Yarditecture: New Walls for Trenchtown by Chris Malcolm

Committee Miho Mazereeuw Assistant Professor of Architecture & Urbanism, MIT Reinhart Goethert Principal Research Associate, MIT Christopher Whyms-Stone Architect, Cornerstone Design Jamaica

Submitted to the Department of Architecture on: January 16, 2014 in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Architecture.

2 Yarditecture: New Walls For Trench Town

YARDITECTURE New Walls for Trench Town By Christopher J Malcolm

Abstract “The yard” -- the typical housing typology of low-income downtown, Jamaica where multiple households are contained within a surrounding wall. This thesis envelops itself in Trench town, Jamaica, the epicenter of what is known internationally as Jamaican culture, and to reinterpret the “yard” as a viable solution for sustainable urban growth. The housing type stems from historical times of slavery, where the 1744 Act of Jamaica was created in as a means to control slaves within large regions. This dictated that a seven-foot wall was required to be built around 6-9 shanties, leaving one entrance point as the sole access to inside the perimeter. This was intended to be a method of control, but instead became a way of cultural concealment from owners. As a yard, Trench town has undergone several transformations between a formal and informal social/spatial construct, but all the while retaining the yard typology of a surrounding wall. During violence on the streets in the 70s, the government yards’ concrete walls have been broken in certain points, allowing a new internalized circulation, and creating a fluid labyrinthine field of not only living, but also a menagerie of working , and recreational spaces within the confines of the walls. Instead of restricting access, the walls of the Jamaican yard acts as a membrane, a negotiator between yards. Thus, this thesis seeks to provide a new intervention for the two blocks of trench town that were destroyed in the 70s, in the forms of infrastructural walls as the essential framework for autonomous informal growth. Instead of traditional holistic social housing plans or site-and-services upgrading, this thesis seeks to provide the in-between--providing walls which enable urban growth via different typologies of walls and their relations to one another. In this way, new density, spatial intent, and overall better living conditions can be informed by providing the minimal resolution of autonomous urban structure-the quintessential wall, to be manipulated and expanded by the needs of the inhabitant. Thesis Advisor: Miho Mazereeuw, Assistant Professor of Architecture & Urbanism, MIT

Christopher J. Malcolm

Acknowledgments

Although the following words cannot express my gratitude, I would like to sincerely thank the following who helped me with getting through thesis in one piece.

My Family: Without the consistent support of my mother, father, and brother--thank you for the guidance, love, and care. Miho: For bearing with my somewhat off-track ideas and obsessions, and always staying calm during times that I should be stressing. I appreciate the direction you guided me in, it got me to think outside of normal box, and my project truly benefitted from it. Chris + David: For not only giving me the chance to meet the best contacts ever in Jamaica, but also making new friends. The research, experience, and fun I had while being down there with you guys is indispensible. Shrimp: For getting me initially interested in housing and being an invaluable resource. We had some good times in Fiji and thesis. Although you hate architects, hopefully I made a good dent in that impression. My friends: So many its difficult to name you all. To Li Huang, Jessica Lee ,the best thesis butt mates ever. Nick Polansky, Cecilia Ho, Clay Anderson, Alex Marshall, Neil Legband...we have had fun times at this crazy school. Need I say more? Julian, Laura, and Alex Atwood, thank you for helping out in the bitter end with the model. I actually think it came out pretty dope! And of course Maya, killing it with collage help, amazing job! Thank you all.

4 Yarditecture: New Walls For Trench Town

Index

1. 2. 3. 4.

Introduction Site: Trenchtown What Can A Wall Do? Design Paremeters, Proposal Appendix Boards, Process, Bibliography

6 20 46 102

Christopher J. Malcolm

Chapter 01 Introduction

6 Yarditecture: New Walls For Trench Town

The Informal / Formal Debate This thesis first began with an interest in enveloping itself the realm of architecture built by non-architects i.e. informal architecture. In a time where urbanization and concentrated living conditions are becoming the majority, and 60% of housing development is being built informally, we as architects have a responsibility to reevaluate our roles as formally trained builders. Building is happening regardless of trained professionals being involved, so then, what is a professionals contribution to making aforementioned building more structurally sound, more organized, and more defined as a construct?

The formal / Informal Debate Many housing projects and schemes over time have been done to alleviate the housing crisis many parts of the world face, but an issue of control and flexibility is always an issue. All inclusive mass housing projects tend to be quite costly, slow to build, and often not considerate of that specific culture’s ways of living or sharing space. The architect and urban planners have total control, which often only temporarily solves housing for a chosen few, leaving other inhabitants to fend for themselves further outside of the developed area. On the other hand, projects that merely “formalize” the site and services, i.e. site and services projects, exhibit problems on the other side of the spectrum. These projects tend to bring squatter / informalized developments up to code by providing proper lot distributions, water/waste services, electrical amenities, roads, etc. This method becomes cost effective due to its flexibility--the housing dwellings are built by inhabitants themselves, alleviating building costs and focusing on infrastructure. While it has benefits, the downside is the overall community’s fabric does not retain a rigid framework for sustainable growth--in essence the control is slightly too loose and not enough of a logistical framework. Thus similar problems that occur within informal developments such as a lack of cohesiveness in building strategies, poor structural integrity, and etc can procreate in site and services projects. This strategy tends to give a majority of control to the inhabitants, leaving architects mostly out of the picture. So the question then becomes, is there a middle ground to low-income development? One that does not give full control to architect nor inhabitant, but is a hybrid growth strategy? Can the architect not provide a full housing solution, but perhaps a housing artifact..a fragment in which can be used in a variety of ways and can be reinterpreted by inhabitants by not limiting or being fully open, but instead informing certain strategies. This thesis looks at this hybrid strategy as a potential solution for proliferating informal building by providing a supporting fragment of architecture, in this case the wall. In contemporary architecture, many have denounced the necessity of the wall--deeming its use unnecessary. Corbusier’s Domino epitomizing the ideology of the modern movement, where walls simply become programmatic dividers rather than the quintessential columns and slabs of the building. But the wall, especially in developing countries become the most important foundation of defining one’s ownership of an area. Privacy, boundary, deliberation can be seen as the first , most decisive step in the building process. Before anything is built , a wall is almost always built around the perimeter--both in informal and formal construction processes. This thesis sees the wall then as the most essential, for its ability to define space, leaving practically all other architectural fragments dispensable. 8 Yarditecture: New Walls For Trench Town

Support Types

Providers

The In-between

Sites and Services

Conventional support types are either too much, money and time-wise, or too little, lacking enough rigidity to produce an efficient growth model. This thesis proposes a middle solution, providing architectural artifacts as a framework.

