AALU Thesis project

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Productive Waterfront Port City Design - Rugao

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PROJECT AGENDA This project deals with a harbour city and the potential of the port to generate new relevant spatial conditions in the urban landscape that can contribute to create a stronger local identity. Based on a careful study on the compatibility between the city and the different types of port activities, a new prototype of harbor is proposed. A series of spatial strategies, mostly related to the adjacency control, challenges the conventional port - city relationship.

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CONTENTS [1] Context and Argument

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_Regional Structure _Masterplan 2020 _Disadvantages of Masterplan 2020 _Argument: Port as opportunity for the city _Alternative Proposal

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[2] Site Analysis and Restructure Strategy

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[4] Site Structure Formulation Process

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_Yangtze River Flow Analysis _Industry Layout _Hinterland Connectivity _Shoreline Occupation and Modification _Road Network _Green Corridors _Overall Masterplan

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[5] City Development

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_Density Distribution _Housing Typology _City Center Design

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_Preexisting Water Network _Existing Canals and Local Settements _Restructure Strategy _Canal Bifurcation Guidelines

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[3] Prototype - New Port Hub Typology

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_Multi-wharves Port Typology _Navigational Analysis _Cell Infrastructure Requirement

_Three types of cells _Turning Basin Concept _Turning Basin Design and Variations

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1 Context and Argument / Site Analysis and Restructure Strategy / New Port Typology / Site Structure Fomulation Process / City Development

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2020

THE BIRTH OF RUGAO PORT CITY

GOAL: “A Modern Port City”

Rich resource of deep water shoreline, together with the adjacency to Yangtze River Estuary characterizes Rugao City with a desirable condition to become an important new born intermodal port in Shanghai Area. The recently rebuilt highway bridge which shortens the distance from Rugao to Shanghai from 3hrs to 1.5hrs further provides a perfect opportunity for the emergence of Rugao Port City.

100 million tons throughput / yr population - 200,000

Thus, this completely preindustrial rural area of 70km2 land is going to be transformed to “A Modern Port City” of 100 million tons annual throughput within 10 years time. The population is going to be 200,000, three times more than the current 66,500.

NOW population - 66,500 Preindustrial Rural Area

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Old Town Center

The Highway linking the port and the city.

ISOLATED PORT AREA The 70% of the port is located to the farthest point of the city - on the island, far away from any other programs including related port industries, residential and commercial activities, working isolatedly with merely a highway linked with the city. All hinterland connectivity is dependent on the existence highway bridge.

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ti nec con rt way High the Po

HUGE MONO-FUNCTIONAL BLOCKS huge monofunctional blocks of industry, residense and commerce is proposed which is typical in the planning of Chinese emerging industrial cities.

[Existing Proposal] MASTERPLAN 2020 7


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OCCUPATION OF ALL DEEPWATER SHORELINE All deep water shoreline is occupied at once, even by shallow water port industry, thoroughly leave the city with lack of further expansion backup port surface. LIMITED ACCESS TO THE RIVER On the other hand, almost all available shoreline is occupied by industry or port land use, giving the city very limit opportunity to access the river.

EXISTING CONDITION: Original Islands

MASTERPLAN: Land Reclamation for Port Construction

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DISADVANTAGES OF RUGAO 2020 MASTERPLAN The birth and economic growth of the city is almost all relying on the emergence of Rugao Port, while in the masterplan, the construction of the port is not considered to be an opportunity for the city. It is actually expelled from the rest of the city. Thus, the port fails to establish either spatial or social interaction with the rest of the city. Its potential of generating spatial conditions as the identity for the city is also unnecessarily neglected by the masterplan. Moreover, the island is recently recognized to be preserved area with high landscape value because of the high biodiversity, which also challenge the city to accomodate a larger proportion of the port within its main land area.

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Productivity

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Landscape


[Argument] Port: An opportunity for the city The urbanism exploring the Productivity & Identity of Port City The functional requirements of the port city would transform the urban landscape dramatically. This project is aiming at exploring certain urban form or pattern to better support port activities and meanwhile generates special spatial and social conditions to contribute to the new identity of the port city.

