Chepos Bundle 2 - Pandemic by Chepos

BUNDLE

CHEPOS The built environment magazine

Pandemic

INDEX THE SPATIAL REPRODUCTION OF DISEASE An essay by Jacob Voorthuis

CHANGES IN THE BUILT ENVIRONMENT

A DAY IN LIFE IN QUARANTINE

ECOLOGY OR ECONOMY

ONGOING BUILDING PROJECTS IN EINDHOVEN

A collision occurred. The last thing he saw was his body traveling at great speed towards the ground. The following moment he woke up in a large, clean room with his family looking at him. His head hurt, but he was conscious. The heavy concussion had resulted in a black-out, a moment in coma. Now all was supposed to return to usual. He got back on his feet and back at his job. A few days later he already noticed illogical situations happening. He was out of breath, was loosing his memory and forgot the ability to perform everyday tasks. The concussion apparently caused more than just the initial hit. The brain-damage developed into an aftermath of absurd and awful accidents. The consequences of that one fall had shaped the entire life afterwards and he now had to learn to live with these new limits. It was a few weeks after the initial lockdown that the far-reaching consequences were spoken about. The immediate effects were clear: sickness, social distancing and solitary life. The long-term effects are only starting to take form. How substantial is the economic recession going to be? Are we ever returning to the everyday habits that we are used to? The heavy concussion of world-scale had resulted in a change of mindset as well, a new way of thinking. How are we going to deal with the ever-growing and everconnecting society? What professions and sectors are of greatest importance? But also, is there finally time for the environment to recover? These questions are central in this bundle. Each article highlights one aspect of the ongoing discussion. I hope that we will soon find a proper way to deal with the range of consequences. Have a good read. Karim Jaspers Editor-in-Chief

The Spatial Production of Disease An essay by Jacob Voorthuis There is a set of very common ideas that we use as arguments for our behaviour and that we cannot do without, even though they often get us into trouble. I am referring to the ideas of property and priority. They somehow interfere with every other idea we have and can therefore be held largely responsible for the production of social space. With that I mean that they shape every aspect of our behaviour and because of that, the way our buildings and cities are shaped. A simple example of an argument that establishes the idea of priority and uses it as a reason to claim some privilege goes: “I was here first”. An argument that establishes the idea of property is: “this is mine”. We all use such utterances, in fact we use them all the time, and most of the time these spells of magic work: most people respect the idea that if someone else was somewhere first, they themselves must take second place, or, if someone claims something as being their property, the other must respect that claim and adapt their behaviour according to accepted norms. The point of this short essay is to see how these common arguments fare in their application at various scales, to see how they shape the spaces of our daily lives and so to find a way to use them well. Lay-out: Karim Jaspers

Ideas of property and priority have their basis in nothing more than a kind of social contract

are, they are only ever as strong as their enforcement. Because of their intrinsic weakness, they have to be strongly supported by communal institutions such as the government and its political, judicial and executive systems. In fact, governments exists to give shape and consequence to such arguments. The way they do so defines the society they form, giving it its identity. Governments can promote equity or indeed any form of equality or difference: difference in wealth, difference in might, difference in status. I am not judging here, but it can be observed that societies ruled by, for example, autocratic powers promoting the self-interest of their ruler and his cronies, have a different shape and form in contrary to societies ruled by educated democracies muddling along to promote forms of fairness and equity. What is worth a minute of sobering reflection is that all this comes down to the way those governments deal with arguments of property and priority.

People “belong” to groups, to ideas, to a sense of themselves and they back this up with arguments of property and priority

As we have just seen, with the use of arguments of property and priority, people claim certain privileges and demand certain obligations from others. We can try to justify the use of such arguments on all sorts of other grounds, but most of them turn out to beg the question, or turn us around in logical circles. When all is said and done, ideas of property and priority have their basis in nothing more than a kind of social contract, which is just another word for “norm”, that is justified on the one hand by tradition, using sentences like: “well, that’s just how we do things and have always done them”, and on the other hand through “pragmatism”, using sentences like “well, it works! Imagine if we did things differently, it would end in chaos…”.

