Edinburgh
london
jerusalem, israel
paris
san francisco
yellow stone salt lake city moab
new york
niagara syracuse
chicago
providence
venice
dalian
philadelphia
pittsburg
page
D.C.
las vegas
luzern
boston
ithaca
los angeles
tokyo
florence rome
san diego
xiangxi
beijing fukui, Takayama osaka, kyoto
HANGZHOU, SUZHOU
mexico city
xiamen
doha, qatar
lima
shanghai
cuzco
puno areguipa
harare, zimbabwe
chenlu live visit studio
Edinburgh
london
jerusalem, israel
paris
san francisco
yellow stone salt lake city moab
new york
niagara syracuse
chicago
providence
venice
dalian
philadelphia
pittsburg
page
D.C.
las vegas
luzern
boston
ithaca
los angeles
tokyo
florence rome
san diego
xiangxi
beijing fukui, Takayama osaka, kyoto
HANGZHOU, SUZHOU
mexico city
xiamen
doha, qatar
lima
shanghai
cuzco
puno areguipa
harare, zimbabwe
shanghai
the bund
pudong promenade
elementary school
My home^ ^
20 m in shixi high school
10 min
puli hotel???
dad mom
mom
dad
trace paper is so fun!!!...
maybe more colors!!!~~~
mom: what is it darling?
chenlu: &*^*(()&%)%$....
2007-2011 tongji:
Wenyuan: first bauhaus building in china
2007-2009: architecture... p. 19 THE PROCESS
THE BRACKET SET
a stick
saw it into small sticks
cut the groove
make the entasis
make onebracketarm
make one bracket set
Modeling of Liao-dynasty structure in DULE temple in TianJin ,China. With the group of 9 people: DAI Zhewen, ZHOU Jie, MA Ruiyang, LI Ying, WANG Jia, WANG Meilin, TU Xueying, SU Ruohan, ZHANG Yuewen I was responsible for one part of the structure with the partener: WANG Meilin. 04/2007----05/2007 OUR PART
MODELING
1:00~2:00 PM
1:00 PM
Cardboard House
form & structure design
material preparation
construction 3:30~4:30 PM
6300
09 FABRICATIVE EXPERIMENTATION
56
Day 4~9 The size of basic units is determined to adapt our material–– offcuts of the local package company. After cutting rabbets on the cardboards, we painted waterproof coating on them in case of rain.
Day 10 From 7 AM to 5 PM, we finished the cardboard assembly and the room was ready to use. We ate dinner, held party and then slept in it. The next day it was dismantled and transported to the recycle center.
Semester: Spring 2008 Instructor: Qi Guangping Type: academic team work Role: team leader structure & form design organization, construction
900
Day 1~3 After studying the nature of cardboard, we determined the basic structure of our house, and designed the form according to the structure as well as the demands for activities.
1:30~3:30 PM
Cardboard house is a team work for the fabrication festival, students are required to use cardboard to build a shelter in 10 hours.
x45
In this project, I designed the tower, arranged the division of work in an efficient way. Using 45 0.9-meter long papertubes, a 6.3-meter high tower is built within three hours. The tall height, stable structure and beautful apperance makes us the best team of the day.
I’m the leader of the 10-person group. I utilized the feature of cardboad––it can endure from the force paralleling its surface. Through assembling cardboard, multiribbed wall is created, which supports the whole house. Using this pattern, I can design the form of the house with few restrictions.
Papertube Tower 57
DESIGN EXPRESSION: PHOTO OF MODEL
PERSPECTIVE OF MODEL
F E AT U R E D P U B L I C S PA C E S
FOLDED-PLATE SQUARE
S I G H T O F T R A N S PA R E N C Y
The two main public open
The folded square vertically change
The open public space is connected
spaces are connected by a
as the ramp rise, together with the
to the outside environment by
slope walking system, providing
column forest, creating a shift space
walking path and sight corridor,
a continuous circulation through
of public walking and private stay.
allowing the conversation from
the architecture and landscape.
EN
AN
urban residence to urban greening.
URBA
N RES
B UR
IDEN
CE
PERSPECTIVE FROM URBAN CORNER 23
24
PLANS & FACADE: FUNCTION AND CIRCULATION
WEST FACADE
Facing the urban green space,the function on west facade is of enjoyable and quiet space for reading and relaxing.
