Contents Introduction
Analysis
Partner
-Foreword -Group Members -Partners -Acknowledgment -Cars and Life -Framwork
-Site Location -Wheather and Environment -Population and User Types -Landuse -Traffic Situation and Local Life -Street Types -Open Space
-Participants -Negotiation Process -Resident Perspective -Government Perspective -Local business Perspective -Public Transportation Industry Perspective -City Visions
P.08
P.16
P.04
Program
Design
Sustainability
-Car-free City Development Stage -Program Framwork -Finance and Policies -Regional Program -City Program
-Design Principles -Jianshe Road -Erxin Street Design -Daxue Street Design -Bowen Road and Tiyuchang Road Design -Carfree Neighborhood Design
-How Car-free Development Be Sustainable -Community Engagment
P.22
P.34
P.46
Foreword
INTRODUCTION
Nowadays the urbanization construction in China is at a key turning point. Since 2012, the overall national development strategy has started to convert into ecological civilization construction, involving unprecedented emphases on resource conservation, ecology protection and improvement of living environment, which is the start point of the re-consideration for the future of the cities in China. The automobiles have changed the living of human being, resulting in unrivalled flowing efficiency and convenience for mankind. However, the excessive reliance on the usage of automobiles cause that the cars has replaced human to dominate cities. The proliferation of automobiles impacts on the consumption of resources, the use of land, the safety of biospheres, the quality of atmosphere and human health. Different from those developed countries, automobiles are still treated as the symbol of wealth and financial accumulation in China. How can we persuade people not to drive when so many people have not experienced driving and are willing to drive? The project is caused from a field study irrelevant to automobiles: a team of faculty members and students from Peking University was invited for an advisory project about the development of whole-region tourism in the local area. During the investigation, we appreciated the perfect scenic natural environment with green hills and fresh waters, enjoyed the tightly-scheduled traditional life style of civic residents and tasted numerous local delicate food. However, the local government is still unsatisfied with the current status. They are looking forward to bigger scale of the city, broader streets, better efficiency of sales and more opportunities for income increase. The opposing attitudes inspired the idea of car-free city, which is aggregated from the imaginations of future Arcadian-style happy living shared among us. The final plan for car-free city is the result of a research project, which is based on continual communications among multiple parties, started from facing the challenges of real problems in the city, achieved the construction of the model of ideal car-free city, and finally achieved the realization as the solution for the design problems. After the result of the project is presented, the attention attracted by it from the professionals and academics in China is beyond our expectation. Wish the attempt can be used as a sample for clarifying the direction of future development of cities in China, leading our cities to be more comfortable, safer and better in social equality.
Li Dihua Associate Professor College of Architecture and Landscape Design of Peking Universiry
4
Group Members Teacher Li Dihua Peking Universiry Associate Professor of Landscape Architecture
Executive Officer Li Fu Peking Universiry Master of Landscape Architecture 2016
Liang Yan Peking Universiry Master of Landscape Architecture 2016
Editor and Art Design Li Chijen Peking Universiry Master of Landscape Architecture 2017 Cao Jianing Peking Universiry Master of Landscape Architecture 2017
Translation Group Li Chijen Peking Universiry Master of Landscape Architecture 2017 Li Jiayi Peking Universiry Master of Landscape Architecture 2017
Work Groups Urban Planning Group Li chijen Chen Xuelu Li Jiayi Zhang Liuxin Zhu Zhongwei
Design Group Sang Pengfei Li Lin Fang Jin Wang cen Zhou Yaojin
Economic and Policy Group Tourism Planning Group Li Jianing Su Yaohui Wang Sirui Li Yipu Lu Guoqing
Cao Jianing Li Haochun Miao Yinglu Si Yutian Ren Baifei
Transportation Planning Group Liu Zhao Wang Run Wang Shunyi Zhang Xiao
Partners: Wencheng County Government Daxue Twon Government Citizens of Daxue Twon
Chang Yingxiu Peking Universiry Master of Softwar and Microelectronics 2016
Acknowledgments All of the group members wish to expess their gratitude and respect to Wencheng County Government, Daxue Town Government and citizens of Daxue Town especially.Firstly, we sincerely appreciate that the local government gave us this chance to complete the research and the plan in Daxue Town, which is really a significant opportunity, and the government also provided reliable information timely to make the plan go well. Secondly, we are urge to openly say “thank you� again to Daxue town citizens who participated in this research, especially shop owners who shared their life experiences, opinions in their feedback. Finally, we are grateful for the College of Architecture and Landscape Architecture of Peking University who sponsor the research and for the teachers who commented on our final report.
5
Cars and Life
Auto-Centric City Problems
Carfree City Adventages
Obesity
Health Lifestyle A 30-minute medium-sized sport, such as a brisk walk, is enough to bring many benefits. Use cycling or walking commuting instead of driving. Increased exercise time, which is more conducive to a healthy lifestyle.
Physical inactivity can increase obesity levels. Getting used to driving, rather than choosing a healthy way to walk and ride, leads people to be less willing to move and bring more obesity problems.
Noise
Chronic noise exposure has implication for physical and mental health through annoyance, sleep disturbance, and chronic stress pathways. Road traffic noise exposure influences physical health outcomes such as cardiovascular disease and hypertension.
Air Pollution
Safe Street Neighborhoods with diverse and accessible destinations and transport options encourage locals to walk on the street, which enhances natural surveillance, in turn, making people feel safer.
Diverse Street Life Motor vehicle traffic exposure is a major source of air pollution. Air pollution causes the incidence and prevalence of childhood asthma and wheeze, impaired lung function, restricted physical activity.
The design of diverse streets and public open spaces can encourage residents to stop, linger, and interact.
Improve Air Quality
Traffic Accident
Policies to create a multimodal transport road system that prioritizes walking, cycling, and public transport use would substantially reduce urban air pollution and greenhouse gas emissions.
