Chongqing Design Studio by Christopher Wingate

Chongqing Design Studio 重庆设计工作室

Learning through International Partnerships + Connections 通过国际合作学习+连接 Chongqing Unversity, China + University of Minnesota, USA 重庆大学，中国+美国明尼苏达大学

Chongqing Design Studio 重庆设计工作室

Learning through International Partnerships + Connections 通过国际合作学习+连接 Chongqing Unversity, China + University of Minnesota, USA 重庆大学，中国+美国明尼苏达大学

STUDIO PARTICIPANTS

CONTRIBUTORS

Faculty Arthur Chen, Ph.D, Associate Professor Director of World Heritage Studies College of Design, University of Minnesota

Renee Cheng, AIA, Professor of Architecture Head of School of Architecture College of Design, University of Minnesota

Bo Yan, Ph.D, Associate Professor College of Architecture & Urban Planning Chongqing University

Ignacio San Martin, Professor of Architecture Dayton Hudson Chair of Urban Design Director of Metropolitan Design Center College of Design, University of Minnesota

Ling Huang, Ph.D, Associate Professor College of Architecture & Urban Planning Chongqing University

Photo + Graphic Editors

Zeng Wei, Professor College of Architecture & Urban Planning Chongqing University

Angela Taffe, M. Arch College of Design, University of Minnesota

Students

Christopher Wingate, M. Arch College of Design, University of Minnesota

University of Minnesota, College of Design, Architecture

Photo Credits

Jessica Andrejasch Robert Holly Juilan F. Lemon Angela Taffe Christopher Wingate University of Chongqing, College of Architecture & Urban Planning Chen, Xuemei Chen, Huang Guo Li, Fen Li, Xiang Lou, Yanhong Wu, Hao Wu, Yue Xu, Xue Jiao Zhang, Yu Ming

All photos by Christopher Wingate unless noted below: Photos on page 12 and 18 by Bo Yan Photo on page 22 bottom by Julian F. Lemon Photos on page 52 bottom and page 67 by Angela Taffe Photo on page 59 by Li, Fen Photos on page 63 by Zhang, Yu Ming

Printed in October, 2013 by Metropolitan Design Center College of Design, University of Minnesota

CONTENTS 内容 FORWARD .....................................................................................................................................................................................11 Renee Cheng, Head of the School of Architecture, College of Design, University of Minnesota INTRODUCTION ......................................................................................................................................................................13 Arthur Chen, Associate Professor, Director of World Heritage Studies, University of Minnesota TRAVEL ...........................................................................................................................................................................................16 University of Minnesota student travels; Chongqing, Chengdu, Shanghai, Suzhou

COLLABORATION ...................................................................................................................................................................56 University of Minnesota + Chongqing University Students collaborative work in city of Chongqing; charette of industrial steel mill and ancient town Ciqikou

STUDENT WORK .................................................................................................................................................................... 68 A Relic Reborn: The Redevelopment of Chongqing’s Steel Mill..............................................................................................70 Chen Huang Guo, Xu Xue Jiao, Li Xiang (University of Chongqing) Symbiosis: Adapting Industrial Infrastructure into an Industrial History Museum...............................................................80 Li Fen, Zhang Yu Ming, Wu Yue (University of Chongqing) The Steel Dragon: From Blast Furnace to Cinema Center in Rapidly Urbanizing China....................................................90 Christopher Wingate (University of Minnesota) The Art of Collision: Chongqing South Railway Station...........................................................................................................104 Robert Holley (University of Minnesota) Terraced Connection: Encouraging Public Life and Stablizing the Landscape......................................................................118 Jessica Andrejasich (Unversity of Minnesota) Awake:The Revitalization of the Ancient town Ciqikou...........................................................................................................132 Lou Yanhong, Wu Hao, Chen Xuemei (Unversity of Chongqing) Old Town, New City: a Trade School for Building Conservation............................................................................................140 Julian F. Lemon (University of Minnesota) The Porcelain Mouth: Reclaiming the Ancient Harbor of Chongqing...................................................................................154 Angela Taffe (University of Minnesota) 9

FORWARD The distance between Minneapolis and Chongqing is 7,140 miles or 11, 490 kilometers, which is about as far away apart as two cities can be on this planet. Physically bridging this distance is possible by using modern transportation such as planes, trains and automobiles, but bridging the cultural distance is only achievable through the people who make the journey. University of Minnesota China Design Fellows did not travel to China as tourists but undertook their trip maintaining their identity as architecture students. They worked on projects, testing programs and sites with Chinese peers from Chongqing University while also learning many intangible aspects about the places and people they met. The results of this exchange are documented in this publication which describes the experiences of our students, their sources of inspiration and their completed final projects. We hope that reading this book brings viewers insight to the broad range of issues that American students face when working in a foreign country and illuminates both the similarities and differences between cultures of building and uses of environments in the US and China. The University of Minnesota is celebrating 100 years since the first students from China came to study in our institution. The School of Architecture was one of the first program to take American students to China in 1981. Recently, the School has established (or reestablished) ties with several Chinese programs, seeking to create opportunities that will benefit all our faculty, students and institutions. This work has been made possible with the generous support of the Metropolitan Design Center in the College of Design, ESG Architects and the Burton Visnick and Long Xin Rong Visnick Travel Fellowship.

Renee Cheng, AIA, Professor Head of the School of Architecture University of Minnesota College of Design

BEIJING

CHENGDU

CHONGQING gtze Ri Yan ve

SHANGHAI SUZHOU

PACIFIC OCEAN HONG KONG

INTRODUCTION This collection of projects and travel logs comes from a study tour to China for an International Design Workshop at Chongqing University and subsequent studio works to develop project proposals at each university during the spring semester of 2013. The International Workshop took place at the end of December of 2012, which was the first joined design workshop of two universities located in twelve hours’ time zones apart. While students from Minneapolis were making their first trip to China, the group itinerary to Chongqing became time travel through the history of Chinese Architecture, which included notable places such as the Bund and Xintiandi in Shanghai, ancient villages and districts in Chengdu, Classical Gardens in Suzhou. The changing historic urban landscapes of Chinese cities have inspired firsthand concerns for urban fabric and public spaces. Travel experiences help to bridge the learning gap between experiences and knowledge of the city. The Workshop selected two riverfront sites, Ciqikou 磁器口 and former Chongqing Steel Mill in Chongqing 重庆钢铁, for speculating urban proposals for “new” Chongqing’s urban revitalization. The name Ciqikou, literally “Porcelain Port,” can be traced back to porcelain production during the Ming Dynasties. Formerly an ancient entry port to Chongqing and a busy port located at the lower reaches of the Jialing River, a thousand years after its foundation the port town remains a symbol of collective memory of “old” Chongqing. The former Chongqing Steel Mill has occupied a riverfront prescient of 7,600 acres by the Yangtze River at the city center since 1938 and recently been cleaned up by the Chongqing Municipality while developing phases of economic projects of urban housing and public facilities. Both sites epitomize cultural and industrial heritage in the transfiguration of making “new” Chongqing’s urban fabric. The participants of the Workshop consist of faculty and students of the School of Architecture of the University of Minnesota and the Department of Architecture of the University of Chongqing. Students of both universities were divided into three mixed design teams and had to exchange their viewpoints and working processes of addressing design concerns. After ten days of intensive work, the final presentation of teamworks illuminated three important issues for further design development. First, the need for a new transportation hub to connect buses, trains, light-rail trains, cable carts, boats, and ferries at the old Chongqing Steel Mill. Both sites need to accommodate new civic and cultural facilities to facilitate new urban leisure life. Moreover, the dramatic variations in topography of sites can be utilized for weaving new urban fabric, geometry and connections. Each participant has appropriated the results of Workshop as programming components to develop a semesterlong studio work in spring 2013. For students from Minneapolis, the souvenir of the sojourn in Chongqing being full of images of an emerging modern metropolitan city of more than 30 million people and fresh understanding of rapid urbanization in Chinese cities, they continued to quest for the aspirations of design interventions in making their Final Projects in graduate study.

Arthur Chen, Ph.D, Associate Professor Director of World Heritage Studies University of Minnesota College of Design

We would like to thank all the people that made it possible for us to travel to China. This study abroad program continues the University of Minnesotaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s long-standing relationship with students and faculty from China. Nearly 100 years after the first students from China traveled to the University of Minnesota to study, we are proud to be counted among a large group of students whose lives have been shaped by international study abroad experiences. We were the first student group to visit Chongqing University and we give our deepest thanks to the students and faculty who hosted us, worked with us, and ultimately befriended us. Our time was short but the value of the education we received and the friendships we forged will last a lifetime. We would like to personally thank the donors who financially supported the program. Your funding and belief in the educational value of study abroad programs is what makes experiences like this possible. This program was also made possible by the vision and support of Renee Cheng, Head of the Architecture School; Tom Fischer, Dean of the College of Design; and the administrative staff. Thank you all for working tirelessly to bring these influential study abroad opportunities to your students. Finally, we would like to thank Arthur Chen for guiding us through China and showing us authentic Chinese culture. And a special thank you to Ignacio San Martin, from the Metropolitan Design Center, for his generous support in the publication of this book. -Jess, Rob, Julian, Chris and Angie 15

TRAVEL 旅行

Minneapolis, MN

CHONGQING 重慶

CHENGDU 成都

SUZHOU 苏州

36 hours of airplane travel covering 7,140 miles brought five University of Minnesota Master of Architecture students and one professor to Chongqing China on December 17th, 2012. Over the next two and a half weeks we would explore rapidly urbanizing Chongqing, a city of 29 million, with fellow students and faculty from Chongqing University; travel to UNESCO World Heritage sites in Chengdu; witness the sublime beauty of traditional Chinese gardens in Suzhou; and experience the buzzing financial center of Shanghai. We returned to Minneapolis on January 2nd to unpack this incredible experience and use it to fuel our Master of Architecture final projects sited in Chongqing. Please join us on a recap of our journey.

Shanghai, CHINA CHONGQING CHENGDU

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Chongqing, China 重慶 29° 33’ 30” N, 106° 34’ 0”E

nickname the “fog” city established 316 BC population 28,846,170 area 31,816 sq mi

CHONGQING

CHENGDU

elevation 778 ft climate humid sub-tropical 19 districts 15 counties 4 autonomous counties first major city in southwest China major transportation center of the upstream Yangtze Basin manufacturing hub China’s fastest growing city with a current urbanization rate of 55%

DECEMBER 18

BEIJING

CHENGDU

CHONGQING gtze Ri Yan ve

SHANGHAI SUZHOU

PACIFIC OCEAN

SUZHOU

HONG KONG

SHANGHAI

JANUARY 19

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CHONGQING UNIVERSITY

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CIQIKOU, ANCIENT TOWN SITE

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CHONGQING

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Size, Speed, Scale The first thing you notice when visiting Chongqing is the rate at which they are building - high-rise housing developments, shopping malls, schools, bridges, arenas are being constructed at a record pace. Towers and construction cranes dominate the skyline as the city transforms the built environment to respond to Chinaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s rapid urbanization. Currently, 51% of Chinese citizens live in urban areas. Over the next few decades, the Chinese government projects that this number will increase to 80%. The result is a built environment that is a study of juxtaposition - ancient temples and market towns surrounded by extensive skyscrapers and modern infrastructure. What becomes problematic for Chongqing and all other growing cities in China is the threat rapid urbanization poses to the historic landscape. Culturally rich portions of the city are being bulldozed in the name of progress as Chongqing is forced to decide between preserving its past and building for its future. Pockets of ancient towns like Ciqikou (bottom left) are being protected to maintain their unique history, culture, and economic value. A main focus of our studies was the juxtaposition of progress and history in these rapidly urbanizing environments. 23

Street Life When Jane Jacobs wrote that “The street is the scene of a “sidewalk ballet,” she must have foreseen Chongqing. Here, population density combined with a cultural proclivity for public space creates an active urban street condition that is part transportation, part gathering space, and part market place. Under the canopy of high rises and against the flow of traffic, one can buy almost any good or service imaginable on Chongqing’s sidewalks.

Rubble and Redevelopment The only feature in the landscape more common than the construction cranes are the huge piles of rubble that precede them on the front lines of redevelopment. This can be seen in the Chongqing Steel Mill (below) which has been almost completely demolished to pave the way for new development. We focused on sites like these to explore the boundary between urban growth, progress, and the preservation of cultural history.

Chengdu, China 成都 30° 39’ 31” N, 104° 03’ 53” E

nickname The Hibiscus City established 311 BC population 14,047,625 area 4,684 sq mi

CHONGQING

CHENGDU

elevation 1,600 ft climate humid sub-tropical 9 districts 6 counties 4 autonomous counties famous for hot pot, kungpao chicken, mapo tofu home to 80% of the world’s giant panda population living in the wild integral to China’s cultural history with UNESCO world hertiage sites that pay homage to important literary figures

DECEMBER 30

BEIJING

CHENGDU gtze Ri Yan ve

SHANGHAI SUZHOU

CHONGQING

PACIFIC OCEAN

SUZHOU

HONG KONG

SHANGHAI

JANUARY 31

CHENGDU

HUANGLONGXI ANCIENT TOWN

DAZU ROCK CARVINGS

CHONGQING

CHONGQING MUNICIPALITY

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CHONGQING UNIVERSITY

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SICHUAN MUNICIPALITY

GUIZHOU MUNICIPALITY

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Giant Buddhas, Poets, Pandas The journey from Chongqing to Chengdu is an adventure through the mountains. It takes about six hours by car and follows a path that is by no means flat. Lush green mountain tops, small rural villages, narrow and steep curving roads lead you to places like the Dazu Rock Carvings (previous page and below right) and traditional towns nestled into the terrain. The Giant Panda is supported in this habitat and is protected through nature sanctuaries - an important symbol of this region. Driving through this landscape and seeing the undeveloped beauty around these sprawling mega cities brings to light the juxtaposition of China’s hyper urbanized and rural landscapes. Remnants of the ancient still remain, such as Du Fu’s Thatched Cottage (above left, below left, above right). This UNESCO World Heritage site commemorates the home and studio of China’s most famous poet.