Christopher J. Malcolm

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Population of slum areas in Small Island Developing States (SIDS)

TOTAL POP. (WIDTH REL TO SIZE)

URBAN POP. (% OF TOTAL)

SLUM POP. (% OF URBAN)

10 Yarditecture: New Walls For Trench Town

Currently 60% of urbanism is built informally.

Right now in Jamaica 53% of the population live in the urban metropolitan area, and 32% of this population is considered slums. The slum population globally is expected to double by 2020 and triple by 2050. Thus housing becomes one of the most important topics that architects today face, and what their role is in facilitating a sustainable urban growth by non-architects.

Small Island Developing States (SIDS) are low-lying coastal countries that suffer from growing populations, limited resources, remoteness, and susceptibility of natural disasters. Because of this relative to their small size, there is little to no opportunity to create economies of scale. Because of this Slums are highly prevalent in these areas of the world, and the formal / informal divide becomes extremely concentrated with seemingly no ability to address the issues of urban population growth, security, density, and economic prosperity.

Christopher J. Malcolm

WELCOME

TO THE YARDS

TRENCHTOWN

The Area of Focus

Much informal research and development has been done in large land-locked areas such as China, South and Central America, Africa, and more. This tends to occur where a city center is in a mode of extreme prosperity or growth, and thus the informal sector peripherally becomes a focus for the government or architectural investigations. But in this thesis, the urbanization of island states became the focus, more specifically Kingston, Jamaica, for they are often overlooked as urban centers or in need of investigation unless a natural disaster or an extreme industrial boom occurs. The fact that Jamaica has one of the largest slum populations living in urban areas (and growing), has a long history of formal/informal transitions, is prone to earthquakes and hurricanes, and is looking at updating its building code (which hasn’t occurred in over a century) makes it a prime candidate for a new housing solution prototype. Furthermore, it is often overlooked due to its reputation as a tourist hot spot in the northern part of the island. The northern resorts cannot be more segregated from its southern urban counterpart, Kingston. Kingston’s “yards”, the main areas of the city where low-income inhabitants reside, are growing and the demand for more housing, that can be developed quickly, safely, and more dense is necessary. Small Island Developing States (SIDS) are low-lying coastal countries that suffer from growing populations, limited resources, remoteness, and susceptibility of natural disasters. Because of this relative to their small size, there is little to no opportunity to create economies of scale. Because of this Slums are highly prevalent in these areas of the world, and the formal / informal divide becomes extremely concentrated with seemingly no ability to address the issues of urban population growth, security, density, and economic prosperity. Kingston, Jamaica thus becomes a prime case study for investigation of how to hybridize informal / formal housing typologies because it’s formation is a result of several sociopolitical-economic events, specifically furthering an existing segregated culture.

14 Yarditecture: New Walls For Trench Town

Urban Population vs Slum Population Urban Population vs Slum Population

Slum Population is increasing faster than the total urban population, indicating a need for better low-income housing strategies.

EST. EST.

1,500K 1,500K 1,250K 1,250K 1,000K 1,000K 750K 750K

URBAN URBAN

500K 500K

SLUM SLUM

250K 250K 0K 0K PROJ. 1960 1970 19701980 1980 1990 1990 2000 20002010 2010 PROJ. 1960 Federal Arnette Federal andand Arnette BuiltBuilt AreaArea

Individual Lot Built Individual Lot Built AreaArea

1976 1976 Built Built 41.0% 41.0%

Open Open 59.0% 59.0%

2013 2013 Built Built 57.0% 57.0%

Open Open 43.0% 43.0%

2030 slum growth rate) 2030 (est(est @@ 2%2% slum growth rate) Built Built 80.0% 80.0%

1976 1976 Built 23.0%

Built 23.0%

Open 77.0%

2013 2013 Built 20.0%

Built 20.0%

Open 80.0%

Open Open 20.0% 20.0%

Open 80.0%

Christopher J. Malcolm

The Yard

One of the most interesting conditions found in Kingston is the “yard” typology. “The yard” is the typical housing typology found in the low-income areas of downtown Kingston. This stems from historical times of slavery, where the 1744 Act of Jamaica was created in order to control slaves. It dictated, for example, that each slave shanty, a small oneroom hut of unfinished wood and palm fronds...only have one door and one window. This door had to face the home of the plantation owner, which was known at the Great house. As a plantation grew, the number of shanties grew and the need to control one opening per each became too much. Thus, seven-foot walls were built around 6-9 shanties. And then, one opening again was applied to this wall, which would face the Great House . This was intended to be a method of control, but instead became a way of cultural concealment from owners. Culture and history was able to be shared and passed down through this newly created “yard”. This typology in fact continues to shape the Kingston urban fabric today, where walls around a multitude of homes, have proliferated in the downtown area.

16 Yarditecture: New Walls For Trench Town

“TATOO”

Makeshift housing

“YARD”

Homes are grouped in walls, a typology derivative of the slaving period.

Generally 6-12 families live within a single yard. In an informal yard, Each family shares a single room construct made of make-shift materials, with rough dimensions of 10' x 10' x 10'. Back in the past, these rooms were known as "Tatoos".

