Boston City Hall Plaza by Chris Young

AUTHORS

Rachel Rittler, ASLA BSLA West Virginia University, 2014

Nathan Sweitzer, ASLA BSLA West Virginia University, 2014 Kimley-Horn and Associates

Christopher Young, ASLA, LEED GA BSLA West Virginia University, 2014 LandDesign

CONTENTS

Acknowledgments

Introduction

III

Literature Review

Problem Statement

Scope

Methodology & Process Program Development Mission Statement Goals & Objectives Program

Inventory & Analysis Context History Site Conditions Context Analysis Infrastructure Physical Inventory Composite Analysis

Design Process Physical Study Model Compatibility Matrices Bubble Diagrams Site Related Functional Diagram Conceptual Master Plan Preliminary Master Plan Case Studies Design Concept Concept Sketches

Solutions & Recommendations Master Plan Support Drawings Planting Design Stormwater Management

105

Annotated Bibliography

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

We would like to recognize the following individuals for their support throughout our final semester of study.

Lisa Orr, ASLA, RLA

Assistant Professor, WVU

For being the best project advisor we could ask for! For keeping us focused on issues significant to the outcome of our project and for sharing her vast knowledge and expert opinion, we are sincerely thankful.

Kathyrn Wittner, ASLA, USGBC

Assistant Professor, WVU

For her thoughtful critiques and for pushing our thinking process â&#x20AC;&#x153;outside the boxâ&#x20AC;?. For her willingness to help and making herself available whenever we needed assistance.

Colin McCardle

Mayor

For providing us with the most up-to-date and out-of-date music during our long hours in the studio. For his eagerness to bluntly and wholeheartedly critique our work on a dayto-day basis. And most importantly, for his humor and carefree attitude that kept us sane throughout the semester, we love you Colin.

Nina Chase, ASLA

Landscape Architect, Sasaki Associates

For her willingness to help gather and provide information on our project site.

Adrian Fehrmann, ASLA, RLA

Landscape Architect, Reed Hilderbrand

For his assistance in providing information on the work previously completed on our project site.

INTRODUCTION

Public space is many times a decisive quality people demand when looking to settle in an urban scenario. Todayâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s cities are focused on leading the way to more innovative design solutions, supporting residents and attracting visitors. The city of Boston is in this process, aiming to provide the public with more opportunities for passive and active recreation. City Hall Plaza has the capability of becoming a popular destination, currently forgotten in the historical context of downtown Boston. Looking past the plazaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s use as an event platform, its remaining purpose is not evident. The plaza has a controversial complexion that undermines its existence as a relevant space within the city, collapsing it further into disrepair. Noted as the worst public plaza in the United States, the importance of its redesign has never been so apparent. Through the determination and dedication of our design team, City Hall Plaza will at last become a valuable and cherished treasure to the city of Boston.

LITERATURE REVIEW

“Where do city people like to be? Not where they feel intimidated by rushing traffic or the blank walls of massive office towers. Not where getting from here to there entails a long walk, wait, or tiresome climb. Not in a blazing or frigid windswept expanse of paving. Not where there is little of interest to see or do. People prefer instead to be in or move through ways and places of comfort, interest, and delight. They enjoy the meandering walk through contracting and expanding spaces. They enjoy the charm of diminutive nooks and passageways - of places where they can rest, to talk or people-watch. Such experiences are seldom happenstance; they must be thoughtfully planned.” John Simonds - Landscape Architecture “Extensive studies indicate that a lack of urban green space can have negative mental health effects that include increased stress, mental fatigue and cognitive impairment – which in turn can have significant physical health implications. Urban green space – especially where neighbors participate in greening activities – can also contribute to building strong, safe communities.” Evergreen “Areas and spaces are minute in scale. Scale, both induced and inductive, is an important design consideration. An object well suited to the open field could be overwhelming in the cityscape. A giant tree, for example, might dwarf an urban complex, while a dwarf tree could give it increased and more desirable visual dimension.” John Simonds - Landscape Architecture

III

PROBLEM STATEMENT

Although not a typical residual space, Boston City Hall Plaza is a derelict urban space in the heart of the city seen by many as a wasted opportunity. Wasted urban space has become a highly debatable issue and designers are turning their focus to the revitalization of these spaces to reinvigorate the urban environment. There have been many proposals completed by students and professionals to redesign the plaza and building to change the perception of the space from a failing urban plaza to one that promotes sustainability and addresses the social needs of those working and living in the adjacent areas. City Hall Plaza was recently voted as the number one square most dramatically in need of improvement in the U.S. by the Project for Public Spaces. The location of the plaza and the proximity to public transportation offers an opportunity to create a vibrant, socially active, successful public space but the current design negates these opportunities. Landscapes developed along ecological lines will serve to create a powerful aesthetic form. Landscape design reflects humanityâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s dependence upon the land ethic and serves as opportunity to reintegrate natural processes within the urban environment. Boston City Hall Plaza exists as a derelict urban landscape void of all natural processes. Replacing â&#x20AC;&#x153;natureâ&#x20AC;? does not fit within the context of the site and the urban environment; however, a program developed along ecological lines will reduce the obscurity of nature in the city and reintroduce sustainable ecological processes in an area that has neglected sustainability in the last half century. Treating the landscape as a process capable of responding to social needs and biological requirements will reintroduce social interaction while connecting people with nature in an urban context. Involvement of users will be critical to the success of our project, as the program will be developed from public input and the social needs of the city.

SCOPE The scope of this project focuses on the function and aesthetics of the plaza. As of now it is a dysfunctional and underutilized space. We plan to incorporate site specific elements to bring a sense of purpose to this space. The redesign will promote a series of integrated program elements to bring a sense of place to this desolate area and also provide beautification to the location. This space is in the center of the city and should be utilized by visitors and residents alike. Providing a pedestrian friendly environment with site specific activities will provide a breath of life into this brick desert. This site is crucial not only to the city of Boston but also as a model to other urban plazas. This is one of the most historic cities in the country; millions of visitors flock to this area every year so it is imperative that the center be an enjoyable place where people can come and congregate for a variety of reasons. Whether people believe the plaza should be torn apart of left alone one thing is clear: the plaza is unsuccessful as a public space. This redesign will prove to be the missing link to the cityâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s urban green space network. A magnificent plaza should be implemented to capture the historic character of the area that promotes it as one of the most unique and historic cities in the United States.

METHODOLOGY & PROCESS

Mission Statement Goals & Objectives Program

Program Development Inventory & Analysis Context History Site Conditions Context Analysis Infrastructure Physical Inventory Composite Analysis

Design Process Physical Study Model Compatibility Matrices Bubble Diagrams Site Related Functional Diagram Conceptual Master Plan Preliminary Master Plan Case Studies Design Concept Concept Sketches

Mission Statement

The mission of this project is to transform the Boston City Hall Plaza from an underutilized urban landscape into a vibrant, welcoming, and ecologically sensitive space. Creating a culturally inclusive landscape for public gathering, entertainment, and passive recreation will reestablish the plaza as a pedestrian destination. The space will function as a centralized gathering node providing physical, visual, and social connections to the surrounding city fabric. Implementing innovative green infrastructure techniques will reduce the plazaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s environmental impact while heightening the ecological consciousness in the urban area.

program development 02

Goals & Objectives

Diversity

Environmental Performance

Create a destination that engages a wide variety of people including tourists, residents and employees.