Hard Rock The Dazu Rock Carvings are perhaps the most well known of world heritage sites in this region (below). The scale and splendor of these carved statues are breathtaking. So too is the siteâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s history - the statues depict a belief system resulting from a harmonious synthesis of Buddhism, Taoism, and Confucianism.

Suzhou, China 苏州 31° 18’ 0” N, 104° 03’ 0” E

nickname Venice of the East established 514 BC population 10,549,100 area 3,277 sq mi

CHONGQING

CHENGDU

elevation 13 ft climate humid sub-tropical 10 districts the classic chinese garden was born and perserved here as UNESCO world heritage sites Suzhou was created with series of canals to navigate the citylocated near large bodies of inland water - these canals are still used today along with Suzhou’s preserved history, the city has become the nations highest hi-tech industrial zone in China, with a net worth of $13 billion 17

DECEMBER 38

BEIJING

SUZHOU CHENGDU

SHANGHAI gtze Ri Yan ve

CHONGQING

PACIFIC OCEAN

SUZHOU

HONG KONG

SHANGHAI

JANUARY 39

HUQIU TOWER

HUMBLE ADMINSTRATOR’S GARDEN

HUQIU TOWER

LINGERING GARDEN

LIONS GATE

HUMBLE ADMINSTRATOR’S GARDEN

LINGERING GARDEN

COUPLE’S RETREAT GARDEN

LIONS GATE

THE OLD CITY

SUZHOU

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COUPLE’S RETREAT GARDEN

SUZHOU MASTER OF NETS GARDEN

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Sublime Beauty Nestled in the historic city of Suzhou are the finest examples of traditional Chinese gardens in the world. To walk through them in person is to experience sublime beauty. Based on the geometry of meandering, Chinese gardens are meant to stroll through, never quite knowing where you are, but being presented with a series of picturesque views. The same central water feature can be glimpsed from its banks, through a hidden cave, framed by a pavilion, or over a tiled roof and it will be almost unrecognizable each time.

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Historic Core, Modern Fringe The peaceful Chinese gardens in the historic city center of Suzhou have been encircled by new development in the rapidly urbanizing city. Economic growth is fueled by an electronics industry that rivals Silicon Valley. Viewed from the top of a pagoda, the scale of development becomes clear as historic fabric gives way to skyscrapers in the distance.

Shanghai, China 上海 31° 18’ 0” N, 104° 03’ 0” E

nickname The Great Athens of China established 751 BC population 23,019,148 area 2,448 sq mi

CHONGQING

CHENGDU

elevation 13 ft climate humid sub-tropical 16 districts 1 county 210 towns the largest city by population in China first trading route through China for foreign trade that connected the east to the west the financial hub of the Asia Pacific region since it was first colonized after the 1842 Opium War until the Communist Party take over in 1949 17

DECEMBER 48

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CHONGQING

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A History of Trade Shanghai’s history can be read in its urban environment. Shanghai was the first port city opened to foreign trade following the British victory over China in the First Opium War. The city then flourished under European influence as a center of trade between east and west, establishing Shanghai as the financial hub of the Asia Pacific region. After fading from the world’s stage in 1950, it has now re-emerged under new economic reforms as a global city highly influential in commerce, finance, media, fashion, and technology. The European influence can be clearly read in the built environment of the Bund (p 46, 52) where richly detailed brick and stone facades in the Beaux Arts style adorn banks and hotels, creating a street frontage that would look at home in London. Other historic areas like the Yuan Gardens (direct left) have been re-imagined as major tourist destinations. Surrounding the city’s landmarks is the reality of an urban infrastructure that must support the world’s largest city (bottom left).

CHRIS, SHOULD WE PUT YOUR PICTURE OF THE RIVER SHOWING THE B THINK YOU HAD AN IMAGE OF THAT.... MIGHT WORK BETTER WITH TEX

BUND AND PUDONG AT ONCE ?! I XT

A Tale of Two Shores Originally a British settlement north of the old walled city of Shanghai, the Bund (below) became the financial headquarters of China by the 1940s. Today it is one of the cityâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s most popular tourist destinations and one of the most successful public spaces in China. The redeveloped riverfront sits between Beaux Arts buildings built in the first half of the 20th century (below) and the hyper modern skyline of Pudong (above) across the Huangpu River. This juxtaposition is no accident as the riverfront redirects views from the cityâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s past to its shining symbols of Chinese progress across the river.

COLLABORATION ĺ?&#x2C6;ä˝&#x153; The cornerstone of the Chongqing Design Studio was collaborating with students and faculty from Chongqing University. For eight days, ten Chinese students were our gracious hosts, tour guides, travel companions, group members, and friends. During the days we would explore the city of Chongqing by train, bus, and foot and then retreat to the studio for reflection. Conversations would continue throughout the night when our Chinese counterparts would take us to restaurants to enjoy regionally significant spicy family-style food, (ie. hot pot). Experiencing the city together, working through ideas in the studio, and forging friendships around the dinner table were three factors that defined our cross-cultural collaboration and made the trip academically successful and experientially rich.

The Chongqing Design Studioâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s central theme was rapid urbanization. The city of Chongqing served as our laboratory where we could experience first-hand what one of the largest cities in the world looked like, sounded like, and felt like. Culture shock was to be expected, but it didnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t only effect the American students. Many of our Chinese counterparts had recently moved to Chongqing from smaller towns for graduate school, leaving us both open for new experiences in which to relate. In many ways, the rapidly urbanizing Chinese city is a shock to all who experience it. The opportunity to discuss what we were seeing with the Chinese students was critical to our ability to process the raw experiences. Before landing in China, our group of University of Minnesota students was armed with research about the history of China and the current trends that are shaping it. Our heads were full of the attention-grabbing headlines that paint China as a growth-fueled country headed towards environmental calamity. While the headlines are not to be discounted, they can present a distorted view of China when consumed on their own. Collaborating with the students allowed us to cut through the clamor of catchwords and

replace them with a connection based on the shared human experience. China became not a series of issues and policies to challenge, but rather a set of nested environments to try to understand through the eyes of those that call them home. As design students, a parallel shift occurred in the way we viewed the urban environment. Skylines dotted with skyscrapers, packed transit routes, and vibrant sidewalks that doubled as public markets and gathering places stopped being perceived as other and instead were unpacked into open. Working with the Chinese students allowed us to dig into individual sites and see the flows and influences that shaped them. We began to see design problems, challenges, and opportunities. And once you recode an experience into a language that designers can act on, the lessons you learn can be transported and applied back home as well.

Maps, Hard Hats, and Cameras When we hit the city, it was a full emersion, full sensory experience. From navigating packed urban areas to strapping on hard hats to explore an abandoned steel mill, we all did our best to keep our eyes and our minds open and a camera always close at hand.

Drawing as Communication The common language between all of the students was drawing. When verbal communication stalled, it was left to drawing to communicate ideas. By working through quick sketches, drawing over printouts, and creating computer presentations, we were able to tap into the common language of design to help each other gain an understanding of the issues at hand. We presented our work after a furious two day charrette to capture the collaborative energy and codify what we had explored during our time in Chongqing. The charrette would also serve to later catalyze our own individual thesis projects.

Charrette

Steel Mill Site

We used a charrette to harness our shared collaborative energy. Guided by faculty from the University of Chongqing and the University of Minnesota, the students split into two groups to focus on two distinct sites: the abandoned Chongqing Steel Mill and the ancient port of Ciqikou. Both are charged sites that explore how design can draw meaning from the past while accommodating the needs of the present in a country with a rich history and an appetite for destroying it.

The Chongqing Steel Mill was once Chinaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s largest producer of steel and covered an area larger than downtown Minneapolis. It has now been reduced to rubble save for two buildings. In the next ten years, the city plans to completely redevelop it. The site presents designers the opportunity to engage with a site that has largely been wiped clean of its industrial history, to explore its unique riverfront geography, and to create a new riverfront identity for Chongqing.

Ciqikou Known as The Porcelain Mouth, Ciqikou is one of the last well-preserved traditional towns that dates back to the Ming and Qing dynasties. The old port of Ciqikou is no longer viable as an industrial port; instead it has become a successful tourist destination. However, the current population is lacking in infrastructure as the built environment and economy deteriorates. The site challenges designers to work within the existing historic fabric, reclaiming its historic significance while accommodating modernization.

STUDENT WORK 合作 Our three week study abroad trip to China was only the beginning of the Chongqing Design Studio. Once we returned to Minneapolis and slept off our jet lag, each student spent the next semester developing their travel experiences into design projects. The work presented here is the result of that effort. The students from Chongqing University worked in groups that brought urban planners and architecture students together. University of Minnesota students worked individually developing their work as their Master’s Final Project. Although each project is unique, they are united by a strain of commonalities that stem from a group charrette we completed in China and from our collective travel travel experiences we shared while abroad.

A RELIC REBORN 遗物重生

A RELIC REBORN: The Redevelopment of Chongqing’s Steel Mill

Chen Huang Guo, Xu Xue Jiao, Li Xiang

The abandoned Chongqing steel factory is located in the center of the Dadukou district. This project focuses on redeveloping the formerly industrial land into an urban core to support culture, entertainment, industrial tourism, and business functions. The redeveloped site will become a second center of Chongqing, redefining its riverfront identity.

废弃的重庆钢铁厂位于大渡口区的中心。这个项目的重点支持文化，娱乐，工业旅游和商务功能的城市核心重建原工业用地. 重建后的网站将成为重庆第二中心，重新定义其滨河身份.

Current urban plans call for the development of a residential district in place of the abandoned steel mill. However, to maximize the potential of the site, the project is built on a program of cultural entertainment.

目前的城市规划要求的开发的住宅小区在废弃的钢铁厂的地方. 然而，最大限度地发挥潜力的部位，该项目是建立一个程序上的文化娱乐.

A main focus of the project is adaptively reusing an existing blast furnace, updating a relic of the last industrial century into a symbol of cultural value for the present.

该项目的一个主要焦点自适应重用现有的高炉，更新工业世纪的最后的遗物，目前文化价值的象征.

SYMBIOSIS 合作关系

SYMBIOSIS: Adapting Industrial Infrastructure into an Industrial History Museum

Li Fen, Zhang Yu Ming, Wu Yue

Symbiosis is a proposal to turn an abandoned steel rolling warehouse into an industrial history museum. The existing building is one of the last remaining buildings in the abandoned Chongqing Steel Mill. The project creates symbiotic relationships between the past, present, and future of the building to create a museum and public space that captures the site’s industrial heritage and shares it with the city.

共生是一个建议，把一个废弃的钢铁轧制成工业史博物馆的仓库. 现存建筑是在废弃的重庆炼钢厂最后剩下的建筑之一. 该项目创建的建设，以创建一个博物馆和网站的工业遗产，股吧与城市公共空间，捕捉的过去，现在和未来之间的共生关系.

The project draws urgency from the alarming rate at which Chongqing’s industrial history is disappearing. In the last national survey of cultural relics, one hundred important industrial buildings were identified. However, many of these buildings have since been destroyed due to an ambivalence towards the value of industrial history. Symbiosis captures the memory of its specific site while also demonstrating the importance of preserving Chongqing’s industrial heritage.

该项目吸引了重庆的工业历史正在消失的速度惊人的紧迫性. 在最近的一次全国文物普查百重要的工业建筑进行了鉴定. 然而，许多这些建筑物后来被摧毁，由于对工业历史的价值的矛盾心态. 共生捕捉的记忆其特定的网站，同时还展示了重庆工业遗产保护的重要性.

THE STEEL DRAGON 钢铁巨龙

THE STEEL DRAGON: Presencing the Past From blast furnace to cinema center in rapidly urbanizing china

Chris Wingate

The Steel Dragon explores how architecture can give presence to a site’s past in juxtaposition with its rapidly urbanizing future. It will create an armature for public discussion about rapid urbanization in a country with a rich history and an appetite for destroying it. China is going through an unprecedented period of rapid urbanization. In 1980, China’s urban population was 191 million. Today that number has grown to 712 million - over half of the country’s total population. And an additional 300 million, equivalent to the entire population of the United States, are expected to migrate from rural to urban areas over the next fifteen years. The impact on the built environment has been severe; the only feature in the urban landscape more ubiquitous than construction cranes are the rubble piles that precede them as China tears down the old to make way for the new.

Rapid Urbanization and the Steel Mill “A strong architectural experience always produces a sense of loneliness and silence irrespective of the actual number of people there or the noise.” (Juhani Pallisma)

The design proposal is located on an abandoned steel mill in Chongqing. With a population of more than 31 million, Chongqing is the largest city you have never heard of. Located in the center of China, it sits to the west of the coastal cities like Shanghai and Beijing that receive the majority of the world’s attention. However, Chongqing’s location on the Yangtze River has positioned it as a vital industrial and commercial trading port throughout China’s history. In 1938 the Chongqing Iron and Steel Company constructed a steel mill in a valley on the western bank of the Yangtze River eight miles south of the city center. The mill’s location connected it to China’s water transportation network, enabling easy shipment of raw materials to the mill and distribution of finished steel to the rest of the country. Over the next seventy years, the mill became the largest steel producer in the country, providing the essential material that helped shape modern China. Chongqing steel was used to fuel the Second Sino-Japanese and Korean Wars in 1938 and 1950, to support industrialization efforts of the Great Leap Forward that began in 1962, and to construct the dense built environments that are a product of China’s current period of rapid urbanization.