Christopher J. Malcolm

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18 Yarditecture: New Walls For Trench Town

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ECONOMIC COLLAPSE Christopher J. Malcolm

Original Colonial Plan of Kingston Jamaica.

20 Yarditecture: New Walls For Trench Town

History

Christopher Columbus claimed the land for Spain in 1494. It became a refuge for Jews who were expelled from France, and those who also had been expelled from Spain. Later on, the British captured Jamaica in 1644. As such, Jamaica has a rich mixture of European influences, but also a long period of slavery which has significant impact on the architectural vernacular. Slave cabins were constructed to only have one door and face the slave owner. When total amount of cabins exceeded 6-9, a wall was created around the cabins to create more control. In 1833 Slavery was abolished, but the enclosed shanty town typology continued to proliferate. In 1907, a major earthquake was completely detrimental to downtown Kingston. This directly influenced the creation of a new building act that introduced imported concrete as a more suitable building material. Buildings were also restricted to be built under 60 ft. In the 40s - 50s,Pioneer Industry laws encouraged industrial development, and many began to flock to Kingston for jobs and urban living. Bauxite (Aluminum) Industry was quite economically beneficial to Jamaica in the 60s to 70s. Also the use of concrete increased from 20% of buildings to 80% by 1970, both formally and informally. Unfortunately economic turmoil struck in 1974 when the oil import bill increased 172%, more than quadrupling in price. The Bauxite industry was quite oil intensive but also one of the main sources of income for Jamaica at the time. This and poor political governing by the PNP (Peopleâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s national party), has caused Jamaica to implode economically. Any remaining artisans and workmen move out of the country or to north of Kingston where more service oriented opportunities were available. Today Downtown Kingston is still in the subsequent economic debacle, with many vacant lots and sporadic densities of squatters. Despite the current circumstances, density in the yards still continue to grow, but with a lack of current jobs, a mixed use solution may help to reinvent the yard, creating jobs via micro-economies that already exist in the fabric.

Christopher J. Malcolm

Georeference

Jamaica

22 Yarditecture: New Walls For Trench Town

St. Andrew Parish

Kingston

Trench Town

Christopher J. Malcolm

The “Great Divide”

New Kingston, Jamaica

Yards of Downtown Kingston, Jamaica

24 Yarditecture: New Walls For Trench Town

KINGSTON, JAMAICA DWELLER OWNED HOUSING

1960

1982

1991

KINGSTON, JAMAICA SQUATTED LAND

1960

1982

Due to the violence and economic decline of the 70s, Kingston transitioned from a single functioning urban center to what can now be called the great divide-The mass exodus of the high earning professionals to the north in New Kingston and surrounding Suburbs, leaving the downtown and surrounding communities to low income inhabitants. Furthermore high end luxurious tourism on in the northern island further segregate cultural roots by polar opposite locations. Post-political warfare, a stigmatism is still left on the downtown area, and this + economic depression leaves it to degradation.

1991

Christopher J. Malcolm

It’s time for a new kind of yard. META-FORMAL: TOURIST PERIPHARY

NORTH RESORTS

2.0

FORMAL : NEW KINGSTON NEW KINGSTON DOWNTOWN THE PRIVELAGE SCALE

GROWTH WITH BENEFITS INFORMAL : DOWNTOWN YARDS

A proposal of a new housing typology to not only rethink low-income housing, but also to contextualize Jamaican culture back to its roots.

26 Yarditecture: New Walls For Trench Town

Yard 2.0

This thesis proposes to look at the yard as a typology that can be relooked at for future housing prototypes of Jamaica. It has had a long history on the island, inside the walls of the yards, Jamaican culture has been cultivated into what it is today. The communal aspect, internalization, and unique morphology makes it special to Kingston, and should be considered an essential part of Jamaican history. Much of the new urban fabric and architecture being built in New Kingston is of a suburban sprawling character. The yards and downtown Kingston have a historical significance as well as an urban fabric that was once dense and urban-- a condition that is the current trend worldwide. It makes sense to return to this type of development, considering the framework already exists, it is inherently of the culture, and provides possibilities of downtown rejuvenation.

Christopher J. Malcolm

Chapter 02 Trenchtown: Extrapolating Parameters

28 Yarditecture: New Walls For Trench Town

Trenchtown as a a focus Trench town is one of many areas in Kingston home to both formal and informal yards. For the site of this thesis, This area was chosen due to its historical past, being an area that has transitioned from informal area to formal numerous times...currently a hybrid of the two. But also, it is also home to an unprecedented number of cultural / political / and musical influences to forming not only Jamaican culture but worldwide as well. While being in Jamaica, the fact that the government yards was a significant area was clear, making it the most culturally significant yard. To propose a strategy, one must really understand the significant aspects of the yard. What is essential in definition, and what is not--but also how it can be improved via new insertions, exaggerated conditions, and informed restrictions. This section looks at the types, organizations, and progammatic breakdowns within the yards of trench town...the serve as a backbone for the development of design parameters for the architectural fragment proposed. From the violence of the 70s, the blocks of 6th and 7th street were burned down, and can be seen as a location for the new housing typology.

The government Yards of trench town are home to many of Jamaica’s most widely known musicians, political leaders, and sports starts. It is extremely significant culturally as well as historically. 7TH ST 6TH ST 5TH ST 4TH ST 3RD ST 2ND ST 1ST ST

GRANT BONGO HERMAN

WILTON HILL BUNNIE WAILER

JIMMY TUCKER

ELLIS LEROY SIBBLES

MANLEY

HORTENSE ELLIS JUNIOR TUCKER

ZIGGY AND RITA BOB MARLEY

VINCENT FORD

JOE HIGGS ERNIE RANGLIN

BUNNY AND SCULLY

BUSTAMANTE

FRASER

BUNNY GRANT DELROY WILSON

COLLIE SMITH

ADINA EDWARDS TOSH

CARL BROWN

ABYSSIANS WAILING SOULS

MASSIVE DREAD THEO BECKFORD

30 Yarditecture: New Walls For Trench Town

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Coast Line

YARD LOCATIONS Coast Line

2. TRENCH TOWN

Map depicting the Yards of Downtown, and highlighted is location of trench town.