A further point to make is that these arguments do not just hold sway over the ownership and use of tools and trinkets, land and wealth; they form the basis of less tangible but extremely powerful emotions that we might call “ideas of belonging and identity”. People “belong” to groups, to ideas, to a sense of themselves and they back up this sense of belonging to with arguments of property and priority: someone saying “I am a real Londoner, I was born and bred here” is trying to establish priority over someone who might live in London, but was not born or bred there, there is pride involved and a sense that the “real” Londoner somehow has more right to ownership of the idea of London. Social space is constructed by using these simple arguments on all sorts of levels and scales, by people laying, negotiating, abrogating, violating and defending claims of property and priority and in so doing, forming their identity, shaping the way they relate to their environment, forming clubs, groups, institutions, nations, cults and other “bodies” that hold together because of the behaviour unleashed by an idea.

Being such weak arguments, they can easily be violated; we see examples of that in the playground where a bully says, “so what?” to a child who argued that “I was here first!” or “let go! It’s mine!” Common as they

I want to explore the region where these arguments begin to get us into trouble. That trouble starts with the fact that we all find such arguments unquestionably reasonable in some contexts. Take the following

example. Surely, I am well within my rights when I say: “My body is my sanctuary, I do not want it to be consumed by an invasive disease”. People knowing the threat to a body from say a virus, would completely understand all the behaviour I subsequently show to stop the disease entering my body, or, failing that, to remove the disease from my own body: self-isolation, drug-use, submitting myself to doctors cutting bits out of me, making strange looking movements called “exercises” to lead a “healthy” lifestyle and eating food which I am told is healthy whilst avoiding behaviour I am told is not healthy and so forth.

Disease, vermin and visitors are all of a sort, namely, “things that can invade our bodies, our space” The argument is also happily accepted at a slightly larger scale. If I say, “This is my house and I do not want bugs, cockroaches and mice in it”, people would understand my subsequent behaviour which would involve putting down poison to kill the cockroaches and me undertaking all sorts of activities to keep my house “clean” which means “free from cockroaches and other vermin”: I buy mops and vacuum cleaners, brooms and dusters, I build clever mousetraps and make sure all gaps in the walls are stopped and filled. If we then change the variable “vermin” into “visitors”, people still have a large measure of understanding for similar arguments. When I say, “This is my house and I want you to leave!” no one would question my right to use such an argument even though they might find arguments to counter me, or make up their mind as to what they think of me as a person. The fact is that considerations as to whom and what to allow into my house, lie at the basis of the invention of the wall, the door, and the window as well as all the security and hygiene devices that our homes are armed with. We understand the genealogy of the above arguments: disease, vermin and visitors are all of a sort, namely, “things that can invade our bodies, our space”. At the same time, we can see how, at the level of the visitor, the arguments are already being put under pressure. We acknowledge that visitors are different to vermin; often they are very welcome, if only for a short and well-defined while. In fact, at this moment we miss out on having dearly missed visitors around because we are

fighting the threat of a pandemic disease; we weigh up the pro’s and con’s and sadly, as well as reasonably, come to the view that loneliness is better than disease. Now let’s move the argument one stage further, to “foreigners” and “immigrants” coming into a city or country. This is where the arguments of property and priority begin to cause real friction within the “body” being invaded. The body that its members see as a coherent and consistent thing called “The Netherlands” for example, thus begins, paradoxically, to show signs of a strange auto-immune disease in the very act of using such arguments. It is common to say “this is my country,” and mean nothing horrible with it. There is nothing wrong with being proud of the country you feel yourself to be part of. However as soon as that person adds, “you don’t belong here” and “we were here first”, many of us feel the discussion to be taking a specific turn.

