Chen Lin691908
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Week1 introduction to construction
3
Week2 structural form
11
Week3 Footing and Foundation
21
Week4 Floor Systems and Horizontal Elements
33
Week 5 Columns, Grids and wall systems
40
Week 6 Spanning & Enclosing Space
45
Week 7 detailing strategies1
49
Week8 Strategies for Opening
53
Week9 Detail strategies
56
Week10 when things go wrong
60
Work shop report Glossary Reference list
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Week1 introduction
to construction
What is construction?
structral principles
construction
economy
material propertity
introduction to materials
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strength
Strong/weak?
stiffness
Stiff, flexible, stretchy, floppy
materials
shape
material behaviour economy & sustainbility
Basic structural forces
Mono-dimensional (linear) Bi-dimensional (planer) Tridimensional (volumetric) Isotropic Anisotropic
Expensive? valuable? Transportation, efficiency (I.e. Timber in Australia)
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Force: change in the shape + movement Tension forces “Tension forces stretch and elongate the material”
Compression forces “The particles of the material compact together” result in “shortening of the material”.
Ching: site analysis Observation: Building ,layout Spaces, shape Enclosure Relation the the landscape Practice: draw the area &shape Analyze &identify the ground slopes +soil Mapping existing patterns+ climatic conditions Landform-----solar access Design: Solar radiation----potential energy source Public roadways+ transit stops Paths for pedestrians ＋ vehicles Access to municipal services Views Congestion ＋noise Land uses Culture+ historical resources Existing neighborhood-------design Proximity to public, commercial, medical +recreational facilities.
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Melbourne’s blue stone “walking the constructed city” Dr Margaret Grose Natural environment
Cultural environment blue stone
basalt
Every cities have different colors which means every cities use different architectural material for building. For example: Sydney=sandstone Perth=clay for bricks& limestone Melbourne=bluestone Bluestone is product from volcanoes which are widely distributes in Victoria from north west to the west) Reason became the main material: huge natural recourse close to Melbourne
Hard enough (even to be used for the under part of the city’s construction, and always used as foundation material for old Victorian style buildings.) 6 / 78
Load paths
Tower Draft and design: As we all know round shape is the most stable shape as a foundation of a tower. And According to the limitation of the rescourse and the requitement of the heigh of this tower. We left a gap between each two MDF blocks not only in order to save the material, but also to keep the stablity of the tower. Keep the height
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How to close up the door is a challenge. The important key is to ensure there are enough weight acting down on the two side of the door.(as show in the following) it means when the half side of the block is hanging out, the other end should be press by the blocks from the upper level to prevent it from falling. And that’s how the arch make.
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Progressing: Problems and what we learned: Problems:
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Our tower is not strong enough to bear much mass on it. Cause we only focus on the height of it. It is getting closer on the topper part, so the vertically mass of load wouldn’t acting down towards the ground by the wall very vertically campare to the other group’s tower which can pressed in to huge mass.
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Week2: structural form Structural joints Structural systems and forms
Structural systems and forms
examples
description •
solid
•
Arch(compression, efficient) Old ancient country like Egypt, China
http://www.ancient-egypt.info/2012/01/an cient-egyptian-pyramids-facts-images.html Surface(Shel)l
Sydney opera house
•
Shell structure Planner structure
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(mine) Frame
Most buildings in our life
• • •
Efficient Common Transfer loads down to the ground
• •
(hydria) Not common but useful (always combined with other structure system) Efficient way to carry large expends economically and quickly
(mine) membrane
Beijing Olympic swimming cube
•
•
http://www.laticrete.com.au/NewsEvents/P ressMedia/LATICRETESystemSelectedforBeij ingOlympicPool/tabid/725/Default.aspx
Construction systems
Structural system
• • •
superstructure columns, beams, load bearing wall underlying structure forming the foundation of a building
(support and transmit applied gravity+lateral loads safetly to the ground without exceeding) 12 / 78
Considerations
1.Performance Requirements
•
Roof+ exterior wall:- inclement weather Control moisture, system Heat (like shell, envelope and Air flow skin(roof, exterior walls, - Dampen noise windows, doors) Provide security, privacy • Door • Window • Interior walls • water supply • Mechnical • sewage disposal • heating , ventilating, air-conditioning systems • electrical system(power, lighting, (provide essential security) services) • vertical transportation • fire-fighting system • waste disposal + recycling systems
• Enclosure
Compatilblity, integration and safety Fire resistance precention ,safety Desirable thickness of construction assemblies Control of heat, air flow Water vapor Soil movement Noise reduction, sound isolation, privacy Resistance to corrosion and weathering Finish cleanliness maintenance requirements(easily replaced, repainted) safety in use
2.Aesthetic qualities Desired relationship Qualities of form, massing, color, pattern, texture and detail
Ching 2.04
3.Regulatory constraints Zoning ordinances+building codes 13 / 78
4.Economic considerations •
Initial cost of (budget)
material Transportation Equipment Labor costs
•
Life-cycle costs
Maintenance Operating Energy consumption Useful lifetime Demolition Replacemet costs Interest on invested money
5.Environmental impact Conservation of energy+rescources Energy efficiency of mechanical systems Use of resource-efficient+nontoxic materials Rescource consumption Protect nature Sustainable development Sustainable sites Water efficiency Energy& atmosphere Materials &resources Indoor environmental quality Innovation &design process
Environmentally sustainable design(ESD) constructions “decision on designing made will have an impact on the efficiency of a building” Buildings= human skins
work, play, live EFFICIENTLY+ COMFORTABLY Summer
EXAMPLE:
winter
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EMOBODIED ENERGY: the total energy(oil,water,power used during all stafes of material’s life)
LIFE CIRCLE:
mining
sourcing
recovery
Collection, sorting, recycling
DESIGN Is the heart of decision making.