Christopher J. Malcolm

HARBOUR

COULD BE MULTISTORY

ENCLOSURE TYPE GOVERNMENT YARDS

TENANT YARD

GOVERNMENT YARD

UNIFORMITY IN SIZE CLUSTER TYPE PLANNED ORGANIZATION

COULD BE MULTISTORY

TENANT YARDS

ENCLOSURE TYPE ROW TYPE GOVERNMENT YARDS

ONE BATH AND STANDPIPE INDIVIDUAL KITCHEN

IRREGULAR SIZE

UNPLANNED PUBLIC SPACE

Two types of Yards, one generally informal (tenant) and one which CLUSTER TYPE is rented from the government.

BUILDING MATERIALS es

Walls

or old)

ams, joists, studs, baseboards

Bricks

TENANT YARDS

xtures

EMPLOYMENT BY INDUSTRY

32 Yarditecture: New Walls For Trench Town

UNIFORMITY IN SIZE

Types and Distributions

PLANNED ORGANIZATION

Erna Brodberâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s A study of Yards in the City of Kingston (1975) COULD BE MULTISTORY is one of the most in-depth case studies done on Kingstonâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Yards, a deep analysis into the spatial and social structure in which they make up. One major contribution that is outlined, is the difference between a Tenant and Government Yard. The diagram to the left is based off their original sketch.

ENCLOSURE TYPE

GOVERNMENT YARDS

In essence, the government yard is a formal adaptation of the original informal construct. It is generally planned, uniform in room size, rented from the government, and generally shared amenities. This differs from a tenant yard, which is generally informal, is owned by a landlord or self organized, and not linear or aligned in any specific fashion. Trench town is an exemplary example of both these types, and has gone through multiple transitions between the two.

CLUSTER TYPE

Organization within the yard TENANT YARDS

Christopher Whyms-Stone, a Jamaican Architect outlines in his Masters thesis A Residential Arrangement the spatial distribution of homes within the confines of the yards. He defines three organizational types which can be seen here as Enclosure, Cluster, and Row type. What is evident in his findings, is the complexities of open space, how there is a certain degree of open space that is semi-private, and an amount that is more communal. For the new typology, a certain amount of flexibility and consideration of individualized ONE BATH AND STANDPIPE IRREGULAR SIZE outdoor space is necessary, considering most living is done INDIVIDUAL outdoors. KITCHEN UNPLANNED PUBLIC SPACE

ROW TYPE

Christopher J. Malcolm

TRENCH TOWN: A HISTORY

1957

Original Government Yards were developed under JLP party, replacing original land that was originally squatted (informal) land. These yards are home to many famous musicians and politician such as Bob Marley, Bunnie Wailer, Norman Manley, and Bustamante

34 Yarditecture: New Walls For Trench Town

1976

PNP, another political party, started to develop other housing projects north of the original government yards. Political tensions rose between north and south developments to the point of political gang warfare. Violence wiped out major portions of trench town.

2013

20XX

Left astray due to economic collapse, informal extensions and growth has occurred in trench town. Due to its violent past, a stigma has been left on the cultural area and the housing projects once prized as new developments have been left to degradation.

To redevelop 6th and 7th street, once can not only densify the growing low income population, but also bring back light to lower Kingston as a cultural epicenter--a new typology for internalized â&#x20AC;&#x153;Yarditectureâ&#x20AC;?.

Christopher J. Malcolm

COURTYARD (ENCLOSURE TYPE)

INFORMAL CASE STUDIES

FORT (ROW TYPE)

COURTYARD (ENCLOSURE TYPE)

The following axonometrics are case studies. The left exhibits four different examples of informal yards. The right are two of the three variations (s-block and H-block) of housing in the government yards of trench town. Here you can see the differences between the two types of housing.

36 Yarditecture: New Walls For Trench Town

BARBER

MATTRESS STORE

AUTO REPAIR

SIX (ENCLOSURE TYPE)

THE BEACH (CLUSTER TYPE)

FORMAL CASE STUDIES

U-BLOCK TRENCHTOWN

While the actual housing units donâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t differ too much in size, one significant difference is the wall surround the units and the complexity of the space between units. The walls in the informal housing becomes more than just a boundary, but a complex membrane of openings, entryways, buffers and commercial programs. This gives great insight on what is quintessential when it comes to the yard. It perhaps isnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t the unit iself, but the membrane that buffers the outside and inside--the wall as a device.

S-BLOCK TRENCHTOWN

Christopher J. Malcolm

FORMING THE PARAMETERS

Over expansion without conventions Leads to tight but interesting corridors

Walls become backdrop.

The walls act as corridors for children to play.

Holes were cut into the original governing walls, creating a fluid yard.

More open areas lack considerable expansion.

Awkward nooks act as storage or debris. Extension expand inward and near existing buildings.

38 Yarditecture: New Walls For Trench Town

Other courtyards become bars.

Main means of â&#x20AC;&#x153;high speedâ&#x20AC;? transport in yard is the back walls.

PARAMETER #1: MORE DENSITY + MORE POROSITY NEED FOR DENSITY WALL BREAK VARIATIONS ORIGINAL COURTYARD PROVED TO BE TOO LARGE..EXPANSION INWARD FOR HOUSING AND WORKING YARDS OCCURRED

NEED FOR POROSITY

PURE CIRCULATION, MOVING FROM ONE YARD TO NEXT

PROTRUSIONS OUTWARD. GENERALLY LOCAL SHOPS SERVING NEIGHBORING YARDS

ORIGINAL WALLS PUNCTURED AND MANIPULATED TO ACHIEVE POROSITY AND ADDED SPATIAL FUNCTIONALIY

DISINTEGRATION OF EDGE TO ALLOW GENERALLY FOR INTERNAL COMMERCIAL ACCESS.

