Hinterlands & the Anthropocene by Chris Newbold

FLUCTUATING ARCHIPELAGO

HINTERLANDS AND THE ANTHROPOCENE LEEDS SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE CHRIS NEWBOLD

“Man continues to mark the land, relentlessly shaping the surface from wilderness to cultivation. Stragegies of mechanization, the necessity of irrigation, and the demands of inhabitation introduce a new order. So the “countryside”, which has evolved over centuries, can be described as under the control of man.” (Smout and Allen, 2007,p.6)

FLUCTUATING ARCHIPELAGO

HINTERLANDS AND THE ANTHROPOCENE LEEDS SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE CHRIS NEWBOLD 33190492 2015/2016 DESIGN TUTORS CLARA OLORIZ ALFREDO RAMIREZ LIAM MOURITZ SILVIA RIBOT TECHNOLOGY TUTOR KEITH ALEXANDER PROFFESIONAL STUDIES TUTORS SARAH MILLS JOHN REGAN

“ As the archaeology of thought easily shows, man is an invention of recent date. And one perhaps nearing its end.” (Foucault, 1994, p. 387)

THE FENS

ABSTRACT This thesis is focused on an area in the East of England known as the Fens. Most of the Fens around the Wash Estuary lie within a couple of meters of sea level, therefore with sea levels predicted to rise by at least a meter within the next 100 years parts of the Fens will become permanently flooded. The shoreline management plan for the Wash Estuary proposes a network of managed realignment schemes in the most vulnerable areas of the Wash Estuary. However most of the land which will be lost to the sea via these realignment projects is grade one farmland. Losing this land will be detrimental to the local economy, which is almost entirely supported by the agricultural industry. The overriding aim of the project is to offset the negative economic consequences that managed realignment schemes will bring. This thesis proposes that the areas of realigned land should be economically productive and contribute to the local economy through various activities appropriate to the specific site conditions. This thesis concentrates on one particular economic activity which would be appropriate for the site and that is fish farming. The project envisages the development of a number of small fishing communities spread across the areas of realigned land. Their are two key aspects to the design proposal and both are linked to the aspect of time. The first aspect is the development of the land and how the tidal creeks develop over time and how they can be then utilised for fish farming. The second aspect is the design of the fishing villages around the tidal creeks and how they respond to the changing conditions of the site. It is proposed that over time as the tidal creeks develop in size and complexity the fish farming activity will intensify. Alongside this the development of the fishing villages will react accordingly and will grow to support the extra fish farming activity.

CONTENTS

CHAPTER ONE WELCOME TO THE ANTHROPOCENE

CHAPTER TWO A FENLAND LANDSCAPE

CHAPTER THREE SITE GEOMORPHOLOGY

CHAPTER FOUR LAND FORMATION CATALOGUE

CHAPTER FIVE SOCIAL FORMATION CATALOGUE

CHAPTER SIX FINAL PROPOSAL

WELCOME TO THE ANTHROPOCENE

CHAPTER ONE

WELCOME TO THE ANTHROPOCENE

“ Welcome to the Anthropocene. It’s a new geological era, so take a look around. A single species is in charge of the planet, altering its features almost at will. And what is more natural than to name this new era after the top of the range anthropoid, ourselves?” (Pearce, 2007, p. 58) During an academic conference in 2000, the scientist Paul Crutzen) initiated the ongoing discussion that are we now living in the Anthropocene. Like the Holocene which preceded it, the Anthropocene is a geological epoch. Crutzen’s underlying belief is that humans as a collective have literally become a force of nature. The theory suggests that we as humans now have a greater impact on the world than all other geological systems and processes. In 2002 Crutzen wrote an article for the Nature Journal called the “Geology of Mankind” (2002) the article describes how greenhouse gasses are now at their highest levels for over 400,000 years, we are building dams, diverting rivers, draining lands and moving more sediment and rock than all naturally occurring geological processes and systems combined. Since 2000 the Anthropocene and its related theory has slowly become a popular point of conversation and thinking within the sciences. It is currently being considered by the International Commission on Stratigraphy as to whether the Anthropocene should be officially recognised as its own epoch on the geological time scale. More importantly though discussion around the Anthropocene has made us re-evaluate humans relationship with the earth: “ The term paradigm shift is bandied around with promiscuous ease. But for the natural sciences to make human activity central to its conception of the world, rather than a distraction, would mark such a shift for real.” (The Economist, 2011)

FIGURE 0 Artist and Photographer David Thomas Smith’s collection of work titled the Anthropocene: “Reflects upon the complex structures that make up the centres of global capitalism, transforming the aerial landscapes of sites associated with industries such as oil, precious metals, consumer culture information and excess. ” (Smith, 2010)

THE FENS & THE ANTHROPOCENE

The Fens is both a product and a victim of the Anthropocene, large scale land reclamation projects over the past 500 years have changed the Fens landscape beyond recognition. Previously uninhabitable land is know home to large towns and hundreds of thousands of people. However due to rising sea levels which is one of the many consequences of the Anthropocene, the Fens is once again under threat from water. The low lying land of the Fens is highly susceptible to increased flooding events over the next 100 years and beyond. Is it time we returned the Fens to the ocean?

THE FENS & THE ANTHROPOCENE The above diagram sets the geological development of the Fens in the timscale context of the Anthropocene. The diagram also traces the relative sea levels through the time periods.

A FENLAND LANDSCAPE

CHAPTER TWO

THE FENS

The Fens which is an abbreviation of the word fenland, is an area of reclaimed marshland’s and Fenland’s in the east of England. The area covers 15,000 square miles and is spread over four counties Lincolnshire, Cambridgeshire, Norfolk and Suffolk. Since the Roman times through various reclamation projects, the landmass of the Fens has been increased by a third. Today the Fens is considered as the breadbasket of the United Kingdom, with 88% of the total landmass being cultivated for crop production, the Fens also account for half of the grade 1 farmland in the United Kingdom (Fig. 24). (NFU, 2008) Farming and its related food manufacturing processes forms a large part of the local economy, bringing in around £1.7 billion every year to the local area. The economy has enabled the development of several large settlements on the Fens, with an estimated half a million people now living in the Fens of which around 13% are employed by the local food industry. (NFU, 2008) The Fens today is characterised by it flat featureless landscape, it is often described as a landscape which is tamed by man. The only geographical markers on the landscape are those made by man. In recent years the populations of towns like Boston and Spalding have increased dramatically. When the United Kingdom joined the European Union it gave all the member states free movement as a result the town of Boston saw its population increase by 15% in just ten years. Over 10,000 mainly eastern European workers moved to the town to work on the many farms and food processing plants in the area.

FIGURE 1 Ordinance Survey map of the Wash Esturary from 1824.

RECLAIMING THE FENS

Early attempts to drain the Fens start as far back as the Romans, however generally success was limited until the 16th century. The 16th century was a period of boom for Europe, populations were beginning to grow again after the plague, however as a result there was a national food shortage in the United Kingdom. After several large successful land reclamation projects in Europe (Netherlands had reclaimed 44,000 hectares, Germany had reclaimed 40,000 hectares) it was decided that attempts would be made to drain the Fens in order to make room for growing crops. The United Kingdom had little experience in land reclamation, therefore a Dutch engineer by the name of Cornelius Vermuyden was employed by King James to oversee the land reclamation projects. This first area of the Fens to be reclaimed is an area known as the Bedford levels, located in Norfolk to the south of the Fens. Existing river networks were straightened to speed up water flow and small drains were constructed to drain the farmland. Success however was limited as most of the Fens lies at or below sea level, therefore the rivers and drains were unable to drain the water out to sea. There was no real progress in draining the Fens for several years until the introduction of a Dutch invention the windmill. The windmill or â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;wind engineâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; as they were more commonly referred as were able to pump the water from the Fens out to sea. There was said to be over 700 windmills built across the Fens.

FIGURE 3

FIGURE 2

FIGURE 4

Although the wind engine significantly improved the drainage of the Fens, they were not reliable as of course they relied on the presence of wind. The wind engine also lacked the power required to support the increasing demand for drainage. The invention of the steam engine proved to be the next major step in draining the Fens. During the Great Exhibition in 1851 the Appold centrifugal pump was on display. This pump was powered by steam, so it was more reliable than wind and it was much more powerful. The first of a number Appold centrifugal pump was installed in 1867 to drain the East Fen. This pump radically changed the draining of the Fens its reliability and power meant that the Fens were drier than they had ever been before. These pumps were only replaced later in the early 20th century by electric pumps as they were cheaper to operate. Since the introduction of the Appold centrifugal pump the majority of the Fens have maintained dry and as a result the new highly fertile land available for farming created a booming economy, which meant many people began to move to the Fens looking for work.

FIGURE 2

FIGURE 3

FIGURE 4

Cartography illustrating the Fens and more specfically the 17th century Bedford Levels and its drainage system.

Dutch engineer Cornelius Vermuyden, responsible for early drainage attempts.

One of the few remaining Dutch windmills in the Fens today.

DRAINING THE FENS

Keeping the Fens dry today is the responsibility of the internal drainage boards. Internal drainage boards are responsible for maintaining the drains and keeping the water levels down. There are 114 internal drainage boards in the United Kingdom and most of them are located in low land areas like the Fens. Drainage board districts are not defined by geographic boundaries but instead are defined by the catchment areas of the rivers and drains. My site falls within the Witham Fourth drainage district, the district covers 40,830 hectares with its mean water sources being the River Witham to the South West the River Steeping to the North West and the Wash to the South. This district operates seven pumping stations and maintains the drains to prevents floods up-to a 1 in 50 year flood event.

1 - Rainfall drains naturally from the fields into the dykes which surround them.

Smaller Drains

Small Pumping Station 2 - The dykes that surround the fields then feed the water into larger drains. These larger drains then drain into the rivers. Small pumping stations are often used to pump the water from the lower drains into the higher rivers.

Small sluice gates 3 - Not all drains need to be pumped into the rivers, some drain naturally. In these situations sluice gates are used to prevent water flowing from the rivers into the drains.