use Consuming
manufacture
disturtion Delivery, selling
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RECYCLABILITY:
is potential for a product/material
to be re-used or transformed into a new product
Some may easily be recycled •
Some may depends on
Location Social education Practices
Structural Connections CARBON FOOTPRINT:
http://naturecritical.wordpress.com/2013/03/14/the -missing-rs-the-ideology-of-recycling-by-taryn-bernar d/
measure of the amount of green gases generated during the
fabrication, transportation and use of particular product. The volume of architectural material that can be produced in one tone of Co2 emission: More positve
Soft wood Clay
Glass recycled
Sandstone
Granite
Hardwood
Plywood
Glass
Vinyl
Concrete pre-cast Steel recycled
Linoleum
Rubber
ESD STRATEGIES: Local materials Material efficiency Thermal mass Night air purging Solar energy Wind energy Cross ventilation Smart sun design Insulation Water harvesting
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Structural connections Roller joints:
Pin joints:
Fixed joints:
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Balsa wood tower
Draft and design: We planned to build the balsa tower on the base of a square to ensure the stability, and going to build twosides individually, lying them on the ground, glue and tape the crosses strips on the load-bearing strips. After that, we then combine four sides of the tower.
Load-bearing strip
See from above
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Progressing:
Problems and what we learned: Problems: • we find it is very hard to join the strip in very accurately measurement. So the foce of the load could not transfer very stably. • Four sides are too much work in a limited time thought we had more material. So we changed to make the tower base on an equilateral triangle, since triangle is also a very stable shape. • However, the bad connection of the joins + too thin strips & too much distance between two joints without any stronger support = failure
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•
From our working and other groups’, we can see the middle part of the strip is under more stress performing as banding. The efficient way for us to build a good high and stable balsa tower is to shorten the distance of the middle part and give it more support such as using more thick strips. More accurate measurement and a better constructing skill are also required/need to develop/improve.
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Week3 Footing and Foundation STRUCTURAL CONCEPTS& SYSTEMS STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS GEOMETRY & EQUILIBRIUM
CONSTRUCTION SYSTEMS& PROCESSES FOOTINGS AND FOUNDATIONS FOUNDATION
MATERIALS MASS MASONRY BRICKS BLOCKS STONE
REPORT
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STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS Tie: •
Carry load parallel to its long axis.
•
tension
Strut: •
•
Structural elements
Design to carry load parallel to its long axis. The load produces compression.
•
Loads carried
• •
Material used The form& shape chosen
Panels: Carry vertical or horizontal load
to
be
Beam: Carry vertical load using its bending resistance.
Slab/Plate: Wide horizontal element designed to carry vertical load in bending usually supported by beams.
GEOMETRY & EQUILIBRIUM EQUILIBRIUM - State of balance/ rest resulting from the equal action of opposing forces.
Centre mass
of
Centre Gravity
of
-the point which an object is balanced. -where the entire weight of the object is concentrated. -location
depends
object’s geometry
on
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FOOTINGS AND FOUNDATIONS To ensure settlement occurs evenly and
Foundations
the BEARING CAPACITY of the soil is not
exceeded.
-
Substructure of the building
-
Transfer all loads ton the building to the ground
-
Must also resist the
force of the soil pressing
Settlement: Over time, buildings compress the earth beneath them and the buildings tend to sink a little into the earth.
against the foundation or retaining walls.
Types: Shallow foundations: -used where soil condition are stable -where the required soil bearing capacity is adequate closed to the surface of the ground -load is transferred vertically from the foundation to the ground.
Deep foundations:
-soil condition are unstable -soil bearing capacity is inadequate -load is transferred from the foundations, through the unsuitable soil and down to levels where bed rock, stiff clay, dense san/ gravel is located.
Pad footings: help to spread a point load over a wider area of ground.
Strip footings: used when loads from a wall or a series of columns is spread in a linear manner.
Raft foundation: Provides increased stability by joining the individual strips together as a single mat.
Ching 3.05
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MATERIALS
MODULAR
NON-MODULAR
• clay brick • mud brick • concrete block • ashlar stone
• concrete • rammed earth • monolithic stone(columns& beams)
MASS STRONG IN COMPRESSON WEAK IN TENSION
STONE
EARTH
• HARD
• COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH
• slabs • ashlar blocks • rubble stone
• mud bricks
CLAY • GOOD THERMAL MASS • bricks • honeycomb blocks
CONCRETE • DURABLE
• blocks • commons
MASONRY The units together act as a monolithic whole.