Why don’t you go away, you are the disease of that which I hold dear, namely the idea of being civil and civilized Let me at this point make my position perfectly clear. I use such arguments too; I keep my body and my house clean and secure. I welcome visitors, gladly and I hope generously, but there are limits to my hospitality. In times of disease my behaviour follows the spatial guidelines and rituals that have created such a marvellous song and dance of simple activities like shopping and going for a walk. At a larger scale I too continue to use such arguments, but now I use them against the very people who ostensibly belong to the same body as I do, namely The Netherlands. To those who use these arguments to express their racism, xenophobia, homophobia, anti-Semitism, anti-Islamism, sexism or ageism, antienvironmentalism I want to say: why don’t you go away, you are the disease of that which I hold dear, dearer even than the idea of The Netherlands, namely the idea of being civil and civilised. People in a civilized country are taught not to judge people on the colour of their skin or where they come from, on their gender, sexual or religious preference but on whether they are willing to participate in an idea of what it means to be civilized, to being kind, generous, truthful, honest, hardworking, willing to be educated, open to criticism and so forth. I would rather die than give up on that idea. It is your unkindness, your lack of generosity, your selfish attitude that disqualifies you from belonging to the idea of The Netherlands that I want to belong to”. In secretly thinking this, I know myself to be fighting windmills, or worse, undermining the very substance of the idea I want to belong to. If I were to act on what I think, the cure would be as bad or worse than the disease I am trying to fight. 6

The idea of a disease is full of traps and so is the notion of a body. A body is large and complex. The body of society is much more so. What is good for one part of it, might not be good for another. So what disease exactly are we trying to cure? Some want to maintain their material way of life, others want to maintain an idea of themselves. Viruses just get on with the job of reproduction, just as people and memes. I cannot be sure, but I imagine that viruses, were they able to have a conception of themselves like we do, would not see themselves as a disease. And yet they are so to us. And this is where it becomes complicated. What is a disease to a body like society as a whole? Society, surely, is a body that we use to accommodate ourselves. It is an instrument to muddle along trying to get things right. It is a way to give all of us a place, to find our balance within our environment. Ideas like “disease”, are in the same class as ideas like “progress” or “modernity” or indeed “tradition” They are highly potent, sometimes poisonous ideas that pretend to locate diseases in the body of society, capable of doing as much damage as they are at doing good. If I want to live in a civilised world, the word civilised becomes similarly powerful in that way. What does it mean and what price am I prepared to pay for making myself belong to such a project? I want to think of myself, as I am sure most people do, as someone who respects the cardinal virtues: prudence, temperance, love, justice, wisdom, kindness, honesty etc. Like progress and modernity, they are powerful tools that can and do help shape societies, cities, homes and people. Notice that the one thing I cannot do, is stop using the arguments of property and priority, I can only turn them on that which I do not want to invade the bodies I hold to be mine and to which I give priority. All attempts at finding other arguments have so far come to nothing: I am condemned to think in terms of property and priority. So rather than fight this fact, I have come to believe in promoting health in the form of strong democracies of well-educated peoples, being able to accommodate people who differ in their ideas from mine, indeed whose ideas are sometimes odious to me, but whom I believe best converted to my ideas by kindness and generosity, loyalty to truth and honesty. I believe that this is the way to create cities and buildings using any available technology as long as it is kind to our environment, generous to others, charitable and full of joy. Whatever their shape or form, such cities and buildings become beautiful simply because they fit the larger and more commodious conceptions of humanity as well as real people, even though they may be a little messy here and there. This would be the true meaning of resilience and group immunity.

Images: 1. Property (Illustration by: Karim Jaspers) 2. Immunity (Illustration by: Karim Jaspers)