4 - The rivers then drain this water out to the Wash estuary. However to prevent the tidal flow entering the fresh water system, larger sluice gates separate the freshwater and salt water systems. The sluice gates are opened at low tide to drain the river.

large Pumping Station 5 - During periods of high rainfall when the freshwater network needs draining but a high tide prevents the sluice gates from being opened, large diesel and electric pumping stations are used to pump the water into the tidal section of the river.

large sluice gates

19ESTUARY THE WASH

NORTH SEA

£149 £4,560

SCOTLAND

£305 £6,130

£168 £6,410

NORTH

£7,840 £1,035

IRISH SEA £9,200 £1,667

EAST MIDLANDS WEST MIDLANDS

£5,350 £39

EAST £121,854

WALES

£6,510

CELTIC SEA

SOUTH EAST

£384

SOUTH WEST £6,910 £436 ENGLISH CHANNEL

N UNITED KINGDOM

HINTERLANDS AND THE ANTHROPOCENE ECONOMIC CONTEXT (AGRICULTURE)

THE FENS

VALUE

AGRICULTURAL LAND VALUE

AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTIVITY

PROPORTIONAL RETURNS

(£ PER ACRE)

(£ PER ACRE OF GROWTH)

(ON LAND VALUE PER YEAR)

VALUE

FENLAND ECONOMY

Farming and the Fens are inextricably linked, it was the perceived financial gains that farming would bring, which lead to the draining of the Fens. Today 88% of all the land in the Fens is cultivated, and the fertile soils of the Fens account for half of all the grade one farmland in the United Kingdom. This makes the farmland in the Fens some of the most valuable land in the United Kingdom. The value of the farmland however has created conflict. With sea levels rising the farmland surrounding the Wash which is predominantly all grade one is under threat. Farmers are understandably keen to protect their assets, however organisation’s such as the Environment Agency are encouraging a managed retreat of the shoreline, meaning some of this farmland will have to be sacrificed to the sea.

CROP

ACRES

% UK TOTAL

Vegetables

72,000

37%

Potatoes

62,000

24%

Sugar Beet

53,000

17%

Bulbs & Flowers

5,500

38%

Fenland farmland is the most valuable farmland in the U.K costing ₤9,200 per acre.

75% of all road freight in the Fens is related to the agri-food industry. Supporting 1,905 jobs in logistics

The logistics industry generates £750 million for the local economy

89% of all land in the Fens is grade 1 or 2

Value at the Farmgate is worth £1.1bn to the local economy

LOGISTICS

GRADE 1 & 2 FARMLAND

FARMERS & PRIMARY PRODUCERS

FOWLER WELCH £151 million

CROP PROTECTION MACHINERY

FRESHLINC

AGRICULTURAL SUPPLY INDUSTRY

£44 million

SEED FERTILISER

NORBERT DENTRESSANGLE

£4 billion (globally)

FEED

FOOD & DRINK MANUFACTURING BUSINESSES GENERATE A TURNOVER OF £1.7 BILLION

The agricultural supply industry employ’s 3,860 people on the Fens and generates a GVA of ₤230m.

AGRICULTURAL WHOLESALERS

EXPORTS

Food & Drink manufacturing businesses in the area employ 17,500 people.

THE FOOD WHOLESALING INDUSTRY GENRATES A INCOME OF £377 MILLION FOR THE LOCAL ECONOMY

FOOD WHOLESALERS

FOOD PROCESSORS/MANUFACTURING

IN 2014 UK SUPERMARKETS GENERATED A TURNOVER OF £24.7 BILLION

MACHINERY PACKAGING

FOOD PROCESSORS/MANUFACTURING SUPPLY INDUSTRY

The food wholesailing industry provides 8,000 jobs in the local area.

CATERERS

SUPERMARKETS

CONSUMERS

ECONOMIC CONTEXT CARTOGRAPHY

ECONOMIC FLOW DIAGRAM

The cartography on the left hand page illustrates the value and productivity of agricultural land across the United Kingdom. The cartography highlights that the Fens occupies some of the most valuable and productive farmland in the United Kingdom.

The above diagram illustrates the economic process associated with the agriculture industry in the Fens. The weighted lines illustrate the amount of money flowing between each stage. The diagram also illustrates the many associated industries in agriculture.

NORTH SEA

£30M

£24M

NORTH YORKSHIRE £15M

£35M £35M

ANGLIA NORTH

IRISH SEA

£44M

MIDLANDS ANGLIA CENTRAL ANGLIA EAST

LONDON CELTIC SEA

£15M

SOUTH WESSEX

£78M

SOUTH WEST £41M £19M

ENGLISH CHANNEL

N UNITED KINGDOM

HINTERLANDS AND THE ANTHROPOCENE FLOOD DEFENCE INVESTMENT

2100 SEA LEVEL FLOOD RISK AREAS

£564 2007/08

REGIONAL SPEND ON FLOOD DEFENCES

£624

£676

£698

2008/09

2009/10

2010/11

£583

£576

£566

£591

2011/12

2012/13

2013/14

2014/15

ANNUAL FUNDING FROM DEFRA FOR FLOOD DEFENCES

RISING SEA LEVELS

“ Warming of the climate system is unequivocal, and since the 1950’s, many of the observed changes are unprecedented over decades to millennia. The atmosphere and ocean have warmed, the amounts of snow and ice have diminished, and sea level has risen.” (IPCC, 2014, p.40) The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) latest report highlights that between 1951 and 2010 the average global temperature has risen by 0.6°c which is 0.5°c greater than the natural variation expected for this period of time. The cause of this temperature rise is attributed to human induced greenhouse gasses. The IPCC suggests that over the next century this increase in temperature is going to accelerate and that average temperature’s will rise by 1°c. The increased temperature will exaggerate thermal expansion of the oceans and will increase the rate at which glacier’s and ice caps melt. Predictions on sea level change vary dramatically according to different scenarios, however the IPCC highlight that a 1°c temperature change will cause the average sea level to rise between 1-3 metres. Various elements are contributing to sea level change, and the rate at which these factors develop will determine the levels that the seas will rise to. All of the agents of change are of anthropogenic origin, meaning that humans are the main determining factor in future sea level rises. The diagram below highlights the four main contributing factors to rising sea levels.

+1 METRE SEA LEVEL RISE

THERMAL EXPANSION

MELTING GLACIER’S

GROUNDWATER EXTRACTION

NORTH/SOUTH POLE

50%

35%

10%

+3 METRE SEA LEVEL RISE

FLOOD DEFENCE INVESTMENT CARTOGRAPHY

SEA LEVEL RISE DIAGRAMS

The cartography on the left hand page highlights government spending on flood defence across the United Kingdom. It also illustrated the areas of the United Kingdom at risk of flooding by 2100 if sea levels continue to rise at their current rate.

The above diagrams highlight the areas of the United Kingdom susceptible flooding due to sea level rise.

+6 METRE SEA LEVEL RISE

MELTING ICE

+9 METRE SEA LEVEL RISE

SKEGNESS

BOSTON

THE WASH

SPALDING KINGS LYNN

WISBECH

PETERBOROUGH

MARCH

CHATTERIS

ELY

N THE FENS

HINTERLANDS AND THE ANTHROPOCENE FARMLAND GRADING

GRADE ONE

GRADE TWO

0km

GRADE THREE

5km

10km

GRADE FOUR

20km

30km

SETTLEMENT

40km

DRAINS

FLOODING AND THE ECONOMY

As sea levels continue to rise, the frequency and severity of flood events across the United Kingdom are set to increase. However since 2010 the government has gradually decreased the annual spend in flood defences, leaving the United Kingdom more exposed to flooding. The two diagrams below highlight the potential costs from flooding in a worst case scenario. Current government policy currently creates a disparity of funding for flood defences between agricultural and urban areas. Current policy dictates that any new flood defences must offer a potential future saving of £8 on any flood damages for every £1 spent on flood defences. It is very difficult for agricultural areas to meet this requirement, therefore most funding for flood defences is distributed among large urban areas. This therefore leaves agricultural land at risk, and with food security becoming a increasing global issue, the government may be forced to adapt their policy.

ANNUAL FUNDING FROM DEFRA FOR FLOOD DEFENCES (MILLIONS)

£62

4 £56

£67

HIGH QUALITY FARMLAND TO BE FLOODED AT LEAST ONCE EVERY THREE YEARS

£69

£58

£57

£56

2007/08 2008/09 2009/10 2010/11 2011/12 2012/13 2013/14

ANNUAL cost of flood DAMAGE TO PROPERTY (BILLIONS) DEFRA

2015

2050

2080

30,000

75,000

130,000

HECTARES

AGRICULTURAL LAND LOST TO COASTAL EROSION 2015

2050

2080

£1.2b

£4.5b

£6.2b

2080

10,000 HECTARES

ANNUAL LOSS OF INCOME TO BUSINESS FROM FLOODING (MILLIONS)

people exposed to significant likelihood of flooding

2015

2050

2080

2015

2050

2080

£20M

£72M

£96M

900,000

3.6m

FARMLAND GRADING CARTOGRAPHY The cartography on the left hand page highlights the Fens area and its farmland grading. The cartography illustrates that most of the Fens is constructed of grade one farm and that most of the grade one farmland is located around the hinterlands of the Wash estuary.

SKEGNESS

BOSTON

THE WASH

SPALDING KINGS LYNN

WISBECH

PETERBOROUGH

MARCH

CHATTERIS

ELY

N THE FENS

HINTERLANDS AND THE ANTHROPOCENE FLOOD MAP

High

Medium

Low

Very Low

(1 in 30 or greater chance of flooding)

(Between 1 in 100 & 1 in 30 chance of flooding)

(Between 1 in 1000 & 1 in 100 chance of flooding)

( Less than 1 in 1000 chance of flood)

0km

5km

10km

20km

30km

DRAINS

40km

FLOODING IN THE FENS

The Fens has a long history of flooding and without artificial drainage the Fens would find itself constantly flooded. With the drainage systems implemented the Fens is relatively well protected from fluvial flooding, however as climate change takes hold and sea levels rise the Fens is facing an ever increasing threat from tidal flooding.

FIGURE 5

FIGURE 6

The majority of the Fens is currently protected from tidal flooding by a large grass bank which runs along the perimeter of the Wash. With the Wash Estuary being a low energy coastal environment, the grass banks provide adequate protection from the sea for the majority of the time. However over the course of history a number of large tidal surges have breached these grass banks devastating the hinterlands of the Fens. With sea levels rising the regularity of these storm surge events are set to increase, putting the Fens at further risk. Hard sea defences would help protect the Fens in the future, however the large expanse of coastline that would need defending makes hard sea defence an economically unviable option. Therefore alternative flood strategies are required for the Fens.

FIGURE 7

FENS FLOOD CARTOGRAPHY The cartography on the left hand page illustrates the current flood risk areas acrosss the Fens. The map highlights that the majority of the land around the Wash estuary is currently at high risk of flooding.