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By 2006, Chongqing had expanded outward and engulfed the steel mill. New development could be seen peeking over the high hills that bordered the mill, straining to flood into the valley and reconnect the city with the river. As the urban population densified around the steel mill, the pollution and noise created by the mill, combined with the potential profitability of redeveloping the site, caused the government to shut it down and build a new facility on the outskirts of town. In the intervening six years, the decommissioned mill has been leveled, turning it into an expanse of rubble that stretches as far as the eye can see. A small army of migrant workers pick through the wreckage harvesting scrap materials while the staccato explosions of giant excavators drilling through building foundations reverberate through the polluted air. Only two buildings – a blast furnace and a steel rolling warehouse - remain as a vestige to the site’s industrial history as the government clears the land for new development. The approved master plan calls for the complete destruction of the steel mill’s history by tearing down the remaining industrial structures, leveling the retaining walls that tamed

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the topography for industrial use, and ignoring the pedestrian pathways that cut through the hills between the mill and the surrounding city. What is proposed instead is the generic, placeless city making that covers much of urban China. Groups of identical residential towers will hug the steep slopes at the back of the site and step down to a commercial belt along the waterfront. With the power of the Chinese government behind the development, the master plan could be fully constructed in the next ten years. This will complete the site’s transition from China’s largest steel mill to Chongqing’s newest waterfront development in less than two decades. In this shifting context, the design proposal intervenes at multiple scales to explore how architecture can give presence to a site’s past in juxtaposition with its rapidly urbanizing future. The Steel Dragon is a proposal to convert the abandoned blast furnace into a cinema center for the production, performance, and public discussion of cinematic works. Interventions at the building, landscape, and master plan scale will create a cultural corridor connecting the city above to the waterfront below with the blast furnace as its landmark anchor.

Chinese Cinema “[Jia Zhangke’s] films illuminate the transformations taking place in China’s environment, architecture, and society by placing everyday people in the midst of a landscape in turmoil. Aiming to restore the concrete memory of place and to evoke individual history in a rapidly modernizing society, the filmmaker recovers the immediate past in order to imagine the future. His films reflect reality truthfully, while simultaneously using fantasy and a distinct aesthetic to pose existential questions about life and status in a society in flux. Through rigorous specificity, his art attains universal scope and appeal.” (MOMA, Jia Zhangke: A Retrospective) Chinese cinema, like the country itself, is undergoing a period of explosive growth. China is now the second-largest box office in the world and is expected to overtake America to become the largest cinema market by 2020. Ticket sales have increased by 79% over the past two years and there is a growing contingent of young Chinese that visit movie theaters at least once a week. Economic growth is powering this demand, as urban dwellers have experienced an 11% increase in disposable income per capita over the last two years. With guaranteed

demand, Chongqing cinema developers estimate that it takes less than three years for a 1,000 seat cinema to become profitable. It is little surprise then that 10 new movie theaters are built in China every day. While Hollywood blockbusters like Mission Impossible: Ghost Protocol and Men in Black III occupied seven of the ten spots in the list of China’s top grossing films in 2012, there is also a fervent independent movement in Chinese cinema. Fueled by access to cheap digital recording devices and editing software, a new generation of artists are using cinema as a medium to explore the rapid transition their country is going through. Jia Zhangke is a director at the forefront of the independent movement. The MOMA recently had an exhibition of his work and wrote that “His films illuminate the transformations taking place in China’s environment, architecture, and society by placing everyday people in the midst of a landscape in turmoil. Aiming to restore the concrete memory of place and to evoke individual history in a rapidly modernizing society, the filmmaker recovers the immediate past in order to imagine the future.”

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The proposal includes programmatic space to help visiting artists working with cinema the opportunity to take their craft to the next level. Three sound stages, access to top end equipment, open office space, and necessary support space will create an environment that fosters the next wave of Chinese cinema. The beauty of a movie theater is that it is ambivalent to the types of movies shown inside; a theater can take any type of film, from the latest special effects-laden blockbuster to a controversial independent documentary, and turn it into a shared public experience. Movie theaters invite a large swath of the populace to engage in the public consumption, creation, and curation of culture. The emotional pull of moving images on a screen can cause a darkened room to fill with laughter, to shrink in fear, or to enter a state of silent contemplation. A kernel of an idea sparked within the theater can grow into a full conversation on the way out. This public conversation is further enhanced by film festivals. In China, government-sponsored film festivals are every bit as big and overblown as their American counterparts. But Chongqing is also home to the longest running independent film festival in China. The design proposal engages cinema in all of its forms, from an outdoor theater that can accommodate 6,000 people during a film festival to flexible screening rooms for independent films. The mechanism of the design is to leverage cinema to generate public discussion and use the architecture to contextualize it within the specific steel mill site, creating a window into the process and effects of rapid urbanization.

The Existing Blast Furnace “Why is it that the stone foundations we discover in an overgrown meadow, a broken-down barn or an abandoned boathouse can arouse our imagination, while our own houses seem to stifle and smother our daydreams?” (Juhani Pallasmaa) The blast furnace is a hulking symbol of the site’s industrial past. Standing one hundred feet wide, four hundred feet long, and two hundred and fifty feet tall, the steel blast furnace can currently be seen from a mile away on the rubble-strewn site. Historically, the blast furnace played a critical role in the steel mill; it housed the first step in the steel making process. Within its enormous blast furnace, raw materials were combined under immense heat and pressure to become molten slag. The slag would then pour like molten lava along the raised floor of the attached cast house where it was cooled before being trans-

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ported to other parts of the mill for further processing. In the site’s reincarnation as a cinema center, the blast furnace retains its role as a critical landmark and houses the crux of the program; the movie theaters and lobby space where the raw emotions of a cinematic experience are shaped into public dialogue. The design recognizes the existing blast furnace as a strong architectural experience. Far more powerful than a mere symbolic connection it has to an industrial process, the building itself impresses on the visitor the sense of scale, physicality, and sheer power that resonates with the industrial undercurrent of the site. Michael Benedikt, in his essay For an Architecture of Reality, called experiences like these “direct aesthetic experiences of the real,” and created language to identify the qualities inherent in these buildings: presence, significance, materiality, and emptiness. Of these four qualities, emptiness is the most elusive. Michael Benedikt argues that emptiness allows a building’s users the space to project their imaginations of not only what the building is, but also what it could be. Emptiness allows a powerful building experience deeply rooted in actuality the opportunity to transcend reality as material and spatial triggers blossom to become idealized versions of themselves within the human mind. The design identifies these qualities in the existing blast furnace and attempts to enhance them through the careful adaptive reuse of the structure into a movie theater. It also explores them through the design of a new building to facilitate writing, shooting, and editing movies. Finally, the qualities of presence, significance, materiality, and emptiness underpin design decisions at the site and master plan scale to create an experiential pathway that connects the site from the top of the hill to the river’s edge.

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The Design: Adaptive Reuse of the Blast Furnace The most distilled connection between intent, program, design, and user experience occurs in the blast furnace theater progression. Cinema-goers enter on the ground level of the existing blast furnace, traversing a space thick with concrete columns that support the massive weight of the plinth and furnace above. Ticketing, concessions, and support spaces all occur on the ground floor. The progression to the theaters continues up a flight of stairs as visitors enter the immense lobby in the repurposed cast house. Here, the buildingâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s massive existing steel structure rises to cathedral-like heights. The back wall is partially glazed, giving visitors their first interior view of the full blast furnace. They stand on a glass floor that reveals the concrete below, scarred by the path where molten slag once flowed. And to the south, a full height glazed curtain wall opens on to a direct view to the river.

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The user progression continues from the lobby across glazed walkways that span an existing gap between the concrete plinth and the building skin. These walkways directly surround the buildingâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s existing columns, bringing visitors in direct contact with them and highlight their immense size. The bridges lead into the theaters themselves. After a screening, the progression is reversed, directing cinemagoers back out into the lobby and directly towards the view of the river. Here, the interplay between new and old in the architecture is enhanced by the interplay between new development, old industrial infrastructure, and the anchoring river in the distance. Rapid urbanization is framed by the architecture and put on display much like the movie screens display the moving images that flash across them.

The Design: Cinema Production Building

The Design: Master Plan

While the blast furnace is the most potent artifact on the site, the enormous concrete retaining walls also speak to the site’s past. Rising forty five feet in height, their massive patinated surfaces reflect the conflict between man and earth inherent in the industrial processes once undertaken on the site. The design of the cinema production building gives presence to these walls through a new building design that anchors to, grows from, and enhances their unique and powerful characteristics.

This project has an opportunity to affect more than its direct site. Its location midway between the bluffs to the north and the river to the south put it in a position to anchor a pathway that connects the surrounding area to the riverfront. It also serves as a landmark for a new cultural district that runs from the building to the river.

Conceptually, the new mass is first extruded directly from the footprint of the retaining walls. Because the building’s program is malleable (sound stages, post production space, and open office), the design is then free to react to larger site forces. The geometry of the master plan affects the next conceptual move, creating a cut in the massing that is generated by a road that runs directly into the site. The cut becomes a stairway leading up and into the retaining wall. The pathway then turns and becomes a bridge to the top of the blast furnace. The bridge itself is a reference to the demolished bridge that used to carry materials to the top of the furnace. Its new incarnation carries pedestrian traffic to a lookout at the top, capping the progression from site to retaining wall to overlook. The next conceptual move is to insert the three sound stages into the massing. These hanger-like spaces are treated as a counter-weight to the mass of the retaining wall itself. Their presence is reflected in the massing that slopes up from the cut at the building’s center to their placement at the building’s periphery. The space between the sound stages and the concrete wall becomes a back lot-like space for moving and constructing the large equipment and stage sets that are part of movie production. On the second floor, open office space is illuminated by a large glazed ceiling that streams light against the existing retaining wall, giving it a strong presence on the building’s interior. The steel composite beams that span the large open volume anchor directly into the retaining wall, heightening the understanding of its size, strength, and aura of permanence. An outdoor theater is tucked under the new massing as well. The roof form of the building creates an overhang of the upper level of seating and the lower level of seating is nestled against the side of the enclosed theaters. This sets the stage for an outdoor movie experience that is shaped by the new architecture but is also colored by the presence of the existing blast furnace towering in the backdrop.

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The master planning began by identifying an area of agency in the existing plan that the design could influence. The first move was to reinstate the presence of the blast furnace and the retaining walls that surround it. The plan’s main roads were then brought through the site. Next, a strong connection to the river was created by the formation of a park running from the base of the theater lobby to the river’s edge. Finally, density was created along the roads running to the cinema center. The final master plan respects the main circulation patterns of the existing plan while capitalizing on opportunities to allow the power of the cinema center to shape Chongqing’s new waterfront identity. The design also creates an experiential path that connects the hillside, cinema center, and waterfront. The path starts by minimally intervening on existing pedestrian pathways that cut through the thick foliage at the top of the hill. Here, the materiality of concrete paving and Cor Ten steel is introduced, but the beauty of the existing condition is allowed to dominate the experience. This pathway continues down over the first retaining wall and into a park overlooking the cinema center. From this park, visitors can progress down stairways attached to the second retaining wall and into the cinema center site. They can also progress up the bridge that leads to the top of the blast furnace for the culminating view that collapses the material reality of industrial history, the new artifacts of rapid urbanization, and the natural history of China’s largest river. The Steel Dragon operates on the scale of the building, site, and master plan to give presence to the unique history of the site in juxtaposition with its rapidly urbanizing future. It is a study in how architecture can intervene on a site in turmoil, recovering its immediate past to reimagine its future. The multiple scales of the project combine a cinematic program with architecture that carefully considers context and the way it is experienced to create a building, a site, and a master plan that creates an armature for public discussion about rapid urbanization in a country with a rich history and an appetite for destroying it.

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Selected Bibliography Benedikt, Michael. For an Architecture of Reality. New York: Lumen, 1987. Print. Campanella, Thomas J. The Concrete Dragon: China’s Urban Revolution and What It Means for the World. New York: Princeton Architectural, 2008. Print. Heidegger, Martin. Poetry, Language, Thought. New York: Harper & Row, 1971. Print Loeffler, Heather, Jennifer Ollman, and Yamei Wang. Persistence of Vision: Shanghai Architects in Dialogue. [Hong Kong]: MCCM Creations, 2007. Print. Pallasmaa, Juhani, “The Geometry of Feeling--A Look at the Phenomenology of Architecture”, Arkkitehti, no. 3, Marja-Ritta Norri, ed., trans. Dianna C. Tullberg, Suomen Arkkitehtilitto--Finlands Arkitektförbund, Helsinki, 1985. Burdett, Richard, and Deyan Sudjic. The Endless City: The Urban Age Project by the London School of Economics and Deutsche Bank’s Alfred Herrhausen Society. London: Phaidon, 2007. Print.

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THE ART OF COLLISION 本领域的碰撞

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Dadukou Station (Chongqing South) The Art of Collision and the Geometry of Meandering

Robert H. Holley

Setting: All Roads Lead to Dadukou

The subway ride to Dadukou was a dynamic trip through the many layers of Chongqing. What we anticipated to be a normal site visit that afternoon suddenly grew into something more like an expedition.As we descended the stairs to Shapingba Station, the city we left above––electrified by impulsive youth and prosperity––was very different from the city we emerged to find some 20-minutes later. After a quick and relatively efficient line transfer in Daping, the new, clean white subway car we left behind––modestly filled with Chinese youth silenced by handheld technology––was replaced by an old, dirty metallic one––jam packed with the clamor of tired poverty and restless children.To my unsuspecting surprise, the hard fluorescent lights inside our car, encased by a tube in the ground, were swiftly washed away with daylight and a regained sense of motion as we rose from beneath the earth and ascended over the city. Blurs of color rushed passed our window from the endless balconies strung with morning laundry, which flanked both sides of the elevated track we straddled. Above us; only a slow moving, low level fog. Below us; the real-time display of 140 thousand people per square foot. The people of China seem to be almost completely unaware of the density that compresses around them; growing thicker by the day, at a pace arguably never witnessed before,

let alone felt. Stacked like crackers in a cellophane sleeve, the layers of Chongqing ebb and flow; they grow, crack, bend, break and disappear. The variety observed within a single 3-mile trek is often more dynamic than most of the United States combined, though definitely more pronounced.