Develop a solution which enhances the environmental performance of the plaza by implementing innovative strategies.

•

• • • • • •

Create a circulatory plan that enhances site walkability Draw people into the space by enhancing focal points Design with respect to enhancing personal security and sense of safety Respond to site inventory and analysis to enhance user experience Create a unique atmosphere that promotes a place for social recreation and events Enhance city life through planned events, social and active recreation, and education Create a plan that is flexible and phase-able over an appropriate time frame

•

Interaction Create an environment that is educational and interactive. • • • •

Connectivity Generate a site plan that serves as a connection to surrounding amenities, enhancing the visitor’s overall experience. • • • •

Establish connection between the plaza, Boston Common, and Rose Kennedy Greenway Create a transitions between street, plaza, and areas of historical importance Respond to site inventory and analysis to enhance user experience Develop a plan that responds to Boston’s current and future multi-modal transportation services.

Sense of Place Incorporate the historical and cultural importance of the city. • • • •

Utilize surrounding destinations and amenities to preserve city’s integrity Celebrate and promote on-site historical events Preserve and enhance visual connections to landmarks and destinations Promote cultural events

Reduce heat island effect through the reduction paved surfaces and increased tree canopy Reduce stormwater runoff by 75% to minimize potential combined sewer overflow

•

Design a space that utilizes all senses Make primary circulation paths ADA accessible Guide users through the site by creating focal points and framing views Incorporate education components to enhance visitors’ experience Provide interactive elements to peak interest

Continuity Reintegrate City Hall and adjacent buildings with the landscape. • • •

Soften appearance of architecture by incorporating innovative design techniques Unify transition between architecture and landscape Create visual and physical connections to surrounding green space to unify public space in downtown areas

Program

Social

Structures

• Performance Spaces

• Formal (22,000 people capacity)

• Informal

• Large/main gathering space • Small/Intimate gathering spaces • Seating

• Renovated City Hall • Planned MBTA station • Bicycle Facility

• Bike lockers

• Bike share

• Bus Shelters

• Street Vendor Spaces • Interactive water feature

Environmental Performance

• Movable seating

• Ecosystem biodiversity

• Information systems

• Increase tree canopy

• Increase plant diversity

• Signage

• Green Infrastructure

• Innovative stormwater management

program development 04

Context City Hall Plaza is located on the Atlantic coast in Boston, Massachusetts.

City Hall Plaza is located in the center of downtown Boston yet is disconnected from the surrounding city fabric. The disconnection, both physical and perceived leaves the large civic space subject to redevelopment.

The plaza boundaries are largely defined by the street around it. The site contains local, state, and federal government buildings, defining it as central node within the city.

Context Images

inventory and analysis 06

Timeline

1885

Businesses grow and adapt to meet the needs of the new immigrant class. The square becomes the center of commercial activity

1795

A landmark fourstory building is bought by William Scollay. Citizens and visitors begin to call the spot Scollay Square

1869

1919

A huge mob gathers at Scollay Square during the Boston Police Strike. It is as dramatic as the cavalry charge

The Horace Mann School for the deaf opens at Pemberton Square

Scollay Under subway station opens. It is the third oldest operating subway station in the MBTA system

Cotton Hill was flattened and transformed into Pemberton Square. A neighborhood of bowfront homes, shops, and boutiques are built

1898

1832

Alexander Graham Bell and Thomas Watson hear the first sound of a human voice via wires on the City Hall Plaza site

1875

After the war, Scollay Square begins to advertise more towards sailors on leave and college students. Burlesque shows and other undesirable activities become popular

1947

2002

Over a million people flood the streets to watch the parade for the Super Bowl Champion New England Patriots. The parade ended at City Hall Plaza

1956

City officials begin planning the redevelopment of Scollay Square to remove lower-income residents and troubled businesses

1962

2006

The plazaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s only water feature is paved over due to years of leakage and maintenance issues

1963

An open design competition for a new City Hall is announced and won by architectural firm Kallmann, McKinnell & Knowles

2014

Scollay and Pemberton Squares are demolished and construction on City Hall and the plaza begins

Construction on both the plaza and building are completed

1968

The Project for Public Spaces ranks the plaza the worst public space in the United States

Renovation of the MBTA Government Center station begins

The Government Center Garage Redevelopment proposal is approved by the Boston Redevelopment Authority

2013

2005

inventory and analysis 08

Peak Conditions Images of City Hall Plaza during early 1970s

Current Conditions Images of the current condition of the plaza. Over the past four decades the plaza has fallen into disrepair.

inventory and analysis 10

Greenspace Analysis

1/4 mile radius

1/2 mile radius

1 mile

Christopher Columbus Park

Boston’s dedication to public park land dates back to the early 1600’s when the Boston Common ( the oldest city park in the United States) was constructed in 1634. In an effort to link the Common and other public park land in the city, Frederick Law Olmsted designed the Emerald Necklace in the late 1800’s. Although Olmsted’s plan was never fully realized, much of the Emerald Necklace was constructed and is a popular destination today. In 1991, construction began on the “Big Dig” to replace Interstate-93, a six-lane highway bisecting downtown Boston, with a tunnel system that would reestablish physical connections within the city. A linear urban park system known as the Rose Kennedy Greenway now exists on the roof of the tunnel. The 15-acre greenway traverses through downtown and provides a variety of pedestrian destinations.

Rose Kennedy Greenway

Boston Common

Green space between the historic Boston Common and the modern Rose Kennedy Greenway in sparse and City Hall Plaza stands as a void within the larger park system of Boston. Located in close proximity to both the Boston Common and the Rose Kennedy Greenway, the redevelopment of City Hall Plaza provides an opportunity to connect the existing green space in the downtown area. Creating physical and visual connections to adjacent green space will help reconnect City Hall Plaza with the urban fabric and reestablish the plaza as a destination in downtown Boston.