• •
Bricks Blocks
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Bricks
Uses: Walls,arches,paving
Blocks -cement, sand ,gravel and water through mixing, moulding, curing. -hollow or solid Load bearing or non-load bearing
Uses: -walls & load bearing+non-bearing walls -strengthened with steel reinforcing bars and then filed with grout
Clay bricks VS Concrete blocks expand Absorb moisture
Movement joints required
Shrinks over time Cement paste reduce in volume as it hydrates and drying shrinkage occurs as water is lost to the atmosphere. Movement joints required
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Stone Sedimentary i.e.: Limestone sandstone
Igneous i.e.: Basalt, Bluestone
Very dense Very dark Very hard
Softer, damaged by wind and water Easily be shaped
Metamorphic i.e.: Marble Slate
Formed when structure of igneous or sedimentary stone changes subjected to pressure, high temperature or chemical processes.
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Report Car park This car park is a surface structure and it is right below South Lawn. Every column is constructed below where the tree located. So the pattern of the columns and trees are very similar. The way to protect the root of the tree is to put in concrete pattern first (such like a drawn tunnel) with reinforced steel inside since concrete is not good at expansion.
Art west
Triangle truss constructed with glass, concrete steel and Timber. It is fixed joint. The load of the truss is transferred to the ground by the connection to the wall and the support of the rock.
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It looks like the beam support the truss, but actually it is the rocks support the truss, the beams lie on the truss.
Union House
This stair is a steel construction. The cables are connected to the stairs in pin joints, however, not every cable are tight as they look like. Some are in tension, some are fade. The cable is use to prevent the stair from swage and movement. There is a discussion of whether the stair is hold by the cable with two beams above (load transfer to the ground by through the wall) or support by the columns under the stairs.
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Union House South Lawn
It is a membrane structural stand with steel cable, preventing it from up lifting due to wind force. The cables are both in tension and compression (pushing and pulling). The hole is for the drain system, and also for collecting light. The central gravity is out of the structure itself.
Swimming pool This building is built in brick, white-painted steel, glass, concrete, and aluminum. Aluminum is used to prevent water comes out because brick is permeable. Brick is still suitable to use for constructing a wall for swimming pool because it has medium to low porosity, it only soaked if placed prolonged contact with water.
Window itself supporting and carrying it own load as enclosure system.
Brick wall is not carrying any other loads. The gap between the bricks is prepared for wetness get escape.
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Oval pavilion It is an old pavilion built in 1860s. The new pavilion would be a combination of new and old. Therefore pad footing is used to not influence the original footing system. The main material used for the new structure will be timber. Water prove blue paper used to prevent water get into the building. Outside is brick, then it is the blue paper, then it is timber frame.
Old geology south
steel framing
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Asian Myer center
Fixed joints Gravity out of the structure itself Timber : ceiling Roof Floor Wall There is a lecture theater under the contracture. The footing has to compromise this problem.
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Glass building between 757 Swanston and ERC
Standing on an slope. Angle of the building will have influence on neighbor building. Cast-in-place concrete wall
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Week 4 Floor Systems and Horizontal Elements
Detailing strategies1
Structural Concepts& systems -Arches -domes - shells
Construction Systems& processes
Materials
-Moisture&
-plastics
-Thermal
-paints
-Rubber
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SPAN AND SPACING
Span
Distance between structural supports
two
Spacing
Repeating distance between a series of like or similar elements Measured centre-line to centre-line
SPACING of the supporting elements depends o the SPANNING capabilities of the supported elements. FLOOR SYSTEM 34 / 78
Consideration: Function building Efficiency costs
of
Floor system
Concrete System
Timber systems
One way or two ways slab
steel systems
Traditional TIMBER FLOOR FRAMING system use a combination of BEARERS (primary beams) and JOISTS (secondary beams).
Structural steel member Or light gauge steel framing
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CONCRETE
REINFORCEMENT: CONCRETE STRONG IN COMPRESSION WEAK IN TENSION components:
STEEL STRONG IN TENSION(MESH or BARS)
cement, fine aggregates, coarse aggregates water
finishes sand-blasted ex[psed aggregate
pro-cast concrete
Fabricated
in
concrete
raked finish bush hammered. board-marked
controlled
environment and transported to site
Improve work efficiency
More standardized
Uses:
cast concrete in situ
Retaining walls, walls, columns.
STEEL BARS MAY NOT BE PROTECTED FROM MOISTURE AND OXIDATION 2.POR VIBRATION DURING POURING PROCESS
advantages:
Limit time
fluid+shapeless
Uses:
formowrk
Footings, retaining walls bespoke
(Clare Greater
aesthetic
outcome
structural
elements.
Newton2014)
vibration,
curing
1. PERMEABLE
2.control joints
reinforcement,
pouring,
CONSIDERATION:
1.Construction joints
Placing
Size and transformation
Can
be
sprayed
(basement,
swimming
pool)
1.Construction joints 2.control joints
Both
potential
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Water
and
moisture control
REPORT PS: ABSEN OF THIS TUTORIAL BEACAUS OF HEALTH EXAMNITION FOR STUDENT VISA. THIS WORK BELOW IS CREDIT TO ACHINI.