Identity

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ALTERNATIVE PROPOSAL 1 - Challenging the Conventional Port - City Relationship 2 - Polycentric Port City Concept 3 - Compatibility Control

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CHALLENGING CONVENTIONAL PORT - CITY RELATIONSHIP TYPE 1 - [Remote Port with Highway Linkage] Highly concentrated single infrastructure linkage / Released waterfront

TYPE 2 - [Waterfront Port] Weak hinterland connectivity / Blocked city - Water relationship

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Industry

Commerce

Industry

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Industry

Commerce

Industry

Industry

Industry

Industry

Industry

Industry

Industry

Industry

Industry

Port A

Port A

Port A

The River

The River

Highway Bridge

CITY Port A Island

PORT

PORT

CITY

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Industry

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Port D

Port E

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Industry Port A

Industry

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Resi. Port B

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Industry Port C

Commerce

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Released Waterfront The River Penetrate the port-city interface

POLYCENTRIC PORT CITY CONCEPT RETHINKING THE PORT - CITY RELATIONSHIP Port is introduced into the city and it performs as transportation hub dealing with transit between long term big scale cargo transportation and short term small scale good distribution. Sailing Routes penetrating deeply inland enables the huge port to be fragmented and thus be able to interact better with the the rest of the city both functionally and spatially. In this way, ports are able to be adjacent to port related activities, which improves the port hinterland connectivity, provides more shoreline and enhances the collaboration of the port and the city. The port is thus deluted inland and thus release a significant proportion of the waterfront back to the city.

[Case Study: Rotterdam city structure]

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COMPATIBILITY CONTROL Polycentric port city doesn’t necessarily mean that the city is embracing the port in any conditions. It is true that some extreme cases of the port, because of huge scale, heavy pollution or specific requirement of circulation, such as oil port, should keep a certain distance from the main city area, while a lot of other port types can go well with the rest of the city. The Challenge of a polycentric port city is compatibility control, in other words, strict rules have to be applied to help decide which types of ports the city should have adjacency with and which types of ports should still keep a distance from the city. Adjacency control of different urban programs are crucial to deal with this gradient of compatibilities .

Large

Medium

Small

Port Efficiency Driven [CARGO SHIP SCALE]

[HUMEN SCALE] Spatial Quality Driven

KEEP DISTANCE FROM THE CITY

50000dwt Container Port

INVOLVED INTIMATELY BY THE CITY

25000dwt Oil Port

15M

Incompatible Reason: Pollution / Danger / Huge Scale

12M

10000dwt Passenger Terminal 4000dwt General Cargo Port 9M

Limited Compatibility

With buffer Area and Adjacency Control

6M

1000dwt Industry Pier 4M

150dwt Pleasure Pier 3M

50dwt Fishing Pier 2M

Port as strong element of public space and daily urban life

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2 Context and Argument / SITE ANALYSIS AND RESTRUCTURE STRATEGY / New Port Typology / Site Structure Fomulation Process / City Development

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TO RUGAO ROUTE [A]

TO RUGAO ROUTE [B]

The site is characterized by its rich and relatively evenly distributed water network resources, which are mainly artificial canals for drainage and boat transportation purpose. Route A & B are both important channels which are around 100m wide all the way for goods to be transported to the Rugao City. Secondary canals are running on site in roughly a north-south fashion while the tertiary canals mainly go from east to west. Existing local industries are also located along larger canals.

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Bifurcation Distance Control Radius would apply from junctions of main road with secondary canals or main canals with secondary canals. The intersection between these control circles and secondary canals are the starting and ending points of canal birfurcation. Thus, this system can adjust itself to the existing geometry of the site structure, guaranteeing that minimized changes of existing canals are required and the bifurcation angle are within the range from 20 to 35 degree for the sake of smooth vessel sailing and water flow.

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From the previous step, all possible starting points and ending points of canal bifurcation are determined, establishing a new network of restructuring the site. The site is thus prepared with a logic of favourable parcelation for the new urban intervention as well as a respect of existing local fabric.

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Productivity: Functional Requirement of Port Related Activities

3 Context and Argument / Site Analysis and Restructure Strategy / NEW PORT TYPOLOGY / Site Structure Fomulation Process / City Development New Port Typology is proposed, which departures from optimizing the infrastructure layout to support port functional requirements yet in the meanwhile confronts the challenge of compatibility and scale transition through large range of variations. The potential of the port to transform urban landscape and shape new identities is carefully explored.

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Compared to the proposed Linear Littoral Quayside in the Masterplan, the existing typology of Multiple Wharves Port have several advantages in terms of port operation efficiency: Greater Shoreline provision, seperate control of single functional pier, seperate circulation as well as higher flexibility for further transformation. Moreever, it is also more flexible to adapt to different scales. The concept of multiple wharves port gives significant inspirations for the new port topology design in this project.

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NAVIGATIONAL ANALYSIS Principle Dimensions of Vessels 26


[Case Study: Rotterdam Port] The apron area, configuration of the dregded basin and infrastructure layout is different according to the type of the port (industry type), which can be identified as three types.

