste management will be assessed as a possible strategy, with our key objective being the intention of a positive

impact on the quality of life for individuals living in the city. As a small organisation, we must acknowledge our limitations and constraints, and so strive for change on a small scale with the aim of stimulating a wider change in attitudes and behaviours. Above all, we hope to make a positive impact on the dignity and well-being of civilians in order to assist conflict transformation within this volatile urban context. OVERVIEW OF OUR APPROACH Through in depth research and a series of conflict analysis tools, we will identify the main actors involved in the Hebron conflict and establish their role and relationships within the city dynamics. A major constraint to our work is that we have been unable to visit Hebron prior to preparing this report, and so we will glean as much information as possible from other reputable sources and establish contact with a number of people currently working in the city itself. As part of our analysis framework, we will be adopting the MSTC tool (Jackson and Calthrop, 2003) [See Appendix] and expanding on it where needed.

Hebron Waste Conflict Analysis

Context

PART 01

CONTEXT ANALYSIS

Historical timeline

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1948 A

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196

1949 West Bank incorparted into Jordan

In six days Israel rou under its control.Pa violation of internati seized during war. T refugees and their de 914,000 in 1950 to mo

Hebron Waste Conflict Analysis

65 19

55 19

48 19 1949 5

45 19

39 19

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19 1929 30

25 19

19 17 19 18

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HEBRON

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1948 Hebron goes from Egyptian to Jordanian military control.

1936 On the eve of the Palestinian Revolt, the British evacuate Jews out of Hebron

Israel engages in a pre-emp Syria and Jordan and captu Gaza Strip, Golan Height Jerusalem. Israel begins es Gaza, the Sinai Peninsu

ro n M a

eb 9H

Some 700,000 Palestinians flee or are driven from what had been British-mandate Palestine. Israel annexes large tracts of land and destroys some five hundred Palestinian villages.

1958

Some 700,000 Palestinians leave what had been British-mandate Palestine. Israel gains control over large tracts of land, including some five hundred Palestinian villages.

British governement pledges to establish in Palestine a national home for the Jewish people.

19 1964 65

45 19

19 1954 55

19 50 p

194

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1917 Balfour Declaration

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Nationalist uprising by Palestinian Arabs in Mandatory Palestine against British colonial rule and mass Jewish immigration

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1948 Israeli Declaration of Independance Initiated by Sherif Hussein bin Ali with the aim of securing independence from the ruling Ottoman Turks and creating a single unified Arab state

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1947 UN Partition of Palestine

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Ben-Gurion

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1923-1948 British Mandate

Ottoman

Khaled Meshaal Abbas

Israel

11 20 12

Netanyahu

06 20 07 20 08 2 2 009

00 1 20 02

S e c o nd I n

200

-5

20 1999 00 2

96 19 97

Olmert

PLO

19 F ir s t I n

- 93

Sharon

Barak

Hamas

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Netanyahu

9 19 1 92 19 93 19 943

Rabin

o m K ip p u r 3Y

19 86 19 87

19 1984 85

73 19 74

Shamir

Peres

Begin

Mahmoud Abbas

Arafat

Peres

67 19 68 19 1969

Rabin

Meir & Allon

vi Eshkol

ukeiri

Shamir

Hammudai

2010 Israeli Flotilla Raid

1991 Madrid Peace conference

a m a da n W

2007 Battle of Gaza

1993 Oslo I

1987 Hamas is founded

2001 Israel atttacks Palestinian Police HQ in Ramallah

1995 Yitzak Rabin assasinated

Egypt and Syria made initial gains but retreated after Israeli counter-attacks.

2008 Operations Hot Winter and Cast Lead

1995 Oslo II 1974 Munich Massacre

ix - D a y W a

bro n M a

A militant Jewish settler kills 29 Palestinians and wounds more than 125 praying at the main mosque in Hebron.

2006 TIPH temporarily withdraw after attacks on Ismail HQ

11 20 12

05 20

20 0 20 1 02

00 20

97 19

19 90

87 19

19 85

19 79 80

73 19

2012 17 year old Mohammed Salayme dies after being shot by IDF in Hebron

1997 Hebron Protocol splits Hebron into H1 & H2. TIPH begin operating.

19 1994 95

tba c k )

1980 Tensions rise in Hebron. Many Jews injured and killed

2002 Two TIPH members killed by Palestinian gunmen

1994 After Hebron Massacre the al-Qassam Brigades expanded suicide attacks to target primarily civilians.

1971 Israeli Settlers establish Kiryat Arba

19 68

2012 17 year old boy dies after being shot by IDF in Hebron protesting against bombing of Gaza

Right wing Israelis made pilgrimages to Goldstein’s grave. The tomb’s epitaph said that Goldstein "gave his life for the people of Israel, its Torah and land".

ughly tripples the territory alestinians view this as a ional law regarding territory The number of Palestinian escendants has grown from ore than 4.3 million in 2005.

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1979 Committee of The Jewish Community of Hebron established

1968 Jewish settlers cupy main hotel in Hebron

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2012 Israel launches operation Pillar of Defence and begins bombing Gaza

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ptive strike against Egypt, ures the Sinai Peninsula, ts, West Bank and East stablishing settlements in ula and the West Bank.

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2005 Israel “withdraws” from Gaza

1994 West Bank Barrier begun.

2011 Palestine aquires UNESCO membership

2012 Palestine aquires UN non-member observer status

Israel launches joint surprise attacks on the Egyptian and Syrian fronts and maintained possession of the Sinai Peninsula and the Golan Heights.

Hebron Waste Conflict Analysis

PART 01

CONTEXT ANALYSIS

Context

Historical Analysis

I. TIMELINE Jewish Immigration

efore World War One, the areas now known as Israel and the Palestinian Occupied Territories were under the control of the Ottoman Empire. In 1923, Hebron came under the jurisdiction of the British Mandate issued by the League of Nations. Throughout the 1920s there was considerable Jewish immigration to Palestine due increased support of the Zionist ideology, after which there was a significant increase in immigration during the Second World War due to Jewish persecution in Europe. Clashes between Zionist ideology and the development of Arab nationhood caused extreme tension in Palestine, resulting in significant acts of violence perpetrated by both the Jews and Palestinians. Founding the State of Israel On the 14th May 1948, the British Mandate for Palestine expired and British Forces left the area, with instability still presenting itself to be a major problem. David Ben Gurion declared the establishment of the state of Israel, sparking the Arab-Israeli War of 1948, after which Hebron came under Jordanian rule. During the the SixDay War of 1967, the city was taken over by the Israeli Defence Force (IDF) and the first Israeli settlement, Kiryat Arba, was established on the outskirts of the Old City. Hebron and the Oslo Peace Process On the 13th September 1993, Yasser Arafat, who was Chairman of the Palestinian Liberation Organisation (PLO), along with the Israeli Prime Minister, Yitzhak Rabin, took part in the Oslo Peace Process and signed the Oslo Accord. This formalised a mutual recognition between the two parties and established the Palestinian National Authority (PNA), agreeing to an IDF withdrawal from certain Palestinian cities. The Peace Process continued in 1997, during which the Hebron Protocol was signed, which agreed on the partial redeployment of the IDF

Hebron Waste Conflict Analysis

in Hebron where there were high tensions and violence due to the presence of Israeli Settlers. As a result, the city was divided into two areas: H1, controlled by the PNA (Palestinian National Authority); and H2, which remained under Israeli military control. II. THE HEBRON MASSACRES 1929 massacre False rumours spread in Hebron claiming that riots had broken out in Jerusalem and that Jews were intending to seize the Temple Mount. Muslim religious leaders encouraged violent attacks as a response and on 24 August 1929, a number of Palestinians from the Hebron district gathered in the Old Town, attacking Jewish residents. 67 Jews were killed and many others injured, whilst more than 400 received protection from their Arab neighbours. After the massacre, remaining Jewish inhabitants in Hebron were evacuated to Jerusalem by the British Mandate Authorities and by April 1936, Jews were no longer present in the city. (TIPH, n.d.) 1994 massacre On 25 February 1994, the Jewish extremist Baruch Goldstein entered the Ibrahimi Mosque/Cave of Machpelah and shot dead 29 Muslim worshippers, injuring hundreds more. He was subsequently killed by surviving worshippers. (TIPH, n.d.) The massacre took place during the Muslim month of Ramadan and lead to Palestinian protests and violent riots during the following week. Extremist Israelis turned his grave into a shrine whilst the Israeli Prime Minister Yitzhak Rabin condemned the massacre; after an official investigation the Israeli government deemed Goldstein to have acted upon his own will, rather than on behalf of a greater movement. The Ibrahimi Mosque/Cave of Machpelah was divided into two parts as a result, with separate Muslim and Jewish entrances. The UN Security Council

Fig. 2 ‘The first Intifada’

responded with Resolution 904, resulting in the establishment The Temporary International Presence in the City of Hebron (TIPH). III. THE INTIFADAS The Arabic word ‘intifada’ literally means ‘shaking off’, but can also be interpreted as an uprising, awakening or act of resistance. (Bucaille, 2006) The First Intifada The First Intifada occurred between 1987 and 1993, in the form of Palestinian demonstrations, strikes, riots and violent attacks, triggered by an Israeli truck colliding with an Arab car in the Jabalia refugee camp in Gaza. It was characterised by predominantly young men and boys stoning members of the IDF and was different from previous forms of protest, due to its long duration and wide public support. It was the first time Palestinian civilians became significantly involved in opposing the Israeli occupation, with the majority of previous uprisings being coordinated externally by the PLO.

The Second Intifada The Second Intifada, which some Israelis referred to as the Oslo War due to the concessions made in the Oslo Accords, took place between 2000 and 2005. Violent attacks were triggered by Ariel Sharon, an Israeli statesman, visiting Temple Mount on 28 September 2000, accompanied by hundreds of Israeli soldiers. His assertion of military authority at a site sacred to muslims was seen to be provocative by the Palestinians. The violence that ensued from this intifada demonstrated an escalation of conflict, as Jihadist suicide bombers attacked occupying forces and civilians. Violence became a daily occurrence in the occupied territories and in April 2002, the IDF seized full control of Hebron, with permanent watchtowers erected by 2003. (B’Tselem, 2007)

Hebron Waste Conflict Analysis

PART 01

CONTEXT ANALYSIS

Context

Geography and Demographics

Fig. 3 ‘Hebron’s Old City and Beyond’

B. GEOGRAPHY AND DEMOGRAPHICS I. HEBRON OVERVIEW The city of Hebron is located in the Hebron Governorate; the most southern district in the West Bank. The region’s population is an estimated 500,000 (PCBS, 2008) and incorporates 1,060 Km of predominantly rural land, surrounded by the Hebron Hills. Aside from the main city, the district comprises of around 70 Palestinian towns and villages, four refugee camps and numerous Israeli settlements.

Hebron Waste Conflict Analysis

Since the 1993 Oslo Accords, land within the West Bank has been divided into Areas A, B and C. This was supposed to be a temporary measure that would allow a gradual transfer of power from the Israeli Civil Administration (ICA) to the Palestinian Authority (PA), but negotiations were frozen in 2002. Area A is under control of the Palestinian authorities; Area B is under Palestinian civil authority with Israeli security measures in place; Area C is under total Israeli control and includes Hebron’s H2 area, which is inhabited by approximately 30,000 Palestinians and 500 Israeli Settlers. (TIPH, n.d.)

Hebron Waste Conflict Analysis

PART 01

CONTEXT ANALYSIS

Context

Map showing the location of key landmarks and settler’s compounds

H1 CENTRE

BEIT HADASSAH SETTLEMENT

BEIT ROMANO SETTLEMENT JEWISH CEMETERY

TEL RUMEIDA SETTLEMENT

OLD

MUSLIM CEMETERY

Fig. 4

Hebron Waste Conflict Analysis

GIVAT HAâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;AVOT SETTLEMENT

QIRIT ARBA SETTLEMENT

CAVE OR THE PATRIARCHS / IBRAHIMI MOSQUE

TOWN AVRAHAM AVINU SETTLEMENT

II. ISRAELI SETTLEMENTS In 1968, a group of Israelis lead by Rabbi Moshe Levinger were granted permission by the IDF to spend Passover in the Park Hotel in Hebron. The group, however, continued to occupy the hotel after the festival ended, with the support of many Israeli politicians. Months of negotiations lead to the group attaining a piece of land, confiscated by the IDF, on the outskirts of the Old City. This became the first settlement in Hebron, Kiryat Arba, signifying the return, since 1929, of an established Jewish presence in the city. In 1979, a group from Kiryat Arba established Beit Hadassah in the Old City itself,

followed by three further settlements occurring between 1980 and 1984: Avraham Avinu, Beit Romano and Tel Rumeida (TIPH, n.d.). Contrary to the views of the UN and other international organisations, Settler activity in the Palestinian Territories is legitimised by Israel and used as a justification for the occupation. The presence of IDF soldiers in the Old City is essential for maintaining control over the city and protecting the Settlers. (Kamphoefner, 2003)

Hebron Waste Conflict Analysis

PART 01

CONTEXT ANALYSIS

Geography and Demographics Urban Fabric

III. URBAN FABRIC Typical Palestinian beliefs orientate around family values and traditions, with dwellings often housing different generations of the same family. In the Old City, houses are often close in proximity, described as a â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;knotty cluster of ancient housesâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; (Madhieh, 2008). Houses are usually constructed of two meter thick walls, keeping internal spaces warm in winter and cool in summer (Madhieh, 2008), but despite the closeness of dwellings, movement restrictions imposed by the IDF result in divided and broken communities.

Fig. 5

Hebron Waste Conflict Analysis

H1 H2

Hebron Waste Conflict Analysis

PART 01

CONTEXT ANALYSIS

Urban Fabric

Photo map showing location of shopping streets, local architecture and rooftops

Hebron Waste Conflict Analysis

12 12

All images by Imogen Humphris

Hebron Waste Conflict Analysis

PART 01

CONTEXT ANALYSIS

Context

Economy and Industry

C. ECONOMY AND INDUSTRY

40% (The Electronic Intifada, 2011).

The economic situation in the West Bank has suffered greatly as a result of the ongoing conflict, with tensions in the political and social sphere causing widespread recession, unemployment and poverty. The Hebron district is rich in natural resources and has widespread agricultural land, which has been particularly affected by land confiscations and movement restrictions. Within H2, 77% of Palestinians are living below the poverty line (OCRC, 2009), with traditional industries such as stone, pottery and glass suffering under the repressive measures enforced by the IDF.