A higher reliance on private motor vehicles increases traffic volumes and road trauma, resulting in injury and early death.
Increase Social Interactions
Energy Crisis
Accessible and diverse destinations and transport options increase walking trips, which in turn have been linked to unplanned social encounters and sense of community.
Excessive reliance on car travel leads to a large amount of energy consumption, and oil consumption is a worldwide energy crisis.
Green Space
Traffic Jam Urban traffic congestion has a lot to do with the number of cars. Most traffic jams in cities occur during commuting hours. The more vehicles driving on the road, the higher the risk of traffic jams.
Urban Heat Island Effect Urban population density, engineering and vehicle heat rejection, residential heat release, urban building structure, and underlying surface type are the main reasons for the urban heat island effect.
Urban Road Maintenance Cost The high usage rate of urban public roads causes road damage and maintenance costs to increase, increasing the burden of municipal maintenance.
Car Waste and Soil Pollution After the car is scrapped, it will generate waste gas, waste oil, waste batteries, and scrapped parts. The waste oil left in the car, the old batteries that have been scrapped, and the scrapped parts will be improperly handled, which will cause great pollution and damage to the surrounding environment.
6
The urban green space provides the public with a variety of space environments for leisure, sports, and communication.
Reduce Urban Heat Island Effect The heat emitted by the car is an important factor in the heat island effect. Reducing the use of the car helps to reduce the urban ground temperature and alleviate the heat island effect.
Sustainable Energy Use Changes in adopting new urban mobility will help cities delivers benefits in terms of reduced overall congestion, additional opportunities for multimodal travel, and increased efficiency, while more active travel reduces oil energy consumption.
Reduce Medical Expenditures Related to Motor Vehicles Reduces the reliance on private motor vehicles and an increased prevalence of walking and cycling will lead to considerable population health benefits in active travel and reduce the burden of lifestyle-related chronic diseases and the pain caused by road traffic injuries.
Framwork Step 01-Carfree City Study -Cars and climat change -Cars and life -Cars and environment -Cars and Social justice -Cars and urban types -Carfree city policies -Carfree city finance -Case studies
Step 02-Site Analasis -Region, city, site -Environment -Population and users -Landuse -Traffic situation
-Street Types -Open space -Potentials and opportunities
Step 03-Workshop and Negotiation -Participants -Method of engaement -Workshop framwork -Street interview -Government opinions
-Citizen opinions -Informing City Vision
Step 04-Program -Plan Framwork -Policies and Finance -Public trasportaion -Regional Travel -Street program
-Cultural heritage -Commuting way -City events
Step 05-Design -City events -Design Sheme -Street design -Riverside design -Commnity garden -Street furniture design
Step 06-Sustainability -Community engagment -Program Sustainability -Maintenance
7
Site Location China
Wenazhou City
Wencheng County
Daxue Town
ANALYSIS
Wencheng County was named after a posthumous name of Liu Bowen, who was a founder of the Ming Dynasty as the principal advisor for Emperor Zhu Yuanzhang. Wencheng is one of the six counties under the jurisdiction of Wenzhou City, Zhejiang Province. It was established in the boundary area among Rui'an, Qingtian, and Taishun in 1946. Daxue Town is located in the southwest of Wenzhou City and the upper and middle reaches of Feiyun River. It is 87 kilometers away from urban district of Wenzhou City. It is the political, economic and cultural center of Wencheng County and famous as the hometown of many overseas Chinese. The total area of the town is 156.3 square kilometers. It governs 28 villages and 13 residential areas.
Wheather and Environment Average Monthly Precipitation 6月
Monthly Average Temperature Landform and Ventilation Corridors 夏季6、7、8月
8、9月
Wencheng County is in the subtropical and marine monsoon climate zone with an average annual temperature of 14°C-18.5°C. The average frost-free period is 285 days. The average annual rainfall is 1884.7 mm. The climate is warm and humid all year round, and the rainfall is abundant. It provides excellent conditions for the development of agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry, sideline production, fishery industry and tourism. Wencheng County is vulnerable for typhoons and meteorological disasters in summer. Affected by the typhoon “Morante”, the sudden downpour in Wencheng County caused flooding in the areas of Jianshe Road, Xianqian Street, and Erxin Street, and the local public transportation was turned off in 2016. It is necessary to take precautions against extreme climate situations for reducing economic losses and casualties.
8
S1断面 Section01
S4断面 Section04
Section02
S5断面 Section05
S3断面 Section03
Section06 S6断面
S7断面
Daxue Town is the valley terrain. There are two important ventilation corridors which also important to wet and hot weather in the summertime.
Population and Main User Types POPULATION Population Data of Daxue Town 0-14
15-64
65-99
According to the 2016 population statistics, Wencheng County had a total population of 235,900. Compared to the former population census, the total population of Wencheng County has a trend of decreasing. In Daxue Town which is the site of our research, the total population is 44,519 and there are 13,071 families. Under the attraction of the large number of job opportunities in other big cities of China and overseas, the outflow of adult population in Daxue Town is a relatively serious issue. The residential population of Daxue Town is mostly composed of the elderly, children and women.
Daxue Town Landuse
In the area we studied, 79% of the land belongs to mountains and hills, 2.65% of water space, urban land use, low-density housing accounted for 3.99%, high-density housing accounted for 0.89%, commercial area 1.1%; public space (including parks, The land used for the square is 0.98%, and the land for transportation accounts for 0.19%. In general, most of the land in Daxue Town is a natural mountain, and the development of the town center is compact and highly mixed development. high density residential Transportation Sports facilities Park and green Cemetery Agriculture Medical Commercial Low density residential Market Public facilities Square Education Cultural Water Government Buffer zone
N 0 50
150
350 m
9
Traffic Situation and Local Life
Daxue Town is an important transportation hub for Wenzhou City to connect other towns in Wencheng County. Travelers who need rest or dining usually choose Bowen Road and Tiyuchang Road leading to the center of Daxue Town. This often cause traffic blockages during the holidays, especially during the Chinese New Year. The main street type in the central area of Daxue Town is neighborhood residential street with less parking spaces. It is common for young and middle-aged residents of Daxue Town to commute between villages, towns, and cities for work and school. The usual Daxue Town Street is crowded with illegal parking, electric motorcycles, modified tricycles, bicycles, and pedestrians. Private cars are relatively rare on the road. According to a local Uber driver's words that he rarely drives in the town unless heading to other towns. He became a uber driver is not to make money, but to use the car he bought and prevent rusting of the spare car.