FIGURE 8

HISTORY OF FLOODING IN THE FENS

1947 - floods The image to the left shows the military efforts to block up a breach in a river bank during the 1947 floods. The 1947 floods were some of the worst floods the Fens have ever witnessed. A harsh winter had left heavy snow fall across the Fens and when it eventually thawed in March, a large volume of water was released into the Fens drainage networks, this in combination with heavy rain and a spring tide meant the networks simply could not cope with the volume of water. The area around the Ouse washes was most severely effected, waters didnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t return to normal levels for another two months.

FIGURE 9 - 1947 flood

1953 - floods The 1953 floods along the East coast of the United Kingdom were the deadliest floods in the regions history. On the 31st January 1953 three element combined to devastate the Fens. A spring tide in combination with strong winds forced a 2.5 metre wall of water through the Fens coastal defences, in addition to this high rainfall had meant that the Fens drains were already at capacity. In total 22 large and 100 smaller breaches were recorded along the Fens coastal defences. One breach in Sutton, Lincolnshire measured a 1/3 of mile long. Flood waters spread for 9 kilometres inland. In total 307 people lost their lives to the flood of 1953.

FIGURE 10 - 1953 Soldiers rebuilding defences

2013 - floods The most recent flood in history occurred on the 5th of December , 2013. A storm in the North Sea combined with a spring tide forced a wave of water up the River Haven and when it reached the town of Boston the water breached its banks. It was the worst flooding the town had ever seen. Over 50 roads in the town were flooded and over 600 properties were flooded. In addition to this breaches were recorded all the way along the sea banks of the Wash estuary, this lead to large areas of farmland being flooded. This created long lasting damage as the land was unusable for several years after due to the high levels of salt in the soil.

FIGURE 11 - 2013 FLOOD RESIDENTS EVACUATED

FIGURE 12 -1947 fLOOD The image on the right hand page is an aerial footage showing the devestation of the 1947 flood near Holme Fen.

SITE GEOMORPHOLOGY

CHAPTER THREE

WHAT IS GEOMORPHOLOGY ? â&#x20AC;&#x153; Geomorphology is the study of landforms, their processes, form and sediments at the surface of the Earth (and sometimes on other planets). Study includes looking at landscapes to work out how the earth surface processes, such as air, water and ice, can mould the landscape. Landforms are produced by erosion or deposition, as rock and sediment is worn away by these earthsurface processes and transported and deposited to different localities. The different climatic environments produce different suites of landforms. The landforms of deserts, such as sand dunes and ergs, are a world apart from the glacial and periglacial features found in polar and sub-polar regions. Geomorphologists map the distribution of these landforms so as to understand better their occurrence.â&#x20AC;? (BSG,N.D)

SITE LOCATION

The specific site chosen for the development of this thesis project is the Northern section of the South Eastern facing coastline of the Wash Estuary. This site was chosen as it is one the areas within the Wash Estuary which is at most risk to coastal erosion and coastal squeeze. In addition to this it has one of the most recently reclaimed sections of coastlines within the Wash Estuary. The various land reclamation phases can be seen through the different layers of sea banks. The land closest to the shoreline is predominantly grade one agricultural land which is sparsely populated and has very little transport infrastructure. Further landwards between 1-2km from the shoreline you have the A52 trunk road which connects Skegness and Boston, along this route their are a few larger settlements such as Wainfleet, Friskney and Wrangle, and then beyond these settlements the land is again predominantly a mixture of grade one & two agricultural land which is sparsely populated and has a poor transport infrastructure.

SITE GEOMORPHOLOGY This section of the Fens coastline is home to the most recent land reclamation projects in the Fens. The most seaward mass of land was reclaimed as recently as the 1980â&#x20AC;&#x2122;s by a local farmer, keen to expand his existing fields. The three sea bankâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s running parallel with one another give a visual indication of the historical territorial formations. The extensive drain networks shown form a regular pattern over the land clearly demarcating the plots of land for farming. Moving further landward away from the clinical formation of the reclaimed land the drain networks morph into a more organic and chaotic formation. Settlements which would have originally been located on the coastline have inadvertently retreated as seaward land reclamation projects redefined the territorial formation of the coastline.

FRISKNEY

FRISKNEY EAUDYKE

13.5 MILES

BOSTON

9.7 MILES

TO SKEGNESS

THE FENS

HINTERLANDS AND THE ANTHROPOCENE FENS GEOMORPHOLOGY

MUD FLATS

SALT MARSH

SEA BANK

RECLAIMED LAND (POST 1980)

100m

RECLAIMED LAND (PRE 1980)

200m

400m

DRAINS

600m

FLOW DIRECTION

ROADS

PUMPING STATION

THE SALTMARSH The Wash estuary contains the largest single active salt marsh in the United Kingdom. Accounting for 9% of the total salt marsh area in the UK. Coastal saltmarshes in the United Kingdom are found in the upper reaches of the intertidal area and support salt tolerant plant species. Saltmarshes thrive in low energy coastal environment such as the Wash Estuary. The saltmarshes in the Wash estuary are now a protected enviornment as they have been designated as a Site of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI). However this has not always been the case, up untill the late 20th century saltmarshes across the United Kingdom were being lost to land reclamation projects. Between 1970 and 1980 over 858 hectares of saltmarsh were lost to land reclamation projects in the Wash.

THE SALTMARSHES

Why Are They Important? BIODIVERSITY Saltmarshes are one of the most diverse natural habitats on earth, supporting salt tolerant vegetation, wading birds, fish, shellfish and micro organisms. FLOOD PROTECTION Large Saltmarshes are extremely effective in defending against floods and erosion, as they reduce the enegy of the waves. In addition to this more mature Saltmarshes with dense vegetation are more resistant to erosion, as the roots of the vegetation prevent executive erosion of fine sediments. NATURAL FILTERS Saltmarshes act as natural filter cleansing the water from herbicides, pesticides and heavy metals.

Saltmarsh Construction Diagram

Upper Marsh

Middle Marsh

Spr

ing

Hig

Low

ide

Tid

e Lower Marsh

Mudflats

Tidal Creek

GRADE ONE FARMLAND [RECLAIMED]

UPPER MARSH Rushes / Reeds Sea Lavender Sea Couch Grass

MID MARSH

LOWER MARSH

Sea Purslane Thrift

Sea Meadow Grass Sea Manna Grass

MUD FLATS Glasswort Algae

Spartina Cord Grass

Landwards

Seawards

SALTMARSH AS A FLOOD DEFENCE

Rising sea levels and tidal surges are all consequences of climate change, our coastlines are under threat from the ocean, flooding events are set to increase and large expanses of land are set to be lost due to coastal erosion. Existing hard sea defences such as seawalls and gabions although effective are unsustainable, they are economically unviable as they require regular maintenance and have a relatively short life span. Looking forward we need to develop more sustainable coastline defences. One of the options for a more sustainable flood defence system, is the utilisation of Saltmarshes. Saltmarshes have been proven to reduce the damaging effect of waves during storm surges by upto 20%. The shallow waters and dense vegetation along Saltmarsh act as wave breaks, reducing wave velocity and length. Saltmarshes used in conjunction with other flood defence systems can offer a more sustainable defence solution. The below diagram highlights the benefits of Saltmarshes in dissipating wave energy and thus reducing the required height of the inland sea defence.

3m High Wall

80m wide saltmarsh

Construction Cost = £400/m of sewall

4m High Wall

60m wide saltmarsh

Construction Cost = £500/m of sewall

5m High Wall

30m wide saltmarsh

Construction Cost = £800/m of sewall

6m High Wall

6m wide saltmarsh

Construction Cost = £1500/m of sewall

12m High Wall

No Saltmarsh

Construction Cost = £5000/m of sewall

COASTAL SQUEEZE

As mentioned previously saltmarshes form effective coastal defence mechanisms, however rising sea levels are putting these vital habitats at risk. â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;Coastal Squeezeâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; is the terminology used to describe a situation where saltmarshes are being slowly lost due to rising sea levels. The area between a sea wall and the average tide level is known as an intertidal area, and this is where saltmarshes form. However rising sea levels are slowly reducing this intertidal area as the tides are moving closer to the sea wall thus squeezing out the salt marsh. To rectify this situation the saltmarsh must be given room to retreat, this can be achieved through a process called managed realignment. This involves removing the existing seawall and moving it further inland, thus given the saltmarsh a large area of land to retreat to. The diagram below shows a typical cross section through the Fens coastline and highlights how rising sea levels are squeezing the saltmarsh against the sea wall.

EPOCH 1 2015-2025

Cumulative Sea Level Rise - 64mm

Grade 1 - Agricultural Land

Sea Bank

Intertidal Zone Salt Marsh & Mudflats

EPOCH 2 2025-2055

Cumulative Sea Level Rise - 319mm

Coastal Squeeze

EPOCH 3 2055-2085

Cumulative Sea Level Rise - 1,129mm

Managed Realignment

SHORELINE MANAGEMENT PLAN

Shoreline Management Plans have been developed for the whole of the United Kingdomâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s coastline, they have been developed by DEFRA (Department of Environment, Food and Rural Affairs) in partnership with the Environment Agency and relevant local councils. The Shoreline Management Plan aims to identify the best ways to manage flood and erosion risk to people and the developed, historic and natural environment. My site falls within PDZ1 (Policy Development Zone) of the Wash Shoreline Management Plan. PDZ1 focuses on the stretch of coastline from Gibraltar Point to the North to Wolferton Creek in the South. The Shoreline Management plans does not provide specific proposals for coastal areas, but instead recommends one of four policies depending on the specific context of the site.

Gilbraltar Point

WOLFERTON CREEK

LOCATION OF PDZ1 [SHORELINE MANAGEMENT PLAN] The Shoreline Management plans does not provide specific proposals for coastal areas, but instead recommends one of four policies depending on the specific context of the site. Shoreline Management Plan - Policies Hold the Line - Involves holding the defence on its existing alignment. Advance the Line - Involves building new defences seaward of the existing defence line. Managed Realignment - Involves allowing the shoreline to move seaward or landward, with associated management to control and limit the effect on land use and the environment. No Active Intervention - Involves no investment in coastal defences or operations.

SMP POLICIES FOR PDZ1 EPOCH 1 Epoch 1 covers the present to 2025, during this period the risk of flooding is relatively with a 1 in 35 probability of a flood event occurring. A tidal surge in combination with a spring tide is the most probable cause of a flood during this period. EPOCH 2 Epoch 2 covers the period from 2025 to 2055, as sea levels rise they begin to have an effect on the shoreline of the Fens. Intertidal areas are reduced as the mean low tide level rises with rising sea levels. This creates an effect called coastal squeeze as natural habitats such as salt marsh cannot retreat because of existing sea defence such as sea banks. Not only does this have a negative effect on natural habitats it also increases flood risk, as a healthy salt marsh forms an effective barrier against wave energy. EPOCH 3 Epoch 3 covers the period from 2055 to 2085, during this period if no action is taken flooding is going inevitable. However if a managed realignment scheme is applied as per the shoreline management plan, the sea banks will be moved inland allowing the salt marsh to retreat naturally which act as a buffer between the tides and the sea bank minimising any erosion of the sea bank.