GROUND FLOOR PLAN
FIRST FLOOR PLAN
SECOND FLOOR PLAN
F O L D E D - P L A T E S Q U A R E : By anaysing the path in the site, the paving materials is united by wood and grass, defining the walkway or the soft land, creating extensions with the interior. The ups and downs provide kids the place of running through.
F O R E S T O F C O L U M N S : Weight tolerance is the main factor of the non-foundational space. After 8m*8m precast concrete column network was built, vertical and leaned columns are used to form the transparency which stimulate the urban space.
R A M P W A Y W I T H T E R R A C E : The ramp travel through 3 stories as the main entrance from the outside and access to each layer. It combined with a foldedplate square and green slope to create a changable space.
1
NORTH FACADE Facing the busy urban roads, the function on north facade is of vigorous a c t i v i t i e s i n c o m m u n i t y.
er
MAIN PUBLIC CIRCULATION
ll
M A I N P U B L I C C I R C U L AT I O N
ga
s p a c e
ap
e
p u b l i c
y
2
o p e n
la
nd
sc
s p a c e ic
corridor connecting two roads linear square to the public entrance
bl
p a t h w a y
pu
f u n c t i o n a l p u b l i c
main public circulation pathway through inner garden MAIN PUBLIC CIRCULATION public gallery
business cemter
roof garden om
community activities r o o m
public lobby
bar re
st
cafe
ro
main private circulation
MAIN PRIVATE CIRCULATION
MAIN PRIVATE CIRCULATION g y m studio rest room
video room
public club
SOUTN FACADE public reading room
2
VIEW TO URBAN GREEN
1
VIEW TO URBAN CORNER
E GR
2009-2011: landscape PART3 GARDEN DESIGN
[SECTION FORMATION]
[RECONSTRUCTION MODEL] human element
main corridor space
[GARDEN SCENE]
[4 FORMATIONS OF ELEMENTS]
Accoring to the space analysis, 3 typical interactions are selected as the possible conversation incepted into the garden design, as the translation of the modernity language.
In traditional garden, the concrete formations are planting, rock, water and building which help shape spaces and ďŹ t in the type of absracted elements.
gallery, veranda, pavilion
main corridor of sight, where the public activities take place
The garden abstracts the original relationship between human and nature, by briefly shaping and combining the serial of building and the mountain. The main composition of elements (of functional space----mountain carving gallery and inserted half-mountain) serve as a metaphor of the sculpture from natural world, so as to build the conversation between human and nature.
[SECTION 1-1] small-scale, formular space for stay and rest
SECTION2-2
main space
main space
veranda for resting
[SECTION 2-2]
SECTION3-3
main space
small-scaled yard for private use
The owner of this garden is a master in art who lived one centry ago, enjoying the reputation both in literature and artistic field, especially known for his seal carving. Apart from the chaos outside, he lived a retired life from public with the pursuit of spirit and nature.
gallery with a skylight
BUILDING
creek, follow, pond
gallery for public activities
WATER
mountain, cave,rockery
creek in small scale
[SECTION 3-3]
ROCK
tall/small trees,thumbs
linear water corridor
1
PLANT
square pond
2
natural element
1
main body of mountain
2
[ C O N V E R S AT I O N B E T W E E N H U M A N A N D N AT U R E ]
PLAN
The 4 forms in the garden space shaped the space of sight, creating the continuous in-motion view of the walking line.
river element
mountain cave and stairs
3
RETROSPECTION HALL
embankment and rockery
ROOF PLAN
DISTANT VERANDA
trees,thumbs
3
SEAL PAVILION
tall trees
MOUNTAIN-CARVING GALLERY
hydrophytic
FLOATING BOAT
SECTION1-1
6
N
PART3 GARDEN DESIGN
There are two entrances lead to the major space of the garden,featuring diverse impact for people. The public and the private streamline cover the main linear corridor, while connecting the semi-open spaces.
[CROSS SECTION ] THROUGH MAIN SPACE [MOUNTIAN-CARVING GALLERY] Facing the continuous mountain, the gallery goes across the main space of nature part, is a linear space intened for public activities gathering. The sedantary posture and roof-overhang creates a landscape view representing equality and naturalism.
The main sight corridor goes through the cross section of garden(as the inposition view); the depth of sight changes by every step( as the in-motion view), features the three-dimensional space.