10
Residents of Daxue Town use modified bicycles, modified electric motorcycles, and buses as the main choices of transportation. Most of the residents own cars, because car is a symbol of wealth. Additionally it is also a convenient choice for longdistance transportation and in rainy weather. Illegal parking diminishes accessibility of streets and creates an invisible danger on the road. The current street design is problematic under the pressure of street activities and the flow of people. Residents are looking forward to a solution leading to safe, comfortable and convenient city life.
11
Street Types
4m4m巷道 Alley 7m7m单车道 One way 11m Double lanes 11m双车道 15m Triple lanes 15m三车道
N 0 50
150
21m Four lanes 21m四车道
350 m
Neighborhood Residential Streets Most of the roads of Daxue Town are neighborhood residential streets which immediate link to the vast residential fabric of townhouses, double or triple-deckers, and single family homes. They are primarily for local trips and have lower vehicles but higher street activities. Total street width: Under 6m Streets: Taihu Street, Yong'an Road, Xinfeng Lane, Xinyi Alley, Square Lane,
Street Type Section
12
Thirteen Stone Lane, Wu Zhaiyu Lane, Hetou Alley, Shantou Street, Xinhe Lane, Xingfu Lane, Xinjian Lane, Yingxin Lane, Xinzhong Lane, Xuzhai Alley, Houtan Lane, Chengnan Road, Xindian Alley, Jianxin Road.
Downtown Mixed-Use Streets These streets support a lively mix of retail, residential, office, and entertainment uses. Downtown mixed-use streets are where Daxue Town citizens enjoy their city life and services mostly with a high level of walking, bicycling, and transit. Total street width: 10-18m Streets: Jianshe Road,Youzheng Road,Chengnan Road,Qiaotou Shaying Middle Road,Huancheng South Road, Xinqiao Road, Zhongqiao Road, Chaoyang Road
Street Type Section
Neighborhood Main Streets Neighborhood Main Streets are located in the heart of a residential part of Daxue Town. Due to the historical development process, they are mix-used highly. These streets are mostly shared by scooters, bicycles, walking and loading space. Vehicles are hardly driving through by day time. Total street width: 6-10m Streets: Daxue Street, Erxin Street,Jianxin South Street, Nancheng Road, Caichang South Road,Jiankang middle road.
Street Type Section
13
Downtown Commercial Streets Daxue Town only has one commercial street-Xianqian Street. Xianqian Street is the dense commercial core of Daxue Town mixed low, mid and high buildings with extremely high user volumes. Crowded with pedestrians, bicycles, buses and some private cars. Total street width: 34m Streets: Xianqian Street
Street Type Section
Riverside and Parkway The parkways of Daxue Town are four-lane high-speed roads parallel to the river which only connecting to the center of town by fours bridges. There are fewer interactions for pedestrians and bicyclists to cross. As the connecting town, most passengers will visit Daxue town who will trouble by finding parking spaces. Total street width: 10-32m Streets:Bowen Road, Tiyuchang Road, Xinfu East Road, Fengxi North Road, Xixia Road
Street Type Section
14
Open Space
Park Farm Water Square Riverside
Community square
N 0 50
City square
150
350 m
Riverside square
Farm Station square Market The layout of the town squares and open spaces in Daxue Town are very fragmentary. Common fitness equipment and some chairs are installed in the squares as normal. However, the residents rarely gather in the squares or utilize the equipment. At the same time, individual square is usually blocked by surrounding roads and the accessibility is not good. There is no functional differentiation among the squares, so they cannot meet the needs of people at different locations, such as the waterfront square, the square in front of the station, etc. The need for functional classification has not been investigated yet. Residents prefer to have social contact at home, on the street or in the corner space. The most vibrant and most popular place in the town is the public space of the traditional market. Although there is no place to rest, people are more willing to communicate here.
15
Stakeholders Negotiation Process
PARTNER
This chapter shows the results and influences between different participates in the negotiation of carfree city de this project, the stakeholders are mainly citizen, government, Retail, and the public transportation industry. We co development in Wencheng county.
16
evelopment. Community engagement place an important role in provides opinions and life experiences directly. In ombine the opinions of different participants on the development of carfree cities and informing the vision of urban
17
Resident Perspective As a result of street visits, it is concluded that the demand for residents to drive in Daxue Town is not high. As for the development into car-free city, it takes advantage in terms of safety and comfort. It is believed that Daxue Town can get car-free in some areas but doubted about the usage of local cars and remote commuting. Daxue Town is rainy in summer, so residents worry that the rains will cause a lot of inconveniences if they cannot use their cars for commuting or shopping.
Government Perspective The biggest concern of the government about the construction of car-free city is the city budget. However, if the project can be subsidized from ecological compensation and water source protection subsidies, the Daxue Town Government will support the implementation of this project. Moreover, it will have a great impact on urban development policies, traffic policies and traffic regulations, but the anticipated impact supports the benefits brought by car- free cities.
Maintaning
18
Local Business Perspective The most important problem for local stores is how to ship the goods are shipped and store those after carfree development. The local hotels are most concerned about how the passengers come to Daxue Town, and how to pick up and drop off passengers in the future. The restaurant and coffee are very supportive of having an outdoor dining space on the street after car-free development. Most merchants believe that car-free city can become an extraordinary local feature to attract more travelers.