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Week 5 Columns, Grids and wall systems Short and long columns Short column: Short and thick -failure by crushing
Long column: Long and slender -failure by buckling
Reduce slenderness ratio: -Shorten the effective length -maximize the radius of its cross section
Ching 2.13
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Frames Frames not capable unless braced
Threehinged frame
Fixed frame Hinged frame
plane
two columns
beam
loadbearing wall
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Wall system
Concrete
Wall system
structural frames
stud walls
Steel frames
load bearing wall
Timber frames
Light gauge steel framing Timber framing
Concrete Masonry Damp roof Weep holes in the wall
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Timber
consideration
propority -greatly differ depending on type
-exposure to hazard
-high flexbility and medium palsticity
-strength grade
-size -moisture content
-poor to electricity and heat
-species of wood
-environmental sustability
-treatment
cost effective
- availability
Timber
wood ---------timber
seasoninf cdrying:
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Report : Pavilion house model making:
Our section has multiple levels, however we choose to use a cardboard as a base which is not a smart decision. And we hesitate whether to make substructure first or sub flooring system first. That the main reason that slows us down. And also we were too unfamiliar with the construction plan drawing to get the idea in head. What we have made is a small part of substructure with retaining wall, and a few columns. Compare to other groups’ works:
they are more focusing on one element and prepared well before the class. I realized that the material you chose to make model is really important to improve quality and efficiency, let alone build houses in the real life.
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Week 6 Spanning & Enclosing Space Roofing system
Roofing system funtion compatible with type: -shed rainwater melting snow----drainage system
construction of roof: -span across space forms& structure:
carry own weight and snow +water
-flat -pitched -gabled
influence
Interior spaces(ceiling)
All illustration from Ching 6.02
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Metal
types:
•ferrous(iron) •non-ferrous •Alloys(two or more)
Metal Properities
•plastic when heated •varied hardness •high density •good conducitivity •high recyclability •cost effecitve
•react with other metals considerations•water related damage •reduce corrorion(avoid ,seal, chemical)
Clare Newton (2014)
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Spanning spaces
Materials and technology pushes the revolution
stone corbel
arch(brick and stone
Vault(linar arch)
space holds columns and walls
Mile Lewis (2014)
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Report Royal Melbourne YACHT CLUB -Remove regional foundation away from water -precast panel -suspended concrete slab and beam flooring -laminated timer -Lateral beam of roof -Degree of roof is about 4 -Concrete piles -Fixed joints, no need for movement Improvement on my own assignment: Need more detailed information Draw more diagrams related to structural concept and construction system Summary and organize the information we learned in the site link back to what we have learned.
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Week 7 detailing strategies1
Detailing strategies1
Structural Concepts& systems -Arches -domes - shells
Construction Systems& processes
Materials
-Moisture&
-plastics
-Thermal
-paints
-Rubber
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Arches, domes& shells
Rotated arch
Domes
Arches
Support vertical load primarily by axial compression.(inclining components-----abutm
Circumferential forces are developed so that the compression is near the crown and tension in the lower portion
ents)
cut through the surface(compressive))
Masonry
upper zone, tensile in
Both use rigid materials
lower zone(transits at
or brick)
45degree-60 degree))
Rigid arches(curved rigid timber, steel ,
Tension ring (base of the dome)
reinforced concrete)
Hoop forces(compressive in
Ching2.26
wedge-shaped stone
Meridional forces (vertically along section
arches(individual
Ching2.25
Extend----vaults
Continuous rigid material/short linear
Shell Thin, curved plate (reinforced concrete)
Acting on surfaces(membrane stresses)
Little bending resistance, unsuitable for concentrated loads
Types: Barrel shells Hyperbolic paraboloid Saddle surfaces One-sheet hyperboloid
Forces in Domes also Acting on surface, but required more dimensional forces acting to comprise tensile forces and compressive forces in different position.
Shell structure looks similar as vaults in arch structure. However, arch structure can uses stone, brick rather than only reinforced concrete. And arch tructuer are designed to support a vertical load by axial compression, while shell structures are shaped to transmit applied forced by membrane stresses.
elements
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Rubber
PLASTIC
Source:
Natural Rubber(Rubber tree)
Damage due to
Synthetic Rubber
weather(sunlight
(laboratory
exposure)
Properties: •
Consideration:
harder: resist abrasion
•
softer: better seals
•
highly flexible
•
water proved
•
port conducted
•
durable
•
recyclable
•
renewable
•
cost effective
Natural: -seals -gaskets &control joints -flooring -insulation -horsing& piping Synthetic: -EPDM -NEOPRENE -SILICONE
Thermoplastic (malleable when heated, recyclable), thermosetting plastic(can only be moulded once) Won’t shatter or break, ductile, flexible, many are water proof, lightweight, good insulator. Plastic can degrade when exposed (sunlight), avoid exposure.
Paints:
oil based& water-based. Water-based safer. Water-based latex more flexible than oil-base.