MANAGED REALIGNMENT

What is Managed Realignment? Managed realignment also known as managed retreat is a process which involves moving the existing coastline further inland, this is achieved by removing existing defences and relocating them further inland. There are many benefits of managed realignment schemes over more traditional hard sea defences: - Managed realignment schemes help recreate natural coastal and estuarine habitats such as saltmarshes, which help absorb wave energy. - Provide new natural habitats and ecosystems, through the development of saltmarshes. - Are cheaper to construct and maintain than hard sea defences.

Freiston Shore Freiston Shore is one of the largest managed realignment schemes in the United Kingdom. Located on the north-western bank of the Wash estuary, the scheme has enabled the development of an extended area of salt marsh habitat. In 1983 the nearby located North Sea Prison Camp reclaimed this area of land for agricultural purposes. However the sea bank constructed to hold back the water protruded out beyond the existing seabank, this therefore made it susceptible to erosion. In the late 1990â&#x20AC;&#x2122;s the new seabank constructed was deemed at risk of failure. The Environment Agency decided that the best option was to strengthen and re-construct the existing landward sea bank, which would realign the seabank with the adjacent defences. Keen to develop this land into a new wetland habitat the Royal Society of Protection for Birds (RSPB) purchased the land from the local prison and with further funding from the Department for Environmental Food & Rural Affairs (DEFRA) work on strengthening and rebuilding the landward seabank began in 2001. Once the landward bank had been constructed, the seaward bank was then breached in three places. Following the breaches a six year environmental monitoring plan commenced, once completed in 2008 the results found that aswell as providing a 1:200 year sea defence, the land had developed into a healthy salt marsh, with plants such as samphire and sea-blite developing on the land. In addition to this the salt marsh had provided a new habitat for many species of wildfowl and waders and was also being utilised as a nursery for juvenile fish.

BREACH

SEAWARD SEABANK

BREACH LANDWARD SEABANK BREACH

FrEISTON SHORE MANAGED REALIGNMENT SCHEME

Freiston SHORE SATELLITE IMAGE 1997 The above image shows the Freiston Shore realignment site prior to the realignment.

Freiston SHORE SATELLITE IMAGE 2007 The above image shows the Freiston Shore six years after the development of the realignment site.

LAND FORMATION CATALOGUE

CHAPTER FOUR

LAND FORMATION CATALOGUE Introduction The shoreline management plan for my section of coastline recommends a series of managed realignment schemes to help protect the hinterlands of the Fens in the future. Working with this theory I propose to develop a realignment scheme which is economically productive which can offset the economic losses from losing grade one agricultural land. Their are many different potential economic activities which would be suitable for a realignment site, however this thesis will focus on the development of commercial fish farming as a new agricultural sector for the Fens. The land formation catalogue is a study of how the realignment site will develop naturally over time and how it can be manipulated into a formation which is suitable for fish farming. The catalogue has been developed using Caesar simulation software as tool to recreate actual site conditions.

CONCEPT IMAGE Initial concept image, which re-imagines the future of the Fenland coastline.

CAESAR SIMULATIONS

Background Developed by Tom Coulthard from the university of Hull, Caesar-Lisflood is a computer programme which simulates water flow and sediment transport. This can be utilised to simulate morphological changes in rivers and tidal creeks in response to various flood situations. Utilisation The Caesar-Lisflood programme will enable me to test the implications of a proposed managed realignment programme on my site through the implementation of breaches within the sea wall. In addition to this I will utilise Caesar to test various different interventions such as embankments, artificial creeks and sinks to discover their implications on the natural flooding process and to see how these interventions could be utilised in the most effective way to help develop the required ponds for fish farming. The Simulation Process

Inputs

Simulation

Outputs

Rhino

Water Depth

DEM Water

Caesar

Elevations Erosion/Deposition

Sediment

Analysis

SIMULATION TESTING

Testing Before the testing of the various interventions could begin ana extended period of testing was carried out, this not only helped me develop a deeper understanding of the software better but also enabled me configure the various inputs required for the software so that it would accurately simulate the conditons found on my site. Tide Input One of the key inputs into the Caesar software is the water. There are two different methods of imputing water into your model within Caesar, the first is reach mode, this is more appropriate for testing river systems, the second method is tidal, due to my site being on a tidal estuary this is the best method of inputing water into my model. To acquire better results I wrote my own input [txt.file], as shown below. This file accurately represents real tidal data from the wash estuary. However to help the Caesar modela run faster the model and the water input has been scaled down to 1/4 of its original size. I wrote the text files so that there is 2 high and 2 low tides each day, each tide has 5 data inputs. This process is then repeated every 7 days.

Technical Data - Tide Input File TIDE TXT.FILE Day 1 HIGH - 0.000, 0.123, 0.245, 0.342, 0.423, LOW - 0.389, 0.211, 0.109, 0.021, -0.456, HIGH - 0.034, 0.234, 0.365, 0.412, 0.489, LOW - 0.410, 0.322, 0.189, 0.034, -0.234 Day 2 HIGH - 0.045, 0.222, 0.356, 0.422, 0.489, LOW - 0.398, 0.265, 0.132, 0.024, -0.211, HIGH - 0.078, 0.189, 0.294, 0.344, 0.412, LOW - 0.311, 0.289, 0.111, 0.089, -0.245 Day 3 HIGH - 0.011, 0.111, 0.289, 0.365, 0.456 LOW - 0.321, 0.211, 0.102, 0.032, -0.346 HIGH - 0.123, 0.289, 0.391, 0.488, 0.695 LOW - 0.343, 0.211, 0.101, 0.011, -1.021 Day 4 HIGH - 0.019, 0.276, 0.401, 0.523, 0.843, LOW - 0.422, 0.233, 0.017, -0.230, -1.044, HIGH - 0.010, 0.123, 0.245, 0.342, 0.533, LOW - 0.489, 0.211, 0.109, 0.021, -0.456, Day 5 HIGH - 0.020, 0.123, 0.235, 0.312, 0.423, LOW - 0.359, 0.211, 0.109, 0.021, -0.456, HIGH - 0.034, 0.234, 0.365, 0.412, 0.489, LOW - 0.410, 0.322, 0.189, 0.034, -0.234 Day 6 HIGH - 0.035, 0.212, 0.356, 0.422, 0.489, LOW - 0.398, 0.265, 0.122, 0.024, -0.211, HIGH - 0.078, 0.189, 0.294, 0.344, 0.412, LOW - 0.311, 0.289, 0.111, 0.089, -0.245 Day 7 HIGH - 0.010, 0.121, 0.284, 0.365, 0.436, LOW - 0.321, 0.211, 0.102, 0.032, -0.343, HIGH - 0.123, 0.289, 0.391, 0.488, 0.697, LOW - 0.343, 0.211, 0.101, 0.011, -1.021

CAESAR SIMULATION Caesar simulation user interface.

SIMULATION TESTING

Sediment Testing Another key input into the Caesar simulation model is the sediment build up of the model. Selecting the correct size and proportions of sediment is essential in obtaining accurate results for this particular site. No precise data is available which can be directly input into the Caesar model, however through other sources and testing I was able to develop a sediment input which would appear to accurately represent the characteristics of the site. Site Characteristics Various flood events over hundreds of years has created a large build-up of superficial deposits across the site. The general formation of these deposits consists of varying silt, sand and mud layers. A borehole analysis take from the site shows that these sedimentary layers are 6 meters deep. The diagram below shows the general sediment build up for the site.

TECHNICAL DATA

SILT

SAND

MUD

24.71%

53.01%

20.59%

GRAIN SIZE 0.00015–0.0025in

GRAIN SIZE 0.0025–0.0049in

GRAIN SIZE 3.8×10−5–0.00015 in

INPUTS [SEDIMENT TESTING]

TEST ONE [FINE]

TEST TWO [MEDIUM]

TEST THREE [COARSE]

WATER INPUT

TIDE.TXT [FILE]

SEDIMENT INPUT

GRAIN SIZE(M)

PROPORTION

GRAIN SIZE(M)

PROPORTION

GRAIN SIZE(M)

PROPORTION

SIZE SIZE SIZE SIZE SIZE SIZE SIZE SIZE SIZE

0.5 0.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

SIZE SIZE SIZE SIZE SIZE SIZE SIZE SIZE SIZE

0.05 0.05 0.05 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.05

SIZE SIZE SIZE SIZE SIZE SIZE SIZE SIZE SIZE

0.2 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.2 0.3

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

0.0005 0.001 0.002 0.004 0.008 0.016 0.032 0.064 0.128

MODEL INPUT

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

0.0005 0.001 0.002 0.004 0.008 0.016 0.032 0.064 0.128

MODEL INPUT

0.0005 0.001 0.002 0.004 0.008 0.016 0.032 0.064 0.128

MODEL INPUT

250M

450

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

250M

450

SIMULATION TESTING

OUTPUTS [SEDIMENT TESTING]

TEST ONE [FINE]

TEST TWO [MEDIUM]

TEST THREE [COARSE]

ELEVATIONS & WATER DEPTH OUTPUT [365 DAYS]

EROSION & DEPOSITION OUTPUT [365 DAYS]

ANALYSIS

Test one used a majority fine sediment range with 100% of the sediment size measuring between 0.0005m and 0.001m. This formation of sediment sizes would suggest the site is mainly constructed of fine silt sediments.

The sediment build up in test two, had a higher concentration of sediment in the middle ranges (0.004,-0.016). This would suggest that the site is mainly constructed of fine and coarse sand sediments. Borehole analysis of the existing site would suggest that the sediment build up in this test is most similar to the actual conditions of the site.

The sediment build up in test three, has a higher concentration of sediment in the upper ranges (0.032,-0.128). This would suggest that the site is mainly constructed of coarse sand and fine gravel sediments.

The simulation highlights that at the point the water enters the model, erosion levels are extremely high creating a large sink at the mouth of the model, which in effect protected the further extents of the model from erosion, as they flood water simply filled this sink. This simulation suggests that this sediment build up is not suitable for the development of natural tidal creeks and pools.