Changes in the Built Environment By Lianne Willekers

Since this so-called intelligent lockdown started, the Dutch economy has taken hit after hit. People are staying inside, unless they absolutely have to go outside. At least, that is what they are supposed to do. Many are sitting at home, unemployed, because their work cannot be done from home and is deemed nonessential. Businesses left and right are going bankrupt as a result of the pandemic. Many people are worried about their small businesses being severely impacted, and rightly so. This pandemic will lead to a fullblown economic recession. Of course, the country has dealt with economic crises in the past, but this one is different. This time, the problem comes not from within the economy itself, but from outside. Predictions have been made by experts that the economy will shrink by 7,5 percent, which would make this economic recession the worst one the country has seen in a very long time. This will have a huge effect on many of the sectors in the country, including the building sector. So how will it be impacted? And will the economy recover from all of this? Lay-out: Karim Jaspers

increasing since 2014 and many young people cannot afford a house anymore. But for people who already own a house, there exists the risk that their house will lose value and thus, should they want to sell the house again, they will lose money. When we discuss integral parts of the built environment, design cannot be left out of the equation. Design might not be the first thing people think of when they think of industries that will be changed by the pandemic, but the way we design can be affected. One thing that might affect future designs is the fact that working from home is becoming much more prevalent. This means that people are spending more time at home than they normally would. This pandemic is changing the way we view the function of homes and with it, design of houses could (and should) also change. For example, think about the difference between living in a small apartment in a high-rise building and living in a detached house with a large backyard. A small apartment is already not an ideal way of life, but add to that the fact that people are constantly at home nowadays, and it becomes even

When this all started, experts suspected many sectors to be hit hard by the pandemic, but not the building sector. Due to the fact that the building sector does not export a lot to other countries, it was thought that the sector would be, in comparison to other sectors, mildly impacted. However, experts did predict that the building sector would be severely impacted if the outbreak worsened over time. Which it did. Now, businesses will delay their investments and production is projected to decrease by as much as 15 percent. Many businesses now only focus on surviving this crisis which means plans for construction, renovation and expansion will be postponed. Another factor that comes into play here is the fact that the sector was already hit by the nitrogen crisis only months ago. The sector struggled, because construction was stalled to limit the nitrogen emissions. Add to that this new period of prolonged uncertainty and projections say that around 40.000 jobs will be lost in the coming two years alone.

But is this realistic? Or is it just wishful thinking?

Another aspect of the sector, besides construction, that will likely be affected is the housing market. For years, there has been a shortage of houses, which resulted in sky high prices for these homes. As with any other crisis, it is likely that fewer and fewer people will be buying a new house in these times. Up until now, the crisis’ effect on the housing market has been relatively small, for now. Realtors have not noticed a decrease in the amount of houses sold or in their prices, but that does not mean it will stay this way. Economists at ABN Amro predict that prices will start to decrease somewhere next year. This might sound like a good thing, as the prices have been 8

worse. Maybe in the future the popularity of small apartments will decrease. So what about the future? What happens next? The honest answer to that is that nobody knows exactly. Nobody knows how long this will take. Best case scenario is the step-by-step program the Dutch government has laid out for slowly and gradually getting our society out of this lockdown. According to this roadmap, we will be back to a life that is as close to normal as we can get as soon as September. But is this realistic? Or is it just wishful thinking? Many are obviously happy; people have the chance to go out again, small businesses might have a chance to pull themselves out of the misery they have been going through and all in all, daily life might start to feel somewhat normal again. But what if we fall back? There is a chance that this opening of the country might lead to another wave of the pandemic. It is happening in China already. The city of Wuhan, where it all started, had not had any new infections since the beginning of April. Until now. This could possibly mean that a second wave is coming and who is to say that our country and its economy will be safe from that? There simply is no guarantee for it. This all sounds like a very apocalyptic view of this situation and it is a gloomy representation of what is happening. But that obviously does not mean all hope