The whole space of garden is arranged by the function of usage, including sculpture(by public and private), resting, meeting and transitional space.
[TRANSITION OF THE MAIN SPACE] A mountain crushed into the serial of buildings, creating the purist conversation between nature and human. The size and the shape of the spaces are arranged with the functional and artistic idea. As the two sides interact, the regular spaces gradually change to irregular, posing a distant and semi-transparent view in the main space, proposing a obliquity relationship between public and private.
CROSS SECTION
[FLOATING BOAT] Hided inthe end of the corridor, the master's studio shared a combined view of both public (to the gallery and mountain) and private space (to an individual yard for his own use) through an incerted wall, in order to strike a transparency by balancing two spaces.
AERIAL VIEW OF DESIGN
8
PART2 LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION
[STEP1: SELECTION OF SITE SCENES]
SIGHTSEEING P A T H ?
residence
[STEP1: BOUNDARY T R A N S I T I O N ]
[STEP2: CONNETION BY CORRIDOR]
[LEVELS OF SOLUTIONS]
[ L E V E L S O F P L AT F O R M ] PLATFORM
grass ramp
hight control
water tower
landmark
container
sight control
FISHING ISLANDS
CONTAINER PAVILION IN LINEAR SQUARE SERVICE CENTER
FA S T PAT H ?
G R O U N D CIRCULATION
FIREPOOL CASCADE
[LEVELS OF GROUNDPATH] WATERFRONT PEDESTRIAN LINE
creativity industry
waterside square
waterfront path
parking lot
sub-entrance
entrance from road
main-entrance
UNDER-RAMP PATHWAY
G R E E N
VIE LAN W TO OF DMA TO WATE RK WE R R
[EXISTING PRBLEMS]
RAILTRACK PARKWAY
flood de fence
group greening
GREEEN]
waterside square
grass ramp
creativity industry
w e t l a n d
parking lot
pocket parks
urban use
linear green
W A T E R
CONTAINER BRIDGE S I T E BOUNDARY
CONTAINER PAVILION IN WETLAND
[ L E V E L S O F WAT E R S ]
residence S I T E BACKGROUND
bond old ferry
d e l t a
firepool container
cascade wetland
NT TO RO EW RF VI TE ER WA IN OF NTA CO
W A T E R DIVERSION?
GREEN NEEDS?
[LEVEL OF
group greening
ce fen de od o fl creativity industry
SITE PLAN 29
30
pedestrian ramp sinking walking board before cascade
tree matrix
ELEVATION
tea house
18.00M
parkway tree top
13.00M
pedestrian ramp top
7 . 0 0 M 6 . 0 0 M
pathway hight delta top
4 . 5 0 M 2 . 5 0 M
water level sinking walking board
terrance
terrance
terrance
under-ramp pathway
waterfront delta
pavilion
waterfront walking board
urban waters
L E V E L S
O F
P L A T F O R M
P E R S P E C T I V E S
fishing island
DENSITY OF A C T I V I T I E S
P A R K W A Y C O R R I D O R
low high SECTION 2-2
The parkway is the main path linking the entrance and waterfront, formed by the rising platform and urban linear parks.
PLATFROM VIEW
creative warehouse
entrance ramp
pocket park
under-ramp pathway
under-ramp pathway
linear plaza
tree matrix
creative warehouse SITE MEMORIES
ELEVATION
container old ferry
18.00M
parkway tree top
railroad track
16.00M
pocket park tree top
fire-pool
13.00M 8 . 0 0 M 7 . 0 0 M
pedestrian ramp top container tup pathway hight
3 . 0 0 M
pathway ground level
WAT E R F R O N T D E L T A S
PRESENT NEEDS SECTION 1-1
6M flood defence eco-balance community activities creativity industry
31
The folded platform enjoys a panaroma landscape view of both pocket p a r k s a n d cascades, linking the transitional spaces from urban to waterfront .
T h e w h o l e waterfront is a zigzag shape space interacts with extruded deltas and islands a space f o r p r i v a t e s t a y.