Public Transportation Industry Perspective The implementation of car-free city can even benefit the mass transit industry and create jobs. The bus company is more concerned about how to make route adjustments in the future and purchase special vans to offer more convenient connection services. At the same time, they believe that the statistics of big data can improve the accuracy of the estimations on the number of people and the need for buses.
19
Comprehensive keywords
To conclude the interviews with multiple participants, we propose three aspects of the city vision based on the meanings of diversified verbal mentions and user questions.
20
City Visions Develop Car-free City and Public Transportaion System
Build a car-free area in the town. Citizens can commute by public transportations like bus, bicycle, shared cars and mainly by walking to replace the use of private cars.
Parkway system solves the problem of transit traffic of vehicles. To complete car-free city functions, there are parking spaces on the outskirts of the city for visitors.
Complete long-distance bus line system in Wencheng County especially commuting bus lines from Daxue Town to Wenzhou city.
The new lifestyle of car-free cities attracts diverse new residents to solve the problem of population decline. Zero casualty streets provide residents with street activities throughout the day.
Creating open spaces that appeal to different users that makes opportunities to enhance community connection and identification also provides different spaces to live, work, study , and play.
Create New Life Style
The streets in the central business district of the city extend the flexible use of space to enhance business vitality and attract stable and growing residents to provide them with a comfortable lifestyle.
Celebrate The Uniqe of Wancheng Landscape
The central area of the city has convenient and comfortable walking routes networks with open spaces which designed to provide a variety of urban life and combined with the development of historical culture and natural resources.
Rivers and hills are important sights of Daxue Town. Optimize the riverside space so that citizens have more opportunities to get close to the river space. Complete the barrier-free facilities of Hill Park, making it easy for different users to arrive.
Preservation and restoration of traditional architectural features, the Zongtang Temple is a local cohesive space, reflecting the cultural and cultural values of the city, and enhancing the city's charm with high-quality design.
21
Car-free City Development Stage
Program Framwork Finance and policies -Landuse policies -Traffic policies -Environmental compensation policies
Regional
Support
-Regional transportation system -Traveling without private cars
City -Compact city and multiple landuse development -Road function reclassification -Sidewalk and facilities -Cycling space and facilities -Bus road and facilities -Community Bus system -Street service space and facilities -Parking space and facilities Sustainability and Community Engagment
-Big data research and respond -Residents participate in policy decisions -Maintenance and sustainability 22
Respond and steward
Fundation and principle
PROGRAM
According to statistics, the traffic volume in DaxueTown has been reduced with time. The residents mainly use bicycles, walking and electric motorcycles as daily transportation modes in the town. Also, some unformal shared spaces had formed. It can be said that Daxue Town has reached the stage "Car-lite measures" during the car-free development process. We will gradually implement the development of car-free cities in Daxue Town from the aspects of policy, regional planning, and urban design.
Finance and Policies Environmental Compensation Water-source and Water-quality Conservation Districts Compensation Method Wencheng County is remarkably significant as a water supply center in Wenzhou city. However, the limited capacity of Shanxi Reservoir has hindered Wencheng from developing other industries. The reservoir faces Water-source and waterquality Conservation Districts challenges such as low water resource utilization rate and significant water compensation level decline. Therefore, it is necessary to reach an agreement with the billion surrounding counties and cities on the “water source compensation”. The total amount of compensation for Wencheng County is calculated according to the “Eco-compensation Standard Accounting Rules”. Then it can be distributed to the downstream counties and cities.Each county and city can adopt:
5.356
(a) One-time buyout. (b) Water income rebate compensation.
If “Dongyang-Yiwu” compensation plan is considered as an example and standard (4 yuan/m3 to purchase 50 million m3 water with permanent use authority), according to the water consumption situation of counties and cities in Wenzhou in 2016 (including all other counties and cities which use the water from except Yongjia and Yueqing,), Wencheng can obtain a compensation of 5.356 billion yuan at one time. Carbon Displacement Compensation Method In 2016, the annual tourist population visiting scenic spots of Wencheng County was 1,123,300. The average distance travelled by visitors to the scenic spot is 59Km. The average CO2 emission per kilometer of cars is 0.27Kg, and the average CO2 emission per kilometer of vehicles for public transportation is 1.05Kg. The average passenger load of cars is 2.6; the Carbon displacement average passenger load of vehicles for public transportation is 18.The compensation proportion of cars (private cars, taxis) in all the vehicles is 77.9%. If the use of cars is subject to be reduced in tourism, a part of them will be replaced million by public transport and the other part will be replaced by non-motorized means. Consequently, the carbon emissions of tourism traffic will be reduced by 5,425.21 tons, the carbon emissions of tourism traffic will be reduced by 71.91%, and the carbon income will be 1,356,300 yuan. Moreover, if adopting car-free transportation completely in the county, the annual carbon emission reduction will be 10,857 tons, and the traffic carbon emission of the county will be reduced by 67.06%. The carbon income can be increased from 271,400 yuan to 2,735,900 yuan.
4.092
Ptential Revenue Sources for Car-free Projects Cost category
Planning and development
Infrastructure
Management
Potential revenue sources -Exsiting department budgets -Regional and national govertnment budgets -International bilateral agencies -Global Environment Facility(GEF) -International organisations -Regional development banks -private foundations -Local tax revenues -Regional and national govertnment budgets -Regional development banks -Exsiting department budgets -Commercial advertisong -Private sector sponsorship -Congestion charging, roadway tolls, and parking fees -commercial property development
23
Policies for Car-free City Development Landuse Policy -Separation of Residential Tourism Land 1. Local land use planning to prevent mutual interference between residential and touristic areas. 2. The focused development of touristic areas and the planning of tourism land use, facilitating the centralization of the layout of business and service industries. 3.Local residential lareas are dispersed and balanced.