As well as settlements in Hebron creating a disjointed and divided community, an estimated 75% of shops have been closed by military order or less direct means since the occupation, with 1,829 businesses being closed closed since the Second Intifada (Abdullah, 2007). Arguably the most significant closure within the Old City is Al-Shuhada Street in 1994, which was once the cityâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s commercial centre. Despite it being reopened after the 1997 Protocols, the Israeli authorities closed it again after the Second Intifada, resulting in a now desolate and lifeless street.

Restrictions and Closures

Efforts to improve the economy are all restricted by the conflict that exists in the West Bank. Residentsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; low purchasing powers lead to increased unemployment, which in turn reduces consumption levels. Dependence on the Israeli economy worsens feelings of friction and animosity, whilst restrictions on movement, business closures and minimal international trade makes it difficult for the Palestinian nation to prosper.

Trade in the West Bank is largely isolated from global markets, due to restrictions on movement both internally and externally, making transportation of goods a timeconsuming and difficult process (The Electronic Intifada, 2011). The Israeli forces use inspections and sniffer dogs, as well as forced transferring of goods from Palestinian trucks into their own vehicles. These measures are thought to increase trade transaction costs by roughly

Hebron Waste Conflict Analysis

Fig. 6 - ‘A Palestinian glass blower’

Fig. 7 - ‘Abandoned shops on Al Shuhada Street’

Fig. 8 - ‘Stone Industry in the West Bank’

Hebron Waste Conflict Analysis

PART 01

CONTEXT ANALYSIS

Culture

Religion, Sumud and Symbolic Violence

D. CULTURE I. RELIGION Eretz Yisrael

‫ארץ ישראל‬ Eretz Yisrael translates as “Land of Israel” in Hebrew; that is, the territories referred to in religious texts in Judaism as the land promised to the Jewish people by God (Lichtman, 2006). This concept and its re-establishment as a state in the modern era was the foundation of the original Zionist program. Twice in official state documents, David Ben-Gurion announced that the Israeli state was created ‘in only a portion of the Land of Israel’ (Badi, 1963). Herut and Gush Emunim were among the first Israeli political parties that based their land policies on the Biblical narrative of Eretz Yisrael, arguing that the West Bank should be annexed permanently to Israel for both ideological and religious reasons.

‫ﺻﻣﻭﺩ‬

Ibrahimi Mosque/Cave of Machpelah The city of Hebron is symbolically important in both Jewish and Islamic faiths, largely as a result of the Ibrahimi Mosque/Cave of Machpelah, believed to be the burial place of Abraham. The name ‘Hebron’ translates as ‘friend’ in both Hebrew and Arabic, possibly referring to Abraham as the chosen friend of God on earth. The city holds further significance for Jews as it is believed to host not only Abraham’s body, but also that of other important Jewish patriarchs and matriarchs.

land and afterward - combat.’ Yasser Arafat (Schulz & Hammer, 2003, p. 106-107) Sumud translates as ‘steadfastness’ and is an ideology that emerged in response to the occupation of Palestinian territories after the Six Day War of 1967. This concept is grouped into two categories: static and resistance. The former is passive, defined as the ‘maintenance of Palestinians on their land’ (Nasser and Heacock, 1990, p.28), whilst the latter refers to more active resistance in undermining the occupation. Symbols commonly associated with Sumud are the olive tree; the roots representing the Palestinian connection to the land (Schulz and Hammer, 2003, p.105), and that of the mother with child (Jetter et al., 1997, p.163). Sumud can also involve forms of nonviolent protest, such as strikes, boycotts and demonstrations. Whilst simply carrying on with daily life under difficult circumstances can in itself be considered a form of resistance, more active forms of civil disobedience have been inspired and informed by the concept. Earlier this year, Imprisoned Fatah commander Barghouti promoted resistance Sumud, calling on Palestinians to carry out an economic and diplomatic boycott in the occupied territories (Khoury & Issacharoff, 2012).

‫ישראל‬ ‫ארץ‬ II. SUMUD ‫ﺻﻣﻭﺩ‬

‘The most important element in the Palestinian program is holding onto the land. Holding onto the land and not warfare alone. Warfare comes at a different level. If you only fight - that is a tragedy. If you fight and emigrate - that is a tragedy. The basis is that you hold on and fight. The important thing is that you hold onto the

Hebron Waste Conflict Analysis

Fig. 9 - Ishtayeh (2010)

III. SYMBOLIC VIOLENCE AND CULTURE OF WAR Symbolic Violence The concept of symbolic violence was introduced by the French sociologist Pierre Bourdieu who deemed urban environments to be a ‘symbolic arena’ in which people ‘symbolise their social similarity […] and their social difference from one another’ (Weininger, 2002, p.141). Symbolic violence can be seen to infiltrate the lives of those living in the highly volatile urban environment of H2 where acts resulting in ‘injury, death, psychological harm, maldevelopment or deprivation’ (WHO, 2002, p.5) are witnessed on a daily basis.

Fig. 11 - Rallis (2008)

given the beliefs of those involved. The disempowerment of the Palestinian people living within H2 can be seen as a symbolic assertion of power. Road closures, curfews and economic constraints all prevent residents from carrying out their everyday lives, earning money and moving around the city freely. House raids are just one of the methods used by the Israeli forces ‘in order to achieve political, economic and social objectives’ (WHO, 2002, p.215), resulting in residents feeling intimidated both in the streets and within the confines of their own homes.

Fig. 10 - Bannoura (2012)

A particularly clear example of symbolic violence is the destruction of Palestinian olive trees by Israeli Settlers and the IDF. As a historically profound symbol for the Arab community, the trees provide a major source of income, and it can be seen that to vandalise them is not only an attack on the crops, but is a violation of Palestinian society (MIFTAH, 2012). Another significant example of such violence are the ‘rows of empty Palestinian shops and houses boarded up with steel shutters, many daubed with Stars of David to show who is in charge here’ (MacIntyre, 2008). By not only physically closing businesses, the IDF is then seen to “brand” buildings with their religious symbol; a highly profound act of violence,

Culture of War Culture of war refers to the everyday methods, behaviours and coping strategies used by people as a way of either accepting or overcoming the pressures of conflict. Often stemming from an ‘antagonistic polarisation between “us” against a “them”’ (Semelin, 2003, p.197), people’s quality of life is directly impacted by the context in which they live, and so coping mechanisms are established so as to make life easier. In Hebron, both Israeli and Palestinian communities have developed means of “normalising” the conflict, as seen by their everyday activities and attitudes. With regard to the Palestinian community, it can

Hebron Waste Conflict Analysis

PART 01

CONTEXT ANALYSIS

Context Analysis

Spaciocide and education

be seen that ‘violence, arbitrary house searches, seizure of houses, harassment, detaining passers-by, and humiliating treatment have become a reality of daily life’ (B’Tselem and ACRI, cited in MacIntyre, 2008). The commonality of abuse and repression has resulted in people developing adaptive methods, so as to live life in as “normal” a way as possible. An example of such is the case of a Palestinian woman who was discovered to climb over the roof of her house and neighbouring properties to get from one part of the city to another, as the IDF welded shut her property access as part of their closure regime. This type of behaviour, along with crossing checkpoints and being regularly searched, is part of daily life for Arab citizens, and although uprisings and protests often break out, such daily occurrences have become “normalised” in the everyday workings of the city. The context in which people live undoubtedly affects their ability to make rational decisions and act in the ways that would be deemed appropriate during times of peace (Piquard, 2006). In the case of Hebron, the repression and lack of political power experienced by Palestinian people has been described as a strategy of systematic expulsion (Hamdan, 2008), often causing violent outbreaks by

individuals or groups, as seen through the intifadas. This leads to greater suspicion and frustration on behalf of the Israeli authorities, increasing their use of oppressive control. IV. SPACIOCIDE Settlements and movement restrictions in Hebron cause divisions in the city, isolating Palestinians and resulting in the ‘increasing disconnection, fragmentation and the camplike character’ of the Old City (De Cesari, 2010). Amenities have largely been moved from the city centre, resulting in residents having to travel disproportionate distances to reach basic goods and services. The closing and cordoning of public spaces and fear to leave one’s home has created emptiness and desolation in public spaces, with the ICA persistently resisting the attempts of the Hebron Rehabilitation Committee (HRC) to renovate disused buildings and regenerate public areas. This clear example of spaciocide has an all encompassing impact on the lives of Palestinians, reducing the number of people that partake in religious, social or cultural activities, damaging community networks and having a direct impact on people’s access to education and health services. V. EDUCATION According to a report by Save The Children (2002), restrictions on movement, curfews and house arrests have resulted in low attendance rates for teachers and students living in Hebron. Schools in H2 are generally underfunded, run down, and have very limited resources. One report noted ‘bullet marks in windows, walls, and furniture’ at a number of the institutions in the Old City (Sultana, 2006). Furthermore, due to the close proximity of settler and Palestinian districts, even on days when blockades are eased and children can travel to school, they do so under the threat of settler violence, often having stones or rubbish thrown at them (Sultana, 2006).

Fig. 12 - ‘Israeli Soldiers Search Palestinian Woman’

Hebron Waste Conflict Analysis

PART 01

CONTEXT ANALYSIS

Environment

Water, Sanitation and Waste Management

E. ENVIRONMENT I. WATER AND SANITATION Water and sanitation in the West Bank suffers from a number of issues. Only 30% of the population has access to the public sewage network (ERM, 2009), with rural areas relying on cesspits or septic tanks for wastewater disposal. Furthermore, between 2011 and 2012, Israel destroyed roughly thirty Palestinian rainwater cisterns and since the beginning of 2012, a further 35 have been damaged, 20 of which were in the Hebron district. In response to these attacks, the spokesman for the Coordinator of Government Activities in the Territories explained that ‘the digging of cisterns - which constitutes infrastructural change - requires the receipt of a permit from the authorized planning institutions’ (Haaretz, 2012).

Waste Management across larger areas and between municipalities, such as a joint project between Hebron and Bethlehem (ERM, 2009). Most solid waste from the Hebron Governorate is taken to a dumping site in Yatta, south of Hebron. This includes waste from Israeli settlements, the UNRWA-managed refugee camps and industrial waste. In the Old City, waste collection points are located at every city entrance, close to IDF checkpoints (ERM, 2009).

The Old City itself had a number of public service provisions installed in the early twentieth century and according to the Hebron Rehabilitation Committee, the Old City Rehabilitation Project has ensured that sewage systems have been renewed, with all houses in the city now connected to water and linked to the electricity grid (HRC, n.d.). However, H2 also suffers from water shortages, largely as a result of Palestinian communities struggling to overcome vehicle movement restrictions so as to purchase necessary water tankers. The Hebron Municipality Water Department has made attempts to compensate this by adopting a rotation scheme, in which water provisions are made to each quarter of the city for 24 hours every other week. During this time, residents store as much water, but supplies are rarely sufficient. (B’Tselem, 2007) II. WASTE MANAGEMENT Local authorities in the West Bank are responsible for solid waste collection and disposal, however there are a number of communities for which there is no municipal authority or village council. Joint Services Councils (JSCs) for Solid Waste Management have been established to coordinate Solid Fig. 13 - BSP (2012)

Hebron Waste Conflict Analysis

that soldiers could ensure dangerous items were not amongst it, then pick it up again. As a result, children often avoid going to the waste disposal units, instead hiding the rubbish in hidden parts of the city (Howard, 2012). Through our contact within BSP, Jonathan Machler, we were 01 able to conduct a short questionnaire relating to the subject of waste, interviewing 6 PART Environment CONTEXT residents in H1 and H2 [See Appendix]. One respondent from H2 explained: ANALYSIS

Water, Sanitation and Waste Management

‘the dump is far away, sometimes soldiers stop me in the middle of the way to search what do I have, but they search from a far distance, I remember once a soldier stopped me and forced me to throw the waste on the road, then he forced me to collect it again.’ (J. Abed, 2012)

Harassment

WASTE INITIATIVES

Waste initiatives

In January 2012, with the aid of translators, In recent years there have been several In recent of years have been Project several(BSP) initiatives initiatives for improving the condition of waste of in waste members the there Building Sumud for improving the condition Hebron, however none of which sufficiently address the management of waste in the Old City. conducted interviews with Palestinian families in Hebron, however none of which sufficiently In May TIPHInsupported cleaninterviews, up campaign involving 220 schools in the 2012, Old City. three ofa the address theschoolchildren managementfrom of waste ininthe Old the Old City. The Swedish International Development Agency (SIDA) has also funded projects children spoke of incidents in which they City. In May 2012, TIPH supported a clean that aim to preserve heritage with three environmental awareness, cultural had been harassedcultural by Israeli soldiers whenmain targets: up campaign involving 220 schoolchildren heritagetheir and social taking wasteintegration. to disposal points. They from schools in the Old City. The Swedish explained that they were asked to empty the International Development Agency (SIDA) Recycling Waste waste ontoand theProfiting ground,from so that soldiers could has also funded projects that aim to preserve ensure dangerous items were not amongst cultural heritage with three main targets: The percentages of different waste types in the West Bank have been recordedcultural as follows it, then pick it up again. As a result, children environmental awareness, heritage (ERM, 2009): and social integration. Waste

Organic

Paper

Plastic/Rubber

Glass

Ferrous Metals

Wood

Aluminium

Textiles

Others

often avoid going to the waste disposal units, instead hiding the rubbish in hidden parts of the city (Howard, 2012). Through our contact within BSP, Jonathan Machler, we were able to conduct a short questionnaire relating to the subject of waste, interviewing 6 residents in H1 and H2 [See Appendix]. One respondent from H2 explained:

Fig. 14 - BSP (2012)

Hebron Waste Conflict Analysis

Recycling and Profiting from Waste The percentages of different waste types in the West Bank have been recorded as follows (ERM, 2009): Given the high percentage of organic waste, potential for composting is particularly high, with other opportunities for recycling and reusing waste also apparent. The Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics (2008) estimated that 15% of metal waste in the West Bank is separated, but that the percentage is much higher in the southern regions. Glass is widely recycled, particularly relevant given Hebron City’s glass industry. Owners of mechanical workshops have given accounts of regularly selling metal and used rubber tires to waste-pickers or petty traders (ERM, 2009), and although there is a cultural stigma associated with refuse work, unemployment has resulted in it becoming a more widely spread (ERM, 2009). Individuals have also developed innovative techniques of recycling waste on a daily basis, such as the account given by Amy Howard (2012) of a Palestinian woman in the Old City using plastic bottles to irrigate vegetables growing in a rooftop garden above her house.

down at the Palestinian residents by Settlers. Reports by the HRC (2010) explain that efforts to rehabilitate areas such as the Al Salaymeh Quarter are restricted by the problem of waste thrown by settlers. Although rooftops allow for an external private space for Palestinian residents, usage of these areas is limited due to the Settlers throwing rocks and waste. The IDF also often occupies roof spaces for “security reasons” and without notice. In response to this some households have tried to protect their roof spaces with tarpaulin sheets and metal wire.