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Moisture& Thermal protection
CONDUCTION: -thermal insulation -thermal break(for highly conducted materials) -double glazing
DETAILING FOR HEAT
HEAT GAIN AND LOSS: -conducted through building envelopes -radiant heat sources -thermal mass regulate flow of heat effective control of heat gain and loss, save energy, save money, and increase comforts
RADIANT HEAT: -reflective surface -shading systems
THERMAL MASS: -absorb and store heat -heat released when surrounding temperature drops -suitable for large temperature difference between day and night -masonry/concrete/water bodies
REMOVE OPENINGS -openings:
planned(doors,
windows)&unplanned(poor construction, deterioration of material) -seal openings:
KEEP WATER AWAY
Sealants(silicone)
-gutters collect water
Gasket(preformed
-downpipes discharge water -overlapping cladding (weatherboards and roof tiles) -sloping sills for doors and windows
AIR LEAKAGE: -reflective foil sarking - weather stripping
DETAILING FOR MOISTURE -tanking: water proof membrane made of rubber-like material applied around the construction -doubled-skinned walls: brick veneer -eaves: drain water down though pipes protect some wall surfaces
shapes
made of rubber) *both subject to deterioration by weathering
-flashing for roof and wall -sloping ground at the base of buildings
NEUTRALISE FORCE GRAVITY
WATER PENETRATION (when all conditions are present): -an opening -water present at the opening -a force to move water though the opening(remove one of the conditions, water doesn’t penetrate)
-slopes&overelaps carry away water SURFACE TENSION AND CAPILLARY ACTION -drip& break top water surface tension and the capillary action MOMENTUM Gaps constructed in more complex labyrinth shapes to prevent windblown rain, moisture, and snow entering the gaps. NEUTRALISE PRESSURE
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Week8 Strategies for Opening
Strategies For Opening
Structural Concepts& systems -moment of inertia
Construction Systems& processes openings -doors
Materials -Glass
-windows
The sum of the products of each element of an area and the square of its distance from a coplanar axis of rotation.
Doors -entrance -boundary between interior and exterior Structure: -door frame -door leaf Materials: -timber doors& frames -aluminum doors& frames -steel doors& frames
Windows: Materials: -timber, aluminum & steel Curtain walls: -window hung off concrete structure as the exterior wall system - loads should be carried around rather than through the windows.
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Glass
USES -double& triple glazing insulate heat
COMPONENTS -formers: basic ingredient to form a glass -fluxes: help to melt formers at lower temperature -stabilizers: keep he finished glass from dissolving or crumbling
Glass
HISTORY blown glass>sheet glass>lead crystal>plate glass> lamination> float glass
TYPES Flat glass Shaped glass Float glass -clear float glass -laminated glass -tempered glass -tinted glass - wired glass -patterned glass -curved glass -glass fibers
PROPERTIES -water proof Transmit heat and light, but not electricity -fragile on edges, brittle Low ductility, highly flexible and plastic when melted -highly reusable -high embodies energy -expensive to produce and transport
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Studio activity This week’s studio we learned how to draw a 1:5 detail of the oval pavilion to 1:1 size. This is the drawing of my section.
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Week 9 Detail strategies
Detail strategies
Structural Concepts& systems
Construction Systems& processes
-MOVEMENT JOINTS
-CONSTRUCTION DETAILING
-JOINTS& CONNECTIONS
MOVEMENT JOINTS -EXPANSION JOINTS -CONTROL JOINTS -ISOLATION JOINTS -SEALANTS
Materials -COMPOSITE MATERIALS
MOVEMENT: HEALTH& SAFETY: AGING: CONSTRUCTABILITY: REPAIRABLE SURFACES& RESISTENCE TO DAMAGE:
-two or more materials combined -individually distinguishable -remain banded together -retain individual identities and properties -provide specific characteristics -4 Main types: - Fibrous reinforced fibre cement fiberglass fibre reinforced polymers - Laminar Aluminum sheet composite - Particulate Gravel and resins - Hybrid timber
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JOINTS& CONNECTIONS -
How forces are transferred through structural elements depend greatly on the types of joints and connections used. 3 ways of Joints: Butt joints
Interlocking or overlapping joints
Molded or shaped joints
Connectors: Point connector:
Linear connector:
Surface connector:
Bolted connections
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Precast concrete connections
Welded steel connections
Reinforced concrete
Joints: Pin joint Allow rotation, resist translation in any direction.
Fixed joints Resist rotation and translation in any direction
Roller joints Allow rotation but resist translation in a direction perpendicular into /away from their faces.