-Land Function Replacement 1.Construct parking lots (buildings) for the region on the edge of the county and transform public parking space into the city parking lot. 2.The functional conversion of original urban parking lots , such as conversions into supermarkets, convenience stores, cultural centers, etc.(Owners of the original parking spaces can be compensated with the shares of the new functional facilities.)
-Land Development Management 1. Newly built real estate does not include private car parking areas, but equipped with bicycle canopy, morning exercise venue. 2. Focus on the development of new residential areas, with both commercial and residential functions. When approving land use plan for real estate, it is necessary to ensure the commercial and residential ratio to ensure that the commercial facilities in the community can meet the basic living requirements of the community and reduce unnecessary travelling.
Traffic Policy -Encourage Private Car Travel Mode Conversion 1. Reduce the number of new vehicle licenses and increase the annual fee for licenses. 2. Increase car parking fees, environmental management fees, etc. 3. The private car is strictly restricted in the urban area, and all private cars are parked at designated parking lots. 4.Encourage the household car owner to sell the car (to the household registrations outside the local region). The owners earn the full amounts of the car sales which are exempted from charging the transfer fee and mutual tax, and receive reward from 1-5 million funds.
-Smart Car-free City System 1. Public transport introduces intelligent systems and mechanisms of sharing apparatus. 2.Fully distribute the shared bicycles in cooperation with those companies who operate shared bicycle. 3. Award the pedestrians of the city whose number of walks exceeds 10,000 steps per day with the title of “Green Citizen�. Environmentally-friendly citizens can be eligible for discounted rates of public facilities such as bus fares. 4.If Rent a mountain bike to travel to the scenic spots, the entry fee is exempted.
-Public Guidance 1. As conversion of public institution subsidy policy, cancel all travel subsidies, and replace those with car-free behavior reward. 2. Promote car-free education in the county, and add the guidance into primary school extracurricular.
-Organizing Sports Events 1. Organize bicycle design competitions, mountain bike competitions, etc. 2. Organize marathons, race walk competitions and other events to change travel habits.
Industrial Policy -Encourage Entrepreneurship Related to Car-free Transportation 1. Awarding excellent service providers every year, conferring rewards on them. 2. New enterprises and transformedenterprises are subsidized and exempted from certain taxes for three to five years.
-Develop a Town of Mountain Bike Leisure Sport -Develop Tourism and Related Industries 1. Wenchuang Industry will take the advantage of being the hometown of overseas Chinese, such as introducing products of overseas Chinese, and establishing a trading center for the products. The local areas of old city buildings and local characteristic buildings will be renovated in compliance withlocal culture. 2. Combine the pedestrian-friendly commercial area for customers, food street and other service facilities with a small business model. 3. The transformation of the original farmland into urban agriculture: the contract system for private leasehold of land use rights. Residents is allowed to lease land in the form of short-term contracts and hire local farmers to cultivate vegetables. Furthermore, it solves the problem of selling agricultural products, on the other hand, it establishes long-term links between urban residents and rural areas.
24
Regional Transportation System Human activities
In order to create a tourism environment that is easy to drive without driving, we analyze and plan the travel methods based on bicycles, walking and mass transit from several aspects: 1. Slope: Find routes that are suitable for cycling. Additional facilities or interchanges can be added to some roads that are hard to cycling.
Slope
2. Distance between towns and scenic spots: Towns and scenic spots are important places for rest and replenishment of passengers. If the distance between towns or rest nodes is too far away, a simple rest stop is needed on the way to provide passengers who travel by bicycle or on foot. County road
3. Existing roads: Analyze the existing road distribution and improve bicycle and walking facilities according to different needs. Roads must be highly accessible between towns and attractions. 4. Public transportation routes: The public transportation in Wencheng County is main bus and shuttle bus. Analyze existing lines and plan a more convenient route network.
Liuji Temple
Nantian
Yuelao Mountain Longqi Yuan Yuhu Slow City Baizhang waterfall Xikeng Shezu Town
Baizhang Waterfall Town
Tongling Mountain Daxue Town
Long River Huang Tan
Xue Kou
Zhou Mountain
JuYu
Shan Stream Tourist routes Town to town routes
25
Transportation for Sightseeing Integrate the first-class and second-level scenic spots, transfer points, hiking spots and bicycle rest points in Wencheng County, and plan 5, 3 and 2-day tourist routes.
5-Day Tourist Suitable for travelers with cycling experience, able to accept higher continuous and intense cycling activities. It is recommended to hire a bicycle tour guide and arrange some routes to arrive by public transport. -Total length of line : 200km -Recommended riding speed : 10km-15km/hr -First-class scenic spots : 6 -second-level scenic spots : 5
3-Day Tourist It is suitable for passengers who have experienced bicycle riding experience, accept some climbing sections and have certain physical strength. It is not necessary to hire a bicycle guide, and most of the routes only need to follow the indicators. -Total length of line : 110km -Recommended riding speed : 8km-15km/hr -First-class scenic spots : 4 -second-level scenic spots : 4
2-Day Tourist Suitable for passengers and families who have used bicycles for the first time. It is not necessary to hire a bicycle guide, and most of the routes only need to follow the indicators. -Total length of line : 90km -Recommended riding speed : 8km-15km/hr -First-class scenic spots : 2 -second-level scenic spots : 1
26
Road Function Reclassification We reclassified the roads in Daxue Town in order to reduce the use of private cars and create slow-speed traffic space.
Provincial road Expressway Two way road One way road Shared Street Time-limited freight road
N 0 50
150
350 m
Sidewalk and Facilities
Consider the neighborhood street of Daxue town with a street space of 4-6 meters. In the narrow street space, it must meet the multi-function function. The bicycle sharing street will perfect the bicycle lane system of most university towns, and the bicycles will be added on the roads above 8m. Dedicated roads to meet the needs of medium and long-distance use.