Israeli organisations are eager to benefit economically from the West Bank’s waste industry, with organisations such as Green Oil Energy, Shai Key Metal Trade, Tal El Collection and Recycling and Tel Bar Industries for Health Institutions operating from settlements in the West Bank, generating profit from sorting and recycling waste (Who Profits, 2009). Settler waste A significant contributor to waste in the Old City is that produced by the Settlers. Used as a form of physical and symbolic violence, it is often thrown onto Palestinian homes and civilians, particularly in areas where Settlers reside in the upper stories of buildings shared by both communities. Wire nets above a number of streets are witness to the waste that is thrown Fig. 15 - BSP (2012)

Hebron Waste Conflict Analysis

• Authorised right of settlers to live in city (not IDF’s responsibility)

• 1996: Netanyahu PM • 1998: Wye River Memorandum • 2001: Sharon PM

Conflict Dynamics

PART 01

CONTEXT ANALYSIS

Attitudes

Historical Timeline

• Hostility towards PLO • ers are generous • “Peace with security” (Sharon) •Attitudes Supportive of settlers Attitudes • Supports Palestinian independence • •Shouldn’t accept <100% of West Bank & Gaza Control essential for security • •Right of refugees to return Threatened • •Need for security, justice and peace Defensive • Restrictions minimal • Following government instruction Context

Attitudes

• Hostility towards PLO • ers are generous “Peace with security” (Sharon) CONFLICT•• DYNAMICS Supportive of settlers • Supports Palestinian independence

A. ACTOR TRIANGLES Behaviour

[See

ISRAELI Appendix: for a detailed GOVERNMENT

• scations each • Given Palestinians 80%Actor] Hebron • Governs IDF • Authorised right of settlers to live in city (not IDF’s responsibility)

description of Context

• • • •

1995: Taba agreement 1995: Peres PM 1996: Netanyahu PM 1998: Wye River Memorandum • 2001: Sharon PM

ISRAELI GOVERNMENT

Behaviour • scations • Given Palestinians 80% Hebron • Behaviour Governs IDF • Authorised right of settlers to live • Blockades in city (not IDF’s • Checkpoints responsibility) • Arrests terror suspects • KillsBehaviour • Curfews scations • • Intifadas Palestinian shops • Close • Protests • Demonstrations to Palestinians • Escorts

PALESTINE ISRAEL LIBERATION DEFENCE FORCE ORGANISATION

Attitudes

• 1995: Taba agreement • 1995: Peres PM •Context 1996: Netanyahu PM • 1998: Wye River Memorandum • 1964: founded • 2001: 1974: Sharon declaredPM sole Context spokesperson for Palestinian • 1948: founded Arabs • •1993: Oslo peace 1993: Oslo peace processs process • •Controls H1H2 Controls

Attitudes Attitudes

• Hostility towards PLO • ers are generous • “Peace with security” (Sharon) • Supportive of settlers Attitudes • Supports Palestinian independence • Control essential for security • Threatened • Defensive • Restrictions minimal • Following government instruction

ISRAELI GOVERNMENT

• Shouldn’t accept <100% of West Bank & Gaza • Control essential for security • Right of refugees to return • Threatened • Need for security, justice and peace • Defensive •Attitudes Restrictions minimal Attitudes • Following government instruction • •Shouldn’t accept <100% of West Bank & Gaza Right to colonise the city • •Need to establish a more permanent body Targetted by Palestinian • Lack of control in Areas A and B is unfair terror attacks

PALESTINE ISRAEL B Context LIBERATION DEFENCE FORCE Blockades • • scations Context • Context • Checkpoints • Given Palestinians 80% • 1964: founded • ORGANISATION Arrests Hebron • 1974: declared sole • 1995: Taba agreement • Context • 1994: established as a Kills terror suspects • ISRAEL • Governs IDF spokesperson for • • 1995: Peres PM Behaviour THE Behaviour ISRAELI result of the Oslo Behaviour Curfews • Authorised right of Palestinian Arabs • 1948: founded • 1996: Netanyahu PM • Behaviour Peace Process • DEFENCE FORCE • 1993: Oslo Oslo peacepeace • 1993: • 1998: Wye River • Blockadessettlers to live • scations Intifadas PALESTINIAN • SETTLERS • Administrative body • Originally intended to • Violence shops • Close Palestinian in city (not IDF’s processs process Memorandum • Checkpoints • Protests • Makes important decision to be a temporary •Escorts Damage property • Controls H1 to Palestinians • Controls H2 • 2001: Sharon PM • Arrests responsibility) • Demonstrations • regarding legislation AUTHORITY Context organisation • Break-ins Context Kills terror suspects Behaviour

• • Curfews scations • • Close Palestinian shops • Escorts to Palestinians

• 1948: founded • 1993: Oslo peace process • Controls H2

Behaviour

• Radical, right-wing

• Works the authority • Seizeunder property of the PLO • Throw rubbish into • Supports Palestinian Palestinian areas community opposition • Steal/damage olive opposing Israeli control trees

• Final status still not • decided 1967: establish • Current Prime settlements, roughly Minister: Mahmoud tripling size of Abbas territory

Attitudes

Behaviour • Blockades • Checkpoints • Arrests • Kills terror suspects Behaviour • Curfews scations • • Violence • Close Palestinian shops • Damage property • Escorts to Palestinians • Break-ins • Seize property • Throw rubbish into Palestinian areas • Steal/damage olive trees

Attitudes Attitudes

• Control essential for security • Threatened • Defensive • Restrictions minimal Attitudes • Following government instruction

• Shouldn’t accept <100% of West Bank & Gaza • Right to colonise the city • Needby toPalestinian establish a more permanent body • Targetted • terror Lack of control in Areas A and B is unfair attacks • Radical, right-wing Attitudes Attitudes

• Right to colonise the city • Targetted by Palestinian terror attacks • Radical, right-wing

• • • •

ISRAEL DEFENCE FORCE • 1948: founded • 1993: Oslo peace process • Controls H2

Context

• 1967: establish settlements, roughly tripling size of territory

community opposition • Behaviour Steal/damage olive Dispense demonstraopposing Israeli control trees tions • •Cannot enter H2 withResolutions out permission • Negotiations • •Have to operate without Condemns uniform or weapons terrorism and inviolence H2

• • • •

• Right to colonise the city • Targetted by Palestinian terror attacks • Radical, right-wing Attitudes

Behaviour • • • • •

“land for peace” compromise supports refugees’ right of return supports Palestinian independence

ISRAELI SETTLERS

Violence Damage property Break-ins Seize property Throw into 25 rubbish Hebron Waste Conflict Analysis Palestinian areas • Steal/damage olive Behaviour

THE U.N.

tripling size ofto residents in H2 Minister: Mahmoud • 1947: recommendation territory reach police Abbas for partition of British • Coordinate with IDF on Mandate Palestine case-by-case basis rejected • Since 2007: operate under • Numerous Resolutions guise ofwith municipality since 1948 inspectors limited success

Attitudes Attitudes

Attitudes

• • • •

Context

• 1994: established as a ISRAELI THE result of the Oslo Peace Process B SETTLERS PALESTINIAN • Administrative body • Violence • Originally intended to • Makes important decision • • Damage property to be a temporary AUTHORITY Context regarding legislation • Break-ins organisation Context THE U.N. • Works under the authorityPALESTINIAN • • Full control H1, very • Seize property • Finalinstatus still not of the PLO into • 1967: establish limited control in H2 •Behaviour Throw rubbish decided Context POLICE FORCE • cult • Supports Palestinian roughly • for Palestinian Palestinian areas • settlements, Current Prime

Behaviour Behaviour

Context

ISRAELI SETTLERS

• Restricted “land for peace”by IDF • Professional, non-biased compromise • Non-political supports refugees’ right of return • Frustrated supports Palestinian independence • Undermined

Behaviour Context

• Dispense demonstraBehaviour

“land for peace” • Restricted by IDF compromise • Professional, non-biased supports refugees’ right of return • Non-political supports Palestinian • Frustratedindependence Attitudes • Undermined • • • •

Intimidates by IDF and settlers Context Human rights violated City is their home • Full control in H1, very Victimised Context limited control in H2 • cult for Palestinian residents in H2 to • 1947: recommendation reach police for partition of British • Coordinate Mandate Palestinewith IDF on rejected case-by-case basis • Since 2007: operate under • Numerous Resolutions since 1948guise with of municipality

THEPALESTINIAN U.N. POLICE FORCE

tions • Resolutions • Cannot enter H2 with• Negotiations out permission Context• 1967: establish settlements, roughly• Condemns • Have to operate without Behaviour terrorism andor weapons tripling size of uniform • 1947: recommendation

PALESTINIAN COMMUNITY

Context

• 1993: Oslo peace processs • Controls H1

• Intifadas • Protests • Demonstrations

Attitudes

• Hostility towards PLO • ers are generous • “Peace with security” (Sharon) • Supportive of settlers Attitudes Attitudes • Supports Palestinian independence

• Shouldn’t accept <100% of West Bank & Gaza • Right of refugees to return • Need for security, justice and peace

Attitudes

Shouldn’t acceptPLO <100% of West Bank & Gaza • • Hostility towards establish a more permanent body • • Need toers are generous Lack ofwith control in Areas A and B is unfair • • “Peace security” (Sharon) • Supportive of settlers • Supports Palestinian independence Context

ISRAELI GOVERNMENT

Behaviour • scations • Given Palestinians 80% Hebron • Governs IDF Behaviour • Authorised right of settlers to live scations • Administrative body city (not IDF’s GiveninPalestinians 80% • Makes important decision responsibility) Hebron regarding legislation Governs IDF the authority • Works under • of Authorised the PLO right of settlers to live • Supports Palestinian in city (not IDF’s community opposition responsibility) opposing Israeli control

ISRAELI THE GOVERNMENT PALESTINIAN AUTHORITY

• Shouldn’t accept <100% of West Bank & Gaza • Right of refugees to return • Need for security, justice and peace

Context

• 1995: Taba agreement • 1994: established as a • 1995: Peres PM result of the Oslo • 1996: Netanyahu PM Peace Process • 1998: Wye River • Originally intended to Context Memorandum to be a temporary 2001:Taba Sharon PM • •1995: agreement organisation • • 1995: FinalPeres statusPM still not • 1996: Netanyahu PM decided • • 1998: WyePrime River Current Memorandum Minister: Mahmoud • 2001: Sharon PM Abbas

Behaviour • Intifadas • Protests • Demonstrations

Behaviour

PALESTINE LIBERATION ORGANISATION PALESTINE LIBERATION ORGANISATION

• Intifadas • Protests • Demonstrations

Attitudes

Control essential for security • • Shouldn’t accept <100% of West Bank & Gaza Threatened • • Right of refugees to return • Defensive • Need for security, justice and peace • Restrictions minimal Attitudes Attitudes • Following government instruction

• Blockades • Checkpoints • Arrests • Kills terror suspects Behaviour Behaviour • Curfews Behaviour scations • •Blockades • Close Intifadas Palestinian shops •••Checkpoints • Protests Dispense demonstraEscorts to Palestinians • •Arrests • Demonstrations tions terror suspects •• Kills Cannot enter H2 with• Curfews out permission scations •• Have to operate without Palestinian shops • Closeuniform or weapons

•• Control essential Restricted by IDFfor security •• Threatened Professional, non-biased •• Defensive Non-political •• Restrictions Frustrated minimal Context •• Following government instruction Undermined

ISRAEL PALESTINE DEFENCE FORCE LIBERATION ORGANISATION ISRAEL PALESTINIAN DEFENCE FORCE POLICE FORCE

• 1964: founded Context • Context 1974: declared sole

spokesperson • Full control in H1, veryfor • 1948: founded Palestinian limited controlArabs in H2 1993: Oslo peace peace • • • 1993: cultOslo for Palestinian process processs residents in H2 to Controls H2 • • Controls reach H1 police

Context

• Coordinate with IDF on case-by-case • 1948: founded basis • • Since operate under 1993:2007: Oslo peace guise of municipality process inspectors • Controls H2

to Palestinians in H2 • Escorts

• Shouldn’t accept <100% of West Bank & Gaza • Need to establish a more permanent body • Lack of control in Areas A and B is unfair

Attitudes Behaviour • Administrative body • Makes important decision regarding legislation • Works under the authority Behaviour of the PLO Supports Palestinian • •Administrative body community opposition • Makes important decision opposing Israeli control regarding legislation

Violence • •Administrative body Damage property • •Makes important decision •regarding Break-inslegislation •Works Seizeunder property •Behaviour the authority •ofThrow rubbish into the PLO Palestinian areas •• Supports Palestinian Violence Behaviour Steal/damage olive opposition • •community Damage property Israeli control •trees Intifadas • opposing Break-ins Protests • Seize•property Demonstrations • Throw• rubbish into • Strikes areas Palestinian • Riots olive • Steal/damage • Violence trees

Behaviour • Behaviour Dispense demonstra-

tions • Resolutions • Cannot enter H2 with• Negotiations out permission • Condemns • Have to operate without terrorism and uniform or weapons Behaviour violence

• Restricted by IDF

Behaviour • Dispense demonstrations • Cannot enter H2 without permission Behaviour • Have to operate without uniform or weapons • Dispense demonstrain H2 tions

• Professional, non-biased PALESTINIAN • Non-political • Frustrated POLICE FORCE • Undermined

PALESTINIAN POLICE FORCE

Attitudes • • • •

“land for peace” by IDF • Restricted compromise • Professional, non-biased supports refugees’ right of return • Non-political supports Palestinian independence • Frustrated

Attitudes

• • • •

THE U.N.