Emerald Necklace

natural

designed

7.6

100 ural

7.2

4.6

4.4

(% of natural vs. designed parkland)

ca go ch i

elp hi lad ph i

ne w

yo rk

cit

sto n bo

ca go ch i

elp hi lad ph i

ne w

yo rk

cit

sto n

(acres of parkland/ 1,000 residents)

inventory and analysis 12

Proximity Analysis

“The Walking City”

75%

of all trips within downtown are made by people walking from one place to another

5 Mi n

ute

Mile s

te nu

0. 6

10 M i

W or

City Hall Plaza

al k W 7%

13%

2000

Within 10 Minute Walk: - Waterfront - Old North Church - Fairmont Battery Wharf - Boston Public Garden - TD Garden - Shriners Hospital for Children - Boston Tea Party Ships & Museum - New England Aquarium - Beacon Hill - Chinatown

2013

Within 5 Minute Walk: - Faneuil Hall & Marketplace - Old State House - Boston Massacre Site - Bell in Hand Tavern - Oyster House - Holocaust Memorial - Union St. - Sears Crescent - Freedom Trail - Gov. Garage Redevelopment - Old City Hall

- Boston Commons - Rose Kennedy Greenway - Downtown Crossing Market - Paul Revere House - Museum of African Am. History - Boston Athenaeum - Old South Meeting House - Old West Church - King’s Chapel - Massachusetts State House - Suffolk University

Land Use

Legend Multi-Family Residential

Commercial

High Density Residential

Marina

Public Space

Industrial

Green Space

Participation Recreation

Commercial

Transportation

City Hall Plaza is located in the center of downtown Boston. Two major residential areas are adjacent to the plaza. Public space and green space are not abundant in the downtown area; however, the redevelopment of City Hall Plaza has the opportunity to unify and link these existing spaces.

inventory and analysis 14

Parking Analysis

City Hall Plaza MBTA

1/4 Mile Radius

1/2 Mile Radius

Above-ground Garage Public On-street Parking Underground Garage

With the government center redevelopment taking away more than 1,000 parking spaces, it is important to analyze available parking within an easy walking distance from the site. It is from these locations that many people will be traveling from, potentially walking to City Hall Plaza or passing through it to their subsequent destination.

MBTA Stations

Main MBTA Stations

32%

of all employees commute by the MBTA rail system, the 5th highest rate in the country.

1 2

3 4 5 6

The MBTA stations shown are the most heavily used in downtown Boston. The larger the circle around its location, the more it is used on a daily basis. This information helps us determine where the major pedestrian circulation paths are located and from where they come from. The government center station located in City Hall Plaza is one of the most active stations, an important key to a successful design of circulation on site.

North Station

16,702 Daily Entrances

State St. Station 12,553 Daily Entrances

Haymarket Station

11,223 Daily Entrances

Park St. Station 19,836 Daily Entrances

Government Center Station 11,317 Daily Entrances

Downtown Crossing Station 22,880 Daily Entrances

South Station 22,632 Daily Entrances inventory and analysis 16

Ownership & Stakeholders

Federal Government Boston Redevelopment Authority Privately Owned Privately Owned: Public service/utility City of Boston

The complexities associated with the ownership of the plaza and surrounding buildings make any redevelopment challenging. The City of Boston, the Federal Government, Boston Redevelopment Authority, and a mix of private owners all own areas on or near the plaza. Any redevelopment or design changes must engage these stakeholders.

Architectural Character Modernist JFK Federal Building Commercial Buildings

Revival Ames Hotel 26 Court St.

Federal Faneuil Hall Sears Crescent

Contemporary New MBTA Station New Garage Development Center Plaza Office Building Commercial Skyscrapers

Georgian Colonial Kingâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Chapel Union Oyster House Bell in Hand Tavern Old State House

Brutalist Boston City Hall

There is a wide mix of architectural styles throughout downtown Boston. Due to the age of the city, there have been many buildings constructed during different eras leaving behind a wide array of styles. See figure 1.1 The historic buildings surrounding our site are significant because they are major tourist attractions (i.e.. Faneuil Hall and the Old State House). The brutalist style of Boston City Hall is the most prominent feature on site. Many people criticize this style due to its overbearing and rigid qualities. These harsh architectural qualities combined with the empty landscape create an unwelcoming feeling that sends people away from the space. Softening this architectural style will be critical to a successful design.

figure 1.1 (architectural collage)

Faneuil Hall

Old State House

Ames Hotel

Many of the skyscrapers and new developments are of modernist or contemporary style. These towering skyscrapers and other large structures give a backdrop to the site. Each is important to the overall feeling of the space. inventory and analysis 18

Existing Infrastructure

MBTA Tunnel

Vent

Parking Garage

Abandoned Green Line Tunnel

Figure 1.2 shows the three different MBTA lines and their relationship to the plaza surface. Each line lies at a different depth below the plaza, the green line being the most shallow (avg. 15 feet deep), followed by the orange line (avg. 20 feet deep), and the blue line (avg. 25â&#x20AC;&#x2122; deep).

City Hall Plaza is a complex urban landscape with three MBTA lines (Green Line, Blue Line, and Orange Line) running underneath or adjacent to the plaza. The Green Line occupies the largest area below the plaza, while the Blue and Orange lines skirt by the edges of the plaza. A parking garage used by City Hall and surrounding buildings occupies a large area in the Southeast corner of the plaza. Grates capping vents for the MBTA lines and the parking garage exist on the plaza surface. The extensive subsurface infrastructure limits the amount of area suitable for stormwater collection and infiltration. An abandoned Green Line tunnel runs parallel to the Sears Crescent building and offers opportunities for stormwater storage or re-purposing.

Bicycle Infrastructure Off road pathway physically separated from traffic and designated for shared use or with adjacent separated paths for bicyclists and pedestrians.

Shared Use Path Current Bike Circulation Shared Use Path Bicycle Lane 

Protected Lane

Exclusive bicycle facility separated from motor vehicle lanes and sidewalks by fixed objects such as parked cars, curbing, or bollards.

Exclusive Lane

On-road bicycle facility designated for exclusive use by bicyclists through pavement markings and signs.

Shared Road

Street with very low speeds that allow all modes of travel to share one space.

Shared Lane

Shared on-road facility only for bus and bicycle use or shared bicycle and motor vehicle travel lanes denoted using pavement markings.

On-Site Bus Stations



Unimproved quiet residential street that provides connectivity to neighborhood destinations and primary routes.

Recommended Local Route Hubway Station

+5 Year Bike Circulation Shared Use Path



Bicycle Lane Protected Lane 

Shared Lane



Shared Road 

Hubway Stations



On-Site Bus Stations

 



 



 



 



Bikeshare stations that will increase the opportunity for bicycle rental and use

Bicycle use is becoming more popular as the city gains a young, active population. There are 38,000 bicycle trips made everyday in the city, 20 percent of them commuting to work. Boston is committed to the improvement of bicycle accessibility through new routes, lanes and bike shares which enable tourists and residents an opportunity to explore downtown Boston and its neighboring towns. It is essential we know and understand this information so we are able to plan for future redevelopments and hubway locations. The future expansion of bicycle infrastructure will have a significant impact on and how users travel to and through the site. In the next five years, City Hall Plaza will see a hubway station located near the Government Center MBTA Station that will increase pedestrian circulation in that area.