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HEALTH& SAFETY: -balustrade beside stairs -fire isolation -disability access
MOVEMENT: -compresses/ as installed/ elongated movements of structure
AGING: -harsh environments -surface aged quickly -copper improved appearance as ageing
• CONSTRUCTION DETAILING
CONSTRUCTABILITY: REPAIRABLE SURFACES& RESISTENCE TO DAMAGE:
-plasterboard: • • •
Repaintable, repairable easily Skirting at bottom to prevent from damage Coved skirting avoid contraction of dirt
-accessibility of materials & services -detailing to suit construction expertise -good connection -tolerance
• Corner protected by metal -kitchen cupboard, furniture: • Hide dirt and waste • Clean surface -cleanable surfaces: • Curved element to avoid contraction of dirt • •
Easily cleaned surface Solid, shiny materials in bathroom to cope with wet
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Week 10 when things go wrong
Detail strategies
Structural Concepts& systems LATERAL SUPPORTS DYNAMIC LOADS
Construction Systems& processes COLLAPSES&FAILURES
Materials HEROS&CULPRITS BUILDING MATERIALS A TALE OF CORROSION
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DYNAMIC LOADS+ LATERAL SUPPORTS
DYNAMIC LOADS applied suddently to a structure, often with rapid changes in magnitude and points of application
Ching 2.09
wind loads • exerted by the knetic energy of a moving mass of air, • horizontal direction • resist wind-induced sliding, uplift, or overturning • Act on the surface, minium value at the base and a maximum value at the highest elevation
Ching2.10
Resist systems:
earthquake loads • consists of a series of longitudinal and transverse vibrationin duduced in the earth's crust • act at the base of a building, can abruptly reverse direction • base shear
1.Bracing: Diaphragm 2.Shear walls
Braced frames
clare
newton
rigid material that resist lateral loads in the vertical plane horizontal force to foundation
（2014） • truss structures 3.Moment joining • diagonal paths for moving the lateral loads through the structure in the vertical planes. • Most commonly is x bracing and k- bracing.
Lateral forces are resisted by the rotation of the beam and column joints as well as the bending action of the beams and columns.
Clare Newton （2014） constructed with rigidity connected joints continuous interface between the horizontal and vertical elements and make the frame rigid enough to act as a monolithic unit under the impact of lateral loads
Ching 2.10
Two general configurations: Regular: Provide direct path for load transfer and have a symmetrical geometry in plan and section, a low height to bse ratio, short spans, and a lack of mass concentration in any particular location. Irregular: With irregular plans or sections, non-symmetrical(对称的) overall form, changing load paths and other geometrical inconsistencies. Regular configuration performs better than irregular, more substantially in earthquake.
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COLLAPSES&FAILURES+ HEROS&CULPRITS
suitabliity of material for the application: long term performace Maintenance
• -exposure • -compatibility • -strength and deflection
• corrison
Construction&detailing • Glue failures
Energy use and embodied energy • Climate change, green house effect, global warming • Wasteful • Pollution form energy production
Minimize
material selection
Health and IEQ • Reduced life span • Asthma /bronchitis Nausea • Headaches • Sick days • Comfort
embodied
energy Optimize lighting Optimize appliances Waste/recycling/recycled • Buy, replace dispose---------money! • Limited rescourse
Pollution life cycle
Reduce
VOCs(
paints/sealers
/adhesives /particleboard /carpets Reduce
particles/dust
（minimize horizontal shelves/ floor • Smog • Ozone layer depletion • Acid rain • Toxicity • Radio activity • Eutrification and nitrification和 • Dioxins
coverings/ loose fiber products） Green
practices(vacuuming /chemicals) Renewable/abundant resources（things that grow. 7 years to take grow for bamboo, however, a tree take 100 years）
Minimize waste Natural and organic
cleaning
(agricultural products/earth/timber) Timber(recycled/plantation/RFA) Waste (reduce/recycle Minimize use of composites)
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HEROS&CULPRITS Health and IEQ villains
heroes
timbers
Carpet made of grass
Tighlying?
Recycled fabric
bamboo
Recycled timber
stones
Recycled carpet
Energy use and embodied energy Aluminum solid energy
Australian made
Light globs
timber
Down lights heat go to ceiling and house (5%light95%heat)
Diode light(1% go to heat 99%light) Last 5 times time
Pollution life cycle PVC
Non PVC cable
Cigarette smoke
Wool fabrics
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BUILDING MATERIALS
elasticity ability to deform under stress(bend, stretch, compress) •able to reture when the stress is removed.
Effective!!
stiffness
strength
•measure of the force required to push or pull a material to its elastic limit. •along with the stiffness of its cross-section shape. •important factors------------span and deflection under loading
•the ability of material that undergo plastic deformation before actually breaking
Functional
materials
Aesthetic aspects
Ching 12.02 resistance
to water and water vapor
Ching 12.02
Economic Environmental consequences
Ching 12.02
Color, texture, and scale, shapes and sizes
Life-cycle inventory
thermal conductivity (important for exterior envelope of a building)
Ching 12.02
Input • Raw materials • Energy • water
Transmission,reflection, or absorption of visible light and radiant heat(surface of room)
Ching 12.02
Resist combustion, withstand exposure to fire, no smoke and toxic gases(structural member or an interior finish.)
Acquisition of Raw Materials
Disposal,R ecycling, and Reuse
Output • Waterborne effluents • Atmospheric emissions • Solid wastes • Other environmental releases
Processi ng,manufa cuturing, and packaging
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Transporta tion and Distributio n
A TALE OF CORROSION copper skin+iron skeleton
PROBLEM? Shellac-impregnated cloth became porous and actually help the water get in to the joint between the two different metals.
work not well rap iron armture bar by shellacimpregnated cloth.
copper+ stainless steel
Galvanic corrosion& iron corrosion
Connection system started to fail as the buildup of corrosion products expanded and pulled the rivets away from the coppers kin. Solution:
ongoing inspections and maintenance
Remove iron armature, replaced with Teflon-coated stainless steels. Considerations: Benefit: Teflon material wouldn’t hold water against copper skin. However, still have possibility to have galvanic corrosion happening.