• Intifadas • Protests • Demonstrations • Strikes Behaviour • Riots

• Full control in H1, very limited control in H2 • cult for Palestinian residents in H2 to Context reach police Coordinate • •Full control inwith H1, IDF veryon case-by-case limited controlbasis in H2 operate under • • Since cult2007: for Palestinian guise of in municipality residents H2 to inspectors reach police

Intimidates by IDF and settlers Human rights violated City is their home Victimised

Attitudes

Behaviour

Context

• Coordinate with IDF on case-by-case basis • Since 2007: operate under guise of municipality inspectors

• Cannot enter H2 without permission • Have to operate without uniform or weapons in H2

• • • •

THE U.N. PALESTINIAN POLICE FORCE

organisation • 1994: established as a • Finalresult status ofstill thenot Oslo decided Peace Process • Current Prime • Originally intended to Mahmoud toMinister: be a temporary Abbas organisation • Final status still not decided • Current Prime Minister: Mahmoud Abbas

Attitudes Attitudes

• Undermined “land for peace” Context compromise supports refugees’ right of return • Full control in H1, very supports Palestinian independence Contextlimited control in H2 • cult for Palestinian • 1947: recommendation residents in H2 to for partition of British reach police Mandate Palestine • Coordinate with IDF on rejected case-by-case basis Context • Numerous Resolutions • Since 2007: operate under 1948ofwith guise municipality • 1947:since recommendation limited success

Peace Process

• Originally intended to Context to be a temporary

• Restricted by IDF • Professional, non-biased • Non-political • Frustrated Attitudes • Undermined

Attitudes Attitudes

ISRAELI THE SETTLERS PALESTINIAN AUTHORITY PALESTINIAN ISRAELI COMMUNITY SETTLERS

THE PALESTINIAN AUTHORITY THE PALESTINIAN AUTHORITY

Attitudes

Right to colonise the cityof West Bank & Gaza • • Shouldn’t accept <100% Targetted by Palestinian • • Need to establish a more permanent body terror attacks • Lack of control in Areas A and B is unfair • Radical, right-wing

Context Intimidates by IDF and •• Right to colonise the citysettlers Human rights violated •• Targetted by Palestinian • 1994: established as a • Cityterror is their home attacks result of the Oslo Victimised •• Radical, right-wing Peace Process • Originally intended to to be a temporary Context organisation • Final status still not • 1967: establish decided settlements, roughly • Current Prime tripling size of Minister: Mahmoud Context territory Abbas Context • 1975: “Land Day” protests • 1967:began establish • 1987: First Intifada settlements, roughly • 40%tripling relocated sizesince of Oslo Accords territory

Context

• Shouldn’t accept <100% of West Bank & Gaza • Need to establish a more permanent • 1994:body established as a • Lack of control in Areas A and B is unfair result of the Oslo

• Works under the authority of the PLO • Supports Palestinian community opposition opposing Israeli control

Attitudes Attitudes

Behaviour Behaviour

• 1964: founded • 1974: declared sole spokesperson for Palestinian Arabs Context • 1993: Oslo peace processs • 1964: founded Controls H1 sole • •1974: declared

spokesperson for Palestinian Arabs • 1993: Oslo peace processs • Controls H1

Attitudes Attitudes

Behaviour

Context

Intimidates by IDF and settlers Human rights violated City is their home Victimised

PALESTINIAN COMMUNITY

Context

• 1975: “Land Day” protests PALESTINIAN began 26 Hebron Waste Conflict Analysis • 1987: First Intifada COMMUNITY • 40% relocated since Oslo Context

PART 01

CONTEXT ANALYSIS

Actor Relationships Historical Timeline

PALESTINIAN LEGISLATIVE COUNCIL SOMETIMES REFERRED TO AS THE PALESTINIAN PARLIAMENT. UNABLE TO MEET IN GOVERMENT SINCE 2007 DUE TO FATAH-HAMAS CONFLICT

QUARTET ON THE MIDDLE EAST (THE QUARTET) CONDUCTING THE MEDIATION OPERATION (SPECIAL ENVOY CONSISTING OF U.S.A, RUSSIA, THE E.U. AND THE U.N.)

PALESTINIAN ACTORS

PALESTINE LIBERATION ORGANISATION (PLO)

PALESTI COMMU

PALESTINIAN POLICE

LED BY MAHMOUD ABBAS

THE ARAB LEAGUE

FATAH

CURRENTLY 22 ARAB STATES (FORMED IN 1945)

CENTRE-LEFT WING PARTY LED BY MAHMOUD ABBAS. FOUNDED BY YASSER ARAFAT.

HEBRON REHABILITATION COMMITTEE (HRC)

PALESTINIAN NATIONAL AUTHORITY (PA) PALESTINIAN INTERIM GOVERNMENT LED BY MAHMOUD ABBAS

HAMAS

TIP

SIEZED POWER OF GAZA STRIP IN 2007. RADICAL ISLAMIC FUNDAMENTALIST ORGANIZATION LED BY ISMAIL HANIYAH. REJECT PEACEFUL OUTCOME.

PALESTINIAN JIHAD MOVEMENT (PIJ) SMALL MILITANT ORGANISATION LABELLED TERRORIST BY USA, UK, JAPAN, CANADA, AUSTRALIA AND ISRAEL.

TEMP INTERN PRESE HEB UNOCHA

IRAN

PRIMARILY SUPPORTS HAMAS BUT ALSO A MAJOR FINANCIAL SUPPORTER OF PIJ

BT’SALEM

SYRIA

B. ACTOR DIAGRAMS Palestinian Community - Israeli Civil Administration (ICA) As the key bureaucratic body in H2, the ICA implement movement restrictions, building closures and are responsible for the infrastructure of Israeli Settlements. Issues asserted by Palestinian communities are generally ignored and despite the ICA being a less obvious presence than the IDF, their relationship with the Palestinian community is important in understanding this conflict. Israeli Settlers - (IDF) Golani Brigade Palestinians The IDF is obliged under International Humanitarian Law to protect both Israeli and Palestinian residents, but evidence suggests that they generally favour Israeli Settlers in disputes, thus questioning their capacity to

RE:F

Hebron Waste Conflict Analysis

MSF

equally assist the local civilian population. The IDF’s means of control are a crucial part in the symbolic violence shown towards Palestinian civilians. Israeli Settlers - Palestinian Community The relationship between Israelis and Palestinians in H2 is arguably one of the most crucial aspects of this conflict, as violence and animosity is present on a daily basis. Waste being thrown, stone throwing, verbal abuse and offensive graffiti towards the Palestinian community all demonstrate Israeli Settlers asserting power over their Palestinian neighbours, with shared religious buildings adding to tensions and the state of conflict. Israeli Government - (ICA) The ICA implement directives set up by the Coordinator of Government Activities in the

THE UNITED NATIONS OFFICE FOR THE COORDINATION OF HUMANITARIAN AFFAIRS

T UN NAT

INIAN UNITY

ISRAELI SETTLERS

FUSE

ISRAEL DEFENSE FORCE I.D.F.

I.C.A. ISRAELI CIVIL ADMINISTRATION

COGAT COORDINATOR OF GOVERNMENT ACTIVITIES IN THE TERRITORIES

STATE OF ISRAEL LED BY SHIMON PERES

ISRAELI GOVERNMENT LED BY PRIME MINISTER BENJAMIN NETANYAHU (LIKUD)

PORARY NATIONAL ENCE IN BRON

KEY

STRONG RELATIONSHIP

PALESTINIAN

WEAK RELATIONSHIP

THE NITED TIONS

MAIN CONFLICT SMALLER CONFLICT

ISRAELI SUPPOSED NEUTRALITY

ALLIANCE BROKEN ALLIANCE

Territories (COGAT) which is part of the Ministry of Defence. (HRC) - (ICA) The HRC have to ensure that all projects are agreed to by the ICA before going ahead and so their relationship is hierarchical with the ICA not necessarily implementing recommendations by the HRC. Settlers – (TIPH) – Palestinian Community TIPH was appointed by the UN Security Council after the massacre at the Ibrahimi Mosque/ Cave of Machpelah in 1994 in order to promote stability in the city. TIPH works as a temporary actor in conflict situations, monitoring agreements between Israeli and Palestinian authorities, as well ensuring International Humanitarian Law and human rights standards are adhered to.

OUTSIDE ACTORS

RE:Fuse - HRC As a small NGO, we will operate in tandem with the HRC so as to gain a stronger position within the community. It is recommended that all infrastructure issues are worked through with engineers and architects at HRC to integrate existing knowledge into a workable scheme. RE:Fuse - United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (UNOCHA) Our project will be overseen by UNOCHA, who are responsible for bringing together humanitarian actors in areas of conflict. Their role as coordinator and mobiliser would allow our proposals to be managed effectively.

Hebron Waste Conflict Analysis

PART 01

CONTEXT ANALYSIS

Conflict Dynamics Conflict Onion, Causes, Conflict Tracking and Future Dynamics

Palestinian Authority

Israel

Palestinian Authority

Israel

Full Israel withdrawal from all territories occupied since 1967 e.g. Syrian Golan Heights to June 4, 1967 lines. Full Israel withdrawal from alldemocratic territoriesstate A Palestinian

S ITION POS

occupied since 1967 e.g. Syrian Golan Just solution to Palestinian refugees’ Heights to June 4, 1967 lines. problems to be agreed upon in the A Palestinian democratic state accordance with UN Resolution

EDS NE

INTEREST S

194.Achieve peaceful status with Israel Just solution to Palestinian refugees’ Palestinian problems to be agreed upon in the and A peaceful, viable, strong democratic Authority accordance with UN Resolution terror free Palestinian state for the 194.Achieve peaceful status with Israel Palestinian people.

EDS NE

INTEREST S EDS NE

problems to be agreed upon in the accordance with UN Resolution Maintain a continued 194.Achieve peacefulJewish statuspresence with Israelin Committee ofatthe Jewish Community Hebron and Machpela Tomb. Ensure that of A peaceful, viable,Hebron strong is democratic and a part of Israel. Hebron terror free Palestinian state for the Palestinian people.

IONS

IN S TEREST

ED NE pela Tomb and ensure Hebron is part of SIsrael.

EDS presence in Maintain a continued Jewish NE Hebron and at Machpela Tomb. Ensure that Hebron a part Israel. An environment in which Jewsisare safeofand

able to access the Machpela Tomb A effective waste management system.

Maintain the right of Jews to access the Machpela Tomb and ensure Hebron is part of Israel.

An environment in which Jews are safe and able to access the Machpela Tomb A effective waste management system.

C. CONFLICT ONION

INTEREST S EDS NE

IDF IDF

S ITION POS

Hebron Waste Conflict Analysis

A national homeand for the Jewish in security free frompeople. the threat of Peace process negotiations terror. Ending the conflict

Palestinian Community in Al Khalil

Achieve peaceful status with Palestinian people.

S ITION POS

Removal of IDF and Jewish Settlers from Hebron. Palestinian Community in Al A Jewish majority democratic state living in securityKhalil and free from the threat of terror. Reopening of shops on Removal of IDF and Jewish Settlers Shuhadda street

from Hebron.

Defend the soverignty INTEREST of the state of Israel and protect its citizens and resiS dents A safe and peaceful environment Defend the soverignty ofIDF theisstate of Israel andabsent protect its citizens and resi- in Al As part of its ethic’s, the obligated to protect human dignity of every from fear and persecution. Palestinian Community S D E dents NE regardless of their origin, religion, human being nationality, gender, status Freedome of movement and an Khalil Reopening As part of its ethic’s, the IDF is obligated to protect human dignityof ofshops every on or position. effective waste management system. Shuhadda street human being regardless oflevel, their no origin, religion, nationality, gender, status Defensive on the strategic territorial ambitions. or position. Removal of IDF and Jewish Settlers Defensive onNSthe strategic level, no territorial ambitions. SITIO Desire toPOavoid war by political means and a credible deterrent posture from Hebron. Combating terrorism A safe and peaceful environment INTEREST S Desire to avoid war by political meansthey and amay credible deterrentsettlers) posture Protection of Israeli citizens wherever be (including absent from fear and persecution. Combating terrorism Transferring the S battle to enemy's territory quickly D E Freedome of movement and an Protection ofNEIsraeli citizens wherever they may be (including settlers) Reopening of shops on Transferringescalation the battleof toviolence enemy's territory quickly effective waste management system. Preventing Shuhadda street maintaining security of Israel and its citizens. Preventing escalation of violence Quick attainment of war objectives maintaining security of Israel and its citizens. A safe and peaceful environment Quick attainment of war objectives absent from fear and persecution. Freedome of movement and an effective waste management system.

Often in conflict situations, actors hide their true opinions and needs so as to create a false protective image and hide vulnerabilities. This negatively impacts upon the chances of appropriate conflict trasnformation and often causes mistrust and confusion. The conflict onion is a useful tool in analysing the true needs and views of people, so as to accurately assess which actions can and should be taken. The long term goal should be increased trust and communications between parties, “peeling away” the layers of conflict and revealing an accurate perception of actors’ vulnerabilities and needs.

Achieve peaceful status with Palestinian

S ITION POS

Hebron Just solution to Palestinian refugees’

IT POS An environment in which Jews are safe and Committee of the the Jewish Community of able to access S Machpela Tomb ITION INTERESTS S O P Hebron A effective waste management system. Maintain the right of Jews to access the Mach-

people.

A Jewish majority democratic state living

Heights to June 4, 1967 lines. A Palestinian state Committee of thedemocratic Jewish Community of

Maintain the right of Jews to access the Mach-

A national home for the Jewish people. Peace process negotiations Ending the conflict Achieve peaceful status with Palestinian

A Jewish majority democratic state living Israel people. in security and free from the threat of terror.

A peaceful, viable, strong democratic and Full Israel allfor territories terror free withdrawal Palestinianfrom state the occupied since 1967 e.g. Syrian Golan Palestinian people.

Maintain continued Jewish presence pelaaTomb and ensure Hebron is part in of Israel. Hebron and at Machpela Tomb. Ensure that Hebron is a part of Israel.

INTEREST S

S ITION POS

A national home for the Jewish people. Peace process negotiations Ending the conflict

PNA & Israel This diagram demonstrates that both sides are striving for democratic independent states, in which people can live in peace and security. Palestinian community in Hebron & Israeli Settlers It is apparent that both groups desire freedom of movement, access to the Ibrahimi Mosque/Cave of Machpelah and provision of basic services, including an effective waste management system. These would promote peaceful coexistence and reduce the likelihood of violence breaking out.

D. CAUSES Within the previous sections we have conducted an in depth analysis of the contextual situation and conflict dynamics. From this information, we can assert that the following issues are key causes of the conflict in the Old City. Economic Repression Access to Resources Freedom of Movement Symbolic Violence & Culture of War Spaciocide E. CONFLICT TRACKING As part of our analysis we have undertaken a live record of the development of the conflict in the West Bank since beginning our proposal. This has been extremely helpful in informing our statement of future dynamics. [See Appendix] F. FUTURE DYNAMICS Trigger Events & Scenarios Using the information gleaned from our conflict analysis and conflict tracking, we have developed a list of events and scenarios that we believe are likely to occur. This presents a set of triggers, and the effect they may have on the actors and conflict. This can then be used to inform any strategic and operational decisions asserted in our proposal.