User: Consciously Unaware

Somewhere in the minds of railway commuters is an absent awareness of where they are. Aided by the hypnotic rhythm of metal on metal, they slip out of their surroundings and into their heads, taking their cues from what they feel more often than what they see. On the other hand is the traveller. Whether experienced or leisurely, they keep themselves consciously aware. Most likely due to the modern day inconvenience and hassle that comes with travelling, they pique their attention in hopes of not adding to them. Capturing the attention of these two types of railway users is critical to the success of this project, to meeting the needs of the Chinese Government, and in grounding an argument that combines and relocates fiver separate stations into one and placing it in the ruins of an old steel skeleton.

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Inaaaworld worldwhere wheresocial socialinteraction interactionpersonal personaleditorials editorialsare are InIn world where social interaction personal editorials are expectedto tobe becommunicated communicatedinin in140-characters 140-charactersor orless, less,archiarchiexpected expected to be communicated 140-characters or less, architecturehas hasto tofind findaaaway wayto toprovoke provokeour ourfleeting fleetingattention attentionspans; spans; tecture tecture has to find way to provoke our fleeting attention spans; tobecome becomemore morerelevant relevantwithin withinaaasmall smallwindow windowof ofopportunity opportunity to to become more relevant within small window of opportunity growingsmaller smallerevery everyday. day.So Sohow howdo doyou youcreate createan anexperienceexperiencegrowing growing smaller every day. So how do you create an experience-architecturally--thatprovokes provokesthe theabsent-minded absent-mindedattention attentionof of -architecturally--that -architecturally--that provokes the absent-minded attention of railway passengers? railway passengers? railway passengers?

Site:AAPrivate PrivateRenaissance Renaissance Site:

Oncepart partof ofthe theSichuan Sichuanprovince, province,Chongqing Chongqingbecame becameits its Once Once part of the Sichuan province, Chongqing became its ownmunicipality municipalityinin in1997, 1997,after afteryears yearsof ofheavy heavyindustrial industrialproducproducown own municipality 1997, after years of heavy industrial production,where wherethe thespoils spoilsofofindustry, industry,and andexhaustion exhaustionofoftime, time,collide collide tion, andmerge, merge,transforming transformingthe thecity cityof ofChongqing Chongqingand andfilling fillingitititwith with and and merge, transforming the city of Chongqing and filling with lifeand andenergy: energy:the theconflux confluxofofthe theYangtze Yangtzeand andJialing JialingRivers. Rivers. life Within Central Central Chongqing Chongqing isis the the Dadukou Dadukou District; District; aa Within destitute,but butbut butindustrious industriousregion regionjust justsouth southof ofthe theJialing Jialing destitute, destitute, but but industrious region just south of the Jialing andYangtze Yangtzeriver riverconflux. conflux. And Andhere hereininDadukou, Dadukou,embracing embracingaa and bendinin inthe theYangtze Yangtzeriver, river,isisisthe theproject projectsite: site:nearly nearly800 800acres acresof of bend bend the Yangtze river, the project site: nearly 800 acres of industrialruin. ruin. industrial industrial ruin. Notfar farfrom fromthe theurban urbancenter centerofofChongqing, Chongqing,known knownasasthe the Not centralbusiness businessdistrict district(or (orCBD), CBD),lay laythe theruins ruinsof ofthe theChongqing Chongqing central central business district (or CBD), lay the ruins of the Chongqing Iron&&Steel SteelCompany, Company,aaformer formersteel steelmill millsite siterecently recentlydemoldemolIron ished toto make make way way for for aa new new urban urban center. center. Under Under direct direct ished supervision of of local local Chinese Chinese Government Government officials, officials,the the state state supervision supervision of local Chinese Government officials, the state financedproject projectdeveloper developerretains retainsstrict strictoperation operationofofthe thesite, site, financed andvery veryspecific specificplans plansfor forits itspresent presentand andfuture futureredevelopment. redevelopment. and and very specific plans for its present and future redevelopment. Central to to the the government’s government’s operation operation isisis the the design design of of Central Central to the government’s operation the design of anindustrial industrialheritage heritagemuseum museumwithin withinthe theruins ruinsofofone oneofofthe the an rollingmills millsvital vitalto tothe theformer formertenants tenantsproduct. product.Primarily Primarilyused used rolling rolling mills vital to the former tenants product. Primarily used asthe thefinal finalstep stepinin inthe theproduction productionof ofsteel steelrails, rails,the therolling rollingmill mill as as the final step the production of steel rails, the rolling mill occupiesan anarea areaofofmore morethan than600-thousand 600-thousandsquare squarefeet, feet,and and occupies composedof offourteen fourteensheds shedsranging rangingbetween between300-1000 300-1000feet feet isisiscomposed composed of fourteen sheds ranging between 300-1000 feet longand and50-100 50-100feet feetwide. wide. long Centralto tothe thegovernment’s government’splan planisisisthe therole rolethat thatthe theindusindusCentral Central to the government’s plan the role that the industrialmuseum museumwill willplay playinin inthe thesuccess successof ofthe therest restof ofthe the800+ 800+acre acre trial trial museum will play the success of the rest of the 800+ acre redevelopment. Along Along with with being being the the catalyst catalyst for for preserving preserving redevelopment. thememory memoryand andhistory historyof ofChongqing Chongqingindustry, industry,the themuseum museumisisis the the memory and history of Chongqing industry, the museum expectedto topromote promotecommerce commerceinin inthe thesurrounding surroundingarea areawhile while expected expected to promote commerce the surrounding area while actingasasthe thebeacon beacontotoits itseconomic economicsuccess. success. Anything Anythingless lessisis acting unacceptable. unacceptable. unacceptable.

Chongqing Chongqing Chongqing Municipality Municipality Municipality Titleimage: image: Collision Collision Title Title image: Collision

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Chongqing Chongqing Chongqing Central Central Central

Dadukou Dadukou Dadukou District District District

Project Project Project Site Site Site

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mile 111mile mile

IntercityRail Rail Intercity Intercity Rail CommuterRail Rail Commuter Commuter Rail Light-Rail Light-Rail Light-Rail Bus Bus Bus Ferry Ferry Ferry

Commercial Commercial Commercial Residential Residential Residential Public Public Public Recreation Recreation Recreation Transit Transit Transit

mile 333mile mile TransitOperations Operations Transit Transit Operations

IntercityRail: Rail:CRH CRHChongqing-Chengdu Chongqing-ChengduLine Line Intercity Intercity Rail: CRH Chongqing-Chengdu Line CommuterRail: Rail:Chongqing ChongqingMetro Metro Commuter Commuter Rail: Chongqing Metro Light-Rail: Local LocalTram TramService Service Light-Rail: Light-Rail: Local Tram Service Bus:Public PublicTransit TransitService Service Bus: Bus: Public Transit Service Ferry:Marine MarineTransit TransitService Service Ferry: Ferry: Marine Transit Service

UrbanCatchment CatchmentArea Area Urban Urban Catchment Area

1/4mile: mile:Approx. Approx.5-minute 5-minutewalk walk 1/4 1/4 mile: Approx. 5-minute walk 1/2mile: mile:Approx. Approx.10-15 10-15minute minutewalk walk 1/2 1/2 mile: Approx. 10-15 minute walk mile:Long Longwalk, walk,bike bikeor orbus/taxi bus/taxi 111mile: mile: Long walk, bike or bus/taxi mile:Bike, Bike,bus/taxi bus/taxior orpark park&& &ride ride 333mile: mile: Bike, bus/taxi or park ride

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Museum Museum

High-Speed High-Speed Intercity Intercity RailRail Light-Rail Light-Rail

Commuter Commuter Monorail Monorail

BusBus Service Service Station Program Organization Station Station Program Program Organization Organization

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Though initially daunting, having thisthis in mind mind is the the first step Though Though initially initially daunting, daunting, having having this in in mind is is the first first step step towards making thethe argument to place place thethe new Chongqing South towards towards making making the argument argument to to place the new new Chongqing Chongqing South South Railway Station within thethe rolling millmill andand industrial museum. Railway Railway Station Station within within the rolling rolling mill and industrial industrial museum. museum. Either way, critical question remains: how do do people getget to the thethe Either Either way, way, aa critical a critical question question remains: remains: how how do people people get to to museum? How willwill they know it’s it’s even there? museum? museum? How How will they they know know it’s even even there? there? Working against thethe government’s plan is the the current layout Working Working against against the government’s government’s plan plan is is the current current layout layout of the thethe new transit system infrastructure. Though sixsix different of of new new transit transit system system infrastructure. infrastructure. Though Though six different different transit stations areare already planned within 1/2 mile radius of of transit transit stations stations are already already planned planned within within aa 1/2 a 1/2 mile mile radius radius of thethe rolling mill--including bus stop justjust inside quarter mile, the rolling rolling mill--including mill--including aa bus a bus stop stop just inside inside aa quarter a quarter mile, mile, another within half mile, andand oneone stop each forfor ferry transit, another another within within aa half a half mile, mile, and one stop stop each each for ferry ferry transit, transit, light-rail, heavy-rail andand commuter railrail within 1/2 mile radiuslight-rail, light-rail, heavy-rail heavy-rail and commuter commuter rail within within aa 1/2 a 1/2 mile mile radiusradius-nothing actually delivers people directly to to other than their -nothing -nothing actually actually delivers delivers people people directly directly to itit other it other than than their their own twotwo feet. This leaves thethe only obvious question left:left: why notnot own own two feet. feet. This This leaves leaves the only only obvious obvious question question left: why why not putput these stations in the the rolling mill? At At first glance may appear put these these stations stations in in the rolling rolling mill? mill? At first first glance glance itit may it may appear appear thatthat thethe planned locations forfor these stations areare strategically that the planned planned locations locations for these these stations stations are strategically strategically populated immediately around thethe rolling millmill in order order to deliver deliver populated populated immediately immediately around around the rolling rolling mill in in order to to deliver people more efficiently to it. it. But ButBut when studied in the the context of of people people more more efficiently efficiently to to it. when when studied studied in in the context context of catchment area––a metric forfor strategically locating station in in catchment catchment area––a area––a metric metric for strategically strategically locating locating aa station a station in order to be be be utilized by by thethe population immediately surrounding order order to to utilized utilized by the population population immediately immediately surrounding surrounding it––it doesn’t seem to add addadd up.up. Based on on thethe catchment area of of it––it it––it doesn’t doesn’t seem seem to to up. Based Based on the catchment catchment area area of thethe rolling mill, all six sixsix of these these stations areare within 5-15 minute the rolling rolling mill, mill, all all of of these stations stations are within within aa 5-15 a 5-15 minute minute walk to to it. it. Again, their locations appear to to address andand travel walk walk to it. Again, Again, their their locations locations appear appear to address address and travel travel convenience, butbut does solve awareness of the thethe museum? TheThe convenience, convenience, but does does itit solve it solve awareness awareness of of museum? museum? The keykey difference is that that thethe same catchment area exists forfor thethe key difference difference is is that the same same catchment catchment area area exists exists for the rolling millmill relative to higher higher density zoning around (the places rolling rolling mill relative relative to to higher density density zoning zoning around around itit (the it (the places places thatthat thethe majority of commuters commuters andand travellers willwill be going going to or or or that the majority majority of of commuters and travellers travellers will be be going to to coming from) as itit does forfor thethe sixsix individual stations relative to to coming coming from) from) as asdoes it does for the six individual individual stations stations relative relative to thethe rolling mill. So So the distance from station to destination, destination, or or the rolling rolling mill. mill. So ifif the if the distance distance from from station station to to destination, or origin to station station is the the same either way, why notnot bring everyone origin origin to to station is is the same same either either way, way, why why not bring bring everyone everyone straight intointo thethe main attraction by by combining thethe sixsix individual straight straight into the main main attraction attraction by combining combining the six individual individual stations intointo oneone intermodal transit hubhub andand placing directly stations stations into one intermodal intermodal transit transit hub and placing placing itit directly it directly within andand around thethe industrial museum? those distances within within and around around the industrial industrial museum? museum?IfIf those If those distances distances areare truly thethe same, why isn’t thisthis thethe plan? Is there there enough are truly truly the same, same, why why isn’t isn’t this the plan? plan?Is Is there enough enough space to to locate both museum andand transit programs within thethe space space to locate locate both both museum museum and transit transit programs programs within within the same 600k sqft? With museum programmatic requirement of of same same 600k 600k sqft? sqft? With With museum museum programmatic programmatic requirement requirement of about 150k sqft, thethe rolling millmill leaves more than enough room about about 150k 150k sqft, sqft, the rolling rolling mill leaves leaves more more than than enough enough room room forfor other programs––about 450k sqftsqft actually. So So long as the thethe for other other programs––about programs––about 450k 450k sqft actually. actually. So long long as as programmatic requirements forfor an an intermodal transit facility programmatic programmatic requirements requirements for an intermodal intermodal transit transit facility facility serving thethe density andand population growth in Chongqing Chongqing areare serving serving the density density and population population growth growth in in Chongqing are kept within or or near 450k sqft, including anyany preliminary feasikept kept within within or near near 450k 450k sqft, sqft, including including any preliminary preliminary feasifeasibility studies addressing likelihood of and/or and/or opportunities forfor bility bility studies studies addressing addressing likelihood likelihood of of and/or opportunities opportunities for future expansion, anyany concerns forfor thethe relocation andand combinafuture future expansion, expansion, any concerns concerns for the relocation relocation and combinacombinationtion of six sixsix planned stations should be be easily addressed. With tion of of planned planned stations stations should should be easily easily addressed. addressed. With With ourour arguments forfor relocation andand reasoning forfor doing so so kept our arguments arguments for relocation relocation and reasoning reasoning for doing doing so kept kept thoroughly in check, check, oneone final question must then be be addressed: thoroughly thoroughly in in check, one final final question question must must then then be addressed: addressed: how do do youyou provoke thethe attention of this this many people? how how do you provoke provoke the attention attention of of this many many people? people? Collision. Collision. Collision.