is lost. Luckily for all of us, an economic recession is not a new phenomenon and in the past, our economy has bounced back from extreme low points. For the housing market, this might just be the correction it needs after years of overpriced houses. On top of that, this pandemic and its social isolation might bring about a change in the way we view and design living spaces. It has shown us that enough space and an outside area are very important. Another advantage of a global pandemic is that a lot of people from many different backgrounds are working on finding a vaccine for this virus. Clearly, it will take a while, but because so many different geniuses are working on it simultaneously, the chances of it being a success are all the bigger. This pandemic is certainly not something to wish for and most of the news surrounding it has been very negative, but silver linings can be seen. Communities are coming together now more than ever to offer support to one another. We can learn from it in the field of medicine, we can learn how to prevent outbreaks in the future and we can strengthen our economy. And maybe we can also learn to be a little nicer to each other. Images: 1. Crisis (Illustration by: Karim Jaspers) Sources: 1. Unknown. “Zo ziet de versoepeling van de coronamaatregelen er in de komende maanden uit.” May 6, 2020. Nos.nl 2. Unknown. “Eerste nieuwe bestmetting sinds een maand in corona-bakermat Wuhan.” May 10, 2020. Ad.nl 3. Robert Paling. “Coronacrisis: Investeringen sleuren nieuwbouw mee in val.” April 3, 2020. Vastgoedmarkt.nl 4. Michael Couzy. “Wat brengt de economische crisis na het coronavirus?” May 3, 2020. Parool. nl 5. Unknown. “Bouwsector rekent op ‘nog grotere crisis dan bankencrisis’.” April 3, 2020. Hartvannederland.nl 6. Sergey Makhno. “Life after coronavirus: how will the pandemic change our homes?” March 25, 2020. Dezeen.com 1

A day in life in quarantine By Henryk Gujda Alarm rings at 8. Snooze. Alarm rings at 8.05. Snooze. Alarm rings at 8.10am. Again, hit snooze. Look at the phone. Its 11. F#*& It happened again. Close your eyes again and release a low continuous hum into you pillow. It’s really time to get up now. Slowly sit on your bed and yawn, since that ten hours of sleep rendered your even more tired than you were when you went to bed. Go make some coffee, it’s the only thing keeping you alive at this point. Check Instagram since that’s the pinnacle of a perfect morning routine, and make your way to the office, which you’ve left only five minutes ago. Open your laptop and check the latest coronavirus updates, it’s not out yet. Open facebook. Scroll. What am I doing with my life? Close facebook. Look for clean sweatpants. Check time. 11.46. Late for my Zoom meeting. Again. Because you couldn’t find sweatpants. Join the meeting. Realize it’s actually thursday, your meeting was actually yesterday. You’re such a mess. Open planner, its empty, contemplate on all the things you can do. Maybe you can plan a trip? You can’t travel. Realize you actually have to catch up on work for yesterday’s meeting. Make a good 1h of work. Its 1pm. You start getting hungry and decide to cook something nice. In the end you’ve got all the time in the world. Make pasta. Again. 2pm check RIVM.

Site doesn’t load. 2.01 reload. Site doesn’t load. 2.15 check rivm. Site doesn’t load. Decide to go back to work. You actually have to think about your future and education. Make an attempt at Opening AutoCAD. License doesn’t work. Open Youtube. ‘How Zaha Hadid changed the way we look at buildings’. No. Scroll. ‘Putin Tells A Joke To Beautiful Russian Policewomen: What Do Women Need To Stay Fit?’. Just what you were looking for. Wow that guy is powerful. Go back to work. Friend calls you. Have an hour long conversation about the virus. Again. 3.30. Ok, it’s really time to get something done. Start drawing a floor plan. Damn, if only I could use the workshop! I’m so miserable. Draw yet another roof garden. Hey, it’s the Netherlands. It won’t work. 5pm Realize you forgot to check rivm. 1087, hey that’s less than yesterday! But then you realize the same numbers have been reported every day for a week now. More news. Doctors crying because they have to choose between patients. More news. Two men arrested for corona coughing. More news. The number of infected patients reached 6 million. Damn, if only I could use the workshop. It 5.30. Enough work for today. Make more pasta. Talk to your roommates about coronavirus. Everyone is depressed. Go lie in bed. Open Instagram. Open stories. The friend you haven’t spoken to since you left high

school is on her 17th day of her vegan cooking challenge. Swipe left. That guy doing home workout again. Go to feed. Wow. What a beautiful villa in Bali. Maybe I should become an influencer? Scroll. Nice ass. Double tap. Scroll. Meme. Double tap. Scroll. Fall asleep. Wake up it 9 pm that was a long nap. Maybe I should watch a movie. It’s late anyways. Movie ends. Lets pick up that book that has been sitting on your bedside for two months now. Read one page. You’re actually too tired. Close your eyes, sleep and repeat.