32
PART1 SITE SPATIAL PEDESTRIAN MAPPING
CENTRAL CBD AREA
MAIN START POINT IN CBD
MAIN DESTINATION OUT OF CBD
PEDESTRIAN DIST
24 HOUR PEDESTRIAN DENSITY 0
0.65km Ho n g q i a o
LOCAL RESIDENCE
Pa rk
0.27km 0.56km
Hongqiao Central Garden
Embassy area
0.49km 0.43km
CENTRAL CBD AREA
CBD pedestrian way
Ya n h o n g G r e e n l a n d
0.42km 0.75km
R
IA
N
HONGQIAO CENTRAL GARDEN
H o n g q i a o Commercial Center
T S E
0.44km
WORKING PROCESS
Underground station
P
D
HONGQIAO COMMERCIAL CENTER
pedestrian circlulation a b s t r a c t i o n
TR A FF
1.00km
IC
Hongqiao Commercial Center as the first CBD in Shanghai, was shaped in 1980s', now facing the problem of regeneration according to the nearby neibourhood and regional development. The car orientaled traffic system, greening fragment and high density of building brought about the inconvenience for urban pedestrian when go in and out the CBD area. The design intend to build the eco urban walking system by present eco-analysis and solution of regional recyling.
1.26km 1.07km
N
C
U
B
O
D
R
M
G
A
AREA
D
IN
B
EMBASSY
1.04km
C
E
D
residence
24 pedestrian density survey
CBD: IN or OUT? [SITE COVERAGE: 16.8KM²] [PEDESTRIAN IN URBAN FOREST OF HONGQIAO COMMERCIAL DIST]
major present factor abstraction
SITE URBAN PEDESTRIAN MAPPING AND SURVEY By tracing and survey of urban pedestrian circulation and density, the 5 basic system in site (building, greening, water, traffic, underground space) is evaluated for the effect on the pedestrian presence.
0.71km 0.86km
PART337ECO-PEDESTRIAN BUILDING
18
MAJOR FACTOR 24
C I R C U L A T I O N UNDERGOUND
local
New Hongqiao Square
12
B U I L D I N G G R E E N I N G WATER T R A F F I C
0.54km
6
38
Underground station
VERTICAL GREENING FRAMEWORK BUILDING FOR PEDESTRIAN
IDEAL ECOLOGY FRAMEWORK BUILDING
solution of eco-tect analysis on site map
WORKING PROCESS ideal ecology framework building ideal pedestrian framework building vertical greening building for pedestrian eco-pedestrian system complete
STEP 1 : mapping of the extracted points and corridor
STEP 2 : connecting with the nearest points to form triangles
STEP 3 : connecting with the existing greening patches
STEP 4 : forming of regional ecology pathches
STEP 5 : forming of b o u n d a r y p a t c h e s
highline level: existing commercial complex to greening platform
roof level: existing podium to greening roof
ground level: new building open greening pedestrian system
facade level: existing street glass curtain to vertical greening
PEDESTRIAN IN GREENING The abstracted points by eco-tect indicates the refining structure for local pedestrian. Conducting the existing circulation in site, the mapping of the abstracted pedestrian line most suited eco circulation( promoted by eco-sturcture building) is select for ground walking. The highrises, underground space and commercial complex provided more opportunities for CBD area, as the conception of vertical highline and greening is introduced to greening platform and roof garden for eco pedestrian.
STEP 1 : abstraction of existing pedestrian cirdulation in site
STEP 2 : mapping of abstracted eco-tect points in site
STEP 3 : ground pedestrian framework connection
STEP 4 : highline pedestrian framework IN & OUT CBD area
highline platform vertical transition platform highline circulatnion
IDEAL PEDESTRIAN FRAMEWORK BUILDING
underground circulatnion ground pedestrianline
41
greening podium recreation c o m p l e x highline start point
S E C T I O N S O F P L AT F O R M : U R B A N I N T E X T U R E The construction of urban platform is based on the industry memories on site. By keeping the exist container, old ferry, railtrack, new soil cap and new structure mash are used to build up the vertical platform.
42
Edinburgh
london
jerusalem, israel
paris
san francisco
yellow stone salt lake city moab
new york
niagara syracuse
chicago
providence
venice
dalian
philadelphia
pittsburg
page
D.C.
las vegas
luzern
boston
ithaca
los angeles
tokyo
florence rome
san diego
xiangxi
beijing fukui, Takayama osaka, kyoto
HANGZHOU, SUZHOU
mexico city
xiamen
doha, qatar
lima
cuzco
puno areguipa
harare, zimbabwe
shanghai
2011-2013 penndesign: urbanism
T_T....
finals!!!