Again signs of erosion are present where water enters the model, however the coarser sediments are preventing the formation of a large sink. Allowing water to reach the furthest extremities of the site. This has enabled four distinct tidal creeks to form. This simulation suggests that this sediment build up is the most suitable for further simulation testing of the site, as it allows for natural tidal creeks to form and it closely replicates the actual sediment build up found on site.

Signs of erosion are present where water enters the model, and you can see that three distance tidal creeks are beginning to form. However due to the coarser sediments the erosion process is much slower than test two, therefore the creeks are less developed. This simulation suggests that this sediment build up is conducive to the formation of natural tidal creeks, however due to the coarser sediments the process is much slower. In addition to this the sediment build up utilised is slightly coarser than the actual sediment build up on site, therefore test two would be a more appropriate sediment build up for further testing.

SIMULATION TESTING

Creek Testing As part of the initial testing process a study was carried out to discover the optimum creek formation. The optimum creek would be one that performs and acts as natural creek would. This process not only proved useful in testing the optimum creek formation it also proved useful in understanding and fine tuning the simulation process and the multiple inputs involved. Creek Formation As part of any managed realignment scheme basic artificial tidal creeks are dug to help start and develop further natural tidal creek processes. During the Freiston Shore managed realignment project, it was discovered that the design of the initial tidal creeks were not that successful. Therefore the below diagram shows the initial testing process carried which sought to find the optimum initial creek formation .

CREEK FORMATION TESTING

TEST ONE [11.25°]

11.25°

TEST THREE [45.0°]

45.0°

22.5°

Test one developed a tidal creek system which used 22.5° meander.

STAGE FIVE

STAGE FOUR

STAGE THREE

STAGE TWO

STAGE ONE

Test one developed a tidal creek system which used 11.25° meander.

TEST TWO [22.5°]

Test one developed a tidal creek system which used 45.0° meander.

TEST THREE [67.5°]

67.5°

Test one developed a tidal creek system which used 67.5° meander.

SIMULATION TESTING

RESULTS [CREEK TESTING]

TEST ONE [11.25째] 365 DAYS

TEST TWO [22.5째] 365 DAYS

TEST THREE [45.0째] 365 DAYS

TEST THREE [67.5째] DAYS

CREEK TESTING ANALYSIS To develop a tidal creek formation suitable for fish farming, we are looking for a tidal creek system which is an erosion dominant system. All of the above tests show areas of erosion (highlighted red). However i am recreating natural tidal creek formations, therefore test two is showing results which are most similar to what would be expected in a natural tidal creek system. test two is displaying the early development of sub creeks forming at the outer points of the creeks meander. This sub creeks will then develop into a more dendritic formation.

Tidal Creek Morphology Plan Accretion Dominant

Section A

Erosion / Accretion

Erosion Dominant

SIMULATION TESTING

Test Land Formation Catalogue The simulation software performs the simulations in real time, this helps indicate the rough time scales for the different formations to occur. However the downside to this is that the simulations can be time consuming. Therefore to speed up the simulation process, I scaled down the sediment size by 50% to speed up the erosion process, unfortunately this produced some unexpected results, which are shown below. The finer sediment failed to respond in the expected manner, erosion levels were significantly higher, however the dendritic patterns of the tidal creeks were not forming. Therefore the final simulations were produced using the original sediment data.

TIDAL CREEK Photograph taken from site., showing existing tidal creek system.

FINAL LAND FORMATION CATALOGUE

Final Land Formation Catalogue Once the testing process had been concluded the development of the land formation catalogue would begin. The aim for the land formation catalogue is to understand and discover the land formation process for the site. This would in turn help dictate the introduction, location and size of the fish farms. Traditional pier structures are to be utilised to develop the required infrastructure for fish farming, these pier structures location and size would be defined by the tidal creek formations. The piers would also be used as method to control tidal creek development, in the aim of creating a landscape suitable for fish farming.

STAGE ONE LAND FORMATION

STAGE TWO LAND FORMATION

1 - 5 YEARS FARMING SYSTEM

5 - 10 YEARS

N/A

FARMING SYSTEM EXTENSIVE

40,000sqm

LAND USE: 100% APPROX NO. OF FARMS: 2-3 TOTAL LAND USE AREA: 80,000sqm - 120,000sqm CAPITAL INVESTMENT: LOW ECONOMIC RETURNS: LOW POND CONSTRUCTION: NETS (CAGE) TECHNIQUE: BOAT & NETTING EMPLOYEES PER FARM: 1

STAGE THREE LAND FORMATION

STAGE FOUR LAND FORMATION

10 - 20 YEARS FARMING SYSTEM EXTENSIVE

20 - 50 YEARS

SEMI_INTENSIVE 13,300sqm

40,000sqm 13,300sqm

FARMING SYSTEM

13,300sqm 13,300sqm

EXTENSIVE

SEMI_INTENSIVE 13,300sqm

40,000sqm

LAND USE: 75% APPROX NO. OF FARMS: 4-6 TOTAL LAND USE AREA: 160,000sqm - 240,000sqm CAPITAL INVESTMENT: LOW ECONOMIC RETURNS: LOW POND CONSTRUCTION: OPEN PONDS TECHNIQUE: BOAT & NETTING EMPLOYEES PER FARM: 1

13,300sqm

6,650sqm

13,300sqm 13,300sqm

LAND USE: 63% / 58% APPROX NO. OF FARMS: 20 / 22 TOTAL LAND USE AREA: 266,000sqm / 292,600sqm CAPITAL INVESTMENT: MEDIUM ECONOMIC RETURNS: MEDIUM POND CONSTRUCTION: NETS (CAGE) TECHNIQUE: NETTING EMPLOYEES PER FARM: 2

LAND USE: 9% / 10% APPROX NO. OF FARMS: 6 / 8 TOTAL LAND USE AREA: 39,900sqm / 53,200sqm CAPITAL INVESTMENT: HIGH ECONOMIC RETURNS: HIGH POND CONSTRUCTION: FISH PENS TECHNIQUE: DRAINING / NETTING EMPLOYEES PER FARM: 3

6,650sqm

LAND USE: 28% / 32% APPROX NO. OF FARMS: 3 / 4 TOTAL LAND USE AREA: 120,000sqm / 160,000sqm CAPITAL INVESTMENT: LOW ECONOMIC RETURNS: LOW POND CONSTRUCTION: OPEN PONDS TECHNIQUE: BOAT & NETTING EMPLOYEES PER FARM: 1

LAND USE: 25% APPROX NO. OF FARMS: 3-6 TOTAL LAND USE AREA: 40,000sqm - 80,000sqm CAPITAL INVESTMENT: MEDIUM ECONOMIC RETURNS: MEDIUM POND CONSTRUCTION: NETS (CAGE) TECHNIQUE: NETTING EMPLOYEES PER FARM: 2

INTENSIVE 6,650sqm

6,650sqm 6,650sqm

6,650sqm

LAND FORMATION CATALOGUE STAGE ONE STAGE ONE_ PHASE 1 Technical Information APPROXIMATE TIME-SCALE: 1-5 YEARS CONSTRUCTION STRATEGY: DIGGING & DREDGING INITIAL TIDAL CREEK CONSTRUCTION COSTS: LOW MAINTENANCE: LOW FUNDING: DEFRA / ENVIRONMENT AGENCY / RSPB NET AREA SUITABLE FOR FISH FARMING: 0sqm

Farming System AA

N/A - The tidal creek system at this stage is not complex enough to support any form of fish farming. SECTION AA

STAGE ONE_ PHASE 2 SECTION BB

SECTION CC

SECTION DD BB

STAGE ONE_ PHASE 3

STAGE ONE_ PHASE 4

STAGE ONE Phase Five Erosion of sediment along the outer curve of the meandering creek forces the creek to widen. New smaller creeks also begin to form running perpendicular to the orginal tidal creek. Sediment deposition occurs in the deepedt parts of the creek formation.

LAND FORMATION CATALOGUE STAGE TWO STAGE TWO_ PHASE 1 Technical Information APPROXIMATE TIME-SCALE: 5 - 10 YEARS CONSTRUCTION STRATEGY: DREDGING OF TIDAL CREEK / 2 NO. PIERS CONSTRUCTION COSTS: MEDIUM MAINTENANCE: MEDIUM FUNDING: PRIVATE STAKEHOLDERS (FISH FARM OWNERS) NET AREA SUITABLE FOR FISH FARMING: 80,000sqm / 120,000sqm

Farming System: Extensive AA

STAGE TWO_ PHASE 2

SECTION AA

SECTION BB

SECTION CC BB

SECTION DD

STAGE TWO_ PHASE 3

STAGE TWO_ PHASE 4

STAGE TWO Phase Five Increased erosion along the outer curves of the tidal creek, along with increased sediment deposition in the centre of the creek, creates a wider shallow creek formation. Dredging of creek formations is required. Smaller perpendicular creeks are growing laterally. Sediment deposition is beginning to form around the pier structures.

LAND FORMATION CATALOGUE STAGE THREE STAGE THREE_ PHASE 1 Technical Information APPROXIMATE TIME-SCALE: 10 - 20 YEARS CONSTRUCTION STRATEGY: DREDGING OF TIDAL CREEK / 2 NO. PIERS & 2 NO. SUB PIERS CONSTRUCTION COSTS: HIGH MAINTENANCE: MEDIUM FUNDING: PRIVATE STAKEHOLDERS (FISH FARM OWNERS) NET AREA SUITABLE FOR FISH FARMING: 200,000sqm / 320,000sqm

Farming System: Extensive

STAGE THREE_ PHASE 2

Farming System: Semi-Intensive LAND USE: 25% APPROX NO. OF FARMS: 3-6 TOTAL LAND USE AREA: 40,000sqm - 80,000sqm CAPITAL INVESTMENT: MEDIUM ECONOMIC RETURNS: MEDIUM POND CONSTRUCTION: NETS (CAGE) TECHNIQUE: NETTING EMPLOYEES PER FARM: 2

SECTION AA

SECTION BB

STAGE THREE_ PHASE 3

SECTION CC CC

SECTION DD

STAGE THREE_ PHASE 4

STAGE THREE Phase Five Implemented pier structure begin to limit the growth of the original creek system, this however creates increased rates of erosion among the smaller perpendicular creeks. Which begin to form around the smaller pier structures. As the pier structures become more complex, sediment deposition increases.