+30 Year Bike Circulation Shared Use Path



Bicycle Lane Protected Lane 

Shared Lane



Shared Road

 

Recommended Local Route 

Hubway Stations



On-Site Bus Stations

 



 

 



 



 



inventory and analysis 20

Government Center Garage Redevelopment

4% increase in pedestrian/bike traffic 1% increase in car traffic 1% increase in government center MBTA station usage

JFK Tower

Image: HYM Investment Group

Figure 1.3 shows the new development from the Rose Kennedy Greenway. The tallest building is over 500 feet in height and vastly changes the skyline of the area changing shade and wind patterns for its surroundings. Understanding these changes along with circulation increases and differences helps us further recognize problems to decide the best ways to address them.

Figure 1.4 depicts the existing and proposed skyline looking north from City Hall Plaza.

Circulation The redevelopment will directly affect circulation patterns on and around the plaza. Figure 1.3 and 1.4 show the areas of increased circulation. The redevelopment has the potential to generate over 600 new walking trips and dozens of new transit trips. These capacities and dimensions must be considered throughout the redesign of City Hall Plaza

Pedestrian Circulation Before

After

Ma in Pe d.

ion

ion lat rcu i C

n co

lat cu Cir d. e yP

ion

Main Ped . Ci rcu lat io n

on ec

lat cu Cir d. e yP

Existing Circulation

Increased Circulation

Existing Circulation

Increased Circulation

Vehicular Circulation Before

After

Main t ircula Car C ion

inventory and analysis 22

Demographics Age 85+ 75-84 65-74 60-64 55-59 45-54 35-44 25-34 20-24 15-19 10-14 5-9 0-4

240,000 Other Downtown Employees

60,000 Government Center Employees

20% 20%

10%

2000

10%

20%

Total % of Population

Age 85+ 75-84 65-74 60-64 55-59 45-54 35-44 25-34 20-24 15-19 10-14 5-9 0-4

7 Million Downtown Visitors (annually)

3 Million Downtown Tourists Freedom Trail is the top tourist attraction in the state with over 1.7 million annual visits.

20%

10%

2010

10%

20%

Total % of Population

640,000

Boston is known as the youngest major city in the U.S. for its high population of 20-34 year olds.

630,000

Population

620,000

Since 2000, the city has seen a large increase of these individuals and itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s due to a population increase and higher demand for employees in downtown Boston. This results in more outgoing and active residents that are more likely to be drawn towards a functional and beautiful civic space.

610,000 600,000

590,000

580,000 570,000 1990

2000

2010

2013

Crime Statistics Government center and the surrounding residential and commercial districts experience significantly less crime than other areas of Boston.

53%

lower than the city of Boston

11.3%

lower than nationally ranked cities

87.5%

Crime Index

Safer than other neighborhoods in Boston

North End Boston

1 in 55

1 in 256

have the chance of being a victim of a crime

have the chance of being a victim of a violent crime

1 in 70

have the chance of being a victim of property crime

inventory and analysis 24

Climate

Fahrenheit

Average Temperature

Boston average high Boston average low U.S. average

inches

Snowfall

Boston U.S. average

percent

Sunshine

Boston U.S. average

inches

Precipitation

Boston U.S. average

miles per hour

Average Wind Speed

Boston U.S. average

The climate of Boston has a direct impact on City Hall Plaza. Precipitation, snowfall, and wind speed in Boston are higher than the national average making an open expanse of impervious space less than ideal. The current design of the plaza leaves users exposed to these weather events, creating an uncomfortable environment.

Wind Analysis Wind patterns on the plaza are largely influenced by the adjacent structures. The summer winds come from the east bringing the breeze of the Boston Harbor. These breezes travel upward through the site, following the grade change. City Hall acts as a barrier to these winds; forcing them upward or around the massive building. The winter winds come from the northeast. They channel between 123 Center Plaza and the JFK tower and flow into the site. These winds are potentially strong (~20mph) and funnel between City Hall and the adjacent structures. This creates a wind tunnel effect on the south side of the site.

inventory and analysis 26

Shade Analysis 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Summer Solstice

Shade/Sun Conditions Summer Solstice 12:00pm

Lack of tree canopy and shade structures leaves the plaza fully exposed to sunlight during the summer months. A large portion of the plaza receives little to no shade throughout the course of a typical summer day which decreases human comfort and increases the urban heat island effect.

Autumn Equinox

Shade/Sun Conditions Autumn Equinox 12:00pm

In Autumn, much of the plaza is exposed to direct sunlight for over 5 hours per day. Structures to the South create shade pockets along the Sears Crescent building where the majority of pedestrian traffic occurs on the plaza.

Winter Solstice

Shade/Sun Conditions Winter Solstice 12:00pm

(hours of shade per day)

Low sun patterns and tall structures to the South create dense shade on the plaza in the winter. Small areas along the JFK building receive less shade than the rest of the plaza. The minimal amount of sunlight combined with winter winds creates an uncomfortable environment.

Spring Equinox

Shade/Sun Conditions Spring Equinox 12:00pm

In the spring, much of the plaza is exposed to direct sunlight for over 5 hours and areas along the JFK building receive slightly less shade. The main pedestrian route adjacent to the Sears Crescent building is shaded for the majority of the day.

View Analysis

View to 2 Landmarks View to 3 Landmarks

Holocaust Memorial The six vertical glass structures of the Holocaust Memorial create visual interest and are visible as pedestrians traverse the northern end of the plaza. The glass structures are illuminated creating interest during the night.

Faneuil Hall Views to Faneuil Hall are present along the south end of the plaza between the MBTA station and Congress St. As a popular destination for tourists and residents alike, preserving these views will help connect the plaza with the surrounding assets of the city.

Old State House The Old State House is visible through the corridor between One Washington Mall and 28 State Street. As a historically significant structure and popular tourist destination, visually linking this element with the plaza is essential.

Custom House Tower

The Custom House tower is an iconic landmark in downtown Boston and is visible from multiple areas within the plaza. City Hall frames the view and a line of sight extends from the Custom House to the west edge of the plaza along Cambridge Street.

Preserving and enhancing these significant view sheds from the plaza will visually and psychologically link the plaza to important assets of the city. Enhancing these visual connections will promote use of the plaza and establish the plaza as a destination within the larger network of downtown Boston.

inventory and analysis 28

Stormwater and CSOs

Boston Harbor A combined sewer system is a sewer that combines drainage runoff, domestic, commercial, and industrial waste into a single sewer pipe. During large rain events these systems can become overloaded and discharge untreated sewage into nearby waterways, see figure 1.5. CSOs significantly impact the water quality in local natural waterways and reducing the amount of stormwater that enters a combined sewer system reduces the potential for overflows. In 2013, 500 million gallons of CSO was discharged into Boston waterways. Reducing, reusing, and slowing down stormwater can relieve the burden on the city’s combined sewer system and improve water quality.

figure 1.5 (runoff volume)

Runoff 69

The site produces an average of 12.5 million gallons of runoff annually , or 395,000 gallons of runoff in a 1-inch rain event. 71% of the runoff enters a combined sewer system and has the potential to discharge into the Boston Harbor. Reducing or reusing a portion of the stormwater produced on site will have a significant impact on the amount of flow entering the Boston Sewer System and reduce the probability of combined sewer overflow.