Edinburgh
london
jerusalem, israel
paris
san francisco
yellow stone salt lake city moab
new york
niagara syracuse
chicago
providence
venice
dalian
philadelphia
pittsburg
page
D.C.
las vegas
luzern
boston
ithaca
los angeles
tokyo
florence rome
san diego
xiangxi
beijing fukui, Takayama osaka, kyoto
HANGZHOU, SUZHOU
mexico city
xiamen
doha, qatar
lima
cuzco
puno areguipa
harare, zimbabwe
shanghai
PROJECT NARRATIVE Kidron Valley is one of the key sewage water carrieers which connects Jerusalem and Dead Sea area. Day-lighting is a palestinian settlement 5Km from the Old City where the sewage first came out. This photo work illustrates the three cracks in this valley area which we most interested in: water, waste, the daily path of local children and goats. The splicing of collage shows the lines of gathering points, trench, storage, filter, wetlands spliced into the valley. The perspectives shows the moments of seperation wall, daylighting, reading kiosk, goat path, festival terrain and olive garden.
SYSTEMS/ MODEL
VARIATY / PERSPECTIVES The blow-up sections shows the potentials of 3 cracks combined and the shaped spaces for activities. The splicing of collage shows the lines of gathering points, trench, storage, filter, wetlands spliced into the valley. The perspectives shows the moments of seperation wall, daylighting, reading kiosk, goat path, festival terrain and olive garden.
READING SITE-TREATMENT WETLANDOLIVE GARDEN
SCHOOL FOOTBALL FIELD-VALLEY TRENCH-AGRICULTURE PROGRAM
SEWAGE DAYLIGHTING-COMMUNITY BAZZAR-TREATMENT WETLAND
landscape drawing with valerio
Edinburgh
london
jerusalem, israel
paris
san francisco
yellow stone salt lake city moab
new york
niagara syracuse
chicago
providence
venice
dalian
philadelphia
pittsburg
page
D.C.
las vegas
luzern
boston
ithaca
los angeles
tokyo
florence rome
san diego
xiangxi
beijing fukui, Takayama osaka, kyoto
HANGZHOU, SUZHOU
mexico city
xiamen
doha, qatar
cuzco,peru lima
puno areguipa
harare, zimbabwe
shanghai
what I miss most of china?
Edinburgh
london
jerusalem, israel
paris
san francisco
yellow stone salt lake city moab
new york
niagara syracuse
chicago
providence
venice
dalian
philadelphia
pittsburg
page
D.C.
las vegas
luzern
boston
ithaca
los angeles
tokyo
florence rome
san diego
xiangxi
beijing fukui, Takayama osaka, kyoto
HANGZHOU, SUZHOU
mexico city
xiamen
doha, qatar
lima
cuzco
puno areguipa
harare, zimbabwe
shanghai
INTERLOCKING WETLAND & INDUSTRY
EXistinG
pHAsinG
WETLAND INDUSTRY
pRoposinG
5 YEARs/ 10 YEARs/ 20 YEARs
studio: 702 HARARE studio, lAndscApE studio| AcAdEmic| GRoup FRAmEWoRK (pARtnER misEon Kim, cYntHiA m doRtAQuinonEs) *indiViduAl WoRK includE: WEtlAnd diAGRAm, 1/3 oF sEcond pAGE citY mAppinG timE: 2013 spRinG pRoFEssoR: dAVid GouVERnEuR
WEtlAnd industRY diAGRRAm
By relocating the industry and mobility system, 2 new rings begin to shape in the south of the city. inner ring (connecting new centralities by Brt) is civic intense, while outer ring (connecting new industry and productive wetland by cargo train) is the productive part of the city.
pREsERVEd/ Resovior/remediation
pRoductiVE/management agriculture
ciVic/infrastructual, institutional recreational
the proposal restruct the existing wetland into three parts: preserved wetland, productive wetland, civic wetland, and new constructed wetland corridor.
pRoJEct nARRAtiVE Harare is an urbanized city with 2,800,000, which would be expect to double in 20 years. scarity of jobs, scarcity of jobs, limited mobility, invaded wetland are 3 main issues we focus on. the big strategy is economic and infrastructure, relocating the industry (now around city center and limit city growth) near the ring of the satellite cities according to their wetland resources and proposing "wetland industry" of brand new lifehood.
