IT’S GETTING HOT IN HERE!
Climate Change and the limits to expansion
The Dilemma
To lift people out of poverty, we need to produce more – the poor need to consume more resources and need to have jobs to finance this consumption
Economic growth means more energy consumption and production
Climate change is occurring because we are burning more fossil fuels as they are the most economically efficient form of energy
To slow the effects of climate change we need to radically reduce our energy use
Today
How is the climate changing?
Producing our changing climate
Who suffers from climate change?
The capitalist dilemma To what extent should developing nations be forced to reduce their carbon emissions?
The global climate According to Anthony Giddens (1990, p.64), globalisation involves: “the intensification of worldwide social relations which link distant localities in such a way that local happenings are shaped by events occurring many miles away and vice versa� Globalisation is an evolving process, not a thing that has happened
A whole new world
Geologists classify the history of the planet into geological epochs
The current epoch – the Holocene – began 11,700 years ago
The International Commission on Stratigraphy are considering whether to introduce a new geological epoch: the ‘Anthropocene’
Anthropocene
The Anthropocene, which would begin around 1850, signals the presence of humanity as the singularly dominant planetary force
If for the majority of human history we have been dominated by nature, humanity has now become a ‘natural force’
What happens to ecosystems of this planet is primarily dependent on human behaviour, which has lead to an unprecedented ecological crisis
Changing climate
Climate change refers to changes in the environment and includes both global changes and localised effects
Global warming is the specific process by which global temperatures are increasing through the accumulation of ‘greenhouse’ gases in the atmosphere
The Earth has an atmosphere of ‘Greenhouse gases’ (mostly water vapour, carbon dioxide and methane) that traps heat: heat from the Sun enters, some stays
If the planet didn’t have this atmosphere, like the Moon, it would be frozen
If the Earth had an atmosphere like Venus, which is 96% carbon dioxide (the Earth is around 0.03-0.04%), temperatures would be close to 500 degrees
The ‘Greenhouse’ effect
Emitting carbon 
We are burning lots of carbon in fossil fuels (approx. 70% of all carbon emissions), creating carbon dioxide

CO2 has risen from 280 parts per million (ppm) in 1850 to 404ppm in 2016
The temperature is rising
The average temperature of the planet has risen by around 1C degree since 1850 and, since 1990, global surface temperatures have warmed at a rate of about 0.15°C per decade
Changes are extremely varied, but are measured at 7,000 stations around the world
Most predictions to 2050 range between 2 and 6 degrees of warming, depending on our ability to reduce emissions and the reaction of the environment
How much carbon do you produce?
Do you actively seek to reduce your ecological footprint?
The economics of emissions
The world economy has increased by a factor of eight since 1950
The global population has risen from 2.5 billion in 1950 to 7 billion today
Economic growth, combined with population growth, is likely to increase the size of the global economy by US$420 trillion by 2050 (an increase of six times)
The more we consume, the more needs to be produced, the more that is produced (at the moment) the more carbon is emitted and the more resources are used
The 2012 Environmental Outlook to 2050 report from OECD suggests the likely quadrupling of the global economy would increase world energy demand by 80% to 2050.
Producing emissions
What worries you most about climate change?
The end of the world?
Films often feature apocalyptic environmental scenarios
The world will not blow up, but it will make it significantly harder for some people to live in some places
Rising sea-levels will flood some areas More regular natural disasters will make living in some places unviable Rising temperatures will melt mountain snow, drying up rivers and ending vital sources of water Rising temperatures will make growing crops in some areas impossible
This will increase conflict over resources and likely produce strong divisions between the rich and the poor
Hangrier People
Nothing creates human aggression like hunger
The rising global population, which is almost all in the urban areas of the developing world, is going to lead to a lot more hunger and conflict over scare resources
Some of these conflicts will be in the most volatile parts of the world
Nuclear Anger
The North-West Passage
Negotiating the future
In 2015 the United Nations Climate Change Conference was held in Paris
The goal was to achieve a legally binding climate change agreement from all the countries in the world, with the goal to keep global warming under 1.5 degrees
Previous conferences had failed to reach binding agreements because of a split between developed and developing countries
Developed nations have produced the most carbon emissions, but developing nations will produce the most in the future
U.S. U.S. Carbon Dioxide Gas Emissions, 1990-2013 Gas Emissions, 1990-2013
Sharing the guilt 
Whilst many Western economies are gradually reducing their carbon emissions, they rely on developing nations to manufacture goods

We consume large amounts of consumer goods that are made in factories fuelled by coal

The Western world also relied on these cheap technologies to develop, which makes it politically difficult to ask developing nations to stop
Do richer countries have a responsibility to sacrifice for the good of the rest?
Flying and climate change
Flying causes 4-9% of total carbon emissions, despite being a global niche industry
CO2 emissions from international aviation have increased 83 per cent since 1990 and are the fastest growing source of CO2 emissions
The aviation industry is predicted to grow globally by 4-5% to 2050
A return flight from London to New York produces one person’s total ‘carbon allowance’ of 1.2t of CO2
We each produce 9.5t but need to cut this by 87% to 1.2t
a) b) c)
Would you‌? Ban flying Heavily tax flying Take no action
The Problem
If ending poverty requires an expansion of global production (capitalism) so that more people have more resources…
… and the climate change is stimulated by economic production
Then we have a direct contradiction between the needs of capitalism and the needs of the people
Buy nothing day
The most obviously solution to climate change is to reduce our consumption
This can come from reducing energy consumption, but also buy purchasing less and moving to a ‘post-growth world’
‘Buy nothing day’ is the strongest example of this demand
Produce nothing day
Whilst reducing consumption seems like a great idea, it ignores the dynamics of capitalism
Not only does capitalism need to keep expanding, such that reduced consumption means less profit
But the people who feel reductions in production most are those doing the producing
Should we try to consume less?
In summary
Increases in economic production fuelled by carbon-based energy have caused significant increases in carbon emissions
These carbon emissions are having a substantial affect upon local and global environments
The affects upon people are very different and are often split between rich and poor nations
April 12th PEOPLE MOVERS: URBANISATION AND MIGRATION Readings Core reading: Chapter One, Davis, Mike (2006) Planet of Slums. London: Verso.
See also: Ash, A. (1997).Placing Globalization. Theory, Culture & Society. 14 (2), pp.123-137 Fasenfest, D. (2011). The 21st Century Urban Landscape: Plus รงa change. Critical
Sociology. 38 (1) pp.3-5
Reflection feedback
The average grade was 61%
There were 10 A’s 35 B’s 18 C’ 10 D’s