0 AGS-2

Figure 1.5 Runoff produced during a 1-inch rain event would fill the Ags-2069 room 8 times over

9’

’

37’

Surrounding Amenities Marketplaces Faneuil Hall and Marketplace Cafés Bagel Shops Coffee Shops Small Specialty Shops Kiosks Souvenir Shops Clothing & Apparel Home Decor Various Formal & Informal Performances

Sears Crescent Cafés Coffee Shoppes Staples Quizznos Subs Pearle Vision Flower Shops

123 Center Plaza Cafés Coffee Shoppes Pubs/Restaurants FedEx CVS Pharmacy Various Commercial Offices

Union Street Cafés Pubs/Bars Personal Care Shops Hotels & Travel Stores Taverns Bell in Hand Tavern Restaurants Union Oyster House Coffee Shops

Historic Features Sears Crescent & Tea Kettle Old State House & Boston Massacre

Faneuil Hall

Site of the first telephone transmission

Union Oyster House (one of the oldest restaurants in America)

Bell in Hand Tavern (America’s oldest tavern)

inventory and analysis 30

Scale Study A scale study was conducted to graphically compare the size of City Hall Plaza to other notable spaces. Figure 1.6 depicts the large scale of the plaza.

City Hall Plaza (Boston, MA)

Woodburn Circle (Morgantown, WV)

1.5 acres

9 acres Union Square (San Francisco, CA)

2.5 acres

Mountaineer Field (Morgantown, WV)

Piazza San Marco (Venice, Italy)

5 acres 8.5 acres

Existing Sections a’ b’

c’ b

c d’ f

f’

130’

e’

a’ 61’

Boston City Hall

stage

plaza space

JFK lower wing

257’

b’

130’

82’

Boston City Hall

plaza space

stairs

JFK lower wing

325’

368’

c’

122’

JFK tower

plaza space

Boston City Hall

425’

inventory and analysis 32

Existing Sections

d’ d 117’

100’

123 Center Plaza

Cambridge St.

plaza space

Boston City Hall

425’

e’ e

84’

61’

JFK lower wing

plaza space

Sears Crescent

621’

f’ f

118’

191’

Boston City Hall

plaza space 158’

One Washington Place

Composite Analysis

Primary Thresholds - heavily used thresholds

Connection Opportunity - points of interest located adjacent to primary threshold - opportunity to strengthen connection between plaza and urban fabric

Significant Viewshed 1

- viewshed to multiple landmarks - preserve and enhance views to relink plaza with downtown

Significant Viewshed 2 - viewshed to multiple landmarks - preserve and enhance views to relink plaza with downtown

Freedom Trail

- proximity to site provides opportunity for connection

Vehicular Circulation - site is bound on all sides by roadways - providing connections to areas across roadways must address safety concerns

Primary Design Problem - major constraints that must be addressed with design solutions

- primary pedestrian route between MBTA station and Faneuil Hall - visual connection to Faneuil Hall - structures to the south create shade pockets combined with westerly breezes in the summer months creating a comfortable environment - winter winds funnel between structures creating an uncomfortable environment in the winter months - opportunity to enhance viewshed to Faneuil Hall - opportunity to create more efficient pedestrian circulation

- space permits large gathering for planned events - scale of space is unwelcoming creating an underutilized space on a typical day - full sun exposure and minimal tree canopy creates an uncomfortable environment during the summer months - strong winds and lack of wind breaks creates uncomfortable environment during the winter months - large impervious area - opportunity increase tree canopy to mitigate heat island effect and manage runoff

- raised area provides visual connections - large grade change from Congress St. creates an unwelcoming entrance into the plaza - ill-defined threshold creates disconnection between plaza and surrounding amenities - opportunity to utilize grades to enhance visual connections - opportunity to create more seamless transition between plaza and Congress St.

inventory and analysis 34

Physical Study Model During our design development we built a physical study model. This model aided us in further understanding the site and developing ideas for the redesign. During the building process we used chipboard for the topography, foam-core and 3D printing for the buildings, and twisted wire for the trees.

aces Formal Performance Space ace Informal Performance Space ace Large Gathering Space ace Small Gathering Space ating Seating ace Street Vendor Space ture Interactive Water Feature ting Movable Seating sity Ecosystem Biodiversity ture Green Infrastructure all Renovated City Hall MBTA Station ion Bicycle Facility acility Bus Shelters ters

Not Compatible Neutral Compatible Highly Compatible

aces Formal Performance Space ace Informal Performance Space ace Large Gathering Space ace Small Gathering Space ing Seating ace Street Vendor Space ure Interactive Water Feature ing Movable Seating sity Ecosystem Biodiversity ure Green Infrastructure all Renovated City Hall ion MBTA Station lity Bicycle Facility ters Bus Shelters

B Shelters Bus B Bicycle Facility MTB Station MBTA R Renovated City Hall G Green Infrastructure E Ecosystem Biodiversity M Movable Seating I Interactive Water Feature S Street Vendor Space S Seating S Small Gathering Space L Large Gathering Space I Informal Performance Space F Formal Performance Space aces Formal Performance Space ace Informal Performance Space ace Large Gathering Space ace Small Gathering Space ating Seating ace Street Vendor Space ture Interactive Water Feature ting Movable Seating sity Ecosystem Biodiversity ture Green Infrastructure all Renovated City Hall MBTA Station ion Bicycle Facility acility Bus Shelters ters

Compatibility Matrices

We each looked at the program goals and developed our own compatibility matrices. After evaluating each, we came together and developed our final compatibility matrix. From this matrix we were able to further develop the relationships between our program elements and move forward with our design process. design process 36

Bubble Diagrams Bus Shelter Green Infrastructure

Informal/ Small Performance Space

Bicycle Facilities

Ecologic Biodiversity

Seating

Renovated City Hall

Moveable Seating Vendor Spaces

M ai n

Vendor Spaces

Large Gathering Space

Cir

Proposed MTBA Station

Bicycle Facilities

Small Gathering Space

Moveable Seating

Proposed MTBA Station

Informal Performance Space

Bus Shelter

Formal/Large Performance Space

Large Gathering Space

Vendor Spaces

Bicycle Facilities

Formal/Large Performance Space

S t re e t

Seating

Large Gathering Space

C i rc

Interactive Water Feature

u l at i o

n Proposed MTBA Station

From the compatibility matrices we developed our bubble diagrams. In this stage we looked at the spatial relationship between the different program elements. We each developed our own diagram then produced a final relationship diagram combining various elements from previous renditions.