LAND FORMATION CATALOGUE STAGE FOUR STAGE FOUR_ PHASE 1 Technical Information APPROXIMATE TIME-SCALE: 20 - 40 YEARS CONSTRUCTION STRATEGY: DREDGING OF TIDAL CREEK / 2 NO. PIERS & 4 NO. SUB PIERS CONSTRUCTION COSTS: HIGH MAINTENANCE: HIGH FUNDING: PRIVATE STAKEHOLDERS (FISH FARM OWNERS) / FISH PROCESSING / FEED COMPANIES NET AREA SUITABLE FOR FISH FARMING: 425,900sqm / 505,800sqm

Farming System: Extensive AA

STAGE FOUR_ PHASE 2

Farming System: Semi-Intensive LAND USE: 63% / 58% APPROX NO. OF FARMS: 20 / 22 TOTAL LAND USE AREA: 266,000sqm / 292,600sqm CAPITAL INVESTMENT: MEDIUM ECONOMIC RETURNS: MEDIUM POND CONSTRUCTION: NETS (CAGE) TECHNIQUE: NETTING EMPLOYEES PER FARM: 2

Farming System: Intensive

STAGE FOUR_ PHASE 3

SECTION AA CC

SECTION BB

SECTION CC

SECTION DD

STAGE FOUR_ PHASE 4

STAGE FOUR Phase Five Growth of original tidal creek system is now completely restricted by pier structures, pressure within the creek system forces erosion in the areas not occupied by piers, creating a more complex creek system formed by the pier structures, smaller ponds are created, which are more suitable for intensive fish farming practices.

LAND FORMATION CATALOGUE LARGE SCALE Large Scale Formation Catalogue The simulation process thus far has focused in detail on the realignment of one averaged size field on the site, the following drawing look at developing the scheme at a much larger scale. Taking into account rising sea levels it is predicted that the realignment schemes will have to gradually retreat further inland over time. This proposal develops this proposition using the organised field pattern structure as a basis for the location and organisation of the managed realignment schemes. The extensive drain network currently in place is also utilised as an axis for development, the drains will be re-utilised as connectivity networks linking the isolated fishing villages with inland settlements. The below drawing shows the formation during its final stages.

Existing Settlements The realignment schemes and the associated infrastructure will using the drain network as an axis take the shortest route back to existing settlements, connecting the fishing villages with existing infrastructure and services.

New Line of Defence The A15 trunk road will form the new point of defence along this section of coastline. The trunk road is vitally important as it connects the large towns of Skegness and Boston therefore it must be protected.

Saltmarsh Areas of land which are not developed on will be left to develop naturally into saltmarsh, providing a natural habitat for the local wildlife and providing flood defence properties.

Drains Existing drain networks will be re-purposed as navigable canal connecting the isolated fishing villages with the inland settlements.

Fish Farms The majority of the fish farms infrastructure will be focused main axis provided by the Smaller extensive farm systems the outer drain networks.

and associated on the central drain network. will develop on

THE LARGE SCALE Land Formation Catalogue The large scale land formation shows the development of the site at a large scale over a period of time which is likely to run in the hundreds of years. However exact times cannot be given due to the unpredicatable nature of sea level rise.

FENLAND DRAINS The above photo shows a typical Fenland drain. The drains on my site will be re-purposed as connective networks, allowing small boat traffic to pass up and down them. Some drains might need to be widened to support this system.

drain photo

A2 FOLD OUT DRAWING

Photo showing a typical Fenland drain.

The fold out drawing shows the various stages of the large scale land formation catalogue.

THE FENS

HINTERLANDS AND THE ANTHROPOCENE LARGE SCALE LAND FORMATION CATALOGUE

PIONEER MARSH

MID MARSH

MATURE MARSH

PRIMARY DRAIN/PIER NETWORK

SECONDARY DRAIN/PIER NETWORK

FISHING VILLAGE

SOCIAL FORMATION CATALOGUE

CHAPTER FIVE

SOCIAL FORMATION CATALOGUE Introduction The land formation catalogue concentrated on the larger scale development of the tidal creek formations, whereas the social formation catalogue focuses on the small scale development of the fishing villages on the realigned land.

CONCEPT IMAGE Initial concept image, which re-imagines the future of the Fenland coastline.

PIER FORMATION

Social Formation Catalogue The pier formation has been designed to develop naturally over time, both the size and density of the pier structure increases as the tidal creek becomes more complex. The formation of the pier structure is defined by the tidal creek system, the piers intersect the highest contours of the land left from the natural erosion and deposition process. The piers reaching out into the middle of the tidal creek system are utilised for fish farming, as they have the best access to the tidal creek system. These piers will contain all the necessary infrastructure for fish farming in addition to dwellings for the farm owners and their workers. The pier structures running parallel with the tidal creek system serve to connect the fish farms with the mainland, in addition overtime as the fish farms develop into more complex systems, these piers will become host to associated industries such as processing plants, markets and fish feed factories.

PIER FORMATION

Medial Axis Curve A key part of the development of this thesis has been learning and understanding the principles of new software, in addition to the Caesar simulation software as discussed earlier, another piece of software which has been learnt and utilised in the development of this thesis is rhino and grasshopper. The pier formation which can seen on the drawing to the left was developed using a grasshopper script which defines the medial axis curve. The script enabled me to easily record and plot the formation of the pier structures in relation to the creek system. The script utilised is shown below,

ADDITIVE ARCHITECTURE

Jorn Utzon â&#x20AC;&#x153; A consistent exploitation of industriallly produced building elements is only acheived when these elements can be added to buildings without the components in any way of needing to be cut or adapted. Such a pure addition principle produces a new form of architecture, a new architectonic expression with the same qualitites and same effect as the addition of, for instance, the trees in the forest, groups of animals, stones on the shore, goods wagons on a shunting ground, the Danish lunch table, all according to how many different components are added in this game. the game conforms exactly to the demands of our time for greater freedom in the planning of buildings and a strong desire that the building should not be constrained to the shape that could be called the box, limited by a given size, and traditionally divided up by partition walls.â&#x20AC;? (Utzon, 2009, pg28)

FIGURE 13 Principles of Additive Architecture, Jorn Utzon

ADDITIVE ARCHITECTURE

Principles The principles of additive architecture as defined by Jorn Utzon suggests that through using standardized building components, an architectural form can be developed which can continuously evolve to its ever changing context. The fundamental ideas behind additive architecture lend them-self perfectly to the development of the fishing villages located on the pier structure. The fishing villages require the ability to evolve organically over time so that they can evolve at the same pace of the tidal creek system. Therefore through applying the general principles of additive architecture I aim to develop an architectural resolution which although appears simple in its early stages, its becomes a more complex system as it begins to evolve and develop new relationships with other buildings.

SKETCHBOOK Sketches developing the additive architecture principle.

ADDITIVE ARCHITECTURE

Construction Catalogue The below diagrams were developed as an experiment into how using the same three components, you can develop more complex forms as they begin to aggregate. In the case of this project it would allow the people who work on the fish farms to develop their own dwellings over time as their wealth increases.

PHASE ONE_YEARS 1-2

PHASE TWO_YEARS 2-5

PHASE THREE_YEARS 5-10

COMPONENTS

INFORMATION

AREA_16SQM

AREA_32SQM

AREA_40SQM

COST_£0

OCCUPANCY_0 PERSONS

OCCUPANCY_1 PERSONS

SYSTEM_EXTENSIVE

SYSTEM_SEMI INTENSIVE

PHASE FOUR_YEARS 10-18

PHASE FIVE_YEARS 18-30

PHASE SIX_YEARS 30+

COMPONENTS

INFORMATION

AREA_48SQM

AREA_56SQM

AREA_64SQM

COST_£0

OCCUPANCY_1-2 PERSONS

OCCUPANCY_2-3 PERSONS

SYSTEM_SEMI INTENSIVE

SYSTEM_INTENSIVE

ADDITIVE ARCHITECTURE

Construction Catalogue The below diagram highlights the different components required for the construction of a dwelling, however through the use of prefabricate SIPS panels, the construction process can be made much easier, allowing farmers and workers to construct their own dwellings on site.

18 17

7 1 - DRIVEN PRESSURE TREATED OAK PILES, Form part of the primary structure as they transfer the loads down into the ground. Piles are needed due to the deep layers of superficial sediment on the ground surface. Oak piles have been chosen as they are more sustainable the concrete variations and wont contaminate the salt marsh. 2 - PRESSURE TREATED OAK CROSS BRACING, The cross bracing forms part of the primary structure, as the prevent the piles from twisting and rotating under the loads applied. 3 - GALVANISED STEEL CONNECTION PLATE, The connection plate allows the two structural member to be connected, they also allow the structure to be disassembled at a later date. Galvanised steel is required to protect from corrosion. 4 - PRESSURE TREATED OAK BEAMS, The oak beams sit at the top of the timber piles, they offer further cross bracing to the structure as well as providing a framework for the pier decking. 5 - HORIZONTAL OAK FRAME FOR PIER DECKING, Forms part of the secondary structure, they sit directly on top of the pressure treated oak beam and form the lateral framework for the pier decking. 6 - PRESSURE TREATED OAK DECKING, Forms part of the secondary structure as the main loads above are transferred directly through the timber columns and piles, missing the timber deck. The timber deck is bolted to the Oak frame allowing for easy disassembly. 7 - PRESSURE TREATED OAK COLUMN, Forms part of the primary structure as they connect the upper structure (dwellings) with the piles. These are connected to the piles when required via a simple bolt connection, this allows for easy disassembly. 8 - PRESSURE TREATED OAK BEAMS, Form part of the primary structure, they sit at the top of the oak columns and act as form of cross bracing they also provide a framework for the SIPS panels to attached to. 9 - GALVANISED STEEL CONNECTION PLATE, The connection plate allows the two structural member to be connected, they also allow the structure to be disassembled at a later date. Galvanised steel is required to protect from corrosion. 10 - TREATED SILL PLATE, provides the connection point between the primary sub structure and the SIPS structure. 11 - SIPS FLOOR PANELS, forms part of the primary structure, insulation is built into the panels. 12 - SIPS WALL PANELS, forms part of the primary structure, they 2 meter wide panels which can be joined seamlessly together in a modular formation. The panels are prefabricated with breather membrane, cladding and flashing already attached. 13 - INTERNAL STRUCTURAL TIMBERS, provide additional support to the SIPS roof panels, when spanning larger distance, they are attached to the SIPS wall panels using steel brackets and SIPS screws. 14 - SIPS ROOF PANELS, forms part of the secondary structure, they are attached directly to the SIPS wall panels using SIPS screws. 15 - VERTICAL CLADDING RAIL, provides a connection point between the SIPS roof and the roof cladding, the cladding rail is orientated vertically to run down the slope of the pitch. 16 - VERTICAL & HORIZONTAL CLADDING BATTENS, are screwed to the SIPS panels and self tapping screws are used to connect the cladding to the battens. In certain places the cladding battens are rearranged to accommodate rain water harvesting and services. 17 - PVDF COATED ALUMINIUM ROOF CLADDING, is a ventilated rain screen cladding system which forms an initial barrier to the elements. Additional PVDF Coated Aluminium Flashing is required to cover connection details such as eaves. 18 - PVDF COATED ALUMINIUM WALL CLADDING, is a ventilated rain screen cladding system which forms an initial barrier to the elements. The cladding system is constructed out of smaller panels and is screwed to the cladding battens, allowing for the cladding to be replaced if required.