BUFFERING. MOVING THE WALL, TO ADD CIRCULATION AND PRIVACY.

Christopher J. Malcolm

CAPITALIZING ON THE "MODULE"

PARAMETER #2: THINKING IN MODULES

10'

ROOM

10'

KITCHEN + PERSONAL OUTDOOR SPACE THE RESIDENTIAL UNIT IS TYPICALLY A 100 CUBIC FOOT ROOM.

NTED, ANGED HOWEVER, CHITECTUAL

DEMAND FOR "SUB-SPACE" 40 Yarditecture: New Walls For Trench Town

WHILE THE MODULE ITSELF IS SIMPLE, ITS ORGANIZATION WITHIN AN ENCLOSED SPACE MAKES THE YARD TYPOLOGY'S IN BETWEEN SPACE AN IMPORTANT AREA TO BE CONSIDERED.

IS TYPICALLY A 100 CUBIC FOOT ROOM.

WITHIN AN ENCLOSED SPACE MAKES THE YARD TYPOLOGY'S IN BETWEEN SPACE AN IMPORTANT AREA TO BE CONSIDERED.

MENTED, RRANGED HOWEVER, ARCHITECTUAL

PARAMETER #3: PSEUDO-PUBLIC SPACES DEMAND FOR "SUB-SPACE"

THE PROBLEM WITH MULTI-STORIES IS THAT THEY ARE PROVIDING DENSITY WITHOUT ANY WAYS TO DEFINE WHO MANAGES THE OUTDOOR SPACE

SUB-SPACE CAN BE SEEN AS THE SPACE OUTSIDE A HOUSING UNIT THAT CAN BE IDENTIFIED AS "OWNED" OR MANAGED BY THAT UNIT. HOW CAN DENSITY + THIS PSEUDO SPACE BE ACHIEVED?

Christopher J. Malcolm

The “Autonomous” Yard Upon navigating the government yards, one stumbles upon an interesting programmatic organization. Originally the courtyard in the middle served as a preserved open space for each individual yard. Likewise there was a open buffer periphery between the units and the enclosing wall.

INDUSTRY

YARD

PROGRAMMATIC BREAKDOWN

COMMERCIAL

Since the 70s, a transition has occurred where some courtyards have been transformed into what can be considered “working yards”-moments where micro-industries and commercial enterprises have since entered the courtyard. Many industries can be found nestled within trench town such as lumber yards, scrap metal shops, auto body shops, bars, and restaurants.

42 Yarditecture: New Walls For Trench Town

Yard Economies

SCRAP METAL COLLECTION

CRAFT MAKING

FRUITS/VEGGIES COLLECTING

CEMENT MIXING

AUTO REPAIR

SEWING / SHOPS

BARS

RESTAURAUNT

BODEGA

This give us a hint that perhaps the yard can benefit from more than just housing. Perhaps the potential lies in partial giving the opportunity of an autonomous nature. Spaces can be larger than general housing to promote opportunistic extensions, beyond just that of housing. In a way this makes the yards more an embodiment of what it truly is, an archipelago or labyrinthine set of various spatial conditions and programs.

Left: Examples of various micro enterprises found in the yards of Trench town. CARPENTRY

COFFIN MAKER

POTTERY

Christopher J. Malcolm

MATERIAL INNOVATION

Common Materials

17' 14'

600mm

1000mm

1250mm

600mm

1000mm

1.5 ton

(8" high / 16" L) 4"

concrete cmu

cement 94 lb

5/8" thick)

( 1",2",or 3" thick)

plywood

10"

44 Yarditecture: New Walls For Trench Town

mesh (chicken wire)

ZINC SHEETING 94 lb

1250mm

lumber

(2.25" high) 3.5" 8"

brick

What Can We Do With A CMU Block?

Understanding that the economic restrictions of building a low-income solution, The tactic of limiting the material palette became essential from the beginning. One can see on the left, the general material palette of the yards--with concrete CMU block, zinc, and lumber being dominant. With the concrete cmu being the most popular building material, and also structurally the most viable, The question thus became what can the CMU block do? Beyond just conventional pragmatism, how can one make Concrete masonry beautiful, inventive, and versatile? Material Explorations both in simple and complex manner was vigorously investigated alongside the more large scale urban design.

Christopher J. Malcolm

Chapter 03 What Can A Wall Do?

46 Yarditecture: New Walls For Trench Town

What Can A Wall Do? Once understanding the design parameters of the existing yards, the take away is that the wall becomes the most significant element in defining the yard. In this respect, we come back to the question, what can a wall do? The argument here is that it not only can define types of spaces, but it also can serve various pragmatic functions--ones inherently built into the wall itself i.e. wet walls, stair cores to promote density, service walls, structural walls, storage walls, and etc. The proposal then becomes that the architect supplies a series of walls that inherently inform the program of the space. Together with a various taxonomy of walls, some being purely infrastructural, while others becoming porous or articulated to serve as aesthetic or public definition. Perhaps with just this, it serves as the skeleton, the framework of a community by supporting walls and where they are placed. Everything else then becomes infill of the inhabitants. The walls themselves are the project, the formal construct.