Vendor Spaces Small Gathering Space Moveable Seating

Bicycle Facilities

Bus Shelter

Seating

Informal/ Small Performance Space

r i an

E co

cB log i

io d

r ive

Ecologic Biodiversity

Small Gathering Space Informal Performance Space

Formal/Large Performance Space

e st

Interactive Water Feature

Bus Shelter

Seating

ture ruc t s fra In n ee

Pe d

Renovated City Hall Green Infrastructure

Seating

Renovated City Hall

Formal/Large Performance Space

Large Gathering Space

Ecologic Biodiversity

Renovated City Hall

Seating

Moveable Seating

Moveable Seating Interactive Water Feature

Interactive Water Feature

Proposed MTBA Station

Small Gathering Space

Green Infrastructure

Site Related Functional Diagram The site related bubble diagram was generated from our final functional bubble diagram. We placed each program element on the site and ensured that the relationships between each were maintained and expressed in the general layout. This diagram allows us to begin to understand where each space should be located and to help aid in the further development of the master plan.

design process 38

Conceptual Master Plan From our site related bubble diagram we produced a conceptual master plan. We started to give each area a more defined space and ensured our main pathways would be able to serve the plazaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s needs. The shape of each element reflects how it will be placed and integrated on the site and in relation to each element. We each did our own initial conceptual design then came together to produce the final one as seen to the left.

Preliminary Master Plan

Widened Sidewalk

w Ne

Existing Private Parking Lot

Existing Private Drive

ry bu Sud

Small Gathering Space

St.

er ow L JFK

ng Wi

Informal Performance Space Handicap Access

Proposed New Connection Ca mb rid ge Str e

Increased Tree Canopy

Green Wall Water Feature Proposed Entry Grade Lawn Area

er ow T JFK et

Small Gathering

Seating Area

City Hall Congress

Splash Pads Large Gathering Space

Street

Increased Tree Canopy Movable Seating Vendor Space

City Hall Entrance Gathering Space

Handicap Accessible Bus Stop Bike Share Info. Signage Proposed Grade Change

Wider Corridor

123 Center Plaza

Informal Performance Area Gathering Space Movable Seating

MBTA

S ea rs C

resc

One Washington Mall

ent Court

28 State St. Stormwater Management

Street

design process 40

Dilworth Plaza - Philadelphia, PA This plaza sits outside of Philadelphiaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s City Hall. As of now it is completely covered with concrete but in 2011 construction began to implement a contemporary redesign. The new design will include an ice skating rink, concert space, open green space, water features, cafes, and new entrances to the subway station. The plan also calls for the reduction of impervious paving, added vegetation, and green infrastructure for water reuse in the water features. This redesign focused on pedestrian centered design and sustainability. This space relates and can be a model for City Hall Plaza in many aspects. The program elements are similar to what we plan to incorporate in addition to the importance of pedestrian and sustainability design.

Plaza de la Constitución - Oaxaca, Mexico This space sits in the heart of downtown in one of Mexico’s larger cities. The plaza has been in existence for over 500 years making it a key study for successful urban spaces. The area provides activities for all ages including open green space, interactive fountains, vendors, daily concerts and fiestas, and the use of vegetation for a comfortable microclimate and safe visibility. Being located downtown, it is surrounded by cultural, civic, and commercial buildings. The plaza is the only large open space in the immediate vicinity which plays a role into its success. In relation to Boston’s plaza, the location and surrounding amenities are very similar. In addition, Mexico’s plaza has been a successful space for hundreds of years, making it evident what people enjoy: water, trees, and activities. Our site’s development can draw from the elements in this space that has made it incredibly successful for many years.

design process 42

Pioneer Courthouse Square - Portland, OR In the center of Portland is the space known as the city’s “Living Room”. Everyday, thousands of people come and sit on the stairs in the famous plaza space to enjoy the public art and green space. This space has become a major green space within the city while also being a transit hub including a subway station, bus shelters, and bike facilities. This plaza started out as a historic orphan house that transformed into a hotel, and again into a parking lot before the space was used as a plaza. Some of the unique pieces that once stood here have been preserved and reintegrated into the space such as a historic gate from the hotel now used to mark the south entrance to the area. This space is a wonderful example of reuse in an urban setting. This plaza has a rich history similar to Boston’s City Hall Plaza that has been incorporated into the design. These elements give a sense of place and give the plaza character. With the addition of vegetation and a transportation hub this square can directly relate to Boston’s plaza space.

Peavy Plaza - Minneapolis, MN Peavy Plaza once served as the model for all American urban public spaces. Since then it has fallen into disrepair and is in need of a redesign. A new design has been proposed but the historic nature of the site has made it incredibly controversial, as the plaza has been nominated for historic preservation. The redesign includes elements such as water features, summer festivals, winter ice skating, and vegetation throughout the space. As of now the majority of the plaza is made up of concrete and uses very geometric forms in the urban setting. In relationship to Bostonâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s plaza it is clear that many historic plaza spaces are controversial subjects for redesigns. A contemporary feel is necessary to bring it up to date and to attract pedestrians in the city.

design process 44

Old Town Square - Prague, Czech Republic This square has been in existence for centuries. It is one of the most successful plaza space in Europe and attracts millions of visitors every year for the stunning architecture that surrounds the space. Some of the attractions include coffee shops, restaurants, street vendors, open space, the famous clock tower, and a rich historic context. The open space that is found here attracts many visitors and the steps surrounding the plaza is always full of people waiting for the clock tower to chime. The culture in Europe is very different than the United States. Overseas, people are more open to the wide space. This may be due to the tight streets that are prevalent in European cities. One aspect that can be applied to our site is the wide variety of amenities that are available. These small attractions can be utilized in Boston to breathe some life back into the space.

The Porch - Philadelphia, PA The Porch sits outside of Philadelphiaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s 30th Street transit station. It was once 34 parallel parking spaces that was adjacent to a major roadway. It has since been transformed into a pedestrian destination that includes movable seating, free daily concerts and activities, food trucks, and vegetation throughout. One reason the space is so successful is the large amount of foot traffic that passes through including employees, tourists, and residents. The space is very flexible and lends itself to a wide variety of activities. This street plaza is perfect for looking at transforming a car centered space into a usable pedestrian area. The activities are great for attracting people and getting them outside. The free daily concerts create community involvement and allow for spontaneous interaction. For Bostonâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s plaza the concepts of movable seating and daily concerts can be great additions to the space. It will ultimately draw people into the space.

design process 46

City Hall Green Roof - Chicago, IL On Chicago’s City Hall, a 110 year old building, a green roof was added for many benefits. Stormwater management, ambient air temperature, and aesthetics all play major roles. The green roof retains 75% of the runoff that is generated in a 1-inch storm in addition to reducing the surface temperature by 70 degrees and the air temperature by 15. Overall the roof improves air quality in the dense urban environment and conserves energy need for the building. This study shows the importance and the ease of retrofitting green roofs on existing buildings. Chicago’s City Hall is 110 years old and the green roof was installed nearly 10 years ago and is still successful. This retrofitting process can be applied to Boston’s City Hall mainly to control stormwater runoff but also for the reduced energy costs.