EXISTING / pROpOSING OCCUpATION
WORKINGTON 1
WILLOWVALE
WILLOWVALE
2
(food, packaging)
WILLOWVALE
2
(heavy engineering)
(heavy engineering)
1
CBD
SOUTHERTON
6 3
4
3 1
(tobacco, phamaceutical)
2
1 6 3
4
CBD
6 3
SOUTHERTON
4
(tobacco, phamaceutical)
GRANITESITE
4 (manufacturing)
WATERFALLS
relocated industry
relocated industry
new railroad
MSASA
existing industry
6 (manufacturing)
3
(tobacco, phamaceutical)
GRANITESITE
4 (manufacturing)
WATERFALLS
5 (holticulture, poultry)
new industry
relocated industry
existing railroad
4
4 (manufacturing)
WATERFALLS
5 (holticulture, poultry)
5 (holticulture, poultry)
new industry
new industry
main roads
RELOCATED
3
5
5 (holticulture, poultry)
INDUSTRY ITY
SOUTHERTON
6
GRANITESITE
4 (manufacturing)
WATERFALLS
EXISTING CONDITIONS
1
(tobacco, phamaceutical)
5
5
INTRODUCTION LImITED mObIL-
3
2
GRANITESITE 5
new railroad
3
SOUTHERTON
2
2
2
(heavy engineering)
CBD CBD
POPULATION: 2,800,000
WATER SCARITY
WILLOWVALE
2
WORKINGTON 1
(food, packaging)
(food, packaging)
(heavy engineering)
jOb SCARITY
WORKINGTON 1
WORKINGTON 1
(food, packaging)
+ HARARE
ISSUES
pRoposinG EXpAnsion/industRY/ WEtlAnd ARmAtuRE
EXistinG occupAtion/industRY/WEtlAnd
INDUSTRY INDUSTRY RELOCATED RELOCATED
new railroad
MSASA main roads
6 (manufacturing)
main roads
existing railroad
existing railroad
existing industry
existing industry
new industry relocated industry
MSASA
6 (manufacturing)
INDUSTRY RELOCATED
new railroad main roads existing railroad
MSASA
6 (manufacturing)
existing industry
pOTENTIALS
pOTENTIAL INDUSTRY
WETLANDS SpONGE
RAIL/ ROADS
NEW INDUSTRIES
PRODUCTIVE STRATEGIES WETLANDS
INFRASTRUCTURE IMPROVEMENTS
RELOCATE/NEW INDUSTRIES
pRODUCTIvE WETLANDS
NEW INfRASTRUCTURE
STRATEGIES
NEW CENTRALITY/WETLAND-AGRICULTURE-MOBILITY CORIDDOR
PHAZING OF INFORMAL ARMATURE/MODEL
INFRASTRUCTURE/WATER/INSTITUTIONS
WATER/INFRASTRUCTURE
INDUSTRY/MOBILITY
LANDUSE/EXPANSION
The zoom in area is now a vacant green horticulture farm with large green houses. With the new BRT/lightrail, this land will turned into a new centrality intergrating the informal. MASTER PLAN
MASTER PLAN
GRADING PLAN
PRODUCTIVE PATCHES
MOBILITY FACADE/MARKETS
RENOVATION/CUSTODIAN FILL IN
INFORMAL INFILLS
CENTRALITY/LIGHT RAIL
GREEN OPEN SPACE/PEDESTRIAN SYSTEM
wenwen chenlu xiwei
Edinburgh
london
jerusalem, israel
paris
san francisco
yellow stone
salt lake city moab
new york
niagara syracuse
chicago
providence
venice
dalian
philadelphia
pittsburg
page
D.C.
las vegas
luzern
boston
ithaca
los angeles
tokyo
florence rome
san diego
xiangxi
beijing fukui, Takayama osaka, kyoto
HANGZHOU, SUZHOU
mexico city
xiamen
doha, qatar
lima
cuzco
puno areguipa
harare, zimbabwe
shanghai
what i miss most of china?...
ˋˇ ˉˋ Hei An Liao Li
黑暗料理 2 a.m. ...
first time cooking
thank u^ ^