Learing Loop Structrual elements
Strut: A slender element design to carry load parallel to its long axis. (compression) Tie: A slender element design to carry load parallel to its long axis. (tension) Beam: Generally a horizontal element designed to carry vertical load using bending resistance. Slab/plate: A wide horizontal element designed to carry vertical load in bending usually supported by beams. Panels/walls: A deep vertical element designed to carry vertical or horizontal load
Footing and foundation systems Footing and foundation: To safely transfer all loads acting on the building structure to the groud. It should be designed to ensure tbat this settlement occours evenly and that the Bearing capacity of the soil is not exceeded. Shallow footings: ＊ Soil condition are stable. ＊ Load is transferred vertically from the foundation to the ground. Example: Pad footings; Strip footings; Paft foundatiom Deep foundations: ＊ Soil condition are unstable. ＊ load is transferred from the foundations through the unsuitable soil and down to levels where bed rocks, stiff clay, dense sand/gravel is located. Example:Friction diles; Retaining and foundation walls
Mass materials Stones+earth+clay+concrete: Strong in compression but weak in tension Modular: ＊ clay brick ＊ mud brick ＊ concrete block ＊ ashlar stone Non-modular: ＊ concrete ＊ rammed earth ＊ monolithic stone
Masonry materials Stone+clay+concrete Bound: The patten or arrangement of the units. course: A horizontal row of masonry units. joint: The way units are connected to each other. martar: Mixture of coment or lime, sand and water used as a bounding
Geometry and Equilibrium Centre of mass: Is the point which can object is balanced. It could be influenced by the geometry of the object. Equilibrium: Any applied force must be resisted by equal and opposite forces. These force are called applied forces(F) reaction forces(R). Equilibrium means that the object or system at rest. ＊ if not moving up or down ∑v=0 ＊ if not moving side to side ∑h=0 ＊ if not rotationg, then the sum of the moment must be equal to zero ∑m=0 Mo=F×d=- 25knm
Clay Bricks A brick is a standard size masonary unit made out of clay, its proportions may very sightly depending on types and countries but it will always be a hand sized unit 3 types: 1. extruded and wire-cut 2.machine moulded 3. handmade Clay is a natural material so there is a wide variation in the colour of bricks. Bricks can be arranged in various ways to create different bound patterns Clay brick joints: Vertical joints are called perpends, horizontal points are called bed joints. The difference of brick joints depend on the types of Brick, weather exposure and aesthetics.
Concrete block It is two hand size and proportions avaible in order to suit different purposes. Are maunfactured from cement, sand, qravel and water. Mainly used in the construction of walls. Hardness: medium to high / Fragility: medium/ Ductility: very low / Flexibility: low Clay brick vs concrete blocks Concrete Shrinks over time, while clay bricks will expend. Concrete blocks shrink for several reasons. Clay bricks tend to absorb moisture friom the atmosphere and gradually expand. However, movement jounts are required for each material.
STONE 3 types: Igneous: It is hard and black in color and used in the footing of a building where compressive strengthis reuqired. Example: Granite; Basalt; Bluestone Sedimentary: It is soft and less densy can be carved and shaped easily, lighter in color. Example: Limestone;Sandstone Metamorphic: It is formed when the structure of igneouss or sedimentary stone changes when subject to pressure,high temperatures or chemical
GLOSSARY Moment: Measured by the product of the force magnitude and the perpendicular distance between the line of the action of the force and the point (this distance is called the moment arm). Retainingwall: Used when sites are excavated to create basement or where changes in site levels need to be stabilised, prevent the wall from overturing. Pad footing: Called isloted footing too. Pad footings are the individual spread footings supporting freestanding colums and piers(Ching,2008). Strip footing:Used when loads from awall or columns are spread in a linear matter. Slab on ground: A wide horizontal element designed to carry vertical load in bending supported by beams. Substructure: The foundation which is " constructed partly or wholly below the surface of the ground"( Ching,2014,3.02).
LOT6 cafe From the picture we know that the building structral system is frame system. It ues several different materials such as steel, gass and concrete. The major structural elements are concrete frame, concrete slabs and large beams. Byt this way ,the load transfer to land easily which make thoese galss windows bigger and avaliable.
South Lawn underground car park
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As shown in the 4 pictures, the car park is supported by lots of concrete columns which aslo use to plant the roots of trees . It is really a great disign that the colums can also be used to lead the water which could keep the undergroud car park not get trouble in the rain.
Stairs on the west of Union House The stair on the west of Union House looks like a hanging bridge, and the main material is steel. The stairs use a cantilever cable system which the steel arms take most of the loads of this stair. In this stair, there are some steel plate steps and beams such as shown in the top left picture the bottom part of the stair. It used to help keep the balance of the stair and avoid shaking.
Oval Pavilion The Oval Favilion includes column and beam system, and used materials such as steel and timber. The structure is pretty good because the structural elements and the substructure foundations solve the loads problems. There are also many buiding joints, some of those are combined by steel and some are combined by the timeber and steel. In the left picture, masonry was combined with mortar and there were observed sections of the exterior walls with silicone fixture.
Frank Tate Pavilion The materials of the Frank Tate Pavilion is steel and timber. It is quiet similar to Oval Pavilion but no concrete in this Frank Tate Pavillion. Many steel and timber beams make the structure stable.
BIibliography Ching,F.D.K.(2014). Building construction illustrated. 5th ed, Hoboken, USA:John Wiley  Sons,Inc.