New cycle tracks The Bicycle-pedestrian mixed line
N 0 50
150
350 m
27
Cycle Tracks and Facilities Bicycle system development goals 1. Cycling becomes the main commuting way for citizens. 2. Build service points for bicycles in the city. 3.Public bicycle rental service system connected to other public transportation systems, especially bus systems. 4. Public bicycle rental service should cover 90% of the central town.
Bicycle System and Billing There are different charging standards for different public bicycles, the biggest premise is that everyone can afford it. Public bicycle rentals are in line with public preferential policies and monthly passes to increase usage. Bicycle types
Main user
Rentail fee
Favourable policy
Public bicycle
Citizens and trvelers
1 CNY / Times
Monthly ticket and citizen discount
Shared bicycle
Citizens and trvelers
1 CNY / Times
Monthly ticket and citizen discount
Mountain bike
Travelers to suburbs of Daxue Town
10 CNY / Hours
Membership discount
Public Bicycle Types There is only one type of public bicycles available today, which can only be single-person riding, and some offer baskets. In order to fulfill the needs of different groups of people and daily activities, public bicycles should provide different types.
Normal
Tandem bicycle
Bicycle with child back seat
Bicycle with front seat
Public Bicycle Service Facilities 1. Residential areas : Set up parking sheds and service terminals in 20*12 service venue. 2. Roads : Set up parking cycles and service terminals in 12*6 service venue. 3. Public spaces :Set up parking cycles and sheds in 20*6 service venue.
Parking spot or bicycle,Signs for cycling, self-service air pumping device
28
Armrest facilities : Relax at red light
Uphill booster:Easy to get uphill
The Extent of Public Bicycle Implement (1)Downtown Resident The population of the central city is around 49000. According to the demographic structure, the number of days per capita is about 4.2 (Round trips as 2), and the proportion of non-motor vehicles is 28.7%. Under no-car conditions, transforming 50% of electric vehicles and 20% of private cars to public bicycle travels. It requires 8700 bicycles in the car-free city because of that each public bicycle is rented 6-7 times per day. (2)The Number of Tourists During the peak period of tourism, there were 1.009 million visitors (an average of 2,764 people per day) (2016 data). Assuming that 10% of tourists recently and 20% tourists in the long-term will rent public bicycles, each bicycle will be turnover 6-7 times. At the beginning of the construction of the car-free city, 46 public bicycles were required, and 92 public bicycles were needed for 10 years. (3)Overall Scale Considering the population of residents and tourists, 8746 public bicycles are required at the beginning and the number will increase to 8792 in 10 years.
The principles of the arrangements of public bicycle service points (1)Density: The average walking speed is 3-4km/h, the walking distance of 3min is 150-200m. The distance between public bicycle service points is 300-400m, that is, the service radius is 150-200m. (2)Places:Taking the layer-by-layer approach around the bus hub and planning divisions as workings, residential areas, public service facilities, and leisure tourism spots.
N 0 50
150
350 m
29
Bus Transportation System
According to the commuting and daily life needs of residents in Daxue Town and surrounding villages, we have added 5 bus routes and six major transshipment points. Traffic tools
Modern of execution
Service crowd
Fixed lines and stops within 12
Bus
Resident/tourist
Speed-limited 30km/h
Regular
seats
Commuter bus
Discount or free for students and olds
Electrical bus which has fixed
Resident
20km/h
Regular
lines and free stops
Free for students and olds Free for disabled
Resident/tourist
Booking by phone call or
Cab-sharing
Favourable policy 优惠政策
Charge
30km/h
High
Discount or free for disabled Discount on bad weathers
internet which offers Point-topoint service
Electrical Cabsharing
Self-drive with time-unlimited
Resident
30km/h
Pay by time
Null
Line 01 Line 02
Shang Xu Village
Line 03 Line 04
Bus Main Station
Line 05 Transit Station
Longchuan District Parking Lot International Hotel Telecommunications bureau Wu Xiang Village
Zhangtai District Parking Lot
Daxue Town Government
Qiao Tou Chengnan Bus Station Shankeng
N 0 50
150
350 m
Shankeng
Shang Xu Village
Bus Line 01
Xuling community
International Hotel Xiangxi community
To fulfill the needs of Xuling community and Xiangxi community residents to the central business district, through Jianshe Road and Xianqian Street. -Route length : 4.9km -Service time : 6:30-21:30 -Number of buses : 8 .
30
Bus Line 02
Bus Main Station
To fulfill the needs of Shuangyu Community and Yongan Community Residents to the Central Business District. From the Passenger Terminal, via Tiyuchung Road, Xianqian Street and Qixia Road to Shankeng. -Route length : 5.4 km -Service time : 6:30-21:30 -Number of buses : 12 .
Yongan Community Shuangyu Community
Shankeng
Bus Line 03 The bus mainly passes through the waterfront of the Borwen Road and serves the tourist's business district. This is a single-line loop, the Berwen Road runs from west to east, and Tiyuchung road runs from east to west.
Longchuan District Parking Lot
-Route length : 7.9 km -Service time : 6:30-21:30 -Number of buses : 6 .
Chengnan Bus Station
Bus Line 04 The route connects with National Highway 322 to serve visitors from outside and meet the needs of tourists to the business center.
Longchuan District Parking Lot Zhangtai District Parking Lot
-Route length : 5.3 km -Service time : 6:30-21:30 -Number of buses : 8 .
Bus Line 05 The route mainly serves the needs of the central business district of Daxue Town and Longchuan District to Daxue Town. Wu Xiang Village Shankeng
-Route length : 10km -Service time : 6:30-21:30 -Number of buses : 14 .
31
Commuting Bus Routes
N
0 50 150
N
350 m
Commuting bus for children New community kindergartens in Qiyun, Fengqi and Shuangyu communities will realize the full coverage of the kindergarten community in Daxue Town. The walking time of each community to kindergarten is ≤5min.