Collision: Collision: Crushed Crushed Geometry Geometry

Absorbing thethe Chinese density over cigarette andand cup Absorbing Absorbing the Chinese Chinese density density over over aa cigarette a cigarette and aa cup a cup of of coffee oneone rainy afternoon in Shanghai, Shanghai, ourour fearless guide of coffee coffee one rainy rainy afternoon afternoon in in Shanghai, our fearless fearless guide guide Arthur Chen gazed up up at me me through faint cloud of smoke smoke andand Arthur Arthur Chen Chen gazed gazed up at at me through through aa faint a faint cloud cloud of of smoke and said, “forget your notion of the thethe grid.” This seemingly random said, said, “forget “forget your your notion notion of of grid.” grid.” This This seemingly seemingly random random comment quickly took hold as we we satsat within thethe intersection of of comment comment quickly quickly took took hold hold as as we sat within within the intersection intersection of fivefive different pedestrian paths, shooting at us us from unexpected five different different pedestrian pedestrian paths, paths, shooting shooting at at from us from unexpected unexpected directions. Pinned between buildings, tightly-narrow, semidirections. directions.Pinned Pinned between between buildings, buildings, tightly-narrow, tightly-narrow, semisemicovered alleyways wound their wayway through thethe citycity about us,us, covered covered alleyways alleyways wound wound their their way through through the city about about us, momentarily breaking freefree from their constraints andand spilling momentarily momentarily breaking breaking free from from their their constraints constraints and spilling spilling intointo thethe irregularly shaped public plaza where wewe sat,sat, only to to into the irregularly irregularly shaped shaped public public plaza plaza where where we sat, only only to return once more to their their (somewhat) linear confines. “Start to to return return once once more more to to their (somewhat) (somewhat) linear linear confines. confines. “Start “Start to seesee thethe geometry of meandering,” meandering,” he he continued; “there areare no no see the geometry geometry of of meandering,” he continued; continued; “there “there are no grids, no no emphasis on on perspective, andand very fewfew linear corridors; grids, grids, no emphasis emphasis on perspective, perspective, and very very few linear linear corridors; corridors; justjust series of open open spaces used forfor pause andand reflection, offset just aa series a series of of open spaces spaces used used for pause pause and reflection, reflection, offset offset from oneone another throughout thethe city,city, andand connected by by from from one another another throughout throughout the city, and connected connected by aa a network of of meandering commercial alleyways.” What Arthur network network of meandering meandering commercial commercial alleyways.” alleyways.” What What Arthur Arthur waswas alluding to to waswas thatthat thethe pulse of the thethe Chinese citycity waswas notnot was alluding alluding to was that the pulse pulse of of Chinese Chinese city was not found in the thethe wide expansive views wewe know so so well in the thethe found found in in wide wide expansive expansive views views we know know so well well in in West, nornor is ititis found found within single work of architecture, architecture, andand West, West, nor is it found within within aa single a single work work of of architecture, and it’s it’s notnot found inside buildings; its its in the the exterior spaces formed it’s not found found inside inside buildings; buildings; its in in the exterior exterior spaces spaces formed formed by by architecture rather than within it; cramped cramped outside between by architecture architecture rather rather than than within within it; it; cramped outside outside between between buildings. TheThe challenge forfor Dadukou Station willwill be be to recreate recreate buildings. buildings. The challenge challenge for Dadukou Dadukou Station Station will be to to recreate

Above: Design Development Above: Above: Image Image caption caption information. information.

thisthis pulse within thethe oldold steel rolling mill. ButBut where areare thethe this pulse pulse within within the old steel steel rolling rolling mill. mill. But where where are the opportunities to do do do this, andand how willwill be done? opportunities opportunities to to this, this, and how how will itit be it be done? done? there is an an artart to collision, collision, thethe opportunities forfor designing IfIf there If there is is art an to to collision, the opportunities opportunities for designing designing an an exceptional user experience should be be at its its its intersection. an exceptional exceptional user user experience experience should should be at at intersection. intersection. Perhaps thethe best place to to start would be be at the thethe intersection Perhaps Perhaps the best best place place to start start would would be at at intersection intersection between rigorous construction grids andand organic geometries of of between between rigorous rigorous construction construction grids grids and organic organic geometries geometries of meandering. This collision is most most apparent at the the urban scale. meandering. meandering. This This collision collision is is most apparent apparent at at the urban urban scale. scale. ForFor Dadukou Station andand it’s it’s immediate context, thisthis is observed observed For Dadukou Dadukou Station Station and it’s immediate immediate context, context, this is is observed through thethe orientation of of thethe new city––outwardly focused through through the orientation orientation of the new new city––outwardly city––outwardly focused focused on on thethe Yangtze River––contrasted with thethe orientation of the thethe on the Yangtze Yangtze River––contrasted River––contrasted with with the orientation orientation of of oldold city––inwardly focused on on thethe production of steel. steel. At At thethe old city––inwardly city––inwardly focused focused on the production production of of steel. At the human scale, thisthis “grid meets non-grid” ideology is substantially substantially human human scale, scale, this “grid “grid meets meets non-grid” non-grid” ideology ideology is is substantially lessless noticeable, though entirely stillstill present. less noticeable, noticeable, though though entirely entirely still present. present.

Strategy: Strategy: The The Industrial Industrial Live-Stream Live-Stream

Museums areare curious things. As As institutions established to to Museums Museums are curious curious things. things. As institutions institutions established established to represent social culture, they often endend up up defining it. Whether Whether represent represent social social culture, culture, they they often often end up defining defining it. it. Whether current trends or historical historical relics, what museums choose to put putput current current trends trends or or historical relics, relics, what what museums museums choose choose to to on on public display becomes thethe culture, along with thethe increasing on public public display display becomes becomes the culture, culture, along along with with the increasing increasing disassociation with thethe subject matter’s creator. As As result, disassociation disassociation with with the subject subject matter’s matter’s creator. creator. As aa result, a result, aa a sense of nostalgia nostalgia is created created in which which associations cancan be be made sense sense of of nostalgia is is created in in which associations associations can be made made andand original feelings obtained. and original original feelings feelings obtained. obtained.

Above: Above: Image Image caption caption information. information.

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The The local local Chinese Chinese government government and and project project developer developer seek seek to to establish establish aa museum museum capable capable of of generating generating strong strong associaassociations tions with with Chongqing Chongqing industrial industrial heritage heritage without without any any nostalgia; nostalgia; aa difficult difficult task task when when considering considering the the track track record record of of most most museums, museums,particularly particularly inin China. China. The The design design response response to to this this isis what what II call call the the“industrial “industrial live-stream.” live-stream.” The Theindustrial industriallive-stream live-streamdoes doeswhat whatmost mostmuseums museumsdo donot: not: displays displays the the subject subject matter matter inin real-time, real-time,while while itit isis happening, happening,or or being being “created.” “created.” This This invariably invariably strengthens strengthens the the argument argument for for combining combiningstations stationsand andmuseum. museum. Transit Transitsystems systemsand andinfrastrucinfrastructure ture are are industry. industry. Rather Rather than than limiting limiting the the museum museum displays displays to to the the typical typical and and all-too-often all-too-often stagnant stagnant objects objects held held captive captive by by time time and and space, space,the the industrial industrial live-stream live-stream showcases showcases its its subject subject matter matter as as itit isis meant meant to to be be used. used. Energy Energy isis naturally naturally created created when when large large amounts amounts of of people people collide, collide, whether whether done done so so by by choice choice or or not, not, and and itit often often leads leads to to aa heightened heightened sense sense of of awareness awareness to to their their surroundings. surroundings. The The goal goal of of this this project project isis to to design design an an intermodal intermodal transit transit hub hub able able to to capitalize capitalize on on this this energy energy inin order order to to draw draw attention attention to to the the industrial industrial museum. museum. Furthermore, Furthermore,the the patrons patrons of of the the industrial industrial heritage heritage museum museum will will be be encouraged encouraged to to witness witness industry industry inin real-time real-time through through the the industrial industrial live-stream, live-stream,but but what what exactly exactly isis aa live-stream, live-stream,and and how how can can its its experience experience achieve achieve these these goals? goals? Live-streaming Live-streaming isis about about witnessing witnessing something something inin real-time, real-time, as as itit happens; happens; live. live. It’s It’s also also about about having having access access to to something something you you normally normally wouldn’t wouldn’t have have access access to. to. All All too too often, often,for for those those of of us us who who don’t don’t work work inin an an“industrial” “industrial” setting, setting,our our awareness awareness of of industry industry isis non-existent non-existent until until that that industry industry itself itself isis no no longer longer exists. exists. This This idea idea borders borders on on being being overly overly simplistic, simplistic,but but itit holds holds an an important important truth. truth. People People generally generally confuse confuse industry industry with with technology, technology, assuming assuming that that the the two two are are independent independent of of each each other. other. But But industry, industry,by by its its very very nature, nature,isis technology. technology. That That said, said, we we are are more more than than well well aware aware of of industry industry when when we we call call itit techtechnology. nology. ItIt isis when when that that technology technology becomes becomes obsolete obsolete that that our our nostalgic nostalgic sentiments sentiments begin begin take take root, root, and and we we wander wander through through their their abandon abandon inin order order to to remember remember aa time time that that has has come come and and gone. gone. We We call call this this industry. industry. The The industrial industrial live-stream live-stream presents presents the the perfect perfect opportunity opportunity to to preserve preserve industrial industrial memory memory without without yielding yielding to to nostalgia nostalgia by by granting granting this this access. access. People People tend tend to to grow grow nostalgic nostalgic when when surrounded surrounded by by the the stagnant stagnant displays displays of of their their past, past,and and there there isis no nobetter bettersetting settingfor forthis thisthan thanthe thepeaceful peacefuland andreflective reflectivenature nature of of aa museum museum gallery, gallery,where where historic historic artifacts artifacts produce produce nostalgic nostalgic memories memories as as efficiently efficiently as as the the industries industries themselves themselves produced produced goods. goods. But But ifif modern modern technology technology isis presented presented to to the the viewer viewer inin real-time real-time as as industry, industry,seen seen from from the the perspective perspective of of the the past, past, their theirminds mindswill willlook lookto tothe thefuture futurerather ratherthan thanto tothe thepast pastalone. alone. What What better better way way to to preserve preserve the the memory memory of of industry industry without without

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nostalgia nostalgia than than to to grant grant people people access access to to itit as as itit happens? happens? This This will willbe beachieved achievedby bybringing bringingall allmodes modesof oftransportation transportationinto intothe the rolling rolling mill, mill,which which will will house house the the transit transit hub hub and and the the museum. museum. These Thesetransit transitlines lineswill willcollide collidewith withthe theformer formerrolling rollingmill, mill,slicing slicing diagonally diagonally across across its its orthogonal orthogonal structure structure and and cutting cutting through through the the stagnant stagnant displays displays of of the the museum, museum, creating creating aa lively lively and and energetic energetic setting setting from from amidst amidst the the collision collision of of speed, speed,movement, movement, and and aa whole whole helluva helluva lot lot of of people. people.

View Viewfrom fromMuseum Museumto toStation Station

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Design: Traces of Old

I once heard a professor say that “each generation rewrites history to better reflect their own.” Or something like that, I don’t know if the quotes are necessary. Still, it had a resounding effect on me then, and It’s held true every year since, whether I remembered it exactly or not. It’s resounding for it’s truth. Places such as New York City are strong precedent for the path Chongqing has set out upon. All along the Hudson and East River edges, factories, warehouses and railroads--revitalized by time--provide direction for each generation that occupies their place. The past provides infrastructure and efficient alignments, in which the future improvises. Sometimes stories are literally retold, like the countless warehouses turned residential lofts. Other times, history is offered new perspective by reframing its context; simultaneously forged within, and preserving the layers of the past. Chongqing is now beginning this phase of their history, and these choices are now upon them. How they choose to move forward is yet to be determined, but each new design has it’s own opportunity to decide. In terms of the design for the Chongqing South Railway Station an attitude was adopted where old acts as framework for new: where old will support new, and new will reinforce old. Collision is inherently chaotic, and the last thing you want to

Cross Section: Through High-Speed Intercity and Light-Rail Platforms

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create when designing a transit station of any kind is chaos and confusion. But the result of collision is arguably less chaotic. When two different elements converge and collide, such as the old steel mill grid and new urban city grid, there is an initial shifting and rearranging of parts. Immediately following this is a merging or union of the previously separate parts, which combine to form something entirely new. This lends itself perfectly to the idea of old supporting new and new reinforcing old: it’s cyclical as well as perpetually recognizable. Like the palimpsests found in ancient parchment manuscripts, the traces of the past are ever-present in the additions of the future. The design of the Chongqing South Railway Station will use this as a wayfinding and orientation device, as old and new axis drive circulation and help the user navigate their way through the terminal; all the while playing to their senses and increasing the opportunities to provoke their awareness of place. Collision is most noticeable at the point of impact, and from this point order is is created out of chaos. Using the main collision point where new and old axis merge; where high-speed intercity and light-rail cross paths with the elevated commuter monorail, all circulation and design will orbit.