Cast iron is more prone to corrosion than stainless steels
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Detailing volume 3D drawing of the detail section:
DETAIL:
Acoustic insulation (roof)
thermal insulation (roof)
Timber wall lining
A long strip of foam rod is inserted into the small gap between the glass and ,so it occupies most of the depth of the gap. Therefore, the sealant does not need to be poured in as deep.
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IN SITU:
The really length from the top of aluminium fascia to the bottom of external timber lining is less than 80cm. Then we know there might be some difference between the plan and the real situ due to some constructional consideration in the real environment and conditions.
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APPENDIX1 WORK SHOP REPORT OUR STRUCTURE design:
We had no time to chop them off. And have no influence
When the load acts on the beam, the centre part of the beam will have strongest affect. There will be compression on the top and tension at the bottom. Pinewood is strong in compression. So we use it on the top. Plywood is good in tension. So we “stick” two pieces to connect the centre part of the beam to increase the ability of expansion.
Plywood is good in tension. So use it to “stick ” two thick pinewood
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Performance:
Greater than 1 meter in length, and shorter than 0.5 in height
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Start to deform when the load increased to 247kg
Still bending but haven’t crack yet. Herd the nail sound of nail cracks out from the pinewood.
The maximum load the structure can withstand is bit greater than that but close. Around 370to 350kg.
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Analysis:
The pinewood at the bottom starts to break first.
The nail is simply pumped into the wood. Now it came off.
The main reason that will break is because the force in the middle of the beam is neutral, therefore the point structural failure in the centre. And we just simply stamped in two nail in diagonal to connect the plywood to the pinewood to save time, therefore it is not secure enough. And the tiny cracks we made when we hitting the nails may leads to bigger cracks when the vertical load is added on.
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APPENDIX2 Glossary: Week 1 Force “produces a change in the shape or movement of a body.” (Ching, 2008, P2.11) Tension force “When an external load pulls on a structural member, the particles composing the material move apart and undergo tension.” https://app.lms.unimelb.edu.au/bbcswebdav/courses/ENVS10003_2014_SM1/WEE K%2001/Basic%20Structural%20Forces%201.pdf Compression “When an external load pushes on a structural member, the particles of the material compact together.” Load applies force on a structure. (Ching, 2008, P2.08) Load path the way load transfers downward to the ground. Reaction force “for every force acting on a body, the body exerts a force having equal magnitude and the opposite direction along the same line of action as the original force.” (Ching, 2008, P2.12) Masonry building with units of various natural or manufactured products, usually with the use of mortar as a bonding agent. (Ching, 2008, P12.06) Point load “acts on a very small area or particular point of asupporting structural elements, as when a beam bears on a post or a column bears on its footing.”(Ching, 2008, P2.12) Beam “Rigid structural member designed to carry and transfer transverse loads across space to supporting elements.” (Ching, 2008, P2.14) Week 2 Structural system “is designed and constructed to support and transmit applied gravity and lateral loads safely to the ground without exceeding the allowable stresses in its members.” (Ching, 2008, P2.03) Construction system interrelated parts forming a building including structural system, enclosure system and mechanical system. (Ching, 2008, P2.02) Construction system 72 / 78
interrelated parts forming a building including structural system, enclosure system and mechanical system. (Ching, 2008) Embodied energy total energy (oil, water, power) used during all stage of a material’s life. Life cycle Stages: raw material acquisition → primary processing and refining → manufacturing → delivery → construction use and maintenance → final disposal Recyclability potential for a product/material to be re-used or transferred into a new product. (Ching, 2008) Carbon footprint “a measure of the amount of greenhouse gases generated during the fabrication, transportation and use of a particular product.” (Ching, 2008) Structural joints allow force to be transferred from one structural element to the next. (Ching, 2008, P2.30) Roller joint “allow rotation but resist translation in a direction perpendicular into away from their faces.” (Ching, 2008, P2.30) Roller joint “allow rotation but resist translation in a direction perpendicular into away from their faces.” (Ching, 2008) Pin joint “allows rotation but resist translation in any direction.” (Ching, 2008) Fix joint “restrains rotation and translation in any direction, and provide both force and moment resistance.” (Ching, 2008) Frame “the assembly when the joints connecting the columns and beam are capable of resisting both forces and moments.” (Ching, 2008) Column “rigid, relatively slender structural member designed primarily to support axial compressive loads applied to the ends of the members.” (Ching, 2008) Bracing The elements used to stabilize the structure. Stability Potential to resist the change of shape and angular relationship in a structure. Week 3 Structural element “based on the loads to be carried, the material used and the form and shape chosen for the elements.” (Ching, 2008) Strut 73 / 78