Meet

The

FOUNDATION

CORRIDOR

BILLBOARD

ACCESS MASS

STAIR TRADITIONAL

STRUCTURE FACADE

FACADE

50 Yarditecture: New Walls For Trench Town

ACADE

Infrawall

Family. FACADE

SHADE

FOUNDATION

WATER COLLECTION CORRIDOR

BILLBOARD

ACCESS

SHOWER/WC/SINK

FACADE

STAIR PUNCHOUT

FACADE

Christopher J. Malcolm

From Discrete to Interconnected The Internalization concept was used as the main spatial organization in the design. We use the current condition of the government yards as a backbone, but exaggerate the condition in a more deliberate sense creating two types of “yard”-the internal connected yard, made up of small and large zones and then external yard pockets that address the street condition. This does a multitude for the two blocks, creating more privatized internal space, encouraging residential communities, and creating a more public directed series of small to large external spaces--catering towards the development of microCONVENTIONAL DIVISION industries. IN THE 70S DURING POLITICAL WARFARE. HOLES WERE CARVED INTO THE INTERNAL WALLS.

CONVENTIONAL DIVISION

FLUID YARD

IN THE 70S DURING POLITICAL WARFARE. HOLES WERE CARVED INTO THE INTERNAL WALLS.

NOW, SIMILAR TO THE CONVENTIONS OF AN INFORMAL YARD, THE SPACE BECOMES ONE INTERNALIZED LIVE / WORK / PLAY SPACE.

These scales of external spaces were determined by general sizes of programmatic spaces in a formal setting, i.e. sizes of shops, repair areas, working lumber yards, etc. In this respect, a community surrounding an external yard would dictate the program of the surrounded area. Thus, a rich set of communally decided program would be set within the residential community, creating job opportunities, and a micro-economy more indicative of a formal mixed-use development.

52 Yarditecture: New Walls For Trench Town FLUID YARD NOW, SIMILAR TO THE CONVENTIONS OF AN INFORMAL YARD, THE SPACE BECOMES ONE INTERNALIZED LIVE / WORK / PLAY SPACE.

Informing spatial intent We use the wall as not only a singular entity, but the spaces between the walls as programmatic indicators. For instance, at one point a space between wall may be small enough only for circulation, which gives that space an informed program. A larger space then may inform a room, then even larger may be commercial, or public. The space placed between walls imply function, without necessarily decreeing it a specific program. In this way, the site is â&#x20AC;&#x153;zonedâ&#x20AC;? for specific functions, but is flexible enough for deviations and future transformations--a truly hybrid planning system.

36.09 10.34

AUTOMOBILE ACCESS

4.00

10.00

PATH

ROOM

WALL APETURE ACCESS ARCADE

Informing via Spacing between walls.

Informing via Scale of Openings.

Christopher J. Malcolm

Initially, walls are assembled on site, creating a field of various infastructural and porous elements. At this point inhabitants would begin to move in. Perhaps, additional blocks would be supplied on move in day.

54 Yarditecture: New Walls For Trench Town

Over time, inhabitants would infill and customize their own walls--even perhaps building second stories where stair walls facilitate the addition. Thus, eventually, the internal yard becomes more enclosed like that of a traditional Jamaican Yard.

Christopher J. Malcolm

6th + 7th Street Analysis Now understanding the wall as being the essential element, the building block of the yard 2.0., it is then necessary to see the current status of the site in which we will intervene on. Although it was destroyed in the 70s, since then, a community center, working yard, and residential yard has formed on the site. This along with foot paths and existing flows help to inform our next steps on how we place certian walls.

SHADE VS. SUNNY

TRANSPARENT VS. OPAQUE

Extrapolated urban gestures used to position walls on site.

56 Yarditecture: New Walls For Trench Town

PUBLIC VS. PRIVATE

DENSE VS. OPEN

6TH AND 7TH CURRENTLY PROGAM AXIS AMBASSADOR THEATRE (ABANDONED)

6TH AND 7TH CURRENTLY POLICE STATION

RESIDENTIAL

PROGAM AXIS

YWCA

AUTO ACCESS

WORKMENS YARD AMBASSADOR THEATRE (ABANDONED)

PARKING LOT

POLICE STATION

WORKING YARD COMMUNITY CENTER RESIDENTIAL

YWCA

SEVENTH DAY ADV. CHURCH

AUTO ACCESS

WORKMENS YARD

PARKING LOT

WORKING YARD COMMUNITY CENTER

Current Program: Program on site consists of resiCurrent Program: SEVENTH DAY ADV. CHURCH

dential area, community center, and working yard. These Program on tosite consists residential area, program seem tether at corners, of near other public/infastructural program. community center, and working yard. These

Worked Zones: The three areas depicted show areas Worked Zones:

Entries: Entries to the yard are on the periphary, generEntries:

ground is manipulated or is in high use. The large ally hugging corners minus community center Thewhere three areaslot,depicted show areasentry, where Entries to the yard are on the periphary, area is a parking the top-right, is automotive and the furthest right is a workingor area. ground is manipulated is in high use. The generally hugging corners minus community program seem to tether at corners, near other large area is a parking lot, the top-right, is center. public/infastructural program. automotive entry, and the furthest right is a Current Program: Program on site consists ofarea. resiWorked Zones: The three areas depicted show areas Entries: Entries to the yard are on the periphary, generworking dential area, community center, and working yard. These where ground is manipulated or is in high use. The large ally hugging corners minus community center MAIN FOOT TRAFFIC

program seem to tether at corners, near other public/infastructural program.

area is a parking lot, the top-right, is automotive entry, and the furthest right is a working area.

MAIN FOOT TRAFFIC

Footpaths: Showing circulation that occurs on 6th and

7th. Generally, ciruclation tends to slip between community center and residential neighborhood.

Fenced Zones: Above is depicting fenced areas, and their corresponding zones. The residential area (top most), has a fenced in garbage collection area to the far left.

Footpaths: Footpaths: Showing circulation that occurs on 6th and

Showing circulation thattooccurs oncommunity 6th and 7th. 7th. Generally, ciruclation tends slip between center and residential neighborhood. Generally, ciruclation tends to slip between community center and residential neighborhood.