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High-Speed Intercity Rail Paid Area High-Speed Intercity Rail Paid Area

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Selected Bibliography Selected Bibliography Altoon, Ronald A., James C. Auld, and Nancy Egan. Altoon, Ronald A., James C. Auld, and Nancy Egan. Urban Transformation: Transit Oriented Urban Transformation: Transit Oriented Development and the Sustainable City. Mulgrave, Development and thePrint. Sustainable City. Mulgrave, Vic.: Images Group, 2011. Vic.: Images Group, 2011. Print. De, Chiara Joseph, and Lee ,. Koppelman. Urban Planning De, Chiara Joseph, and Lee ,. Koppelman. Planning and Design Criteria. Second ed.Urban New York: Van and Design Criteria. Nostrand Reinhold, 1975.Second Print. ed. New York:Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1975. Print. Ferrarini, Alessia. Railway Stations: From the Gare De Ferrarini, Alessia. Railway Stations: FromArchitecture, the Gare De Lâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;est to Penn Station. Milan: Electa Lâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;est to Penn Station. Milan: Electa Architecture, 2005. Print. 2005. Print. Griffin, Kenneth W. Building Type Basics for Transit Griffin, Kenneth W. Building Type Basics Facilities. Hoboken: Wiley, 2004. Print. for Transit Facilities. Hoboken: Wiley, 2004. Print. Malt, Harold Lewis. Furnishing the City. New York: Malt,McGraw-Hill, Harold Lewis.1970. Furnishing Print. the City. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1970. Print. Thorne, Martha. Modern Trains and Splendid Thorne, Martha. Modern TrainsDesign, and Splendid Stations: Architecture, and Rail Travel Stations: Architecture, Design,London: and Rail Travel for the Twenty-first Century. Merrell, for the Twenty-first Century. London: Merrell, 2001. Print. 2001. Print. Uffelen, Chris Van. Stations. Salenstein: Braun, 2010. Print.v Uffelen, Chris Van. Stations. Salenstein: Braun, 2010. Print.v

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TERRACED CONNECTION 梯田连接

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This page (numbered page 12) is for a FULL 8.5x11 image of YOUR DESIGN WORK.

This is considered the “title image” and is printed to the left of your title page for the ONLINE VERSION of the project summary. This page becomes the BACK PAGE for the PRINTED 12-page version.

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Terraced Connection in Chongqing China: Accommodating Public life & stabilizing the landscape

Jessica Andrejasich

This project proposes creating a terraced park system along the edge of a redeveloped industrial area in Chongqing, China. The megacity is located at the confluence of the Jialing and Yangtze rivers. In recent years, Chonging has been undergoing rapid urbanization, and the population is expected to double from 10 million to 20 million in the next 10 years. This historic port city of Chongqing is investigating urban design concepts to accommodate its rapidly urbanized future. The terrace park system responds to the current city master plan that has little connection to the existing districts, while also responding to specific environmental issues involving soil stabilization systems. This urban park project will extend public life, connecting two neighborhoods (the existing with the new master-planned development), as well as develop new places that engage the unique landscape.

city. The steel mill has since been almost entirely demolished and is being prepared for redevelopment as part of the cityâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s plan to diversify the economy. Have similar outcomes.

Redeveloping an Industrial Site

The industrial site is located in Dadukou, one of the nine central districts of Chongqing. The site is bound by the Yangtze River to the south and a steep embankment to the north. The project area was previously the site of the Chongqing Iron and Steel company until 2006 when it was relocated to outside the

Above: Historical Image of Chongqing

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There is currently a preliminary master plan for the site anticipating complete redevelop of the area in the next 13 years. When finished the area will house 50,000 to 60,000 new residents and will become a center for leisure and recreation. Grand master plans and large urban design projects like this one are currently common in China. The intent of which are equally about the spectacle and impression they make as they are civic improvement. As Thomas Campanella explains in Concrete Dragon “In China, urbanistic spectacle results from a more complex set of ego inputs, one that certainly involves private real estate developers, but is also driven by party cadres and local officials eager to make their mark on the skyline”1. Many of the current plans are reminiscent of the urban plans created in the United States during the 1950s which have since been rejected by communities for lack of human scale. If China’s new development follows a similar path to the previous plans in the United States, it is foreseeable that the development will be In Chongqing the Central business district has gone through significant redevelopment in the last 15 years. While the area is now considerably less chaotic it also lacks character and identity it was once known for. This is a trend of many of the new developments as China’s city’s are rapidly growing and looking for new urban design schemes. As Qiu Baoxing minister of construction said new construction “is like having a thousand cities with the same appearance.”1 This project focuses on a particular aspect of the masterplan near the edge of the site were the landscape meets the existing city. Exploring working urban space which is both aesthetic but also better address social and environmental concerns. The question that this design proposal seeks to address is: What if a new form of terraced connections are created across a steep slope to accommodate public life and stabilize the landscape?

Above: Selected Site

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Above: Steel Site suggested alterations to Master Pan

Bridging the topographic Rise

Currently the plan treats the edge as a single condition and has preliminary plans for a large park. While providing green space is a valuable first step, how can go beyond to better serve the area? I began by looking at whether the edge really was a single condition. What social, transportation and environmental systems are present? There are few pedestrian connections currently planned and most of the entry points to the site are focused on automobile access. While there has been a major boom in cars in the last 10 years, 60% of residents in the area do not own a car and rely on walking or public transportation.

Above: Aerial View of Project

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Two Paths| Experiencing the city at two speeds

Program Terraces

Soft Terrace Program

Weaving Path

I focused on a site surrounded by a high density residential area. Creating a connection at this point will increase accessibility while providing valuable public space. In high density areas, activities which usually take place in the private realm are â&#x20AC;&#x153;propelledâ&#x20AC;? to the public because of small apartment sizes.3 Therefore, providing shared recreation and entertainment space becomes increasingly important. The need for a connection in a predominately residential area differ from a high traffic connection near a major transportation hub or commercial center. The public space becomes equally as valuable as it is to provide a physical connection. The edge of the site is currently mix of wooded area and gardens, it is almost startling contrast to the busy streets surrounding it. I am proposing maintaining some of current landscape for the site and highlighting contrast between the new development and a more natural area. In a sense creating a second speed to experience the city. Creating two main paths through the site, a fast or direct path focused on bridging the steep slope and a second wandering path with terraces for recreational program. One of the precedents used for the two contrasting paths were traditional Chinese gardens which typically have two kinds of paths one structured path which is formed by covered pathway and buildings and second path which is formed by land forms and natural elements. The two paths are continuous elements throughout the site connecting the different programed areas. A series of structured terraces are designed to extend the street life while providing a unique outdoor public space. Not only does an and the soft terraces drainage and slope stabilization.

Program

Walking through the site from the existing metro toward the river. The existing main street from the project site is adjacent to the central commercial area which encompasses a diverse group of small shops and vendors. One main design aspect of the project is to extend commerce from the main road toward the newly developed landscape. Other site features including smaller shaded structures, benches, small shops and kiosk spaces are provided for consumers and vendors.

Direct/ fast path

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Above: Intersection of Paths in the rain

Above: Humble Administratorâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Garden, Two path types

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Bufferby & Protect Slope Number of Visitors Demographics & Time of Day: Slow & redirect storm water

6am-7am

7am-8am

9am-10am 10am-11am 11am-12am 12am-1pm

1pm-2pm

2pm-3pm

3pm-4pm

4pm-5pm

Elderly/ Retiree Middle Age Young Adult Parent withSlow young childErosion Water Children/ Young Teenagers Tourist

Activity & Time| Shared by those who live, work, & shop Informal Congregation Exercise Feed/ Infiltration Watch Birds Sit/ Relax/Read Play Game Badminton/ Kick Shuttlecock

Restaurant Tea house

Number of Visitors by Demographics & Time Street of Day: Play (kids)

Play space

Wooded Area

Large Group Activities

Paths & trails

Ballroom Dance, ≠≠≠

Formal Meeting Concert

6am-7am

7am-8am

9am-10am 10am-11am 11am-12am

12am-1pm

1pm-2pm

2pm-3pm

3pm-4pm

4pm-5pm

Elderly/ Retiree Middle Age Young Adult Parent with young child Children/ Young Teenagers Tourist

Elderly/ Retiree Age: 72 Lives with daughter & son in law in existing neighborhood, visits almost daily to meet friends for cards. Stays most of the morning.

Vendor Age: mid 40s

Young Women Age: 22 Drove to area to shop at new Commercial district. She parked in the Parking garage and walked to store. Briefly passes through site, there minimally Stopped and bought food on way back to car.

Originally from rural area of Chongqing and is considered a migrant worker but has lived and worked in the city for years. Lives 30 min from site but commutes daily to run small Restaurant food/ stand,

Activity & Time| Shared by those who live, work, & shop Motivation for Using Public Space

Length of Stay

Informal Congregation Large group movement Outdoor Sit/ Relax/Read Play Game Badminton/ Kick Shuttlecock Play (kids) Formal Meeting

Number of Visitors byConcert Demographics & Time of Day:

Elderly/ Retiree Middle Age Young Adult

Above: Program strategies, Parent with young child

6am-7am 7am-8am 9am-10am 10am-11am 11am-12am 12am-1pm Young Women Age: 22 Elderly/ Retiree Age: 72 Lives with daughter & son in law in existing neighborhood, visits almost daily to meet friends for cards. Schedule andofNarratives Stays most the morning.

Children/ Young Teenagers

Drove to area to shop at new Commercial district. She parked in the Parking garage and walked to store. Briefly passes through site, there minimally Stopped and bought food on way back to car.

1pm-2pm

2pm-3pm 3pm-4pm 4pm-5pm Vendor Age: mid 40s

Originally from rural area of Chongqing and is considered a migrant worker but has lived and worked in the city for years. Lives 30 mi from site but commutes daily to run small Restaurant food/ stand,

Tourist

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Motivation for Using Public Space

Activity & Time| Shared by those who live, work, & shop 6 | Andrejasich

Informal Congregation

Length of Stay

Stepping down immediately from the street level are terraces sized for large group activities such as tai chi or ball room dancing which frequently occur in public spaces in China. Interspersed are smaller, more private areas intended for people to relax while still Proposed Program being engaged with the surrounding activities. Description/ Size

Station

9pm-10pm 10pm-11pm

High Activity

Description/ Size

6pm-7pm

7pm-8pm

8pm-9pm

9pm-10pm

Station

10pm-11pm

Station Mechanical

Moving farther down the terraces away from the main areas the Ticket Area Platform industrial aspects of the site begin to be incorporated into the Parking project. The ruins of foundations remain from the vacated steel Retail mill office buildingsPublic andToilets housing, leaving an indirect path for people to weave around. This Ping Pongdesign tables element gives the users a sense of what use to be there and allows people to gain perspective Badmitton of what the city use to look like. This idea was reinforced when we met with the developer of the site. Throughout the meeting Sitting/ Social gathering an idea continually brought up was the desire to preserve the Playing (kids) memory ofPlay the site. Acknowledging the memory of a site is games (cards/chess) becoming increasingly common throughout China. While entire Market Read/ Relax historical neighborhoods in China are being destroyed there has also been a growing yearning to fill voids of the past and reconnect history and traditions. Historical sites have seen an increase in visitors, examples include theme parks recreating Proposed Program historical villages, and adapted warehouses that have become trendy shopping centers. Having a sense of place and history is also increasingly becoming Stationprofitable. In a way a “sense of history” Mechanical has become a commodity in a country that is rapidly destroy their Ticket Area past. But what does itPlatform really mean to express the memory of a place? And what sharedParking memory does the Mill site hold? During Mao’s era large factoriesRetail were intentionally sited close to city Public Toilets center and were an essential part of the model for the industrial Ping Pong tables city. Now it is being converted into a commercial center, its Badmitton conversion highlighting the drastic social changes of the last fifty years. The memory of the site is more then just the mill but is the full extent of process industry that once happened there. Sitting/ Socialand gathering

Prescribed Program

5pm-6pm

Young Couple Age: Early 30s Live in new live/ work lofts across the From site, She takes the lift daily to take the Metro to work. Most Evenings they go to park To play badminton or walk.. Many evenings they Will buy dinner on way home to save time avoid cooking.

Encouraged Program

Playing (kids) Play games (cards/chess)

Using a series of ramps as well as a stair and elevator tower Market are provided to theRead/ users Relaxfor quick access to site features. The elevator tower provides a height advantage to see the newly designed terrace and river on a rare clear day. Finally moving down to new urban plaza where people take full advantage of the path just before crossing over a large street which continues toward the planned shopping area and river.

Proposed Program

Description/ Size

6pm-7pm 7pm-8pm 8pm-9pm Young Couple Age: Early 30s Live in new live/ work lofts across the From site, She takes the lift daily to take the Metro to work. Most Evenings they go to park To play badminton or walk.. Many evenings they Will buy dinner on way home to save time avoid cooking.

Station

9pm-10pm 10pm-11pm

Prescribed Program

5pm-6pm

Station Mechanical Ticket Area Platform Parking Retail Public Toilets Ping Pong tables Badmitton

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gram

8pm-9pm

Street Vendor Area

≠ chi

7pm-8pm

Prescribed Program

6pm-7pm

Encouraged Program

5pm-6pm

Sitting/ Social gathering Playing (kids) Play games (cards/chess)

Andrejasich | 7

Stabilizing the Landscape

When initially addressing this site I had two main questions what is the appropriate program and construction type? Because of the steep topographic rise and rainy climate Chongqing deals with issues of flash flooding and landslides. As a result storm water management and soil stabilization are extremely important issues. Currently these items are handled thorough highly engineered systems, however given the rapid development, these system can become over powered and cause massive failures. These failures led to develop alternative and more ecological site options which utilize vegetation and bioengineering. Protecting the crest of the slope &protecting slowing erosion of the face. Using As well as applying alternative retaining methods for the structure of the two paths using a interlocking block system for the weaving path and soil pinning for the direct path. This project strives to bring specificity and sense of place to the existing proposal by address the unique ecological and social conditions of the site. By acknowledging the current use of urban space and designing for those conditions the slope edge of the site can become a valuable amenity to both the existing and new community.