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Turning patterns of different sizes vessels are different which further determine the configuration of turning basins. Smaller ships turn over while travelling, thus requires a relatively bigger turnning circle comparing to the ship sizes; Medium size ships turn with the usage of anchor which helps reduce the turning circle, defined as pattern 2; the huge ships, in order not to have too huge turning basins, will fully stop and turn with the assistance of thrusters, which reduces the turnning circle diameter to be roughly equal to there own length.

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Urban Landscape: Basin / Canal / Urban Green Corridors

4 Context and Argument / Site Analysis and Restructure Strategy / New Port Typology / SITE STRUCTURE FOMULATION PROCESS / City Development

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SHORELINE CONDITIONS Shoreline Conditions Including Water Depth, Flow Pressure and Seabed Slope are taken into consideration in the decision making process of shoreline occupasion as port surface.

AREA OF INTERVENTION

Water Depth informs the layout of different port types according to vessel draft. Flow Pressure is crucial because shoreline with significant high flow pressure is not appropriate for port construction. Moreover, flow pressure together with current direction informs the distortion of turning basin. Seabed Slope collabrates with flow speed, determining the possibility of sedimentation - The shallower the slope is, the lower the speed is, the higher possibility of sedimentation, and thus lowerfeasibility of port location.

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INITIAL SITE STRUCTURE - DESIGN MESH [Canal Bifurcation Guideline]

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Proximity of industry to the city according to level of pollution Industrial areas emerges from the growth points where important urban infrastructure junctions happen, and a gradient of industrial activities according to the level of pollution are considered as one of the most important part of compatibility control. The most polluted and largest scale industries are located in the farthest point of the city, while lighter industries are welcomed into the city, in a fragmented fashion.

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1000M

[Compatibility Control] INDUSTRY LAYOUT 37


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In order to avoid the formation of waterfront blocker and huge monofuntional blocks, ports work in a fragmented manner, however, collaboration between port cells are well allowed in this system, where the cell clusters are still big enough to be functional for a complete chain production to happen, guaranteeing the productivity of industry activities. Industry Chain - Land Connection Industry Chain - Water Connection

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1000M

[Industry Chain _ Collaboration Pockets] HINTERLAND CONNECTIVITY 39


DREDGING PORT BASINS The west shoreline which is 15m deep and east shoreline which is 8m deep are determined to be primary sailing channales for the rugao port, leaving the south shoreline with relatively shallower water, higher possibility of sedimentation to be accessable for the urban citizens as recreational area. Sailing routes get narrower and shallower as penetrating inland, thus port cells / port basins are also layout from the outside huge scale to inside small scale in order to interweave better when they run across other city programs. Finally, same amount of shoreline is provided as the masterplan requirement.

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Cargo Ship Size

BASIN DIMENTION CONTROL

Ship Channel Axies Port Access Point

Current Direction


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1000M

[Shoreline Provision] MODIFIED SHORELINE 41


ROAD NETWORK DEVELOPEMENT In order to have proximitly 150m x 250m urban blocks the space between two canals which varies from 200m to 300m is further subdivided, by secondary roads. Roads would also bifurcate when meeting industry cells, sharing the same logic with the canal bifurcation.

CIRCULATION SOLUTION Cargo and urban transportation Circulation in harbour city is an important issue. To make sure that ports and city are collaborating but also avoid unnecessary interruption with each other, a hierarchical transportation network is proposed, In which the heavy traffic transportation corridors - cargo channels and roads - barely cross the city, especially in the central inland area, leaving the city wth nicer envionmental qualities as well as lighter tranportation pressure. Cargo ship channels are well led to join the two 100m wide main canals so that cargo ships can also get a smooth access towards the Rugao City to the north. In critical junctions where ship channels intersect with cargo roads, three dimentional junctions are proposed, however the number of which is brought to the minumum. Urban Road Urban Canal Cargo Channel Cargo Road Port Exchanging Points [Hub] Main Bridges Main Road Junctions 42


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1000M

TRANSPORTATION NETWORK 43


GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE OVERALL LAYOUT

WIND BARRIER Wind analysis of dominant local winds helps to understand the movement of air pollution generated by local industry. Layout of topographic lines are thus decided to act as a barrier between residential area and industry. The earth work of making topography would be balanced with that of port basin dredging. Taking port buffer area as a starting point, the city develops an evenly distributed green infrastructure network, mainly in the east - west direction, all along secondary canals, connecting the west shoreline to the east main canal. They act as well continuous public space as well as corridor for the movement of natrual habitats.

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[Green Buffer Area of Industry] GREEN CORRIDORS 45


According to different funtions of green buffer areas, different section design is applied. Landscape varies from green coved topography to wetland and flood plains.