Fenced Zones: Fenced Zones: Above is depicting fenced areas, and

Above is depicting fenced areas,area and their corresponding zones. The residential (toptheir most), has a fenced in garbage collection to the far left. corresponding zones. The area residential area (top most), has a fenced in garbage collection area to the far left.

Christopher J. Malcolm

Site Operations

Conceptual Aerial of 6th and 7th Street Blocks, initial post-infill posibility.

58 Yarditecture: New Walls For Trench Town

From the previous analysis of 6th and 7th street, we are able to understand the current conditions, flows, and developments. Together with our analysis of parameters extracted from 1st - 5th street yards, we create a new urban form . reminiscent yet unique from its preceding neighboring yards.

1.FULL BLOCK

2. MICRO INDUSTRY POCKETS

3. EXPANSION

1. Full Block: WE START WITH THE FULL BLOCK AS A RING OF INFASTRUCTURAL WALLS. We start with the full block as a ring

Micro Industry WE2. MANIPULATE THE RINGPockets: TO ENGAGE THE STREET CREATING EXTERIOR FOR MIXED We manipulate the ring YARDS to engage USEthe PROGRAM, AND A CONTINUOUS INTERIOR. street creating exterior yards for

3. THEExpansion: BENEFIT OF THE RING + WALL STRATEGY IS

of infrastructural walls.

mixed use program, and a continuous interior.

THATbenefit EXPANSION IS ring FACTORED EXPANSION The of the + wallIN. stratOCCURS BOTH OUTWARD INWARD, egy is that expansion is AND factored in. AND CAN CONTINUE UNTIL CIRCULATION WOULD BE Expansion occurs both outward and INHIBITED. inward, and can continue until circulation would be inhibited. Public corridor is nested as shown by arrow.

Christopher J. Malcolm

Model 1:1000

60 Yarditecture: New Walls For Trench Town

Christopher J. Malcolm

The Public corridor connects 5th to 7th Street, creating a public connection between the two current existing housing projects. The hope that this brings security via public connections, while reinforcing existing circulation flows and adding a commercial/recreational artery. In this image we see walls that are spaced and defined to house small bodegas and shops.

68 Yarditecture: New Walls For Trench Town

This is a large stair wall located generally in center areas of the internal yards. The idea is that eventually the defined stair core will encourage double height constructions. But as depicted, stairs and other elements can be used in a variety of methods--seating, performance, etc.

Christopher J. Malcolm

70 Yarditecture: New Walls For Trench Town

Christopher J. Malcolm

Wall Distribution

Based off initial analysis and extrapolated parameters, walls are programmed and positioned to encourage certain areas to have specific program, higher densities, or other beneficial functions.

PHASE 1 -2015 PHASE 1 -2015 PHASE 2 -2017

Base:

Walls on site vary in heights, spacing, and programmatic intent.

PHASE 2 -2017 PHASE 3 -2020 PHASE 3 -2020

Phasing:

Phasing for the walls would first occur in areas already being utilized on site. Phase 2 would address the opposite diagonal.

Exterior Yards: Wet Cores:

Distributed to provide for every 5 households. Even distribution and added density provides for 50 wet walls.

72 Yarditecture: New Walls For Trench Town

Exterior yards vary in size, based off corresponding dimensions of commercial enterprises, microindustries, restaurants, and recreational spaces. Surrounding community decides how these spaces are used.

Below are the logistical diagrams, explaining phasing and aforementioned placement of walls.

Market Path:

In order to provide guaranteed circulation and security via public oversight, a pedestrian corridor is provided.

Heating / Ventilation / Services:

Walls near external yards are equipped with additional services to encourage programs that will take advantage of commercial and industrial entrepreneurialism.

Anomalies:

Special Walls, generally recreational walls act as signage or icons to signify public space. The idea is that because they are unique, the space around them will be considered more public.

Stair Cores:

Stair cores are distributed near wet walls and external yards, encouraging densification in these areas.

Christopher J. Malcolm

This model depicts the built work of the architect, the infrawalls in which inhabitants will infill and expand upon. It is a fragment of 6th - 7th street block, showing the internal yard and two external pockets.

74 Yarditecture: New Walls For Trench Town

Model 1:100

Christopher J. Malcolm

Wall Distribution

10 20 1 Bedroom: 74 Units

20 3 Bedroom: 153 Units

20 2 Bedroom: 68 Units

589 units.

20 10

2 Bedroom: 116 Units

10 3 Bedroom: 78 Units

76 Yarditecture: New Walls For Trench Town

Wall Distribution Units took full advantage of the 10’ x 10’ module. Larger units are merely extensions of smaller units, allowing little to no awkward nooks between households. Additionally, because outdoor living and cooking outside is so essential to Jamaica, each unit design is equipped with a 10’ x 10’ outdoor space. Units are determined by a 10’ span module, but the way one claims their lot is by the amount of walls and the location of the walls they desire. In this way, a family can decide to buy 4 walls or 10 walls, fitting the need of their family. Later on, as development continues, families can buy each out or sell their allocated wall space, providing a flexible growth model. Besides the space between each wall, walls themselves serve a variety of pragmatic functions--storage, kitchen nooks, rooms, stairs, structural supports are just a few. In this way, a wall that is provided is more than just a division, but a device or core of a household. 489 projected units made of a 10’ x 10’ module. This + 100 projected 2 story units makes the total 589.This surpasses the current density of two original blocks, which would be 384 units and also would match the 20% growth model the area would assume.

Christopher J. Malcolm

This is a 3 wall sized unit i.e. a 2 bedroom. Note the nooks and openings that allow for storage and pragmatic uses.

78 Yarditecture: New Walls For Trench Town

This is the simplest unit, a studio space between two walls. Even this considers a private outdoor space. By merely placing a spanning roof, the space already becomes inhabitable.