Above: Pedestrian Bridge toward river

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Above: Wall Sections

Above: Retaining systems (image credit Toshio Shibata)

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Selected Bibliography Image Credit: http://www.meiyatravel.com/upfiles/2010/12/05/10265229.jpg Title Old Chongqing This project strives to bring specificity and sense of place http://www.turenscape.com/english/projects/project. to the existing proposal by address the unique ecological and php?id=324 Turenscape Shenyang Architectural University social conditions of the site. By acknowledging the current use Campus of urban space and designing for those conditions the slope edge of the sitehttp://butdoesitfloat.com/The-world-as-it-is-now-wants-to-diecan become a valuable amenity to both the existing and new community. wants-to-perish-and-it-will Photographer Toshio Shibata Campanella, Thomas J. The Concrete Dragon: China’s Urban Revolution and What It Means for the World. New York: Princeton Architectural Press, 2008. Print. Miller, Tom. China’s Urban Billion: The Story Behind the Biggest Migration in Human History. Zed Books, 2012. Hannigan, John. Fantasy City: Pleasure and Profit in the Postmodern Metropolis. November 12, 1998 Alexandar, Christopher. “The City is Not a Tree”. 1966. Frédéric Edelmann; Palais de Chaillot.; Centre de Cultura Contemporània.; Jordi Balló.; Da Shi Serge Barto.; John Crisp.; In the Chinese city : perspectives on the transmutations of an empire. Barcelona: 2008. Architectural Design : The Big Feet Aesthetic and the Art of Survival Kongjian Yu BEIJING MAY 2012 http://www. turenscape.com/english/news/view.php?id=281 A.K.L. Kwonga,*, M. Wangb, C.F. Leea, K.T. Lawc. A review of landslide problems and mitigation measures in Chongqing and Hong Kong: similarities and differences August 2006.

Above: Section Through Direct Path

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Selected Bibliography Image Credit: http://www.meiyatravel.com/upfiles/2010/12/05/10265229.jpg Title Old Chongqing http://www.turenscape.com/english/projects/project. php?id=324 Turenscape Shenyang Architectural University Campus http://butdoesitfloat.com/The-world-as-it-is-now-wants-to-diewants-to-perish-and-it-will Photographer Toshio Shibata Campanella, Thomas J. The Concrete Dragon: China’s Urban Revolution and What It Means for the World. New York: Princeton Architectural Press, 2008. Print. Miller, Tom. China’s Urban Billion: The Story Behind the Biggest Migration in Human History. Zed Books, 2012. Hannigan, John. Fantasy City: Pleasure and Profit in the Postmodern Metropolis. November 12, 1998 Alexandar, Christopher. “The City is Not a Tree”. 1966. Frédéric Edelmann; Palais de Chaillot.; Centre de Cultura Contemporània.; Jordi Balló.; Da Shi Serge Barto.; John Crisp.; In the Chinese city : perspectives on the transmutations of an empire. Barcelona: 2008. Architectural Design : The Big Feet Aesthetic and the Art of Survival Kongjian Yu BEIJING MAY 2012 http://www. turenscape.com/english/news/view.php?id=281 A.K.L. Kwonga,*, M. Wangb, C.F. Leea, K.T. Lawc. A review of landslide problems and mitigation measures in Chongqing and Hong Kong: similarities and differences August 2006.

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AWAKE 醒

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AWAKE: The Revitalization of the Ancient Town Ciqikou

China

Chongqing is a city with a rich history, profound culture, and unique geography. Ciqikou, located in the Shapingba District, was once the bustling port of entry for trade into the city. Famous for supporting the porcelain trade, the port became known as The Porcelain Mouth and was a prized possession of China’s Emperors. But now, with the infiltration of modern society, the cultural identity of Ciqikou is being threatened. Along with Ciqikou’s historical and cultural decline, the area faces other challenges such as a limited economy, harsh urban landscape, infrastructural deficiencies, and decline of the housing stock. The design focuses on the renewal of four vital nodes - the waterfront, Crossing Square, Gaoshikan, and a new train station - to revitalize the ancient town of Ciqikou.

重庆是一个城市丰富的历史，文化底蕴深厚，独特的地理环境. 磁器口位于重庆市沙坪坝区中，曾经繁华的港口进入入城贸易. 用于支持贸易瓷而闻名，被称为瓷嘴港口成为中国的皇帝是珍贵的财产. 但是现在，随着现代社会的渗透，磁器口的文化认同受到威胁. 随着磁器口的历史和文化的衰落，该地区面临的其他挑战，如有限的经济，恶劣的城市景观，基础设施不足，住房存量下降. 其设计着重于四个重要节点的续约 - 海滨，隧道广场，一个新的火车站 - 振兴古镇磁器口.

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OLD TOWN IN A NEW CITY 在一个新的城市的老城区

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Old Town in a New City: A Trade School for Building Conservation

F. Julian Lemon

Introduction Over the past two decades china has emerged as a world super power. It boasts the largest population in world (six billion), the second largest economy (behind the U.S.), and some of the largest urban areas on earth. The phenomenon of rural to urban migration is creating huge shifts in the country’s population distribution. Current estimates indicate China is currently 50% urban and 50% rural; although, the urban population expected to rise to 70% by the year 2035 according to a U.N. study. Currently 95% of China’s population live in the eastern part of the country which is more urban and developed. The remaining 5% live in Western China, which is mostly rural. The Chinese Government (PRC) wants to change this dynamic by bringing reform and urbanization (which often go hand and hand) to western China. The PRC (Peoples Republic of China) has invested a lot of money into making this a reality; this is evident in China’s fastest growing city, Chongqing. Chongqing has become known as “The gateway to the West” because of it’s opportune location between western and eastern China and it’s location along the Yangtze River. It was elevated to a Special Economic Zone (SEZ) in 1997 to start growth out west. This designation puts Chongqing under the direct control of the government and make it a very important city that could

influence the rest of the country, especially the growing west. Chongqing like many cities in China is urbanizing very quickly. The architectural implications of this are unmistakable: the demolition of traditional architecture, proliferation of high-rise buildings, and a booming construction market. Pritzker prize winner Wang Shu critiques this atmosphere by noting:

“In the past twenty five years, [China] did an incredible thing ... One country with three to five thousand years of history, with such rich cultural and traditional things ... made a big decision to demolish it. Ninety percent, just in the past twenty-five years. They do this and then build some new things “ This project is set in Ciqikou, Chongqing and explores the possibilities of new and old architecture forming a new typology for Chongqing and possibly the rest of western China.

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Old Town New City

Chongqing (the ‘new city’ in the title) has emerged as one of China’s most important cities. It served as the wartime capitol during the Japanese invasion and is an important trading route due to the yangzte and Jialing river. Since its designation in 1997 as a SEZ, Chongqing has grown at breakneck speed. Ciqikou (the ‘old town’ in the title) is an ancient Chinese village located in the Shapingba district of Chonqing. The small town, was once the only entrance into Chongqing. Because of its proximity to the Jialing river, it was a prosperous trading hub. Ciqikou once had 1670 banks, stores, and manufactures; 760 family stores and 300 ships/ boats coming in and out of the harbor daily. There is an interesting dynamic between Chongqing and Ciqikou. Chongqing is growing while Ciqikou’s population is declining. Chongqing is being built new from the ground up, while Ciqikou is being torn down. The once booming trade hub and neighborhood is now a few streets of commercial tourism.

Title image: Ciqikou Building Trade School Proposal Above (Left): China’s population distribution Above (Right): Chongqing municipal area and regions

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Ciqikou at a crisis

Because of increasing industrial scales, a new harbor was built on Hanyu Road during the late 1950’s. This new harbor rendered Ciqikou useless as a commercial port. When industry and commercial activity left Ciqikou, business men moved out with there families, which caused individuals in the service industry to move as well. The population declined and Ciqikou fell into disrepair: buildings were not maintained, infrastructure was deteriorating, and locals were moving out in search of better conditions.

Initial Revitalization

In the late 1990’s, recognizing the poor conditions and declining population of Ciqikou, the government decided to act. Ciqikou was designated historically significant and received the maintenance that it desperately needed, although only to commercial areas. The residential areas in Ciqikou are still in poor condition.

Current Concerns Building Deterioration

The current state of residential housing is still poor. As much as 35% of buildings are described as dilapidated and 15% are described as structurally and man Roofing is incomplete, wall are crumbling. Fire hazard Because much of the building stock is made of wood, there is a serious hazard of fire spreading from one building to the next in Ciqikou. As recently as 2003 there was a major fire that destroyed several houses and businesses. Water & Waste A lack of rest room facilities and running water has lead to many residents moving out of Ciqikou Power Infrastructure Because electricity is unreliable many residents use generators which are haphazardly attached to buildings. Even the power lines themselves are placed in precarious positions

Right: Images of current site conditions (top to bottom): 1.Wall deterioration 2. Lack of maintenance 3. Add-on infrastructure 4. Damage from fire 145 Lemon | 3

TYPICAL HOUSING MORPHOLOGY

A simple Three Room Jian

As the household becomes prosperous additions are added

Kang

In Southern China, open space usually results from “excavating” a “well” on the interior (Knapp)

Kang

Openings can be duplicated and the dwelling grows

source: Knapp pg.26

CLAY TILE TYPOLOGIES

STRUCTURAL JOINERY

Cultural Significance

STRUCTURAL FRAMING

Left: Ancient architectural aesthetics Center: Ciqikou site map

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The cultural significance of Ciqikou stems from its role as the gateway to Chongqing, it’s prosperity from trade, and it’s vernacular architecture. The fact that Ciqikou is ancient is big draw and a reason why it’s culturally important. The majority of the architecture in Ciqikou is wooden-framed Chaundou (or Chuan Dou) style structures. This style looks very similar to the western Half-Timbered architecture. The Chuan Dou style uses heavy timber pillars and transverse tie beams. The weight of the room is carried by the timbers which allows for and flexible interior and exterior walls. In fact exterior walls don’t carry any load and are often made of mud and bamboo. It was routine for heavy rains to wash away the exterior wall material of a house and leave the wooden frame in tact. The owner would then fill the wall back up with mud or some other available material.

mil

ra d

ius

CIQIKOU

JIALING RIVER CBC YANGTZE RIVER

CIQIKOU CIQIKOU PRIMARY BOUNDARIES + TRANSIT CONNECTIONS

JIALING RIVER + STREAMS

Site

Ciqikou, is located approximately 8 miles from Chongqing’s downtown. It is an island not only because of its unique architecture, but also because its physical boundaries. The Jialing River, two creeks and a major highway confine the site. Ciqikou can be broken into four different areas: commercial (red), residential (blue), harbor (tan) and mixed commercial (black). This project focuses on the deteriorated residential area indicate by blue in the diagram to the right. Ciqikou is all pedestrian, the main path is indicated by the red dashed line. This path is mostly walked by tourist buy food, tea, and trinkets. The green dashed lines are the less noticeable paths taken by residents

WATER FRONT HWY

SECONDARY CITY ROAD

BUS STOP

NATIONAL HWY 212

SUBWAY-LIGHT RAIL

GATE WAY

TRANSIT STOP

MAIN PEDESTRIAN STREET

CIQIKOU

MAJOR PED. PATH VEHICULAR TRAFFIC

CIQIKOU SITE CHARACTERISTICS WATERFRONT + HARBOR

PRIMARY COMMERCIAL

HARBOR

PRIMARY COMMERCIAL SECONDARY COMMERCIAL

C D

SECONDARY COMMERCIAL DISTRICT

MAIN PEDESTRIAN STREET

RESIDENTIAL AREA

SECONDARY PEDESTRIAN STREET

RESIDENTIAL

D B

Right: Site diagrams

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an example and catalyst to what could happen throughout the entire site. program consists to of what classroom learning about traditional an The example and catalyst could for happen throughout the entire architecture and construction andclassroom a shop tofor carry these methods out. If site. The program consists of learning about traditional a resident of Ciqikou wanted to and make improvements to his/ her house. architecture and construction a shop to carry these methods out. If They would come to thewanted schoolto and beginimprovements training with to a master. the a resident of Ciqikou make his/ herAt house. end of the training, resident begin to work onahis/ her home They would come the to the schoolwould and begin training with master. At the with of othersthe in the school. In this waytothe school is spreading endthe of help the training, resident would begin work on his/ her home cultural knowledge and inimproving condition of with the help of others the school. upon In this the way physical the school is spreading Ciqikou as knowledge well. The site the trade school is anphysical abandoned factoryof cultural andforimproving upon the condition centrally a 15min walking distance. Ciqikoulocated as well.and Thewithin site for the trade school is an abandoned factory The exterior walls the building stripped to use the Chuandou centrally located andofwithin a 15minare walking distance. frame The styleexterior as a base structure. Concrete forms are inserted into this walls of the building are stripped to use the Chuandou structure creating contrasting element to theforms wood are frame. The concrete frame style as aabase structure. Concrete inserted into this is structure self supporting also supports the wood frame. creating but a contrasting element to the wood frame.Connections The concrete between the wood timber and supports concrete wall a madeframe. with steel connecis self supporting but also the wood Connections between thethe wood timberwall. and concrete wall a made with steel connections cast into concrete tions into the concrete wall. Thecast shop would specialize in repairing wood frames, building forms The shop would specialize in repairing wood frames, for reinforced concrete and repairing damaged walls. Sincebuilding most offorms the for reinforced concrete andexceed repairing damaged walls. most the structures in Ciqikou do not 3 stories the size of Since the shop is of base Ciqikou do not exceed the size of thewould shop is base onstructures a 40ft log.inThe addition of this 35003sf,stories two-story program allow on a 40ft log. The addition of this 3500 sf, two-story program would allow Above: (Left) West Elevation, (Right) North Elevation Below: First(Left) floorWest planElevation, (Right) North Elevation Above: Below: First floor plan

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SHOP SHOP CLASS ROOM CLASS ROOM CONFERENCE/ CONFERENCE/

1 A001

Shop Ground Floor 1/16" = 1'-0" Shop Ground Floor 1/16" = 1'-0"

1 A001

Shop Ground Floor 1/16" = 1'-0" Shop Ground Floor 1/16" = 1'-0"

SHOP SHOP CLASS ROOM CLASS ROOM CONFERENCE/ CONFERENCE/

for: storage of 800 logs, a de-barker, four table saw, and 10 work benches. Second of the trade is designated for a for: storageThe of 800 logs,floor a de-barker, four school table saw, and 10 work gallery, a The conference and four classrooms. benches. Second room floor of the trade school is designated for a gallery, a conference room and four classrooms.