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Trees Belt Better Visual / Noise / Air pollution Barrier; Shade Provision

Cleaning Wetland Constructed Wetland, placed where canal branches passing by industries join with those in residential area.

Flood Plain Sports Field Dike set back to allow seasonal flood to happen in amenities such as various sports field

Tree Coverage Stronger Protection

Topographical Green Space Shrub / Grass Coverage Weaker Protection

[Green Buffer Area of Industry] GREEN CORRIDORS 47


MASTERPLAN The final masterplan indicates a combined consideration of port activities, shoreline modification, road network and green buffer area layout. In other words, its a generic infrastructure layout for further urbanization. The requirement of port operation and urban envionmental quality are reflected here. The masterplan is a result of the interweaving and negotiation of both.

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N 0 250 500

1000M

[Overal Structure]MASTERPLAN 49


IDENTITY: Housing Typology and Port related urban public space

5 Context and Argument / Site Analysis and Restructure Strategy / New Port Typology / Site Structure Fomulation Process / CITY DEVELOPMENT

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According to the number of employees each industrial area requires, different city centers are recognized, defined to be three different types - District Center, Borough Center and Neighbourhood Center. Basic services such as super market and commuty centers are provided in each of them, while some different characters are also associated with different centers, for example, the main centers are supposed to be transportation hub, commercial and leisure area respectively.

[Population Estimate _2015_ 200,000 ppl]

[Polycentric City Scheme] POPULATION DISTRIBUTION 51


DENSITY DISTRUBUTION Three densities are defined here, from high to low when it get closer to the industry cells. Thus the concentration of habitants, in other words, neighborhood centers, are with a decent adjacency to the industries but meanwhile keep necessary distance. Also, what happens frequently in Chinese new cities is that the predicted population is way too small compared to reality and some cities even need to tore down the new built buildings because they simply need a higher density. Taking the rapid economic growth and requirement of urban expansion into consideration, a bigger contrast between different densities is proposed here, and the highest density area would be the first to be developed, given the city a chance for further correction of its capacity to hold a larger population. GROWTH SCENARIO The site restructuring strategy is based on the interpolation of existing infrastructure and fabric pattern. Thus, it is possible to preserve as much as existing agriculture and settlements in every stage of the urban development process. The urban agriculture preserved in between industrial cells and residential areas gives flexibility to both as a growth backup. It would shrink in size as the urbanization process going on, but the city will reach its limit of growth when the width of green area / agriculture land reaches the minimum dimension mentioned as green buffer area in the previous chapter. 52


[Population Estimate _2015_ 200,000 ppl]

[Polycentric City Scheme] POPULATION DISTRIBUTION 53


Type: Light Industry + Housing, Market + Housing , Housing

HOUSING TYPOLOGY DEVELOPMENT 54


In order to have proximitly 150m x 250m urban blocks the space between two canals which varies from 200m to 300m is further subdivided, by secondary roads. Roads would also bifurcate when meeting industry cells, sharing the same logic with the canal bifurcation.

City Blocks

[City Block Parcelation] HOUSING TYPOLOGY 55


MASSING STRATEGY - Sunlight Spacing, View and Site Topography

Canal

2nd Road

100M - 150M

200M - 400M

3rd Road

City Block Width: 100M - 150M [Half Canal Spacing]

Length: 200M - 400M [Decided by site Geometry]

3rd Road

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[Densification] HOUSING TYPOLOGY 57


THICKENED GROUND - FRAGMENTED / PERMEABLE PODIUM ARTICULATING THE SOCIAL ECOLOGY From a landscape architecture point of view, the ground has significant potential to hold different programs as a public domain of urban life. It performs importantly as the transition between private space - in other words, the enveloped entities - and the outdoor space. Here in Rugao port city, the ground is thickened, to connect the road to the canal which have a height different ranged from 4m to 6m, and accommodate basic local services, acting as a community service and urban public life platform. Moreover, to provide productivity to this characterized harbour city in which water network and piers work in different scales, the thickend ground is also considered to be important interchanging point between road traffic to water traffic. In type 1 and 2, light industry is located in the ground, with facilities such as storage/loading/workshop/ market, and good connections to both sides - road and canal. In type 3, the individual car and boat parking is well connected to each other, using the semi underground area, which tries to encourage the collaboration of various urban transportation network.