Images: 1. Property (Illustration by: Karim Jaspers) 2. Immunity (Illustration by: Karim Jaspers)

Images: 1. Untitled (drawing: Henryk Gujda) 1

Ecology or Economy By Lotte Roefs

For the first time in decades, the Himalayas can be seen from India, the sky in Beijing is blue and fish can be seen swimming in the canals of Venice. These phenomena are the result of the global lock-down. Due to people being required to stay inside, car use, air traffic and industrial activities have decreased drastically. This obligation to lower human activity brought forward a reduction in carbon emissions, air pollution and water pollution. As a result, the sky got clear and the water got clean. Finally, nature gets a moment to recover itself. Lay-out: Karim Jaspers Just a moment, that is all. Right after the lock-down in China ended, factories started to work harder than ever in order to make up for their production loss. Therefore, air pollution has rapidly rebounded after three months of a sharp drop. Furthermore, public transportation slowly gets going again and people are already talking about where to take their next flight to. We continue from where we left off and feel that we have to make up for the time that we were forced to stay inside. We are polluting the world as if we have to make up for the pollution decrease we had in the last few months. And that is not all. The sectors and companies that are the biggest contributors to air pollution and greenhouse gas emissions are getting financial support all over the world. In the United States, bailouts are given to industries and workers that are being impacted by the pandemic, including airlines and companies that are deemed of high importance in maintaining the US national security. Donald Trump is determined to give the energy sector a financial bailout as well, since he does not want to let the oil companies down. However, sustainable businesses like wind and solar power companies would not get such support. In the Netherlands, financial support will be given to KLM, the most important user of Schiphol. Both the airline and the airport are of great importance in the Dutch economy and employment opportunities. The government is talking about financial support between two and four billion, which will most certainly consist of a warranty and a loan. Both airlines and the industry sector are among the biggest polluters in the world. Flying is the most climateintensive means of transportation and is one of the world’s fastest growing emitters of greenhouse gases. A one-way flight to the French city of Nice is equal to ten one-way train rides to the same city. The industrial sector represents over 21% of the total global greenhouse gas emissions and is positioned third as the biggest polluters and emitters of greenhouse gas emissions, right after the transport section. 12

Why is it that financial support is given to the biggest polluters? While the bankruptcy of the biggest companies is seen as an immediate threat to the economy, the huge contribution they make to climate change in terms of air pollution and greenhouse gas emissions is not seen as an immediate threat to the environment.

We continue from where we left off and feel that we have to make up for the time that we were forced to stay inside. It is – unfortunately – not unusual that economy comes before environment, but it would be truly remarkable when it comes before public health. After all, the economy of many countries has been stalled in order to save human lives during the pandemic. However, the air pollution created by airlines, oil companies and other businesses is not only a threat to the environment, but it is also a threat to the public health. Air pollution is a heavy driver of heart and lung conditions, and heart and lung patients are more likely to die due to a virus. It would, therefore, be more than logical that governments want to reduce flights to improve the public health. Instead, most governments support airlines more than ever. The government of the Netherlands for instance sees public health as the number one priority during the pandemic. The Dutch economy is capable of going through some difficult times, which is why the government was able to take measures that affected the economy in order to save the health of the Dutch population. But at the same time, the government is giving the biggest Dutch airline – and therefore one of the biggest air polluters of the Netherlands – financial support to get through these difficult times. Is the health of the Dutch population no longer a priority? Of course, the health of the population is not immediately affected by air pollution, but is that an excuse to outweigh the economic benefits over the health and climate problems? Another example of a business from which it is apparently more important that it keeps running than the impact it has on human health, are the Chinese wildlife-packed markets. While these markets have been the source of a virus and are therefore clearly a threat to humanity, it is uncertain whether they will be shut down. The monetary profit that comes from these markets is still seen as more important.