Loss of agricultural land: further land confiscations will be increasingly detrimental to the livelihoods of the farming community, worsening food shortages and unemployment. Restrictions on movement: closures, checkpoints and barriers will increase fragmentation within the city and wider area, damaging community relationships and disrupting access to major cities for amenities and work. 2. Blocks on access to water Drought: Palestinians working in the agricultural sector are likely to lack resilience in addressing the effects of drought, resulting in reduced incomes and a shortage of food supplies. Health: increasing numbers of Palestinian peopleâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s water supplies will depend on tanked water, which is both considerably more expensive and increases the risk of waterborne diseases.

KEY TRIGGERS Settlement expansion extends in the Old City Blocks on access to water Blocks on further rehabilitation by the HRC Blocking of funds to the PA IMPACT OF TRIGGERS 1. Settlement expansion extends in the Old City Tensions and violence: further settlement expansion has a high chance of increasing tensions between settlers and Palestinians, making protests and acts of violence likely outcomes. Fig. 16 - Kelly (2010) Hebron Waste Conflict Analysis

PART 01

CONTEXT ANALYSIS

Conflict Dynamics Conflict Onion, Causes, Conflict Tracking and Future Dynamics

3. Blocks on further rehabilitation by the HRC Spaciocide: the process of spaciocide will be further advanced if efforts to rehabilitate and restore disused spaces are prevented. This will lead to further abandonment of the Old City, reducing the chances of economic prosperity and social normality being restored.

Access and opportunities need to be created for Palestinian people to improve their economic situation. Community relationships need to be strengthened, so as to address issues generated in a culture of war and improving links between individuals and community groups. Spaciocide must be tackled through the encouragement of regenerating public spaces, managing waste effectively and increasing social mobility. G. OPERATIONAL IMPLICATIONS It is unlikely that any one project will address all the issues present in this conflict. An effective project should however consider all of the wider strategic needs in order to ensure a holistic approach whilst working within an understanding of limitations and constraints. In order to empower individuals, minimize the risk of Settler disruption or the IDF jeopardizing our project aims through movement restrictions and tight security controls, it is essential that we propose a scheme that is focused and aims to work within a â&#x20AC;&#x153;bottom upâ&#x20AC;? approach. With

Fig.17 - Sara (2010)

4. Blocking of funds to the PNA (and Hebron Municipality) Infrastructure and services: the Hebron municipality, which is already greatly struggling in terms of funding, will be less able to carry out necessary services to improve the lives of Palestinian people, particularly enhancing waste management problems. STRATEGIC NEEDS Our analysis of triggers and scenarios in the context of conflict the Old City has allowed us to draw out certain trends, identifying the strategic needs of the community:

Hebron Waste Conflict Analysis

Fig.18 - Lebanon Times Beirut News (2012)

this in mind and the existence of an already fragmented community, our approach will maintain a focus on small community clusters and neighborhoods through which we can then create links between residents throughout the Old City. COMMUNITY APPROACH (BOTTOM UP) We will encourage Palestinian residents to work together in the community, establishing strong and positive relationships that will not only empower the community as a whole, but particularly those who are most vulnerable.

DEVELOPING THE BIGGER PICTURE (TOP DOWN) We will develop a programme that allows for project expansion across the West Bank, establishing working relationships between wider communities. Our goal is to prepare the ground for future involvement of larger agencies and actors.

We will put emphasis on small scale projects, enabling community-driven ideas and strategies. By connecting waste management to financial opportunities, we will promote both a more positive urban environment and address the wider economic problems in the Old City. Our project will aim to enrich the cityâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s heritage and rebuild a positive cultural identity. We hope to tackle the impacts of saciode through reuse, rehabilitation and regeneration in the urban environment.

Fig.19 - Bajornas, R. (2012)

Hebron Waste Conflict Analysis

PART 02

PROJECT PROPOSAL

Project Proposal

Overview and Framework

PART 2 - PROJECT PROPOSAL - HEBRON RE:FUSE PROJECT A. OVERVIEW Due to our capacity as a small NGO, it is not realistic for us to directly tackle the major root causes of conflict in the Old City. It is also important that our proposal does not infringe or hinder the work of existing projects and organisations, such the HRC,TIPH and BSP, but rather works in partnership with them. We will instead address day-to-day waste management problems faced by the Palestinian community in Hebron, and by doing so, increase the strength of Sumud, as a non-violent means of resistance. This in turn should help to restore the dignity of individuals and be structured to address each of the strategic needs previously mentioned, contributing to wider conflict resolution in the Old City. Conflict transformation management

through

Causes -----------> ● ● ● ● ●

Economic repression Access to resources Freedom of Movement Symbolic violence & Culture of War Spaciocide

waste

Hebron Waste Conflict Analysis

Waste management can be identified as a key issue in this conflict, which can potentially be addressed through the strategic implications mentioned above. An effective scheme will aid the creation of a more dignified existence for the Palestinian population, and therefore help to ease daily tensions. A successful scheme has the potential to: Aid in the beautification of the city and promote the use of public spaces Reduce vermin and improve health Strengthen community relationships and empower individuals Promote pride of the community and the city as a whole Generate income and livelihoods for individuals Reduce day to day tensions related to waste between the Palestinians and IDF/Settlers

Strategic Implications ----------> ● ● ●

Access and opportunities Community relationships Addressing of spaciocide

Mapping exercises have shown that movement restrictions and checkpoints have a direct impact on problems of waste management in the city. Images and research illustrate that waste is either not taken to disposal points due to intimidation by the IDF, or that it is taken to collection points, but not dealt with effectively. The problem is mainly in areas of the city hidden from the main streets, following the

principle ‘out of sight, out of mind’. Waste is also used by Settlers as a form of symbolic violence against the Palestinian population, rendering Palestinian areas unsightly and dirty.

Operational Implications ● ●

Bottom up Top down

Sumud This project can be seen to endorse the culture of Sumud by tackling issues of resilience. It is important to note that our intervention is not seeking to “normalise” the occupation, but instead looking at ways through which individuals can enhance their own resilience and quality of life.

B. PROJECT FRAMEWORK We aim to improve waste management in the Old City by facilitating education, awareness and effective implementation of the waste management hierarchy. Beneficiaries: Local Palestinian population in H2, local businesses Key stakeholders: IDF, Settlers, HRC, local schools Outcome 1: Promote Waste Reduction

Expected outputs Proper rebranding or reconditioning of goods/ materials adopted Increased income generation through rebranding/reuse Outcome 3: Promote recycling awareness and implementation Activities Workshops that allow people to identify recyclable from non-recyclable waste Workshops and community forums, generating innovative ideas regarding recycling techniques and possibilities for income generation Expected outputs Separate containers for recyclable, reusable and landfill waste Establish and implement the desires of the community regarding waste management Improve economic prosperity through different approaches/perceptions of waste c. Implementation Plan

Fig. 20

Activities Workshops informing people of the importance of waste reduction Sensitise beneficiaries to understanding the impact of using products or processes which produce excessive waste Expected Outputs Increased awareness Reduced waste produced by local beneficiaries Outcome 2: Promote Waste Reuse

This project will require coordination with the HRC, BSP and other actors working towards restoration in the city, as well as collaborating with schools and religious entities as a means of bridging the gap between RE:Fuse and the community. The intention of this project is that responsibilities can be handed over to the local community after RE:Fuse has completed its programme. This is to encourage the empowerment of Palestinian people in resisting the IDFâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s repressive control mechanisms through non-violent means. Collaboration with other groups in the West Bank and specifically in H2 will enable this, so as to incorporate all branches of the Palestinian community.

Activities Assess the quality and quantity of waste so as to determine opportunities for reuse Rebrand or recondition materials to an improved quality that enables them to be reused

Hebron Waste Conflict Analysis

PART 02

PROJECT PROPOSAL

Project Proposal Framework

c. Implementation Plan Activities

Year 1

Conduct waste mapping and analysis

Project launching

Group formation

Community mobilization and sensitization regarding waste management hierarchy

Rebrand/reconditioning waste

Year 2

Training workshops on waste x reduction practice, identifying and separating waste Assess the potential for waste reuse

Workshops/forums that voice community opinions/ideas

Workshops and publications explaining the economic benefits of effective waste management

Effective waste management on a community level

Hebron Waste Conflict Analysis

d. LOG Framework Objective

Indicators

Means of verification

Assumptions

Objective 1:

Number of individuals trained

Report on the training process

-Our project will face minimal resistance by the IDF - The situation in H2 will not significantly worsen, with restrictions remaining as they were when this proposal was written -Hebron municipality will support the initiative and stakeholders willing to cooperate. -Settler violence will have minimal disruption to project progress. -Sufficient interest and cooperation from Palestinian residents

Observation s and surveys outlining waste production statistics

-Training reports -Waste survey analysis

-Target groups implement the measures determined in training workshops

Outcome 3: Introduce waste reuse among the target beneficiaries

-% reduction in household waste accumulate/ disposal

-Assessment of beneficiaries practicing skills learned from the training. -Household waste assessment

-The ideas are understood and well practiced

Outcome 4: Increased knowledge of waste recycling

-Number of people trained Improved waste managemen t practice

-Report assessing the innovative use of recyclable waste -Household waste assessment

-Residents are motivated to generate new ideas of how they can recycle their waste and possibly generate income

Increased awareness of effective waste management, promoting an understanding of waste hierarchy

Outcome 2: Reduction of waste

Hebron Waste Conflict Analysis

PART 02

PROJECT PROPOSAL

Conflict Dynamics

Conflict Onion, Causes, Conflict Tracking and Future Dynamics

e. Mitigation

potential threat.

Monitoring, Evaluation and Accountability

f. Impact

The project will require routine monitoring of the activities. Reports will be compiled of the project progress and updates fed back to management and donors, as well as the target beneficiaries and other stakeholders.

Economic Impact The project will motivate local entrepreneurs to create their own livelihoods and establish marketing links with factories that recycle goods collected from the residents. The local economy should be treated as a priority, with further expansion following. Local factories are a key target group and should be encouraged to source local recyclable materials.

Management capacity RE:Fuse is a small local NGO specialising in waste management and have past experience implementing small scale waste management projects in Colombia and South Africa. Not being a local agency means that it is essential that we coordinate with actors engaged in Hebron development activities including UNOCHA and cluster agencies and align our project with the municipalityâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s long term waste management strategy. Risk management Restrictions on movement and curfews must be taken into account so as to ensure the security of participants and beneficiaries. The team will need to be sensitised and trained on conflict sensitivity / Do-no-harm approaches as a way of mitigating the risks associated with working in a place of ongoing conflict. Cross-Cutting issues Our project will ensure the development of particular focus groups, including women and children, ensuring they actively participate in the implementation. The project will also will work in collaboration with religious groups and schools so as to make the most of networks already established within the area. This will require religious and cultural sensitivity on behalf of the coordinators and implementers. Limitation of the project An important limitation to the success of the project is the danger posed by Settlers, as it would be in their interest to jeopardize any project that improves the quality of life for the Palestinian population. The close proximity of the Settlers to the Palestinians, alongside our understanding of the IDF, exacerbates this as a

Hebron Waste Conflict Analysis

Social impact The project will promote and enhance social links between the beneficiaries. By encouraging a sense of community spirit and cohesive working strategies, residents can work together to tackle the problem of waste in their own local environment, taking ownership of the city. Environmental impact A significant improvement of environment can be expected to result from this scheme, on both a physical and psychological level. Through an emphasis on education and awareness, the scheme must strive to improve not only knowledge of waste issues, but also increase the willingness of people to respond to environmental issues. This should in turn lead to an environment that promotes better health, increased understanding and better attitudes. Psychological impact The psychological impacts of the urban environment should not be underestimated, with regard to peopleâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s feelings and perceptions towards the place in which they live. Efficient waste management will not only improve the aesthetics of the city, but should also be aimed at creating more positive attitudes in the minds of local residents. By providing a clean environment, the physical and psychological health of the community can be expected to improve, which can in turn decrease feelings of bitterness and frustration, that can often turn to act of violence in areas of conflict.

Hebron Waste Conflict Analysis

PART 03

PROCESS ANALYSIS

Group work and process

Roles and competencies and working method

3. GROUP WORK AND PROCESS A. ROLES AND COMPETENCIES Charlie Fisher Conflict Researcher, Technology Manager & Graphics Advisor Charlieâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s key role was to investigate resources and set up links with people working in Hebron. He was also the technical advisor and graphics designer for the project, introducing the team to an effective digital management system that combined Google Drive and Podio. Charlie has a particularly strong digital skillset, as seen through the graphical presentation of this project. Amaliya Gilo Environmental Researcher & Proposal Facilitator As the individual with the most experience on the ground, Amaliya used his specialist knowledge to assist the group in developing a proposal framework. Having worked for multiple NGOs, he was a key source of knowledge for adopting standard humanitarian aid work strategies to our particular project.

Ashleigh King Economic/Cultural Researcher, Project Monitor & Editor Ashleigh conducted important research in specific areas of the conflict situation, pulling together vast amounts of information and drawing from it appropriate conclusions. She took on the role of monitor, evaluator and project developer, regularly bringing ideas back to the table for refinement. Using a critical approach, Ashleigh enabled the group to develop a clear and concise document.

Matt Nazemi Historic and Political Researcher, Links Advisor and Editor Matt acted as a key researcher in terms of Hebronâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s complex political background. He also assisted Charlie in managing meetings with relevant parties and initiated a number of Hebron outreach schemes to people working in the city. Matt chaired group meetings and used his editorial skills to produce a detailed and organised final document.

Hebron Waste Conflict Analysis

B. WORKING METHOD Meetings Our group held weekly meetings throughout the project to gauge an understanding of the this complex conflict together. We quickly understood that a suitable approach for dealing with the issue was required and used the MSTC tool as a basis from which we further developed our own personalised framework.