Design Concept

Linear

Dynamic

movement

spatial hierarchy

After developing our preliminary master plan and researching various case studies we reevaluated our design process and focused on a concept driven design strategy. After much deliberation we developed a concept of â&#x20AC;&#x153;movement through spaceâ&#x20AC;?. This concept drove us to break from our linear thinking strategies into a more dynamic approach. This in turn reflects on the final design solution. design process 48

Concept Sketches

SOLUTIONS & RECOMMENDATIONS

Final Master Plan Support Drawings Planting Design Stormwater Management

Final Master Plan

figure 2.1 (final master plan) 0â&#x20AC;&#x2122;

120â&#x20AC;&#x2122;

Final Master Plan Pedestrian Bridge

The final master plan dramatically changed from the preliminary. In the preliminary the overall layout and ideas associated with each program element were satisfactory but, not how they related to each other. From this point the concept was reevaluated and focused on the idea of “movement through space.” The interpretation of this concept was a more dynamic activity than what the initial concentration was. The design transformed from a linear to curvilinear design. The curves throughout the design create a complex range of spaces that intertwine together. Many of the curves were specifically developed to lead peoples’ eye through the space. Leading them into various areas within the site. The curved lines were also drawn from the context of the site. Boston is known for its organic layout. We took this organization and utilized it on site. Many of the context features around the site also have strong curved elements. These elements drove our design process. The site’s spaces range from the necessary large gathering space in the center to many smaller spaces to define that event space. These smaller spaces help to break up the openness of the plaza and give people a reason to use the space when there are no events happening. In addition to creating large and small spaces we also increased the vegetation and tree canopy. The vegetation used will bring biodiversity back to the area in addition to becoming a vegetated link between the Rose Kennedy Greenway and the Boston Commons. Trees are excellent for uptake of water. One mature tree can uptake and evapotranspirate 100 gallons of water a day. The proposed canopy on the plaza will help with the reduction of stormwater in addition to storing 100% of a 1-inch storm underground. This reduction will keep untreated runoff out of the Boston Harbor and reduce the amount of CSO overflow generated every year.

master plan 52

Materials Palette

Concrete Paver 1

Concrete Paver 2

Concrete Paver 3

Dark Granite

Glass

Steel The materials used for the proposed design are contemporary in style. The precast concrete pavers will make up the majority of the site. These pavers are different sizes (12”x48” and 8”x24”) and the patterns will break up the monotony that currently exists. Granite, glass, and steel are materials used for the seating, railings, and ramp walls. The wood and water used throughout the site bring a more natural feel and softness to the space.

Wood

Water

Paving Pattern Existing Below, the existing and proposed paving patterns can be seen. The current plaza only utilizes brick on the ground plane. This small monotonous material makes the space feel more expansive than it already is.

Brick

Proposed Below, one of the proposed paving patterns can be seen. The different size and color pavers will keep people moving through the space while breaking up the singular material.

Precast Concrete Paver

master plan 54

Support Drawings Transportation Hub Thousands of pedestrians and commuters travel through City Hall Plaza every day. The Boston Bike Share station and wayfinding components are important aspects of that community that will guide visitors and residents through the space and provide useful information. One of many stations downtown, the Government Center Station is currently under construction. We drew inspiration from this modern design when we were in the preliminary stages of designing. In addition to the MBTA station, bike share, and information signage there are two bus stops located within the plaza. The proposed stops have overhead canopies and seating that will provide a more suitable waiting area for those using the bus system.

Support Drawings Transportation Hub Tree cover and seating were important features in our design. We wanted to provide enough spaces to ensure the comfort and well-being of the users of the plaza. In our urban tree grove, movable and permanent step seating can be seen. The movable seating allows people to sit, eat lunch, and wait for friends getting off at the subway station. Permanent bench seating is incorporated into the steps to give additional seating and a unique feel. Providing a visual connection to the MBTA station throughout the site was key to linking both sides of the site. This visual connection leads people through the site either towards Faneuil Hall or the main gathering space inside the plaza.

support drawings 56

Support Drawings Splash Pads Surrounding the splash pad area are stairs leading up to the street-level pedestrian space. This area provides seating, along with the benches incorporated into the stairs. The multiple levels create different spaces and provide a unique transition from street to open plaza. This space will also be used for daily street vendors, the bi-weekly farmers market, and event space during concerts. Pedestrian interaction is an important concept for the proposed plaza. Splash pads are one of those interactive elements that brings people to the plaza not just to pass through, but to spend part of their day. The splash pads run along the edge of the main gathering area giving a purpose to the space when there are no events. This also engages pedestrians as they are walking through the space providing a positive atmosphere.

Support Drawings Transmission Circle There is a unique historical landmark within the plaza, where Alexander Graham Bell made the first ever transmitted sound over wire to his assistant Thomas Watson. The proposed design creates a unique memorial space that celebrates the transmission in a contemporary fashion. Like the LCD wayfinding screens on various parts of the site, these screens display the history of the telephone and how Bell invented it. The interactive screens, when pressed, will bring up various events pertaining to the invention of the telephone. This interactive element will bring a fun educational element to the plaza that will engage all types of people.

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Support Drawings JFK Federal Building Front Entrance The northwest street corner of the site does not currently suit the needs of pedestrians. It is used for a construction camp, creating an awkward space that is unpleasant to pass by and view. The entire space is covered with impervious materials increasing the stormwater runoff generated during rain events.

Before

Support Drawings JFK Federal Building Front Entrance The proposed street corner has an abundant tree canopy, mounded vegetation and seating. This establishes a comforting entrance to the plaza and is welcoming to residents and tourists. In addition the space will be more useful for pedestrians. It will help to define the entrance to the building and plaza space. This area creates a softer transition and entices people to move through the space. Stormwater is managed in this area by the vegetated mounds, street trees, and previous concrete pavers.

After

support drawings 60

Support Drawings Information Center Although shady, the northeast street corner does not provide pedestrians with any amenities or attractions. A large wall is observed toward the JFK building, while a railing does not allow interaction with the lawn or vegetation. The transition between the street and space is nonexistent. It is unattractive and does not allow for pedestrians to use the space.

Before

Support Drawings Information Center With the new development across the street from this location, it was important to provide people with wayfinding strategies and a comfortable entrance into the plaza. An LCD information screen can be seen above centered around vegetation and seating. The screen is interactive to the touch and provides information including news, city events and wayfinding. This street corner is far more usable than the existing environment. The seating and wayfinding system will help to smooth the transition from sidewalk to inside the space. The trees surrounding the space will also bring the space to human scale and provide a comfortable microclimate.