However, some positive news about people’s adaptability can be found among the negative consequences the pandemic brought with it. As soon as it became clear that the virus was an urgent threat to human health, we took big steps in order to protect each other. This reaction shows our willingness and ability to adapt and take action when we absolutely need to. The only question is: when does it finally become clear that we absolutely need to take action to stop climate change? The climate crisis is a far more serious and deadlier threat than the global pandemic, and yet the same feeling of urgency is missing. The consequences of climate change might not directly be visible, but they will accumulate and will not only have consequences for humanity, but also for the rest of the species. Determination and willpower are needed to stop climate change, but are seriously lacking when it comes to saving the future of the Earth. As a reaction to a global pandemic, people had to stay inside. Industries, businesses and transport networks had to be shut down. The fast recovery of nature that followed after lowering human activity shows how much of an impact we as humans have on nature and climate change. A global pandemic is definitely not the way to save the climate, but it does show the urgency to take action. It also shows that we actually are able to change our habits and take action. Climate change is a silent threat, but when it reaches a certain point, it will undoubtedly start destroying our world. At that point, it will be too late. Images: 1. Turning Point (Illustration by: Karim Jaspers) Sources: 1. Rob Picheta. People in India can see the Himalayas for the first time in ‘decades,’ as the lockdown eases air pollution. April 9, 2020. CNN.com. 2. Roxanne Soudagar. Is de Coronacrisis dan op zijn minst goed voor het climaat? March 20, 2020. Oneworld.nl. 3. CNA. China pollution returns as people return to work after lockdown. May 8, 2020. Channelnewsasia. com. 4. Chloé Farand. Coronavirus: which governments are bailing out big polluters? April 20, 2020. Climatechangenews.com 5. Rijksoverheid. Kabinet zet financiële steun klaar voor KLM. April 24, 2020. Rijksoverheid.nl. 6. Andrew Murphy. Flying and climate change. 2020. Transportenvironment. nl. 7. Amber Pariona. Which Industry Emits The Most Greenhouse Gas? August 16, 2018. Worldatlas.com. 8. n.d. Air pollution returns to China. April 21, 2020. EEB.org. 9. Avinash Bhikhie. Rutte: ‘Economie kan klap hebben, volksgezondheid staat op nummer één. March 11, 2020. Nu.nl. 10. Oliver Milman. Pandemic side-effects offer glimpse of alternative future on Earth Day 2020. April 22, 2020. Theguardian.com. 11. Martha Henriques. Will Covid-19 have a lasting impact on the environment? March 27, 2020. BBC.com. 12. Owen Jones. Why don’t we treat the climate crisis with the same urgency as coronavirus? March 5, 2020. Theguardian.com. 1

Haasje over

Old V&D-pand

Kevin

De Bunker

De Bakermat

Trudo Toren

Ongoing building projects

in Eindhoven 15

Colophon CHEOPS, Study Association of the Built Environment: Eindhoven University of Technology • Groene loper 6 Vertigo 1.15 • Mailbox 513 • 5600 MB Eindhoven • T 0402473140 • info@cheops.cc • www.cheops.cc Chepos editorial board: Karim Jaspers (chairman and editor-in-chief), Tessa van Amelsvoort (final editor), Joep Dirx (board responsible), Sacha de Bruin, Henryk Gujda, Quirine Heijnen, Aron den Otter, Jasper Poel, Ipek Topalkara, Teun van Warmerdam, Lianne Willekers

Chepos is a publication of CHEOPS, Study Association of the Built Environment. Content may be used for research and study purposes, if credited properly. Exceptions include copyrighted imagery; these may not be reproduced or published without specific consent by the original author.

Acknowledgements: Jacob Voorthuis, Lotte Roefs Images • Colophon: illustration by Karim Jaspers • Cover design: Karim Jaspers • Pictorial: illustrations and design by Quirine Heijnen

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