Communication In addition to our weekly meetings, we used Podio and Google Docs to communicate, share and exchange our ideas for the project. Google Docs enabled us to work simultaneously without stepping on each othersâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; toes, but still maintaining contact between all group members. Research Our research was predominantly the sourcing and analysing of texts, reports and newspaper articles surrounding the situation in Hebron and the wider context. Meetings were held locally and remotely with individuals who were working on the field and had first hand experience of the situation on the ground in Hebron.

on the content and aesthetics of their relevant section, which was then drawn together and unified in an Adobe InDesign template. We had a vast amount of information that needed to be simplified and presented in a clear and concise manner. In some areas, particularly our context analysis sections, we succeeded in doing this. With regard to our proposal, we were less successful in condensing the information and unfortunately it was less clear to the audience as a result. There was a mix of positive and negative feedback from the guest critics. A positive was that we had successfully explained the context of the conflict and managed to convey what the situation was like on the ground for the local population. On the negative side, time was badly managed in the presentation and we should have been more structured so that we could have covered all the areas we had addressed in a more balanced and organised way. Many of the the criticisms related to issues we had covered in the written report, but not explained in the presentation due to poor time management. One particular comment from the panel of reviewers was that our presentation should have put greater emphasis on the causes we perceived to be most crucial in the Hebron conflict. We made sure this was addressed in our final document by highlighting them as part of the conflict analysis section. Along with the other comments made and our own reflections on our verbal presentation, we strove to produce a clear and detailed report that explains both our research findings and our approach to the project.

c. Presentation We presented our project using PDF slides containing minimal amounts of text, together with large-scale images and graphics that helped convey our research, ideas and proposal. Each member of the group worked

Hebron Waste Conflict Analysis

PART 04

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Abdullah, J.(2007) Economic downturn in Beit Umar and Hebron. Available at: http://electronicintifada.net/ content/economic-downturn-beit-umar-and-hebron/7037 [Accessed: 24 October 2012] Badi, J. (1963) The Government of the State of Israel. New York, Twayne Publishers. Binur, Y. (1989) Palestinian Like Me : My Enemy, My Self. New York, Doubleday B’Tselem (2007) Severe water shortage in Hebron district. [Online] Available at: www.btselem.org/water/20071028_hebron_area [Accessed 19 November] Bucaille, L. (2006) Growing up Palestinian: Israeli occupation and the Intifada generation. Woodstock, Princeton University Press Coalition of Women for Peace (n.d.) Recycling and Waste Disposal. [Online] Available at: http://www. whoprofits.org [Accessed 4th December 2012] De Cesari, C. (2010) Creative Heritage: Palestinian Heritage NGOs and Defiant Arts of Government. American Anthropologist. 112 (4) 625–637 El Haj, N. A. (2002) Facts on the Ground: Archaeological Practice and Territorial Self-Fashioning in Israeli Society. Chicago, University of Chicago Press. The Electronic Intifada (2011) Business and Economy. Available at http://electronicintifada.net/businesseconomy [Accessed: 26 October 2012] Environmental Resources Management (2009) Environmental & Social Impact Assessment Report for the al-Menya Landfill. Southern West Bank Joint Service Council for Solid Waste Management. Report number: E2018. Available at: http://www.bethlehem-city.org/ [Accessed 2 December 2012] Haaretz (2012) Drying out the Palestinians. Haaretz Available at: http://www.haaretz.com/opinion/dryingout-the-palestinians-1.483747 [Accessed 10 December 2012] Hamdan E. A. (2008) Hebron Rehabilitation Committee. [Online] Available at: http://www.thisweekinpalestine.com/ [Accessed 30 November 2012] Howard, Amy. Clinical Waste Management Advisor. (Personal communication, 29th November 2012) Howard, Amy. Team Member of the Building Sumud Project. (Personal communication, 10th November 2012) HRC (n.d.) Water & Sanitation. Available at: http://www.hebronrc.org/ [Accessed 8 November 2012] HRC (2010) Settler Waste Spreads in Al Salaymeh Quarter. Available at: http://www.hebronrc.org/ [Accessed 8 November 2012] Jackson, S. and Calthrop, S. (2003) Making Sense of Turbulent Contexts (MSTC): Analysis Tools for Humanitarian Actors. [Online] Available at: http://www.conflictsensitivity.org/ [Accessed 27 October 2012] Jam, A. (2102) Questionnaire on Waste Management in Hebron. 5th December 2012. Kamphoefner, K. (2003) Hebron: Wall slated to divide Hebron, take Abraham’s Tomb. Available at: http:// www.cpt.org/cptnet/2003/10/31/hebron-wall-slated-divide-hebron-take-abraham039s-tomb [Accessed 10 December 2012] Khoury, J. & Issacharoff, A. (2012). Marwan Barghouti Placed in Solitary Confinement in Israel Jail After Call

Hebron Waste Conflict Analysis

for Popular Uprising. Haaretz. 1 April 2012. Available at: http://www.haaretz.com/news/diplomacy-defense/ marwan-barghouti-placed-in-solitary-confinement-in-israel-jail-after-call-for-popular-uprising-1.421998 [Accessed 10 December 2012] Lichtman, M. (2006) Eretz Yisrael in the Parshah. New York, Devora Publishing MacIntyre, D. (2008). A rough guide to Hebron: The worldâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s strangest guided tour highlights the abuse of Palestinians. Available at: http://www.independent.co.uk/ [Accessed: 11 October 2012] Madhieh, S. (2008) Social Life in Hebron. Available at: http://www.thisweekinpalestine.com/ [Accessed 8 November 2012] MIFTAH (2012). Israeli Settlers Destroy Hundreds of Olive Trees. Available at: http://www.miftah.org/ [Accessed 18 November 2012] Nasser J.R. & Heacock R.,(1990) Intifada: Palestine at the Crossroads. New York, Praeger Publishers. (PCBS) Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics (2008). The Population, Housing and Establishment Census - 2007. [Online] Available at: http://www.pcbs.gov.ps/Portals/_pcbs/PressRelease/census2007_e.pdf [Accessed 15 November] POV (2001) History of the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict. Available at: http://www.pbs.org/ [Accessed 15 October 2012] Save the Children (2002) Education Under Occupation. Save the Children. Available at: www.savethechildren.org.uk [Accessed 24 November] Schulz, H. & Hammer, J. (2003). The Palestinian Diaspora: Formation of Identities and Politics of Homeland. London, Routledge. Scott, Mick. (2012) Email sent to F. Charlie & Nazemi, M, 16th November. Semelin, J. (2003) Toward a vocabulary of massacre and genocide. Journal of Genocide Research 5 (2),193210. Siffert, Adeline. (2012) Email sent to F. Charlie & Nazemi, M, 28th November. Sultana, R. G. (2006) Education in Hebron. Mediterranean Journal of Educational Studies. 11 (1), 56. Available at: www.um.edu.mt/emcer/publications [Accessed 20 November 2012] TIPH (n.d.) Hebron Massacres [Online] Available at: http://www.tiph.org/ [Accessed 09 November 2012] TIPH (n.d.) Hebron Overview [Online] Available at: http://www.tiph.org/ [Accessed 10 November 2012] TIPH (n.d.) Hebron Settlements [Online] Available at: http://www.tiph.org/ [Accessed 20 November 2012] United Nations: Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (2005) The Closure of Hebronâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Old City. [Online] Available at: http://archive.ochaopt.org/ [Accessed 11 October 2012] Weininger, E. (2002) Pierre Bourdieu on Social Class and Symbolic Violence. In: Wright, E.(ed.) Alternative Foundations of Class Analysis. s.I., s.n., pp. 119-171. World Health Organisation; Krug, E. (ed.) (2002). World report on violence and health. Geneva: World Health Organisation.

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PART 04

IMAGE REFERENCES

Page 8 Fig.1: Mick Scott, 2012 Page 13 Fig. 2: Coutausse, J.C. (1988) Young Palestinians During a Demonstration in January 1988. [image online] Available at: http://www.coutausse.com/#/%E2%80%A2photojournalism/the-first-intifada-1987-to-1990/ intifada-22 [Accessed 12 December 2012]. Page 14 Fig. 3: Baltzer, A. (n.d.) Hebronâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Old City and Beyond. [image online] Available at: http://www.annainthemiddleeast.com/photos/cities/hebron/970/ [Accessed 2 December 2012]. Page 16 Fig. 4: UPI/Debbie Hill, 2011, Available at http://cast.thirdage.com/files/originals/a-palestinian-looks-atisraeli-settlement-har-homa-in-west-bank-58.jpg [Accessed 2 December 2012] Page 18 Fig. 5: Sketch by Imogen Humphris, 2012 Pages 20-21 All images by Imogen Humphris, 2012 Page 23 Fig. 6: APalestinian glass blower, 2005, [image online] Available at: http://www.salamstock.com/community/palestine-photo-essay/ [Accessed 10 December 2012]. Fig. 7: Demotix (2012) Palestinian Abandoned Shops in Shuhada Street in H2. [image online] Available at: http://www.demotix.com/news/1070252/h2-jewish-neighborhood-inside-hebron#media-1070236 [Accessed 10 December 2012]. Fig. 8: Office of the Quartet Representative (2011) Stone Industry in the West Bank. [image online] Available at: http://www.tonyblairoffice.org/quartet/news-entry/office-of-quartet-representative-supports-the-union-of-stone-marble/ [Accessed 10 December 2012]. Pages 24-25 Fig. 9: Associated Press Photo/Nasser Ishtayeh (2010) [image online] Available at: http://kanan48.files.wordpress.com/2010/01/image0011.jpg [Accessed 10 December 2012]. Fig. 10: Bannoura, S. (2012) Settlers Uproot 41 Olive Trees Near Nablus. [image online] Available at: http:// occupiedpalestine.wordpress.com/2012/07/05/update-for-floriade2012-israeli-agricultural-developmentsettlers-uproot-41-olive-trees-near-nablus/ [Accessed 10 December 2012]. Fig. 11: Rallis, D. (2008) Star of David on Palestinian Shop. [image online] Available at: http://regionalgeography.org/101blog/?p=112 [Accessed 10 December 2012]. Pages 26-27 Fig. 12: The Guardian (2003) Israeli Soldiers Search Palestinian Woman. [image online] Available at: http:// www.fracturednews.com/FN-pages/Rachel/Rachel-1.htm [Accessed 10 December 2012]. Fig. 13: Mick Scott, 2012 Pages 28-29 Fig. 14: Mick Scott, 2012 Fig. 15: Mick Scott, 2012 Page 35 Fig. 16: Kelly (2010) View from Rooftop. [image online] Available at: http://kellyallisonjones.blogspot. co.uk/2010/12/hebron-whats-up-abraham-hello-muzzle.html [Accessed 10 December 2012].

Hebron Waste Conflict Analysis

Pages 36-37 Fig. 17 Sara (2010) Road Block. [image online] Available at: http://ussanabulsiyeh.blogspot.co.uk/2010/12/ chapter-24-hebron-part-1.html [Accessed 10 December 2012]. Fig. 18: Lebanon Times Beirut News (2012) Resounding endorsement: Palestinians wave a flag and a Quran in celebration. [image online] Available at: http://www.lebanontimes.com/britain-considers-recallingambassador-to-israel-over-plans-to-build-3000-new-settler-homes/ [Accessed 20 December 2012]. Fig. 19: Bajornas, R. (2012) Palestinian leader Mahmoud Abbas celebrates after the United Nations General Assembly adopted a resolution Nov. 29 giving Palestine non-member observer state status at the UN. [image online] Available at: http://www.embassynews.ca/columns/2012/12/06/some-good-news-from-israeland-palestine/42977 [accessed 20 December 2012]. Page 39 Fig. 20 (2012) Waste Hierarchy. [image online] Available at: http://eco-citizen.org/reciclare/ierarhia-deseurilor-cei-3-r/ [Accessed 10 December 2012].

Hebron Waste Conflict Analysis

PART 05

APPENDIX

MSTC tool and survey

MSTC ANALYSIS TOOL The tools provide answers to the following questions: Rapid Historical Phase Analysis: What phases has the context moved through? Symptoms of Instability Analysis: What are the symptoms of instability? Actor Characteristics Analysis: What kinds of actors are at play in the growing instability? Political Economy of Instability Analysis: What struggles over resources and power have played a role in the growing instability? Inter-group Relationship Analysis: What resentment and stereotypes have played a role in the growing instability?

SURVEY MONKEY - SURVEY CARRIED OUT TO RECEIVE PERSONAL OPINON ON THE WASTE SITUATION (This text is associated with 2 images which can be found on the gdrive in Conflict analysis/timeline) Administrative units in the Near East under the Ottoman Empire c. 1918 (1.pdf ) Waste Management in the West Bank Waste Management in the West Bank Waste Management in the West Bank 1. What country do you live in? 1. What country do you live in? 1. What country do you live in? Answer Options Answer Options Response Count 5 answered question 5 5 skipped question 1 1 2. If you live in the West Bank, where are you currently based? 2. If you live in the West Bank, where are you currently based? 2. If you live in the West Bank, where are you currently based? 2. If you live in the West Bank, where are you currently based? Answer Options Answer Options Response Percent Response Count Hebron: H1 Hebron: H1 80.0% 4 Hebron: H2 Hebron: H2 20.0% 1 Other (please specify) Other (please specify) 1 1 answered question answered question 5 5 skipped question skipped question 1 1 3. What is your gender? 3. What is your gender? 3. What is your gender? 3. What is your gender? Answer Options Answer Options Response Percent Response Count Female Female 40.0% 2 Male Male 60.0% 3 answered question answered question 5 5 skipped question skipped question 1 1 4. What is your age? 4. What is your age? 4. What is your age? 4. What is your age? Answer Options Answer Options Response Percent Response Count 18 to 24 18 to 24 80.0% 4 25 to 34 25 to 34 20.0% 1 35 to 44 35 to 44 0.0% 0 45 to 54 45 to 54 0.0% 0 55 to 64 55 to 64 0.0% 0 65 to 74 65 to 74 0.0% 0 75 or older 75 or older 0.0% 0 answered question answered question 5 5 skipped question skipped question 1 1 5. Which of the following best describes your current occupation? 5. Which of the following best describes your current occupation? 5. Which of the following best describes your current occupation? 5. Which of the following best describes your current occupation? Answer Options Answer Options Response Percent Response Count Management Occupations Management Occupations 0.0% 0 Student Student 80.0% 4 Business and Financial Operations Occupations Business and Financial Operations Occupations 20.0% 1 Computer and Mathematical Occupations Computer and Mathematical Occupations 0.0% 0