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[Thicken Ground] HOUSING TYPOLOGY 59


TYPE 1

FAR = 1.0

LIGHT INDUSTRY + OFFICE + HOUSING

Thickend Ground Section - Type 1 60


Type 1

[Thicken Ground] HOUSING TYPOLOGY 61


Thickend Ground Section - Type 2 / 3 62


125M

Road

Canal

Road

125M

Envelope Cutting

Courtyard

Light Industry Pier

Enlarged Canal Front Public Space

Boat Parking for Housing

[Design Principles Formalization] HOUSING TYPOLOGY 63


MASSING STRATEGY - Manipulating Desification / Maximize the Waterfront Area 64


The envelope cutting strategies are translated into different architectural solutions. The cut in the upper part is realized by a terracing system while the lower part would accomodate some programs which require inclined floor design. In this way, a better view on the canal and solar radiation of housing is distributed. The semi public space also gets more openness and is thus provided with better spatial quality and permeability.

[Manipulating the envelope] HOUSING TYPOLOGY 65


Public transportation is largely encouraged in Rugao Port City. Different infrastructure support is provided, both in macro and micro scale. In the city scale, wider secondary canals (east - west) connect city centers, shaping a general structure of urban public transport. In the local scale, the canal-front has variations of design according to the type of residential units, to accommodate different piers - light industry loading pier, boat stations and parking - which also contribute to the local identities.

PUBLIC TRANSPORT

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TYPE 2/3: Loading Piers

TYPE 1: Individual Boat Parking / Boat Station

[Canal Waterfront] HOUSING TYPOLOGY 67


Location

Historically, port has very intimate relationship with the emergence of city center, the images of the city such as Amsterdam and Rotterdam, are highly related to the flourishing quay area. Some ports, such as small scale trading piers, have the potential of forming the center of public urban life. One example of in micro scale design is presented, demonstrating how the city center and the rest of the city can be joint and can take advantage of each other when the two of them meet each other in a local scale. The port cell, which is a transition, or in other words, an exchanging point between the end of industrial chain and the commercial area of the city, has dual Function. It is a combination of the domain of trade market and loading unloading port activities. And it is also considered as an important element to generate local identities.

The Port Cell as relocated port -city interface

CITY CENTER DEVELOPMENT 68

Port: Logistic Port and Related Market City: Commercial Center


Exchanging point: Individual Car Transportation >>>>Public Transportation

[Plan and Site Circulation] CITY CENTER URBAN PUBLIC SPACE 69


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CITY CENTER URBAN PUBLIC SPACE 71


Bibiography [1] Han Meyer, City and Port: The Transformation of Port Cities: London, Barcelona, New York and Rotterdam, International Books, April 2003 [2] H.G. Blaauw and H.J. Verhey, Design of inland navigation fairways. Journal of Waterway, Port, Coastal and Ocean Engineering, Vol. 109, No. 1, February 1983 [3] Rem Koolhaas, Bruce Mau, Hans Werlemann, S M L XL. Monacelli Press. New York, 1997 [4] Bernard Cache, Manuel De Landa, Phylogenesis Foa’s Ark: Foreign Office Architects, Actar, April 2004 [5] Charles Waldheim, The Landscape Urbanism Reader, Princeton Architectural Press, June 2006 [6] Mohsen Mostafavi, Ciro Najle, Landscape Urbanism: A Manual for the Machinic Landscape, AA Publications, London, July 2004 [7] Per Bruun, Port Engineering and Its Relation to Coastal Engineering, Journal of Coastal Research, Vol 14 No 3 pp 1152-1157, Coastal Education & Research Foundation, March 2010 [8] Aubrey Diem, Urban Development Problems of the Ports of Rotterdam and Amsterdam, Geography Department, University of Waterloo, March 2010 [9] Rutger van der Brugge, Linking water policy innovation and urban renewal: the case of Rotterdam, The Netherlands, Section of Water Resources, Delft University of Technology, March 2010 [10] Hendrik Kuipers, The Changing Landscape of the Island of Rozenburg (Rotterdam Port Area), Geographical Review, Vol. 52 No. 3 pp 362 - 378, American Geographical Society, March 2010 [11] Brian Hoyle, Global and Local Change on the Port - City Waterfront, Geographical Review, Vol 90 No 3 pp 395 - 417, American Geographical Society, March 2010 [12] G. J. Van de Ruit, Simulation of Shipping Traffic Flow in the Maasvlakte Port Area of Rotterdam, Delft University of Technology, the Netherlands, Jan 2009 [13] Alejandro Zaera Polo, The Politics of the Envelope: A Political Critique of Materialism, Volume 17 pp. 76-105. [14] David Leatherbarrow. Topographical stories: studies in landscape and architecture. University Of Pennsylvania Press (United States), 2004

Acknowledgement Teaching Staff Eva Castro Eduardo Rico Alfredo RamĂŹrez

Others Nicola Saladino Zhuo Li 27/09/2010

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