“a slender element designed to carry load parallel to its long axis. The load produces compression.”(column) (Ching, 2008) Tie “a slender element designed to carry load parallel to its long axis. The load produces tension.” (tie) (Ching, 2008) Beam “Rigid structural member designed to carry and transfer transverse loads across space to supporting elements.” (Ching, 2008) Slab/plate “a wide horizontal element designed to carry vertical load in bending usually supported by beams.” (Ching, 2008) Panel “any of the spaces within the web of a truss between any tweo panel points on a chord and a corresponding point or pair of joints on an opposite chord.” (Ching, 2008) Foundation “the lowest division of a building constructed partly or wholly below the surface of the ground to support and anchor the superstructure above and transmit its loads safely into the earth.”(Ching, 2008) Settlement “the gradual subsiding of a structure as the soil beneath its foundation consolidates under loading.” (Ching, 2008) Shallow footing “is employed when stable soil of adequate bearing capacity occurs relatively near to the ground surface.” (Ching, 2008) Deep foundation “is employed when the soil underlying a foundation is unstable or of inadequate bearing capacity. (Ching, 2008) Retaining walls and foundation walls “provide support for the superstructure above and enclose a basement or crawl space partly or wholly below grade.” (Ching, 2008) Masonry building with units of various natural or manufactured products, usually with the use of mortar as a bonding agent. (Ching, 2008) Centre of mass the point about which an object is balanced, can also be thought of as the point where the entire weight of the object is concentrated. Equilibrium “a state of balance or rest resulting from the equal action of opposing forces.” (Ching, 2008) Free body diagrams “a graphic representation of the complete system of applied and reactive forces acting on a body oran isolated part of a structure.” (Ching, 2008) Moment of forces: 74 / 78
“the tendency of a force to produce rotation of a body about a point or line, equal in magnitude to the product of the force and the moment arm and acting in a clockwise or counterclockwise direction.” (Ching, 2008) Substructure: “the underlying structure forming the foundation of a building.” (Ching, 2008) Week 4 Span “the distance measured between two structural supports.” (Ching, 2008) Spacing “the repeating distance between a series of like or similar elements.” (Ching, 2008) Girder a main support in a structure. Steel decking “ corrugated to increase its stiffness and spanning capability.” (Ching, 008) Concrete plank “ flooring boards that are wider than 85. End- and side-matched boards are blind-nailed. The boards may also be face-nailed or screwed and then plugged.” (Ching, 2008) Week 5 Stud joins different elements together like nail. Axial load the loads transferred in perpendicular directions. Nogging brick wall. Buckling similar with deflection Lintel “supports the load above a door or windowopening and allow the compressive stresses to flowaround opening to adjacent sections of the wall.”(Ching, 2008) Seasoned timber timber experienced seasoning (drying) process moving moisture. Week 6 Rafter one of several parallel sloping beams that support a roof. Eave extended rafter. Purlin any longitudinal, horizontal, structural member in a roof. Cantilever 75 / 78
“a projecting beam or other rigid structural member supported at only on fixed end.” (Ching, 2008) Soffit the underside of a part of a building Portal frame frame used to form door. Top chord “the upper members of a truss extending from end to end and connected by web members.” (Ching, 2008) Week 7 Down pipe connects the gutter by leader to allow the drainage flow downward. Flashing “thin continuous pieces of sheet metal or other impervious material installed to prevent the passage of water into a structure from and angle or joint.” (Ching, 2008) Gutter “along the eave to prevent ground erosion.” (Ching, 2008) Insulation “control the flow or transfer of heat through the exterior assemblies of a building and thereby prevent excessive heat loss in cold seasons and heat gain in hot weather.” (Ching, 2008) Sealant “provide an effective seal against the passage of water and air.” (Ching, 2008) Week8 Window sash “the fixed or movable framework of a window in which panes of glass are set.” (Ching, 2008) Deflection “The perpendicular distance a spanning memberdeviated from a true course under transverse loading, increasing with load and span, and decreasing with an increase in the moment of inertia of the section or the modulus of elasticity of the material.” (Ching, 2008) Moment of inertia “sum of the products of each element of an area and the square of distance from a coplanar axis of rotation. It is a geometric property that indicates how the cross-sectional area of a structural member is distributed and does not reflect the intrinsic physical properties of a material.” (Ching, 2008) Shear force The interaction force by two opposite and equal forces closed to each other (but not 0) acting on an object. Week 9 76 / 78
Sandwich panel a type of flat panel that consists of two thin aluminum sheets bonded to a non-aluminum core, frequently used for external cladding of buildings (building facades), for insulation and for signage. Composite beam the beam combined by two or more types of materials. Bending “the result of a combination of compressive and tension stresses developed at a cross section of a structural member to resist a transverse force, having a maximum value at the surface furthest from the neutral axis.” (Ching, 2008) Skirting attaches on the bottom of a wall to prevent damage and moisture. Cornice “a molded projection that crowns a wall divides it horizontally for compositional purpose.” (Ching, 2008) Week 10 Shear wall “a wood, concrete, or masonry wall capable of resisting changes in angular relationships.” (Ching, 2008) Defect the weak point in a structure. Soft storey Soft bottom structure in a building to avoid seismic force. Fascia outdoor flashing. Braced frame “a timber or steel frame braced with diagonal members.” (Ching, 2008) Corrosion oxidation of metals and reduce the physical properties. IEQ Internal environmental quality.
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Reference list: Ching, F.D.k.(2008). Building construction illustrated(4th ed.). New Jersey: John Wiley & Son, Inc.
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