Hebron Waste Conflict Analysis

Architecture and Engineering Occupations Architecture and Engineering Occupations 0.0% 0 Life, Physical, and Social Science Occupations Life, Physical, and Social Science Occupations 0.0% 0 Community and Social Service Occupations Community and Social Service Occupations 0.0% 0 Legal Occupations Legal Occupations 0.0% 0 Education, Training, and Library Occupations Education, Training, and Library Occupations 0.0% 0 Arts, Design, Entertainment, Sports, and Media Occupations Arts, Design, Entertainment, Sports, and Media Occupations 0.0% 0 Healthcare Practitioners and Technical Occupations Healthcare Practitioners and Technical Occupations 0.0% 0 Healthcare Support Occupations Healthcare Support Occupations 0.0% 0 Protective Service Occupations Protective Service Occupations 0.0% 0 Food Preparation and Serving Related Occupations Food Preparation and Serving Related Occupations 0.0% 0 Building and Grounds Cleaning and Maintenance Occupations Building and Grounds Cleaning and Maintenance Occupations 0.0% 0 Personal Care and Service Occupations Personal Care and Service Occupations 0.0% 0 Sales and Related Occupations Sales and Related Occupations 0.0% 0 Office and Administrative Support Occupations Office and Administrative Support Occupations 0.0% 0 Farming, Fishing, and Forestry Occupations Farming, Fishing, and Forestry Occupations 0.0% 0 Construction and Extraction Occupations Construction and Extraction Occupations 0.0% 0 Installation, Maintenance, and Repair Occupations Installation, Maintenance, and Repair Occupations 0.0% 0 Production Occupations Production Occupations 0.0% 0 Transportation and Materials Moving Occupations Transportation and Materials Moving Occupations 0.0% 0 answered question answered question 5 5 skipped question skipped question 1 1 6. Please specify if you are answering questions with regards to household waste or waste related to your occupation? 6. Please specify if you are answering questions with regards to household waste or waste related to your occupation? 6. Please specify if you are answering questions with regards to household waste or waste related to your occupation? 6. Please specify if you are answering questions with regards to household waste or waste related to your occupation? Answer Options Answer Options Response Percent Response Count Occupational waste Occupational waste 40.0% 2 Household waste Household waste 60.0% 3 answered question answered question 5 5 skipped question skipped question 1 1 7. How do restrictions on movement by the IDF affect your ability to dispose of your waste? 7. How do restrictions on movement by the IDF affect your ability to dispose of your waste? 7. How do restrictions on movement by the IDF affect your ability to dispose of your waste? 7. How do restrictions on movement by the IDF affect your ability to dispose of your waste? 7. How do restrictions on movement by the IDF affect your ability to dispose of your waste? 7. How do restrictions on movement by the IDF affect your ability to dispose of your waste? 7. How do restrictions on movement by the IDF affect your ability to dispose of your waste? Answer Options Answer Options I am constantly prevented from disposing of my waste Sometimes I find it difficult I am able to dispose of my waste easily Rating Average Response Count 0 2 3 2.60 5 answered question answered question answered question answered question answered question 5 5 skipped question skipped question skipped question skipped question skipped question 1 1 8. What is the main problem you face with regards to disposing of your waste effectively? 8. What is the main problem you face with regards to disposing of your waste effectively? 8. What is the main problem you face with regards to disposing of your waste effectively? Answer Options Answer Options Response Count 3 answered question 3 3 skipped question 3 3

Hebron Waste Conflict Analysis

PART 05

APPENDIX

Survey questions

9. Is your waste collected from your premises by an organisation? 9. Is your waste collected from your premises by an organisation? 9. Is your waste collected from your premises by an organisation? 9. Is your waste collected from your premises by an organisation? Answer Options Answer Options Response Percent Response Count Yes Yes 60.0% 3 No No 40.0% 2 answered question answered question 5 5 skipped question skipped question 1 1 10. If Yes, how often? 10. If Yes, how often? 10. If Yes, how often? 10. If Yes, how often? 10. If Yes, how often? 10. If Yes, how often? 10. If Yes, how often? 10. If Yes, how often? Answer Options Answer Options Unpredictable Once a week Once every two weeks Less than any of those mentioned Rating Average Response Count 1 1 1 0 2.00 3 answered question answered question answered question answered question answered question answered question 3 3 skipped question skipped question skipped question skipped question skipped question skipped question 3 3 11. Is there a point where you can personally take your waste for collection? If Yes, please specify its location? 11. Is there a point where you can personally take your waste for collection? If Yes, please specify its location? 11. Is there a point where you can personally take your waste for collection? If Yes, please specify its location? Answer Options Answer Options Response Count 3 answered question 3 3 skipped question 3 3 12. How often is waste emptied from this collection point? 12. How often is waste emptied from this collection point? 12. How often is waste emptied from this collection point? 12. How often is waste emptied from this collection point? 12. How often is waste emptied from this collection point? Answer Options Answer Options Response Average Response Total Response Count Per Week: Per Week: 2.50 5 2 Per Month Per Month 0.00 0 0 Per Year Per Year 0.00 0 0 answered question answered question answered question 2 2 skipped question skipped question skipped question 4 4 13. Is there a communal recycling system in your area? 13. Is there a communal recycling system in your area? 13. Is there a communal recycling system in your area? 13. Is there a communal recycling system in your area? Answer Options Answer Options Response Percent Response Count Yes Yes 0.0% 0 No No 100.0% 5 answered question answered question 5 5 skipped question skipped question 1 1 14. If Yes, recycling is collected by: 14. If Yes, recycling is collected by: 14. If Yes, recycling is collected by: 14. If Yes, recycling is collected by: Answer Options Answer Options Response Percent Response Count An Organisation An Organisation 0.0% 0 Personally taking your recyclables to a collection point Personally taking your recyclables to a collection point 0.0% 0 answered question answered question 0 0 skipped question skipped question 6 6 15. Do you personally recycle/reuse your own waste yourself? 15. Do you personally recycle/reuse your own waste yourself? 15. Do you personally recycle/reuse your own waste yourself? 15. Do you personally recycle/reuse your own waste yourself? Answer Options Answer Options Response Percent Response Count

Hebron Waste Conflict Analysis

Yes Yes 20.0% 1 No No 80.0% 4 answered question answered question 5 5 skipped question skipped question 1 1 16. If Yes, how? 16. If Yes, how? 16. If Yes, how? Answer Options Answer Options Response Count 1 answered question 1 1 skipped question 5 5 17. What types of waste do you recycle? 17. What types of waste do you recycle? 17. What types of waste do you recycle? 17. What types of waste do you recycle? Answer Options Answer Options Response Percent Response Count Plastic Plastic 0.0% 0 Card Card 0.0% 0 Metal Metal 50.0% 1 Organic Organic 0.0% 0 Paper Paper 50.0% 1 answered question answered question 2 2 skipped question skipped question 4 4 18. Does waste create an unsightly presence in your local area? if Yes, why? 18. Does waste create an unsightly presence in your local area? if Yes, why? 18. Does waste create an unsightly presence in your local area? if Yes, why? Answer Options Answer Options Response Count 3 answered question 3 3 skipped question 3 3 19. Is your tap water safe to drink? 19. Is your tap water safe to drink? 19. Is your tap water safe to drink? 19. Is your tap water safe to drink? Answer Options Answer Options Response Percent Response Count Yes Yes 80.0% 4 No No 20.0% 1 answered question answered question 5 5 skipped question skipped question 1 1 20. How is liquid waste/sewage dealt with in your home? 20. How is liquid waste/sewage dealt with in your home? 20. How is liquid waste/sewage dealt with in your home? 20. How is liquid waste/sewage dealt with in your home? Answer Options Answer Options Response Percent Response Count sewer sewer 75.0% 3 cesspit cesspit 0.0% 0 septic tank septic tank 0.0% 0 other other 25.0% 1 answered question answered question 4 4 skipped question skipped question 2 2 21. If you don’t mind being contacted by us for more information regarding waste management, please leave us your email. 21. If you don’t mind being contacted by us for more information regarding waste management, please leave us your email. 21. If you don’t mind being contacted by us for more information regarding waste management, please leave us your email. Answer Options Answer Options Response Count 2 answered question 2 2 skipped question 4 4

Hebron Waste Conflict Analysis

PART 05

APPENDIX

The backstory

THE BACKSTORY (This text is associated with 2 images which can be found on the gdrive in Conflict analysis/timeline) Administrative units in the Near East under the Ottoman Empire c. 1918 (1.pdf ) The British Mandate for Palestine and Transjordan (2.pdf ) During WW1 negotiations took place between the Sharif of Mecca, Hussein bin Ali, and Sir Henry McMahon, British High Commissioner in Egypt concerning the future political status of the lands under the Ottoman Empire.

delimitation. The areas exempted from Arab control by the McMahon note included “Syria lying to the west of the districts of Damascus, Homs, Hama, and Aleppo.” The British understanding was that “Damascus” meant the vilayet and not the city of Damascus, and accordingly virtually all of Palestine was excluded from Arab control. Later, in 1917 the Bolsheviks exposed the secret Sykes– Picot Agreement drawn up in 1915-16 between Britain, France and Russia, which exposed that they were planning to split and occupy parts of the promised Arab state. The Arabs, insisted at the 1919 Paris Peace Conference at the end of the war that the “Damascus” in the McMahon note meant the city of Damascus – which left Palestine in their hands. Despite Arab objections, in 1922 Britain was given a League of Nations mandate for Palestine. The Mandate was administered as two territories: Palestine and Transjordan with the Jordan River being the boundary between them. In 1946, Transjordan gained independence from the British mandate for Palestine. A year later, the UN adopted a partition plan for a twostate solution in the remaining territory of the mandate separating it into future Palestinian and Israeli states

Palestine

E. CONFLICT TRACKING

Transjordan

09.12 New barrier built in H2 along road used by Israelis to reach the Ibrahimi Mosque/ Cave of the Patriarchs from Kiryat Arba settlement. 10.12 1,000 olive trees vandalised and land access denied to hundreds of Palestinian farmers.

Vilayet of Aleppo

14.11.12 Israeli Air Force (IAF) launches airstrike, killing Hamas’ acting chief and one associate. Vilayet of Dayr az-Zor

Vilayet of Beirut Vilayet of Syria (Damascus) Mutassariffiyet of Jerusalem

16.11.12 Demonstrations across the West Bank. 2 Palestinians killed, hundreds injured, 4 Israeli soldiers injured. 17.11.12 Nabi Saleh village demonstration, Palestinian man shot and killed by Israeli soldiers. 19.11.12 Demonstration in Gaza. Israeli settler runs down Palestinian man with his vehicle. Palestinian property damage. Israeli settlers set fire to Urif village mosque.

On 24 October 1915, McMahon sent Hussein a letter that Arabs regard as declaration of their independence In the McMahon-Hussein correspondence, McMahon declared declared that the Arabs would revolt in alliance with the United Kingdom and in return the UK would recognize Arab independence. Portions of Syria lying to the West of the districts of Damascus, Homs, Hama and Aleppo however were not purely Arab and so were not considered part of

Hebron Waste Conflict Analysis

19.11.12 Demonstration in Hebron City. Israeli forces shoot and kill Palestinian man whom they believe to have tried to stab an Israeli soldier. 20.11.12 Palestinians injure elderly woman settler driving in Gush Eztion in the West Bank. 21.11.12 Ceasefire declared between Israel and Hamas. 22.11.12 An estimated 103 Palestinian civilians have been killed, including 33 children. Four Israeli civilians killed and 224 reported injured, the majority of who are civilians.

29.11.12 Palestine granted non-member observer status in the UN General Assembly, with 138-9 in favour and 41 abstaining. 30.11.12 Israel authorises the construction of >3,000 homes in occupied East Jerusalem and the West Bank 02.12.12 Israel confiscates NIS 460 million in Palestinian Authority tax funds and uses the money to offset the PA’s debt to Israel’s Electric Corporation 07.12.12 Hamas political leader Khaled Meshaal makes his first visit to Gaza after decades of living in exile 08.12.12. December Hamas holds rally with tens of thousands of people marking the 25th anniversary of Hamas’s founding. Khaled Meshaal reiterates that there is no “legitimacy to Israel” 10.12.12 Palestine to launch 6 month initiative to restart talks with israel. Talks will include the demand to release prisoners and a call to halt settlement construction. The Israeli Government The current Prime Minister of the Israeli government is Benjamin Netanyahu, former member of the Israeli Defence Force (IDF). As a multi-party coalition government, its key role in the ongoing conflict is ruling over the IDF, who hold authoritative power in H2. The government supports settler activity, but offered the Palestinian authorities over 95% of land in the West Bank and Gaza during peace talks in 2000 (POV, 2001). This offer was rejected and so hostility remains. The Israeli Defence Force (IDF) The Israeli Defence Force was established in 1948 and took part in the 1993 Oslo peace process (POV, 2001). Acting under the command of the Israeli government, the IDF dictates daily life for the Palestinian people and Israeli settlers living in H2. Their actions include blockades, checkpoints, arrests, curfews and land confiscations. They believe such action is necessary in preventing Arab terrorist attacks and perceive themselves to be working to protect both sides in this conflict (MacIntyre, 2008). Israeli Settlers During the Six Day War in 1967, the state of Israel tripled in size as a result of land seizures (POV, 2001). Settlers began colonising Hebron, driven by the belief that it is their right and duty to reclaim this religiously significant city, based on the ideology of Eretz Yisrael. Settler action is often seen to inflict acts of violence and intimidation on Palestinian individuals and communities.

The PLO was founded in 1964, compromising of numerous political groups, and has since been the main representative body for Palestinian people, including during the 1993 Oslo peace talks. They are the governing body in H1, but have no control within H2. The PLO believes that Palestine should accept no less than 100% of land in the West Bank and Gaza seized by the State of Israel after the Six Day War, and has refused to accept anything less in previous negotiations, promoting the use of sumud to resist the Israeli occupation. The Palestinian Authority (PA) The Palestinian Authority, currently governed by Mahmoud Abbas, was established in the 1993 Oslo Agreement, designed to govern security and civilian issues in the West Bank and Gaza Strip, the latter of which is now under the political leadership of Hamas. It is an administrative authority, overseen by the PLO. The organisation was intended to be replaced by a sovereign Palestinian State after settlements with Israel were made, but such an agreement has not been finalised and so the body is still operational in Palestinian-controlled areas of the West Bank. The Palestinian Community Since the beginning of the Israeli occupation, the Palestinian community has reacted with uprisings, demonstrations, strikes, sometimes resulting in acts of violence. The community views the IDF’s control over daily life to be a violation of their human rights (MacIntyre, 2008). The United Nations (UN) The UN has implemented a number of resolutions to end the Israeli-Arab conflict since 1948, but all have had limited success. Their promotion of ‘land for peace’ was established in the Oslo Accords in 1993, but the compromises made were not fully supported by both Palestinian and Israeli authorities. The UN condemns the use of terrorism and violence, instead striving for resolution through negotiation and compromise. The Hebron Rehabilitation Committee (HRC) The HRC was established in 1996 by Presidential Decree, and focuses on preserving and protecting the Old City’s heritage, with regard to infrastructure and urban fabric. They are based within H2, trying to improve the daily lives of Palestinians and prevent further settlement expansion through renovation of abandoned/ dilapidated buildings, rehabilitation of public spaces and re establishment of routes through the city.

