Water Quality - Policy Brief by Christina Dian Parmionova

Policy Brief

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Water Quality

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1 Hydrologists typically assess water deficiency by looking at the populationâ&#x20AC;&#x201C;water equation. One index, first proposed by Falkenmark and Lindh (1976), defines water stress as occurring when annual water supplies drop below 1,700 cubic metres per person in a given area. When annual water supplies drop below 1,000 cubic metres per person the population faces water scarcity, and below 500 cubic metres per person, absolute scarcity (25).

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Good Agricultural Practices are “practices that address environmental, economic and social sustainability for on-farm processes, and result in safe and quality food and non-food agricultural products” (32).

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$QQH[ $ 6XPPDU\ RI 3RVVLEOH ,QWHUYHQWLRQV E\ 6FDOH Education & capacity-building International

Develop water management capacity through formal education programmes that focus on training future water and sanitation experts, decision-makers, planners and the public Conduct awarenessbuilding campaigns for the general public and policymakers

Policy/law/governance

Financial/economic

Require policies that take integrated approaches to water management

Establish polluter pays and beneficiary pays principles

Regulate drinking-water quality and quantity Focus on pollution prevention Establish enforceable water quality standards that protect human and ecosystem health Change building codes and planning processes to consider non-structural water treatment options (e.g. low-impact development, source water protection)

Avoid inappropriate subsidies for water infrastructure and services Provide appropriate market incentives for efficient use and allocation, while protecting the interests of the poor and those without access to markets

Technology/ infrastructure Promote best practices and support capacity-building initiatives for the deployment and implementation of sustainable infrastructure and technologies Support the research and development of adapted technologies, considering the national context for scaling up

Conduct awarenessbuilding campaigns for the general public and policymakers

Require policies that take integrated approaches to water management Regulate drinking-water quality and quantity Focus on pollution prevention Establish enforceable water quality standards that protect human and ecosystem health Change building codes and planning processes to consider non-structural water treatment options (e.g. low-impact development, source water protection) Promote comprehensive approach to waterrelated legislation across different areas of law (waste management, chemical safety, etc.) Promote access to information, public participation and access to justice in environmental matters

Evaluate water quality in concert with ecosystems in order to identify minimum ecosystem water needs Build national capacity to collect, manage and analyse water quality information Evaluate the links between water quality and water quantity Fund and publish research that addresses the time series statistics needed to establish baselines, seasonality and trends

Promote low-cost, rapid and reliable field sampling tools and technologies

Promote access to information, public participation and access to justice in environmental matters

Develop water management capacity through formal education programmes that focus on training future water and sanitation experts, decision-makers, planners and the public

Monitor key water quality and ecosystem indicators to track effectiveness of legal and other measures

Improve monitoring technology, such as measuring water quality in real time and expanding the number and types of indicators that are monitored

Promote comprehensive approach to waterrelated legislation across different areas of law (waste management, chemical safety, etc.)

National

Data/monitoring

Establish polluter pays and beneficiary pays principles Avoid inappropriate subsidies for water infrastructure and services Provide appropriate market incentives for efficient use and allocation, while protecting the interests of the poor and those without access to markets

Promote best practices and support capacity-building initiatives for the deployment and implementation of sustainable infrastructure and technologies Support the research and development of adapted technologies, considering the national context for scaling up

Monitor key water quality and ecosystem indicators to track effectiveness of legal and other measures Evaluate water quality in concert with ecosystems in order to identify minimum ecosystem water needs Build national capacity to collect, manage and analyse water quality information Evaluate the links between water quality and water quantity Fund and publish research that addresses the time series statistics needed to establish baselines, seasonality and trends Improve monitoring technology, such as measuring water quality in real time and expanding the number and types of indicators that are monitored Promote low-cost, rapid and reliable field sampling tools and technologies

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Education & capacity-building Watershed

Strategic level for raising awareness on the impacts of individuals on water quality Develop training campaigns for practitioners and provide technical assistance for the effective implementation of best practices to address water pollution

Policy/law/governance

Financial/economic

Create watershed-based planning units that integrate information, identify sources of pollution and focus on reducing those source inputs

Apply effective pricing systems that permit sufficient cost recovery to support capital, operation and maintenance costs, informed by sustainable development principles

Develop water quality goals and corresponding parameters for each water body, including establishing minimal flow requirements for dilution Promote access to information, public participation and access to justice in environmental matters

Household/ community

Connect individual and community behaviour to water quality impacts, and build capacity to make improvements in sanitation / wastewater and drinking-water treatment

Amend city and community codes to allow innovative storm water treatment options

Technology/ infrastructure

Data/monitoring

Invest in infrastructure and appropriate technologies to remediate pollution and restore watershed functions

Build regional capacity to collect, manage and analyse water quality information

Consider decentralized treatment technologies

Carry out and analyse household/ community surveys, possibly in conjunction with participatory processes

Incentivize water use efficiency Ensure that applied solutions provide ecosystem services for local societies

Encourage investments

Promote access to information, public participation and access to justice in environmental matters

Source: adapted from: United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP). Clearing the Waters: A Focus on Water Quality Solutions. UNEP, Nairobi, 2010.

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Policy Brief

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Water Quality