EMPLOY

EES

OCCUPA NCY

SQM

CO N S T R U CTIO

NC OS

RULES FOR DEPLOYMENT Introduction The rules for deployment provide a basic set of rules which define the constraints for future development of the expansive architecture system. The rules respond to the tidal creek formation evolution and the subsequent farming changes.

RULES FOR DEPLOYMENT STAGE ONE

EMPLOY

EES

OCCUPA NCY

SQM

CONSTRU CTIO N

CO S

SETTLEMENT FORMATION

DEPLOYMENT PROTOCOL RULES

COMPONENTS OW

RS DWELLI

NURSERY

RM FA

DISTAN CE

IENTATION

4M 50M

FARM

45Â° N

SOCIAL FORMATION DEMOGRAPHICS TOTAL POPULATION: 2/3 FARM OWNERS: 2/3 FARM EMPLOYEES: 0 MARKET EMPLOYEES: 0 PROCESSING PLANT EMPLOYEES:0 FISH FEED FACTORY EMPLOYEES: 0 FARM OWNERS FAMILY MEMBERS: 0 EMPLOYEES FAMILY MEMBERS: 0

LATIONSHIPS

BUILDING PROGRAMME

FARMING SYSTEM

FISH MARKET LARGE: 1 MARKET PER 10 FARMS (8-10 EMPLOYEES PER MARKET) FISH MARKET SMALL: 1 MARKET PER 5 FARMS (2-4 EMPLOYEES PER MARKET) FISH PROCESSING PLANT LARGE: 1 PLANT PER 20 FARMS ( 15-20 EMPLOYEES PER PLANT) FISH PROCESSING PLANT SMALL: 1 PLANT PER 10 FARMS (5-10) EMPLOYEES PER PLANT) FISH FEED FACTORY LARGE: 1 PLANT PER 25 FARMS (5-10) EMPLOYEES PER PLANT) FISH FEED FACTORY SMALL: 1 PLANT PER 10 FARMS (2-4) EMPLOYEES PER PLANT) OWNERS DWELLING: 1 OWNER, 0 FAMILY MEMBERS EMPLOYEES DWELLING: 1 EMPLOYEE, 0 FAMILY MEMBERS

EXTENSIVE LAND USE: 100% APPROX NO. OF FARMS: 2-3 TOTAL LAND USE AREA: 80,000sqm - 120,000sqm CAPITAL INVESTMENT: LOW ECONOMIC RETURNS: LOW POND CONSTRUCTION: NETS (CAGE) TECHNIQUE: BOAT & NETTING EMPLOYEES PER FARM: 1

NURSERY

RULES FOR DEPLOYMENT STAGE TWO

EMPLOY

EES

OCCUPA NCY

SQM

CONSTR

U C T I ON CO S

SETTLEMENT FORMATION

DEPLOYMENT PROTOCOL RULES

COMPONENTS NE

RS DWELLI

DEMOGRAPHICS TOTAL POPULATION: 28/52 FARM OWNERS: 7/12 FARM EMPLOYEES: 3/6 MARKET EMPLOYEES: 4/8 (2 SMALL) PROCESSING PLANT EMPLOYEES: 5/10 (1 SMALL) FISH FEED FACTORY EMPLOYEES: 2/4 (1 SMALL) FARM OWNERS FAMILY MEMBERS: 7/12 EMPLOYEES FAMILY MEMBERS: 0

RM FA

DISTAN CE

SOCIAL FORMATION

NURSERY

25M

BUILDING PROGRAMME

FARMING SYSTEM

EXTENSIVE

SEMI_INTENSIVE

LAND USE: 75% APPROX NO. OF FARMS: 4-6 TOTAL LAND USE AREA: 160,000sqm - 240,000sqm CAPITAL INVESTMENT: LOW ECONOMIC RETURNS: LOW POND CONSTRUCTION: OPEN PONDS TECHNIQUE: BOAT & NETTING

LAND USE: 25% APPROX NO. OF FARMS: 3-6 TOTAL LAND USE AREA: 40,000sqm - 80,000sqm CAPITAL INVESTMENT: MEDIUM ECONOMIC RETURNS: MEDIUM POND CONSTRUCTION: NETS (CAGE) TECHNIQUE: NETTING

EMPLOYEES PER FARM: 1

EMPLOYEES PER FARM: 2

OWNERS DWELLING: 1 OWNER, 1 FAMILY MEMBERS EMPLOYEES DWELLING: 1 EMPLOYEE, 0 FAMILY MEMBERS

RULES FOR DEPLOYMENT STAGE THREE

EMPLOY

EES

OCCUPA NCY

SQM

CONS

TRUC T I O NC OS

SETTLEMENT FORMATION

DEPLOYMENT PROTOCOL

RULES

COMPONENTS NE

RS DWELLI

NURSERY

KERS DWELLI

8M 4M

OR W

NIM MI

UM ASPE

CT S

IENTATION

LATIONSHIPS

FARM

NURSERY

45Â°

WORKER

SOCIAL FORMATION DEMOGRAPHICS TOTAL POPULATION: 221/318 FARM OWNERS: 29/34 FARM EMPLOYEES: 32/38 MARKET EMPLOYEES: 14/28 ( 7 SMALL) PROCESSING PLANT EMPLOYEES:15/30 (3 SMALL) FISH FEED FACTORY EMPLOYEES: 6/12 (3 SMALL) FARM OWNERS FAMILY MEMBERS: 58/68 EMPLOYEES FAMILY MEMBERS: 67/108

BUILDING PROGRAMME

FARMING SYSTEM

EXTENSIVE

SEMI_INTENSIVE

INTENSIVE

OWNERS DWELLING: 1 OWNER, 2 FAMILY MEMBERS EMPLOYEES DWELLING: 1 EMPLOYEE, 1 FAMILY MEMBERS

RULES FOR DEPLOYMENT STAGE FOUR

EMPLOY

EES

OCCUPA NCY

SQM

CONSTR

U C T I ON CO S

SETTLEMENT FORMATION

DEPLOYMENT PROTOCOL

COMPONENTS OW

RS DWELLI 8M

NURSERY

RULES OR W

KERS DWELLI

RM FA

DISTAN CE

SOCIAL FORMATION DEMOGRAPHICS TOTAL POPULATION: 670/842 FARM OWNERS: 49/53 FARM EMPLOYEES: 90/96 MARKET EMPLOYEES: 28/44 (2 LARGE, 6 SMALL) PROCESSING PLANT EMPLOYEES: 30/50 (1 LARGE, 3 SMALL) FISH FEED FACTORY EMPLOYEES: 10/20 ( 2 LARGE) FARM OWNERS FAMILY MEMBERS: 147/159 EMPLOYEES FAMILY MEMBERS: 316/420

16M

terrace

BUILDING PROGRAMME

FARMING SYSTEM

EXTENSIVE

SEMI_INTENSIVE

INTENSIVE

LAND USE: 19% / 25% APPROX NO. OF FARMS: 2 / 3 TOTAL LAND USE AREA: 80,000sqm / 120,000sqm CAPITAL INVESTMENT: LOW ECONOMIC RETURNS: LOW POND CONSTRUCTION: OPEN PONDS TECHNIQUE: BOAT & NETTING EMPLOYEES PER FARM: 1

LAND USE: 10% / 11% APPROX NO. OF FARMS: 3-4 TOTAL LAND USE AREA: 39,900sqm - 53,200sqm CAPITAL INVESTMENT: MEDIUM ECONOMIC RETURNS: MEDIUM POND CONSTRUCTION: NETS (CAGE) TECHNIQUE: NETTING EMPLOYEES PER FARM: 2

LAND USE: 71% / 64% APPROX NO. OF FARMS: 44-46 TOTAL LAND USE AREA: 292,600sqm - 305,900sqm CAPITAL INVESTMENT: HIGH ECONOMIC RETURNS: HIGH POND CONSTRUCTION: FISH PENS TECHNIQUE: DRAINING NETTING EMPLOYEES PER FARM: 3

OWNERS DWELLING: 1 OWNER, 3 FAMILY MEMBERS EMPLOYEES DWELLING: 1 EMPLOYEE, 2 FAMILY MEMBERS

RULES FOR DEPLOYMENT STAGE FIVE

EMPLOY

EES

OCCUPA NCY

SQM

CONS

TRUC T I O NC OS

SETTLEMENT FORMATION

DEPLOYMENT PROTOCOL

RULES

COMPONENTS NE

RS DWELLI

NURSERY

OR W

KERS DWELLI

RM FA

DISTAN CE

IENTATION

45Â° N

BUILDING PROGRAMME

FARMING SYSTEM

SEMI_INTENSIVE

INTENSIVE

LAND USE: 5% / 10% APPROX NO. OF FARMS: 1-2 TOTAL LAND USE AREA: 39,900sqm - 53,200sqm CAPITAL INVESTMENT: MEDIUM ECONOMIC RETURNS: MEDIUM POND CONSTRUCTION: NETS (CAGE) TECHNIQUE: NETTING EMPLOYEES PER FARM: 2

LAND USE: 95% / 90% APPROX NO. OF FARMS: 54-60 TOTAL LAND USE AREA: 292,600sqm - 305,900sqm CAPITAL INVESTMENT: HIGH ECONOMIC RETURNS: HIGH POND CONSTRUCTION: FISH PENS TECHNIQUE: DRAINING NETTING EMPLOYEES PER FARM: 3