Palestine Liberation Organisation (PLO)

Hebron Waste Conflict Analysis

PART 05

APPENDIX

Meeting Minutes

MINUTES Minutes West Bank Hebron/Al Khalil Abercrombie L3 Thursday 11th October 2012 4:30 pm Agenda:

• • •

Discussing people’s strengths and weaknesses. Getting to know one another and how much we know about the conflict situation. Deciding how to proceed with the project.

Agenda It was agreed that each would conduct research in specific areas with regards to the conflict and using 1947 as a cut off period for detailed research. Economic factors

All Ashleigh

Geo/Political mapping

Charlie

Environmental background

Charlie

Socio/cultural background

Amaliya

Historical background

Date and location of next meeting: Abercrombie building, L3, Saturday 20th October 2012 10:30 am

Action

Hebron Waste Conflict Analysis

Matt

Minutes West Bank Hebron/Al Khalil Abercrombie L3 Saturday 20th October 2012 10:30 am Agenda:

• •

Review of previous minutes Presentation my members of last weeks research to rest of group

Agenda

Action

Should we be using Moodle also for discussions or sharing of files?

Matt will email Brigitte

CAD Plans of Hebron and wider area needed for cartographic drawings.

Charlie

Research into land ownership before 1947 and claim for Palestinian statehood. Bit more background knowledge for general information.

Matt

Format of A4 document and outline of section headings of report and slide show. Ideas for fonts/colours.

Charlie

Onion & Pillars diagrams

Amaliya

Timeline Covers and Hebron Timeline

Matt

Actors & Pyramid

Charlie

Triangle & Tree

Ashleigh

Scanning of relevant pages with regards to diagrams from Conflict Analysis book

Ashleigh

Date and location of next meeting: ½ Week meeting: Abercrombie, CENDEP room (or library) TBC. Wednesday 24th October 2012 1.30 pm

Hebron Waste Conflict Analysis

PART 05

APPENDIX

Meeting Minutes

Minutes Hebron/Al Khalil Abercrombie L3 Wednesday 24th October 2012 4:30 pm

What was discussed:

• • •

Presentation of any work/research up till now and comments by group Addressing minutes of previous meeting Assigning further tasks

Agenda

Matt waiting for Brigitte’s response

CAD Plans of Hebron and wider area needed for cartographic drawings.

Charlie has emailed SUMUD group.

Research into land ownership before 1947 and claim for Palestinian statehood. Bit more background knowledge for general information.

Matt. Research needs to be presented in consistent maps.

Format of A4 document and outline of section headings of report and slide show. Ideas for fonts/colours.

Charlie.

Onion & Pillars diagrams

Amaliya

Timeline Covers and Hebron Timeline Actors & Pyramid Triangle & Tree Scanning of relevant pages with regards to diagrams from Conflict Analysis book

Matt Charlie Ashleigh. Tree completed. Ashleigh

Onion and Pillar diagrams of waste management if time allows

Amaliya

Write up of document layout + introductory paragraph if possible

Ashleigh

Date and location of next meeting:

Abercrombie L3 Sunday 28th October 3.00 pm

Action

Should we be using Moodle also for discussions or sharing of files?

Hebron Waste Conflict Analysis

Resolved?

Hebron Waste Conflict Analysis

PART 05

APPENDIX

Meeting with Amy Howard

Meeting with Amy Howard Large amounts of waste in and around area where waste is to be collected i.e. the designated waste collection points The streets however are generally clean and particularly around shops and businesses. Pockets can be found where waste is dumped, out of sight and out of mind. Last year in January 2012, group that visited Hebron conducted interviews with households using translators. in 3 of these interviews they were told by children of families that they had been harassed by soldiers when taking out the waste and so were sometimes throwing it wherever they could find. When they visited houses the roof terraces had become obsolete where inhabitants were afraid/reluctant to use them because of settlers throwing rocks/rubbish and the IDF using roofs. In response to this some households have tried to protect their roof spaces with tarpaulin and metal wire. One woman was using plastic bottles to irrigate vegetables on roof and also as plant holders, transforming her rooftop into a green space. It is important to keeping the scheme quite low key and targetting families rather than huge scale project. There are multiple reasons for this. Firstly there are negative repercussionss if the IDF/ICA thinks that we are meddlign too much in Hebron. Secondly families are cautious of outsiders. Thirdly due to movement on restriction it is more feasible to target neighbourhoods and families first before working on the bigger picture. It is essential to work with people who are known in community e.g. HRC members. Talking about the waste hierarchy: education reduce reuse

Hebron Waste Conflict Analysis

recycle landfill re use recycling and waste management strategies. giving a sound of ideas of what could and could not work. researching the climate possible collection points who would do that collection is the infrastructure there? where are landfills is there an infrastructure for recycling? no so then it needs to be local Important that people take ownership and responsibility for their own waste and we work with them to inspire innovative ideas e.g roof terraces for using plastic bottles etc... Make up of waste the waste that Amy witnessed was alot of food waste. veg peelings, bones etc.. and also plastics. not a large amoiunt of magazines or newspapers. or tin/metals etc. So a good proposal is actually to analyse the waste and find out what it is made up of. From there we can implement a recycling framework. It must be noted that what households believes they're throwing away can actually be quite different to what they actually are. So this needs to be done by actually visiting families and going through questions with them. Facilities already in place It would be interesting to see what facilities are in landfill site that is used by hebron municipality . if you were able to deduce what majority of waste is then you could aquire grants and funding for recycling that waste. complications possibly to appropriating funds through EUROPEAN COMMISSION due to palestine not being a soverign state. Implementation Using religion? have to ensure cultural and gender sensitivity. !

subtlety is the key. the street behind al shuhadda street have some empty units are locked up. the main shopping street. renting those spaces to use as waste collection space? Could look at better practice for disposing of objects which are regularly used/become redundant. e.g. reusing gas canisters? recyclign of batteries? water tanks? items that become redundant every so often and how they deal with that. taking examples form OXFORD CAGS community action groups reuse of objects, rehabilitation of furniture etc..... flashmobs where you bring an item and get to take one away. kind of like a carboot sale except its free! CONFLICT ANALYSIS APPROACH show visual of funneling. of how we investigated from large scale context to small scale scenario. also explain how we identified waste as an issue from conflict analysis. It was not realistic that we could do a project that resolves problem with IDF. or overlaps with HRC i.e. rehabilitating buildings or overlaps with BSP (building sumud project) so its about looking at peoples day to day lives and dealing with a more social aspect of peoples lives so......Symbolic violence (good way to link conflict analysis to waste) deduced from interviews that this was an issue. conflict important to resolve this and create a more dignified existence to palestinian population. and this can be justified. it will make peoples lives easier, it will reduce vermin, generate income, aiding with the achievement of world heritage site status for hebron(HRC), opportunity of making people more self sustaining, generating income?. Waste is a very emotive subject. selling it on the fact that if it was a resolved issue. one less thing

for people to have to consider and worry about. kids not getting stressed etc.... even a mention of waste culture in the UK. How recycling has gone in the UK from nothing to a priority. with time education and investment it is possible to transform peoples attitudes. SUMUD resilience. its not about â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;normalisingâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; the occupation. resilience is all about the ability to recover from shock but to bounce back stronger! Conflict analysis Tools iceberg. what root causes were that were actually hidden under the surface. Stakeholder analysis (google it) and there will be some sort of matrix that you can put stuff into. how to decide which actors are primary secondary and tertiary. ECONOMIC FACTORS definitely need a mention of this. the situation is pretty dire. livelihoods are poor at the moment. this could be improved by addressing the financial side of things. refurbishment to furtniure etc.........repair etc. using recycling of waste. a positive economic benefit! HRC giving grants to people to move into Hebron. people who do not have livelihoods. so a waste development programme which deals with providing people with a livelihood etc... could be a great solution. Project timeframe look at project management cycle websites. monitoring the project. Group work Conflict resolution how we resolved conflict. How did we resolve conflict within the group? How did we make sure we stayed on track? Add some more social aspects into the contents list e.g. cultural and gender sensitivity ! religion etc..

Hebron Waste Conflict Analysis

PART 05

APPENDIX

Actor Diagrams

QALQILYAH

JERULSALEM PERIPHERY

BETHLEHEM

TULKARM ECONOMICS

THE FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS

DISTRICT LIAISON OFFICES (DCL)

HEBRON

SPOKESPERSONSHIP AND PUBLIC RELATIONS OFFICE

THE INFRASTRUCTIRE BRANCH

WEST BANK CIVIL ADMINISTRATION OF JUDEA AND SAMARIA. HQ IN BEIT EL

JERICHO

ICA

RAMALLAH

NABLUS

JENIN

WATER, SEWAGE, ELECTRICITY, COMMUNICATIONS, CONSTRUCT AND THE BUILDING OF THE SECURITY BARRIER

SCHOOL FOR COMMUNICATION AND CO-ORDINATION

ISRAELI CIVIL AUTHORITY

MAZI

COGAT

NAVY

ISRAEL DEFENSE FORCE (I.D.F.)

SET UP IN 1981 TO GOVERN THE TERRITORIES OF 1967. SPLIT INTO DIFFERENT BRANCHES. HQ IN TEL AVIV.

THE WATER AUTHORITY

HOME FRONT COMMAND

BRANCH IN CHARGE OF ISRAEL’S WATER ECONOMY

MINISTRY OF DEFENSE

MEKOROT ISRAEL’S NATIONAL WATER COMPANY

MINISTRY OF ENERGY AND WATER RESOURCES

YAMAM COUNTER-TERROR AND HOSTAGE RESCUE

YAMAS

ISRAELI GOVERNMENT

MINISTRY OF TRANSPORT, NATIONAL INFRASTRUCTURES AND ROAD SAFETY

AIR

BORDER POLICE / GUARD

MINISTRY OF PUBLIC SECURITY

LED BY PRIME MINISTER BENJAMIN NETANYAHU (LIKUD)

COUNTER-TERROR UNDERCOVER (ELITE URBAN WARFARE)

ISRAELI POLICE

YAMAG TACTICAL COUNTER-CRIME AND COUNTER TERROR RAPID DEPLOYMENT UNIT

MATILAN INTELLIGENCE GATHERING AND INFILTRATIONS INTERCEPTION UNIT

CIVIL GUARD VOLUNTEER ORGANISATION

ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION MINISTRY

NATIONAL SECURITY COUNCIL (NSC)

COALITION

KNESSET

27/120

UNICAMERAL ISRAELI PARLIAMENT

ISRAELI INTELLIGENCE COMMUNITY

LIKUD

CENTRE-RIGHT PARTY. CONSERVATIVE, NATIONAL LIBERALISM, ZIONISM.

THE POLITICAL SECURITY CABINET

AMAN

CENTRISM AND ZIONISM.

TORAH, HALACHA

MOSSAD

CENTRE-LEFT PARTY. SOCIAL DEMOCRACY, 8/120 THIRD WAY, LABOR ZIONISM

4/120

LABOR

FOREIGN INTELLIGENCE AKA THE INSTITUTE

HADASH

NATIONAL UNION

FAR-RIGHT. RELIGIOUS ZIONISM.

COMMUNISM, SOCIALISM, ISRAELI ARAB INTEREST, ARAB-JEWISH PARTNERSHIP. EVACUATION OF ALL ISRAELI SETTLEMENTS. ESTABLISHMENT OF PALESTINIAN STATE. SUPPORTS THE RIGH OF RETURN OR COMPENSATION FOR PALESTINIAN REFUGEES. NON-ZIONIST.

4/120

28/120

KADIMA CENTRISM. LIBERLISM AND ZIONISM.

1/120

3/120 BALAD

ARAB NATIONALISM, DEMOCRATIC SOCIALISM, ANTIZIONISM.

3/120

UNITED ARAB LIST

ISLAMISM, ISRAELI-ARAB INTEREST. SUPPORTS CREATION OF A PALESTINIAN STATE IN WEST BANK AND GAZA

TA’AL

3/120

MERETZ

CENTRE-LEFT. SOCIAL DEMOCRACY, SOCIAL LIBERALSIM, SECULARISM, ENVIRONMENTALISM

The suggested paths through Israeli Government shown in blue

Hebron Waste Conflict Analysis

ARAB NATIONALISM, ANTI- ZIONISM.

3/120

THE JEWISH HOME RELIGOUS ZIONISM, MODERN ORTHADOX, JUDAISM

10/120

SHAS

3/120

UNITED TORAH JUDAISM

SHABAK

INTERNAL SECURITY. AKA

NATIONALISM, REVISIONIST ZIONISM, SECULARISM, ECONOMIC LIBERALISM

5/120 INDEPENDENCE

OPPOSITION DIRECTORATE OF MILITARY INTELLIGENCE.

15/120

YISRAEL BEITEINU

JUDAISM, POPULISM, RELIGOUS CONSERVATISM

QALQILYAH

JERULSALEM PERIPHERY

BETHLEHEM

THE FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS

TULKARM

ECONOMICS

DISTRICT LIAISON OFFICES (DCL)

HEBRON THE INFRASTRUCTIRE BRANCH

JERICHO

SPOKESPERSONS HIP AND PUBLIC RELATIONS OFFICE

JENIN

NABLUS

WEST BANK

CIVIL ADMINISTRATION OF JUDEA & SAMARIA.

WATER, SEWAGE, ELECTRICITY, COMMUNICATIONS, CONSTRUCT AND THE BUILDING OF THE SECURITY BARRIER

ICA

COGAT

ISRAELI CIVIL AUTHORITY

SET UP IN 1981 TO GOVERN THE TERRITORIES OF 1967. SPLIT INTO DIFFERENT BRANCHES. HQ IN TEL AVIV.

ISRAELI GOVERNMENT LED BY PRIME MINISTER BENJAMIN NETANYAHU (LIKUD)

RAMALLAH

SCHOOL FOR COMMUNICATION AND CO-ORDINATION

MAZI

MINISTRY OF DEFENSE

I.D.F.

ISRAEL DEFENSE FORCES

NAVY

AIR

HOME FRONT COMMAND

A zoomed in representation of the path through local government

Hebron Waste Conflict Analysis

re:fuse not letting lives go to waste

cendep Hebron Waste Conflict Analysis