0 50 150
350 m
Commuting bus for work There is a public transportation system connection between the communities and the main office locations: Jianshe Road, Jianshe East Road, and Tiyuchang Road cover the bus routes.
Street Service Space and Facilities Area: 20200m2 Area: 4275m2
Area: 7025m2 Load distribution center N 0 50 150
Frozen load distribution point
350 m
Trucks accessible
Considering Wencheng's future economic development, according to the road freight volume of 2 million tons to calculate freight demand, Wencheng County's daily average road freight volume is about 5479 tons, large trucks account for 43% of operating trucks, large cargo trucks take 30 tons, small and medium-sized goods heavy Taking 6 tons, about 144 large trucks enter the city every day, and about 191 small and medium-sized trucks.From the past five years of cargo forecast, Wencheng County needs to arrange 31,000 square meters of logistics distribution center around the city.
Number of trucks in Wencheng County
years
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
Total number of business trucks
998
797
587
545
243
Trucks and vans account for commercial use（%）
29%
32%
36%
40%
43%
We combine existing warehouses with new warehouses to meet future freight volume needs. Large trucks place goods in designated warehouses through county roads or national highways and then transport them to merchants using small cargo electric vehicles. Newly built refrigerated warehouses are evenly distributed throughout the town to ensure the freshness of the food. Large freight vehicles can travel on designated sections of the city from 22:00-6:00.
32
Emergency Service and Service Area The service range of ambulances, fire engines, and police cars can cover the whole Daxue Town. All special vehicles travel in car-free cities without restrictions. Road design must maintain the width of the vehicle in a special situation. Ambulance parking spot and service areas
Fire truck parking spots and service areas
2km 1km
Police car parking and scope of services
1km Fire department
2km 3km Police station
Hospital
1km 2km
Parking Space and Facilities 1. Keep the original parking lot: Wencheng Hotel Parking Lot, Xinfu East Road Parking Lot, Wencheng Forestry Bureau Parking Lot, Wencheng Tobacco Company Parking Lot, Pedestrian Road Parking Lot, New Hyatt Hotel Parking Lot, Jiasheng Garden Parking Lot Wencheng Marriott Hotel Parking, Wencheng County Hospital Parking Lot. 2. Create 5 new parking lots and 2 parking lots. 3. Not Local vehicles are prioritized to the parking lot on both sides of National Highway 322. The internal vehicles are prioritized to three parking lots on South Ring Road.
集中式停车楼 集中式停车楼 地面停车场 集中式停车楼 集中式停车楼
Parking buildings 集中式停车楼 地面停车场 原小区停车场 城市道路
地面停车场
Parking lots 原小区停车场 Community parking lots 地面停车场 原小区停车场
城市道路
城市道路
对外省道、县道
对外省道、县道
地面停车场 原小区停车场 城市道路 原小区停车场
Road 城市道路 County对外省道、县道 road 对外省道、县道
33
DESIGN
Design Principles
Weather-adapted Pavement
X
O
X
不透水舖面
透水舖面
DaxueTown is a rainy city. After the carfree policy, urban residents will rely more on walking, bicycle, and other public transportation modes. The rainy weather challenges residents' travel choices. Therefore, urban drainage is very important. We will use permeable pavement and drainage design to be the basis and principle of street design.
34
Pavement Surfacing Material Sele
舖面凹凸不平
O
舖面平整
In China, many towns like to use antique bricks pavement for the streets of ancient towns. How the gaps and undulations of these material too large, which is likely to cause danger to pe with disabilities, and also makes people use baby carriages, small carts, and bicycles uncomfortable.
ection
整s as a
wever, ls are eople who s feel
More Open Spaces The street reconstruction of the carfree city has made room for the urban vegetation. The roads in Daxue Town are relatively narrow, and the green space is mainly based on movable potted plants.
Universal Design
The city belongs to all residents. The universally designed street can meet the obstacles and accommodate more and more cyclists, baby carriages, wheelchairs, and other multi-users' activities in the street also allowing users to enjoy the comfortable and equal street life.
Shared Street
Smart City
O
X
一般街道
平层街道
Shared street allows for motor vehicles and improves visibility and accessibility for the shops along the street which also foster a comfortable and safe walking and cycling environment.
Streets are equipped with the physical and digital information infrastructure required to move all modes of transportation more efficiently, support alternatives such as car and bicycleshare, and provide real-time data to facilitate trip planning,parking, and transfers between modes of transportation.
35
Jianshe Road Design
Rain water collection
1m 1m
36
3m
3m
1m
1m
Through the main roads of the town, connecting the east and west areas with County Front Street, Bowen Road, Jianshe East Road, the traffic and people flow is large. The variety of vehicles include the bus. Battery cars, motorcycles, bicycles, manpower carts, electric tricycles, cars, and trucks. In the morning and evening, there are outstanding peaks of traffic and a high degree of mixture along both the two sides of the road: the administrative units, merchants, households, schools, vegetable markets, hotels and other street shops are spersed in residential areas, and there are neighborhood spaces as the alleys. Now Design for business area Design for children's area
Design for outdoor dining
Design for shopping area In order to meet the demands of a large number of people on the streets and the multiple modes of transportation, the streets are designed for them to share the road. The bicycle lanes, bus lanes and main pedestrian areas should be distinguishable with different paving patterns.
There are many schools besides the roads to be constructed, and the safety of children is the most important consideration. The drivers on the roads should be remined by increasing the deceleration signs and different paving patterns.
37
Erxin Street Design Erxin Street is a mixed-use street in Daxue Town. It contains a variety of functions such as retail, entertainment, catering and so on. It is the most lively street in Daxue Town. The total width of the road is narrow (between 7m-9m). The road is a mixture of people and vehicles now.Erxin Street is designed to extend store space and outdoor leisure space to enrich the street to activities. Use shrinking rain cover and permeable pavement to solve the problem of rainy weather.