Christopher J. Malcolm

80 Yarditecture: New Walls For Trench Town

Christopher J. Malcolm

82 Yarditecture: New Walls For Trench Town

Christopher J. Malcolm

Wall Atriculation As mentioned in the research and parameters section, materiality and limiting the palette was intentional and a rigorous investigation. So far, the use of materials as infrastructural or spatial organizers has been shown, but one cannot forget improving the aesthetics and variability of the wall. Walls in Jamaica are places of signage, innovation, public space. It is thus obvious that the wall should be celebrated in its aesthetics, responsiveness to light, porosity in a similarly unique way. Studies in various transformations were implemented.

Right: Various Cmu transformations. From top to bottom, the translations are rotate, push, and flip

90 Yarditecture: New Walls For Trench Town

Christopher J. Malcolm

92 Yarditecture: New Walls For Trench Town

Christopher J. Malcolm

94 Yarditecture: New Walls For Trench Town

15 Walls This series was done in order to test not only different aesthetic enhancements of a basic concrete wall, but also aperture studies. Rotation for example can limit views into or out of a specific space, but allow views elsewhere. Simple pushing in and out can create dynamic shadows and opportunities for planters or seating. There is a range of complexity. Some must require professional work, or the use of mechanized systems. Others are quite simple and can be done manually. This range is intentional in that it reinforces the formal / informal relationship that is the root of the proposal.

Christopher J. Malcolm

96 Yarditecture: New Walls For Trench Town

Christopher J. Malcolm

Staircore walls become utilized, allowing denser moments to occur paired with public recreational amenities.

98 Yarditecture: New Walls For Trench Town

Exterior shot showing a corner condition in which the external yard has been transformed into a lumber yard. Various other pockets have been used as commercial ventures.

Christopher J. Malcolm

An external yard is used as an auto shop.

100 Yarditecture: New Walls For Trench Town

The same external yard could also be decided to remain vacant by the surrounding inhabitants. This allows for a variability unique to different areas of each yard segment.

Christopher J. Malcolm101

Chapter 04 Appendix

102 Yarditecture: New Walls For Trench Town

Final Boards : Thesis Defense 12/19/13

104 Yarditecture: New Walls For Trench Town

Christopher J. Malcolm105

Presentation: Thesis Defense 12/19/13

106 Yarditecture: New Walls For Trench Town

Christopher J. Malcolm107

Process Models

Various studies were done early on, when the idea was to develop the yard as a repeatable module--instead of addressing the block wholisticly.

108 Yarditecture: New Walls For Trench Town

Various studies were also done on having a all-encompassing roof structure...for the purpose of continuity and pragmatic intentions. Christopher J. Malcolm109

Study model . 1: 1000. This specific investigation led to the final scheme, that of a external and internal yard condition.

110 Yarditecture: New Walls For Trench Town

Study model . 1: 1000. These were earlier schemes. Left: Extrusion / Inhabiting the walls themselves. Right: An infastructural roof scheme. Christopher J. Malcolm111

Study Models.

112 Yarditecture: New Walls For Trench Town

All models. Christopher J. Malcolm113

Bibliography Ley, Sabrina Van Der., and Markus Richter. Megastructure Reloaded: Visionäre Stadtentwürfe Der Sechzigerjahre Reflek-

tiert Von Zeitgenössischen Künstlern = Visionary Architecture and Urban Design of the Sixties Reflected by Contemporary Artists. Ostfildern: Hatje Cantz, 2008. Print. McLeod, Ruth B. Low Income Shelter Strategies in Kingston Jamaica: Solutions of the Informal Sector. Kingston, Jamaica?: S.n., 1987. Print. Various Authors. Axis:Journal of the Caribbean School of Architecture. Kingston, Jamaica?: S.n., 2010-2014 Print. Aravena, Alejandro. Elemental: Incremental Housing and Participatory Design Manual. Ostfildern: Hatje Cantz Verlag, 2012. Print. Zardini, Mirko, and Wolfgang Schivelbusch. Sense of the City: An Alternate Approach to Urbanism. Montréal, QC: Canadian Centre for Architecture = Centre Canadien D’architecture, 2005. Print. Hernández, Felipe, Peter Kellett, and Lea K. Allen. Rethinking the Informal City: Critical Perspectives from Latin Ameri-

ca. New York: Berghahn, 2010. Print.

Various Authors. Caribbean Modernist Architecture: UTech Jamaica, MoMA. Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic: AAA, 2009. Print. Tan, Milton. Rapid Deployment Architecture: Report on NUS Research Project RP RP3960074. Singapore: Centre for Advanced Studies in Architecture, School of Architecture, National University of Singapore, 1999. Print. Clarke, Colin G. Decolonizing the Colonial City: Urbanization and Stratification in Kingston, Jamaica. Oxford: Oxford UP, 2006. Print. Clarke, Colin G. Kingston, Jamaica: Urban Development and Social Change, 1692- 2002. Kingston, Jamaica: Ian Randle, 2006. Print. 114 Yarditecture: New Walls For Trench Town

Seelig, Michael Y. The Architecture of Self-help Communities: The First International Competition for the Urban Environment of Developing Countries. New York: Architectural Record, 1978. Print. Hamdi, Nabeel. Housing without Houses: Participation, Flexibility, Enablement. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1991. Print. Habraken, N. J. The Supports and the People: The End of the Housing Project. Amsterdam: Scheltema & Holkema, 1961. Print. Habraken, N. J., and Jonathan Teicher. The Structure of the Ordinary: Form and Control in the Built Environment. Cambridge, MA: MIT, 1998. Print. Brodber, Erna. Yards in the City of Kingston. Mona, Jamaica: Institute of Social and Economic Research, University of the West Indies, 1975. Print. Whyms-Stone, Christopher. A Residential Arrangement. The Tenement Yard As a a Generator for the Design of Social Housing. Axis, Jamaica. 1997. Print. SIGUS, Various Authors. Something is happening in Southside. Jamaica, 1993. Print.

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