OWNERS DWELLING: 1 OWNER, 3 FAMILY MEMBERS EMPLOYEES DWELLING: 1 EMPLOYEE, 2 FAMILY MEMBERS

FINAL PROPOSAL

CHAPTER SIX

THE F LOCATION PLAN

HINTERLANDS AND TH

FISHING VILLAGE RO

1 - OWNERS DWELLING, 2 4 - SECON

FENS

HE ANTHROPOCENE

DEPLOYMENT PROTOCOL

OOF PLAN - STAGE 1

FISH NURSERY, 3 - MAIN PIER, NDARY PIER

NURSERY

RM DISTANCE FA

IEN OR

TATION

FARM

50M

45Â°

18m

RULES

COMPONENTS RS DWELLI NG NE OW

LATIONSHIPS

NURSERY

THE F LOCATION PLAN

HINTERLANDS AND TH

FISHING VILLAGE RO

1 - OWNERS DWELLING, 2 4 - SECON

FENS

HE ANTHROPOCENE

DEPLOYMENT PROTOCOL

OOF PLAN - STAGE 2 OW

RS DWELLI

RM FA

DISTAN CE

+ 18m

NURSERY

FISH NURSERY, 3 - MAIN PIER, NDARY PIER

RULES

COMPONENTS

25M

3 1

THE F LOCATION PLAN

HINTERLANDS AND TH

FISHING VILLAGE RO

1 - OWNERS DWELLING, 2 - FISH N 4 - ROOF TERRACE, 5 - MAI

FENS

HE ANTHROPOCENE

DEPLOYMENT PROTOCOL

OOF PLAN - STAGE 3 NURSERY

O W

ERS DWELL RK I

UM ASPE CT NIM S MI

IEN OR

TATION

LATIONSHIPS

FARM

NURSERY

45Â°

WORKER

18m

8M 4M

NURSERY, 3 - WORKERS DWELLING, IN PIER, 6 - SECONDARY PIER

RULES

COMPONENTS RS DWELLI NG NE OW

THE F LOCATION PLAN

HINTERLANDS AND TH

FISHING VILLAGE RO

1 - OWNERS DWELLING, 2 - FISH N 4 - ROOF TERRACE, 5 - MAI

FENS

HE ANTHROPOCENE

DEPLOYMENT PROTOCOL

OOF PLAN - STAGE 4 COMPONENTS

RULES O W

ERS DWELL RK I

RM DISTANCE FA

terrace

+ 18m

NURSERY

NURSERY, 3 - WORKERS DWELLING, IN PIER, 6 - SECONDARY PIER

RS DWELLI NG NE OW 8M

16M

THE FE LOCATION PLAN

HINTERLANDS AND TH

FISHING VILLAGE ROO

1 - OWNERS DWELLING, 2 - FISH N 4 - ROOF TERRACE, 5 - MAIN

ENS

HE ANTHROPOCENE

DEPLOYMENT PROTOCOL

OF PLAN - STAGE 5 RULES

COMPONENTS NURSERY

8M 4M 8M

K OR W

ERS DWELL IN

DISTAN CE

IENTATION

45Â° N

18m

RM FA

RS DWELLI

NURSERY, 3 - WORKERS DWELLING, N PIER, 6 - SECONDARY PIER

A 6

SECTION AA LOCATION PLAN 3

THE FENS

HINTERLANDS AND THE ANTHROPOCENE FISHING VILLAGE ROOF PLAN - STAGE 5 1 - OWNERS DWELLING, 2 - FISH NURSERY, 3 - WORKERS DWELLING, 4 - ROOF TERRACE, 5 - MAIN PIER, 6 - SECONDARY PIER

RS DWELLI

18m

THE F

HINTERLANDS AND T

FISHING VILLAG

1 - RAINWATER HARVESTING STORAGE, 2 4 - ROOF TERRACE, 5 - COMMUNAL SPA

FENS

THE ANTHROPOCENE

GE SECTION AA

- FISH FEED SILO, 3 - ROOF VEGTABLE GARDEN, ACE, 6 - DINING/LIVING ROOM, 7 - BEDROOM

THE FENS

SECTION BB LOCATION PLAN

HINTERLANDS AND THE ANTHROPOCENE FISHING VILLAGE ROOF PLAN - STAGE 5 COMPONENTS OW

RS DWELLI

8M 4M 8M

18m

NURSERY

1 - OWNERS DWELLING, 2 - FISH NURSERY, 3 - WORKERS DWELLING, 4 - ROOF TERRACE, 5 - MAIN PIER, 6 - SECONDARY PIER

THE F

HINTERLANDS AND T

FISHING VILLAG

1 - RAINWATER HARVESTING STORAGE, 2 4 - ROOF TERRACE, 5 - PIER, 6 - B

FENS

THE ANTHROPOCENE

GE SECTION BB

- FISH FEED SILO, 3 - ROOF VEGTABLE GARDEN, BATHROOM, 7 - DINING/LIVING ROOM

14 18 19 17

3 10

4 2

THE FENS

HINTERLANDS AND THE ANTHROPOCENE FISHING VILLAGE 1st FLOOR PLAN - STAGE 5

WORKERS DWELLING_1 1 - VEGETABLE GARDEN / NURSERY, 2 - LIVING / DINING, 3 - KITCHEN, 4 - BEDROOM, 5 - BATHROOM,

WORKERS DWELLING_2 11 - VEGETABLE GARDEN / NURSERY, 12 - BATHROOM, 13 - BEDROOM, 14 - LIVING / DINING, 15 - KITCHEN,

OWNERS DWELLING_1 6 - BATHROOM, 7 - BEDROOM, 8 - KITCHEN, 9 - LIVING / DINING, 10 - BEDROOM,

OWNERS DWELLING_2 16 - BATHROOM, 17 - KITCHEN, 18 - LIVING / DINING, 19 - BEDROOM

N 0m

8 12

9 10

7 3

THE FENS

HINTERLANDS AND THE ANTHROPOCENE FISHING VILLAGE 2nd FLOOR PLAN - STAGE 5 WORKERS DWELLING_1 1 - ROOF TERRACE, 2 - VEGETABLE GARDEN, 3 - BEDROOM

WORKERS DWELLING_2 8 - ROOF TERRACE, 9 - VEGETABLE GARDEN, OWNERS DWELLING_2 10 - PRIVATE ROOF TERRACE 11 - BEDROOM 12 - ROOF TERRACE 13 - VEGETABLE GARDEN

OWNERS DWELLING_1 4 - ROOF TERRACE, 5 - VEGETABLE GARDEN, 6 - BEDROOM, 7 - PRIVATE ROOF TERRACE

N 0m

REFERENCES

Texts Smout, M. and Allen,L. (2007) Augmented Landscapes. Princeton Architectural Press. Pearce, F. (2007) When The River Runs Dry: What Happens When Our Water Runs Out. London: Transworld. Utzon, J (2009) Logbook, VOL 1. Mogens Prip-Buus & Edition Blondal.

Online Smith, D.T. (2010) Anthropocene. [online]. Availble at: <http://david-thomas-smith.com/ANTHROPOCENE> [Accessed 12 January 2016]. The Economist. (2011) ‘The Anthropocene: A man-made world’. The Economist, [online].Availble at: < http://www.economist.com/node/18741749> [Accessed 8 December 2015]. National Farmers Union [NFU]. (2008) Why farming matters in the Fens. [pdf] National Farmers Union. Availble at: < http://www.nfuonline.com/final-document/ > [Accessed 22 January 2016]. IPCC. (2014) Climate Change 2014, Synthesis Report. Contribution of Working Groups I, II & III to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [core writing team, R.K. Pachauri and L.A. Meyer 9(eds)]. [pdf] Geneva: IPCC Switzerland. Availble at: < http://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar5/syr/ > [Accessed 8 January 2016]. BSG. (N.D) British Society for Geomorphology. [online]. Availble at: <http://www.geomorphology.org.uk/what-geomorphology-0> [Accessed 12 January 2016].

112

ILLUSTRATIONS

Fig. 0: Smith, D.T. (2010) Three Mile Island Generating Station. [image online]. Availble at: <http://david-thomas-smith.com/ANTHROPOCENE> [Accessed 12 January 2016]. Fig. 1: Ordinance Survey. (1824) The Wash Estuary. [image online]. Availble at: <http://www.visionofbritain.org.uk/maps/> [Accessed 21 January 2016]. Fig. 2: University of Cambridge. (n.d) 17th century drainage of the Fens. [pdf]. Availble at: < http://www.geog.cam.ac.uk/research/projects/ribago/ribago2010fieldtrip.pdf > [Accessed 28 March 2016]. Fig. 3 : BBC. (n.d) Cornelius Vermuyden. [image online]. Availble at: < http://ichef.bbci.co.uk/arts/yourpaintings/images/paintings/vahm/large/lne_vahm_ldval149_large.jpg >[Accessed 24 March 2015]. Fig. 4 : Setton, M. (2013) Wicken Fen, Wind Engine. [image online]. Availble at: < http://www.markseton.co.uk/2013/11/23/4752-normans-mill/ > [Accessed 24th March 2015]. Fig. 5: The Guardian. (2010) Why a severe North Sea storm could spell disaster for the fens. [image online]. Availble at: < http://www.theguardian.com/news/2010/nov/29/weatherwatch-natural-drainage-systems-floodingfens/ > [Accessed 13th January 2016]. Fig. 6: The Telegraph. (2009) The Fensâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; days of farming are numbered. [image online]. Availble at: < http://www.telegraph.co.uk/comment/letters/4903391/The-Fens-days-of-farming-are-numbered. html/ > [Accessed 24th March 2015]. Fig. 7: BBC. (2013) Tidal surge hits east UK coastal towns after storm. [image online]. Availble at: < http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-25253080/ > [Accessed 24th March 2015]. Fig. 8: The Guardian. (n.d) The great floods of 1947. [image online]. Availble at: < http://www.theguardian.com/world/2007/jul/25/weather.flooding1 > [Accessed 24th March 2015]. Fig. 9 : Petereborough Eye. (1947) 1947 Flood. [image online]. Availble at: < http://www.eyepeterborough.co.uk/heritage/images/flooding/Flooding%201947%20High%20Res.jpg >[Accessed 2 April 2015]. Fig. 10 : The Guardian. (1953) 1953 Flood - Soldiers rebuilding defences. [image online]. Availble at: < http://www.theguardian.com/environment/gallery/2013/jan/31/devastation-east-anglia-1953-flood-in pictures#img-16 > [Accessed 4 April 2015]. Fig. 11 : Daily Mail (2013) Britain battered by worst tidal surge in 60 years: [image online]. Availble at: < http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2518340/Britain-battered-worst-tidal-surge-60-years-Seawalls-breached-20ft-waves-smashstring-east-coast-towns.html > [Accessed 5 December 2014]. Fig. 12 : Ely Standard. (2008) 1947 Flood - Ely. [image online]. Availble at: < http://www.elystandard.co.uk/news/gallery_landline_arts_launch_1947_floods_exhibition_1_253467 > [Accessed 4 April 2015].

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HINTERLANDS AND THE ANTHROPOCENE CHRIS NEWBOLD