Shops
Dining
Parking Riverside
Space and functions
Now
38
Design for outdoor dining
Food garden
Design for outdoor recreation
Rain water collection
7 m
1m
1m
3m
1m
Morning market of Erxin Street
Night market of Erxin Street
39
Daxue Street Design Daxue Street is the oldest street in Daxue Town and also the busiest street at any moment with many historical buildings, squares, and popular bookstores. Due to the entrances of primary schools, junior high schools and kindergartens are on Daxue Street, it will be crowded with parents during commuting times. At the early morning and evening, the street will be occupied by trucks temporarily for freight service. Daxue Street is designed to serve the different street activities and user needs.
Space and functions
Now
40
Old houses School Bookstore
Design for outdoor dining
Riverside
Design for outdoor recreation
Place 01- City bookstore
Place 02- Historical houses
Design for retail shops
Design for squares
Rain water collection
41
Bowen Road and Tiyuchang Road Design Riverside is the most important landscape of Daxue Town. There are lots of citizens jogging along the waterfront in the morning and evening. The waterfront design now can't serve the needs of users. The design focuses on service facilities like chairs, playgrounds, toilets and so on, also focuses on creating new activities like street performance spots and weekend market. East side of river
A area riverside design
A area nearby the business buildings with squares. The design focuses on creating riverside dining areas and spaces for street food vendors.
42
B area riverside design
B area is the best view for the riverside landscape. The design focuses on creating more places for people to stay and enjoy the riverside walking. Temporary street vendors are allowed here.
C area riverside design
C area nearby the Residential area and lack of activities. The design focuses on creating spaces for children's playground and community squares for elders to get together.
Wast side of river
Tiyuchang Road, east side of waterfront along with lots of restaurants and cafes. Tiyuchang Road is the important road connect Daxue Town to other cities and sightseeing hotspots. Travelers will eat and rest when they drive through here. The design focuses on creating outdoor dining,rest facilities, cycling tracks and pedestrian system for citizens also travelers.
43
Carfree Neighborhood Design
School Commercial Restaurant Community service
44
This community consists of several primary schools and kindergartens, residential areas and government agencies and is surrounded by farmland. We initiate the "One square meter garden plan" gardens near the vegetable garden limit the car. Create a micro-garden landscape, created by residents, diversify the landscape features of the vegetable garden block, and also turn the original farmland into a public communication space to avoid becoming the fate of the parking lot.
Entrances to community garden
Rest Spots To set up a leisure space for people to look around, rest, exercise, etc, design increase the tour routes in the city garden and connect with the entrances to guide people into the vegetable garden for more activities.
Now
Carfree street
After the design, space originally used as the back of the building was reversed. People can grow vegetables, set up stalls and do various activities in the original back door spaces.
45
How Car-free Development Be Sustainable
SUSTANABILITY
The sustainable management of car-free cities must be based on the priority of user needs. The can play a key role in policy decisions, design, construction, statistics, and finance. The community should have a certain decision on the financial expenditure of car-free cities to avoid plans that do not meet actual needs or harm the community. Community volunteers can save on municipal expenses in many ways, such as the human expenditure on partial maintenance management. Also, community fundraising can raise more budget for local governments.
Finance
Research and Evaluation After the completion of a project, the collection of the smart city big data is used to regularly track the efficiency of car-free city operation. Research and feedback based on relevant statistical data will be the basis of new development trends and directions in the future.
Comm Engag
Build a
Incorporate can help the needs of resi or plan is bu stewardship
46
erefore, feedback from users and big data collection are very important. Community involvement
Policy enforcement relies on residents' sense of identity in car-free cities. The community participates in the dissemination and practice of the concept of car-free cities and forms a common community value. In the policy resolution, community residents should have certain decision-making power.
Execute Policies
munity gement
Design
Communicate the community to the design process in the form of workshops, meetings or questionnaires. The design combines public issues with local features and needs. The project can be combined with community activities, festivals, and even let the community lead a project under a professional guide.
and Maintenance
with the community in the construction process e designer and government to understand detail idents and in small scale spaces. After the project uilt, Organize community volunteers to establish for some daily maintenance.
47
Reference Books and Articles 1.Car-Free Development [R].Klaus Neumann,SDS,G.C.,2005. 2.Sustainable Transport: A sourcebook for Policu-makers in Developing Cities Car-Free Development [M].Lloyd Wright.2005 3.Boston Complete Streets Design Guidelines [M] Boston Transportation Department.2013 4.A City for People Wollongong Public Spaces Public Life [M] Jan Gehl, Gehl Architects, Wollongong city of innovation.2016 5. Adaptive Streets: Strategies for Transforming the Urban Right-of-Way.[M].Jordan Lewis and Mike Schwindeller .2014 6.Systematization of Slow Mode Transportation on the Urban Regional Area [C]Xiatian.2011.Beijing Jiaotong University 7.Urban spaces and mobility- strategies and projects in The City of Copenhagen [J]Jesper Dahl.2011 8. Annual Report 2010 of the Helinki City Real Estate Department [R ]. 2011 9.Reducing the Reliance on Automobiles: Portland Multi-modal Transportation System Development[J]Ye Jianhong, Chen Xiaohong, Zhang Hua,2013,11(01):10-17 10.Benign Interaction between Urban Growth and Transport Development—Portland City[J] SU Feng-ming,2015,37(06):88-95.
Websites Global Designing Cities Initiative https://globaldesigningcities.org/
The People's Government of Wencheng County http://www.wencheng.gov.cn/
Wenzhou Culture Brodcasting and Tourism Bureau http://ly.wenzhou.gov.cn/
The People's Government of Zhejiang Province http://www.zj.gov.cn/
Land Transport & Authority https://www.lta.gov.sg/content/ltaweb/en.html
City of Helsinki https://www.hel.fi/helsinki/en
City of Portland https://www.portlandoregon.gov/
Pictueres All pictures were took by work group members.
48