Conclusion Can and ancient Conclusion

architecture survive in a rapidly urbanizing civilization? is the question that this project addresses. Ciqikou Can and This ancient architecture survive in a rapidly urbanizing is Chongqingâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s ancient village. It isproject beingaddresses. threatenedCiqikou by detecivilization? This last is the question that this conditions and avillage. growingIt is Chongqing. To make isriorating Chongqingâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s last ancient being threatened by Ciqikou deterelevant conditions and livableand its importance must be taught and reiterated. riorating a growing Chongqing. To make Ciqikou Ciqikouand mustlivable be conserved, as opposed relevant its importance must to be preserved. taught andConservation reiterated. is acknowledging the challenges that Ciqikou faces and being willing Ciqikou must be conserved, as opposed to preserved. Conservation introduce newthe with the old. This is what isto acknowledging challenges thatjuxtaposition Ciqikou facesand andcontrast being willing tomakes introduce new like withthe theLouvre old. This juxtaposition and contrast is whatso projects (Paris) and Castelvecchio (Verona) makes projectsBylike the Louvrethe (Paris) and Castelvecchio (Verona) so interesting. introducing program of a trade school changes interesting. introducing the program of a make trade Ciqikou school changes can start toBy happen that could once again a vibrant, can starttown. to happen that could once again make Ciqikou a vibrant, livable livable town.

Above: (Left) South Elevation, (Right) East Elevation 2 WS 2nd Floor Below: Second Floor Plan Above: (Left) South Elevation, (Right) East Elevation A001 1/16" = 1'-0" 2 WS 2nd Floor Below: SecondA001 Floor Plan 1/16" = 1'-0"

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Above: Interior Rendering of of Shop Above: Interior Rendering Shop

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Selected Bibliography Campanella, Thomas J. The Concrete Dragon: Chinaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Urban Revolution and What It Means for the World. New York: Princeton Architectural, 2008. Print. Knapp, Ronald G. Chinaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Old Dwellings. Honolulu: University of Hawaii, 2000. Print. Mars, Neville, and Adrian Hornsby. The Chinese Dream: A Society under Construction. Rotterdam: 010, 2008. Print. Cao, Hua-jun. Street Design and Human Inhabitation: Toward Cities as the Production of Time, Space and Being. N.p.: n.p., 2004. Print. World Urbanization Prospects the 2011 Revision. New York: United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division, 2012. Print. Websites: http://www.designboom.com/architecture/nle-architectsfloating-school-in-makoko/ Not about China, Floating School precedent http://www.tiwy.com/pais/china/2011/chongqing/ciqikoushapingba/eng.phtml Travel Site with article on CQ http://www.szetsungleong.com/h_unfinishedhwy.htm Blog, for pictures of Ciqikou http://members.virtualtourist.com/m/p/m/f8f6f/ Blog, for pictures of Ciqikou http://www.thechonx.com/category/tourism/shapingba/ Blog about living in Chongqing http://discoveringurbanism.blogspot.com/ A Blog, not much on China, but urbanism in general http://www.stats.gov.cn/english/ National Beureau of Statistics of China http://chinadataonline.org/

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THE PORCELAIN MOUTH 瓷器口

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THE PORCELAIN MOUTH: Reclaiming the Ancient Harbor of Chongqing.

E R IV

G RI V

JIA

Floating Markets, Pop-up Carnival + Open Space.

YA N G

Angela Taffe

Project Summary China is in a critical moment in history, where physical memory of the past is being erased for the development of the new Chinese city. Ciqikou (The Porcelain Mouth or Porcelain Port) is one of the last well-preserved traditional towns that dates back to the Ming and Qing dynasty in Chongqing. As Chongqing continues to grow, it will be important to conserve it’s remaining traditional ways of life while moving at the speed of light to rapidly urbanize for it’s growing 32 million. The old port of Ciqikou is no longer viable as a large scale industrial port needed in the city of Chongqing; instead it has proved to be a successful tourist destination for local and foreign visitors. A redevelopment of the waterfront area will help this town reclaim its historic significance on the river while creating open space that accommodates the modern needs of the future. The reintroduction of a floating market, space for yearly festivals, and seasonally changing programs, this development looks at the dynamic edge of the river and brings the town into the next generation of river’s edge open space.

SHANGHAI

CHONGQING

Above: (left) Perspective of Floating Boat Market; (top) Confluence of Jialing + Yangtze Rivers; (middle) Panoramic of elevated highway straddling the site; (bottom) Map of the Yangtze River basin and its connection to Central China 157

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Bao Lun Temple (MING DYNASTY)

Traditional Court Yard House (MING DYNASTY)

Han Lin Academy

1 3

T RAIL

LIGH ION STAT

The Old Town, Ciqikou For thousands of years, the only way to travel to this part of China was through the waterways. Ciqikou’s Harbor was the entry point to Chongqing, which made it a very important stopping point on the river. Ciqikou as a town existed based on its access to the Jialing river way. As a major material and resource transition for downstream cities, Ciqikou became one of the most prosperous cities in southwest China. The port created a flurry of exchange of goods, such as cotton, fabric, coal, gasoline, salt, sugar, western products, local porcelain, paper, and cigarettes. The main export locally was the unique porcelain china that gave this town its name. The waterfront was a natural landscape where temporary streets were made for the various boats coming in and out of the port. These temporary streets were created for the unpre(Above) Historic Context + Current Conditions: Locating distinguishing site features

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UIX

The Porcelain Port

Main Commercial District

Secondary Commercial

Residential District

bus stop pedestrian path gateways roads + highway

dictable nature of the water and functioned as different themed strips of goods that came in and out.The boats that came to the site would be covered in goods that would become a kind of floating market to sell goods to locals. The use today is quite different from its past. Ciqikou is no longer the primary port of Chongqing and could not support the industrial scale of port that Chongqing needs today.The primary port moved when Chongqing industrialized during the 1950’s and has contributed to the downfall of Ciqikou’s prominence in the region.Today, Ciqikou is most successful as a tourist destination and has proven to attract many foreign and local visitors to the site. As this town re-establishes itself as a dominant part of history and entertainment in Chongqing, it is imperative for the site to re-claim its waterfront area as a dominant part of the site.

BAO L TEM UN PLE

PAG O

TMEN APAR

VENDOR

TEA HO

S - GAME

USE

RESTAU

RANT

-V

INFORMA L SEATING

KET

ELR POST Y CARD S

APARTMENT

FOOD -

JEW

TRIN

SHO

SHO P SHO P

PAR K

APARTMENTS

YOUTH HOSTEL

FOOD - VENDORS

APARTMENT

- GAMES

-G

-V

CARNIVAL RIDES

INFORMA L SEATING

-G

CARNIVAL RIDES

ROLLER SKATING RINK

INFLATABLE GAMES

FER

BUMPER CAR

CAROUSEL

RY B

RES

TAU

OAT

RAN

MERCHANT BOAT

Above: (top left) Image of natural landscape of the waterfront area; (lower left) Main gate separating commercial district from waterfront; (top right) Floating boat market in Bangkok; (lower right) Floating market in China. (Bottom) Map of Existing site program + conditions 159

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SUMMER

AUTUMN

WINTER

The Site: Modern Pressures + Temporal Use The waterfront area has multiple pressures creates opportunities and challenges for the redevelopment of the site. Topographically this site is located on top of a small mountain and the streets are built up along the contours. Naturally, this site is bounded by waterways on three sides and a national highway on the fourth. An elevated highway that follows the river further cuts off the east side of the site and abruptly ends at the waterfront. This condition represents the fast moving development in Chongqing and competes for space on the waters edge. The river floods seasonally, putting most of open space at the rivers edge underwater for long periods of time, taking away valuable vendor space and recreation area.The way that vendors have dealt with the influx of water is to allow everything populating the waterfront to be temporary or floating. Vendors have pop-up stalls that easily get put away daily or seasonally. Rides or carnival activities stay up all through the dry-season when the water is low and are removed when the rains come during the wet-season. These activities are the outcropping of this main market that is tucked into the site, but spills out along the contours into informal types of programs (carnival rides, food vendors, games, etc.) Above: (top) Drawing of old market street (source: University of Chongqing); Diagram of seasonal flooding conditions on the waterfront; (right) Image of drought conditions and picnicking at the edge; (bottom right) Flood conditions, taken July 2012. (source: unknown) 160

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TYPICAL

SPRING

Conservation of Tradition and Building Attraction The main event and destination of Ciqikou is the waterfront area. Instead of variety of games and activities, amenities, and excitement, the visitor is presented with deteriorating hard surfaces, lack of organization and way finding, little access to the water, and at times of flooding, no open space to enjoy. Through design intervention, this waterfront area could not only redefine the amenities and activities on the site, but also accommodate new programs. Referencing its historic past, designing for the fluctuating water levels, and learning from its everyday use, design intervention will try to reclaim the waterfront area as the main destination on the site.

Above: (top) Perspective of waterfront design of Dragon Boat Festival; (right) Sketch models and drawings of design process

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Floating Market, Pop-Carnival, and Open Space Looking at Ciqikouâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s past and present use of temporary streets and pop-up activities, waterfront redevelopment looks at carving the landscape to allow small boats to enter into the site for a floating market. The platforms between accommodate specific programs while staying flexible enough to maintain as multi-functional open space. The process of developing the scheme of the landscape started identifying the historic references on site, while directing pathway from the main part of the site.The process is as follows: cut, radially from the pagoda; open, for small boat market to enter; shape, for seasonal programs. The themes for each platform or space from left to right include: Dock, Help, Learn, View, Eat, Exchange, Ride, Swim, and Rest. Each land theme is paired with a water theme, or a floating program that corresponds with what is happening on shore. The new floating programs include: KTV, Tai Chi, public rest rooms, pool barge, and a concert barge. The existing floating programs include: ferry boats and restaurant boats. When flooding occurs these floating programs move into the site and replace the open space that is now underwater. Above: (top) Panoramic of existing waterfront; Circulation and Program diagrams of design proposal. Right: Site rendering of proposal

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Dock, Help, Learn, View, Eat, Exchange, Ride, Swim, and Rest Dock is a long pier bridge that extends out into the water that allows for large boats to dock as well as loading and unloading of goods. Help is at the entrance/exit of the site to give info on navigating the site and emergency help. Learn is the dock for kid games and learning platforms at the mouth of the creek, where kids can learn about water systems and have a safe access to water.View is a terraced platform that is oriented towards the elevated highway, which has an outdoor screen for watching film and a stage for performance. Eat is a platform that is adjacent to an existing restaurant and tea house, here people come for an outdoor dining experience. Exchange is the space between the platforms where the floating market is located. Ride is the main platform located centrally which houses the pop-up carnival rides and informal vendor markets. Swim is the platform where water is accessible for swimming with an inland pool, beach access and pool barge. Finally, Rest is shaded park accessible for local residents to have a place near the water.

Above: Image caption information.

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Above: (top) Seasonal Flooding diagrams, high water conditions to low water conditions; (bottom) Sections of changing water conditions + Programmatic shifts; Left: Site plan and On Land + On Water diagrams

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Flexibility + Future Use The site has specific uses but has been designed to remain flexible for change in the future and the ability for one event to take place, such as the yearly festivals (Dragon Boat Race, Harvest Festival, and New Years festivals). The key for designing for future use is creating space that is not over designed or too specific, so that as functions change on site the space will hopefully not need to be redesigned until disrepair requires it. As the waterfront area reclaims prominence on the site, its possible for the greater whole of the site to regain significance. With more equipped facilities for the selling of goods and possibility for new programs, the waters edge can now provide greater opportunities for vendors. The flexibility and dynamism of the waters edge will always present different experiences each time one visits.

Above: Panoramic of waterfront area, looking north

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Selected Bibliography Burdett, Richard, and Deyan Sudjic. The Endless City:The Urban Age Project by the London School of Economics and Deutsche Bankâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Alfred Herrhausen Society. London: Phaidon, 2007. Print. Cao, Hua-Jun. Street Design and Human Inhabitation:Toward Cities as the production of Time, Space, and Being. Iowa State University. 2004. Campanella, Thomas J. The Concrete Dragon. New York: Princeton University Press, 2008. McGee, T. G. Chinaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Urban Space: Development under Market Socialism. London: Routledge, 2007. Print. Stanek, Lukasz. Henri Lefebvre on Space: Architecture, Urban Research, and the Production of Theory / Lukasz Stanek. Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota, 2011. Print. Stoll, Katrina, Scott Lloyd, and Stan Allen. Infrastructure as Architecture: Designing Composite Networks. Berlin: Jovis, 2010. Print. White, Mason. Coupling: Strategies for Infrastructural Opportunism. New York: Princeton Architectural, 2010. Print.

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For additional copy information contact

METROPOLITAN DESIGN CENTER University of Minnesota 1 Ralph Rapson Hall, 89 Church Street S.E., Minneapolis, MN 55455-0109 www.designcenter.umn.edu