After

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Support Drawings

entrance to City Hall

ripple screen

interactive water feature

cascading water feature

primary threshold ramp

section a-aâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; green subway line

green subway line

Support Drawings Pedestrian Bridge The pedestrian bridge is a main feature within the proposed design. The bridge was developed to meet the finished floor elevations in front of JFK Federal Building and to integrate City Hall with the landscape. The arching form elevates the bridge and creates a dynamic shape in combination with its curvilinear form. When entering the site on the ground level, visitors will feel as if there is a defined grand entrance to the main gathering space. The plants lead the viewer through the space and naturalize the space. On the bridge level the plants transform the space into a more eco-like feel. The plants soften the bridge integrate the buildings and create seating areas within the space. The bridge contains three skylights to enhance the connection between the bridge and ground level ramp. The skylight to the left in the section cut feeds the waterfalls that flow into the interactive water feature. From the same skylight the ripple screen can be seen enticing visitors to explore the site further.

60’ 50’

40’

30’

20’

10’

00’

mounded planting

walk

entrance to upper level

JFK promenade

5 10

support drawings 64

Support Drawings Pedestrian Ramp The connection from the Holocaust Memorial to City Hall Plaza is important in the reconnection of the plaza back into the city fabric. The memorial has a powerful message and we were heavily influenced by its stature. The bridge helps in that connection and continues the powerful sense the memorial brings. The entrance into the plaza from Cambridge Street is a very grand and powerful space. This will draw people into the site and provide a vegetated link between the Boston Commons and the Rose Kennedy Greenway.

Support Drawings Pedestrian Ramp The pedestrian bridge gives the plaza a grand entrance that signifies the importance of the space when first walking through. From this view, the bridge frames the large gathering spaces that includes the splash pads, interactive subway lights and the main corridor water feature. The overhead bridge creates multiple spaces that gives the space a diverse range of areas. The bridge allows for beautiful overlooks into the city fabric while the ground plane frames different views to lead visitors eyes through the space.

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Support Drawings Bike Storage Station Bostonâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s bike community is growing, and with that growth comes a need for bike storage. We came up with a solution for providing this storage, and itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s in the way of this bike storage center. The facility will hold approximately 50 bikes and will provide people with a safe bike storage location.

Support Drawings Bike Storage Station The system works similar to a carousel, going around in a loop. The bicyclist loads their bike into the bin, the bike is then turned upright and is inserted into the facility. The bicyclist receives a ticket with a number, and when they come back to collect their bike the ticket is inserted and the correct bike is returned. This system utilizes the area created from the elevated pedestrian viewing area, making it a multi-use space. Creating a bicycle friendly space will plan for the future growth of Bostonâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s bicycle community.

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Support Drawings Pedestrian Ramp This walkable space gives people a chance for real water interaction. The Ripple Screen and waterfalls go hand-in-hand in providing a space for a small oasis. The waterfalls on either side help to define the main walking path through the water. The pathâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s rocks are closer together to provide a safe path and break up as they move away to create a range of walkways. The green circles on the main pathway, when stepped on generate electricity and is stored to power the lights of the Ripple Screen. This is a sustainable way to power some of our site features.

Technology Pavgen Pavgen is a technology that uses pedestrian walking to generate and reuse electricity. This technology is many times embedded in pedestrian walkways and uses foot traffic to create electric power. In our water walkway this technology is intended to be used to power the ripple screen. An interactive LCD screen. This feature will bring an additional element to our site design. It will engage visitors and bring an educational component to the design.

intelligent wireless monitoring multiple slabs can be daisy chained together custom power management

80% thinner central luminaire, via illumo technology

acid etched highly durable custom logo glass direct power charge

90% recycled rubber tire top surface

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Support Drawings Ripple Screen This original idea we incorporated in our design allows an individual to interact and play with an LCD screen. When touched, this â&#x20AC;&#x153;Ripple Screenâ&#x20AC;? reacts by behaving like a waters surface, rippling along with the intensity of the touch. Even when a hand is wiped across this surface, the water reacts similar to the waves behind a boat. This screen will engage visitors and continue the water theme throughout the four seasons. Even in winter when the fountains are shut off pedestrians will still have a reason to come to City Hall Plaza.

Technology Float 4 After developing our ripple screen concept we searched for similar products to ensure that the concept was feasible. We discovered Float 4 a company that specializes in interactive screens. The company has many different scenes that can be programmed into the screens including some games such as soccer. This companyâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s technology could be applied directly to our ripple screen to enhance the users experience through the plaza.

ice water screen

smoke screen

water screen

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Support Drawings

urban tree grove

section b-bâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;

walk

cascading small water gathering feature space

walk

flowthrough planters green line tunnel

Support Drawings Pedestrian Ramp The pedestrian ramp is the main solution to addressing the grade change on the plaza. The ramp itself is only a 4.9% slope making it comfortable for everyone to walk up. The ramp is an incredible large feature within the space so vegetation and earth mounding was added to soften the space and to provide a vegetated link between the Rose Kennedy Greenway and the Boston Commons. The trees used are suitable for urban environments and bring the scale of the space to human level. The native shrubs, perennials, and groundcovers will provide four season interest for people to enjoy. The walls on either side of the ramp make up the grade needed for the finished floor elevations and the pedestrian bridge. The urban tree groves on either side soften and integrate the buildings with the landscape. The tree groves throughout the site are left open underneath for visual connections between the plaza spaces, seating areas for pedestrians, and also for concert space. Attendees will be able to sit under the tree groves and still see what is happening on stage.

60’

50’

40’

30’

20’

10’

00’

mounded planting

walk

urban tree grove

JFK promenade

support drawings 74

Support Drawings Pedestrian Ramp With the large elevation change that occurs in the plaza, the biggest challenge was to create a space that was ADA accessible and could be easily walked by all age groups. Currently stairs plague the plaza; although, in the proposed design ADA accessibility is the primary route through the site. In doing so, it became much easier to incorporate interactive features and practice strong stormwater management strategies. The entrance shown below showcases the entrance from the bridge to the main gathering space in the plaza. The bridge frames the view and leads people into the area. The vegetation on either side soften the ground plane and give a naturalized feel to the plaza.

Support Drawings Pedestrian Ramp The stormwater feature along the main ramp corridor allows for soothing sounds of water to flow out into the plaza. This water is reused stormwater that is collected and cleaned before being used for features such as this. This water feature will provide a natural system to the plaza that will encourage visitor interaction. The walls are low enough to allow anyone to interact with the water and the vegetation around it enhances the natural feel and invites wildlife into the space along with people. The idea of water is a connecting feature within the plaza. Using recycled stormwater we ensured to manage our water usage and manage runoff.

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Support Drawings Pedestrian Bridge Visual connections are important in the plazaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s function, as it is a node in the heart of the city for pedestrians to either stop or continue on to their destination. The Holocaust Memorial is one of those key features near the site. In the current design the memorial is very clear to see. This is largely due to the emptiness that makes up the plaza. There is no sense of mystery and it seems to just be an extension of the plaza with no connection.

Before

Support Drawings Pedestrian Bridge Keeping within that necessary visualization, we designed a pedestrian bridge and smooth walkable path that highlights and brings out the importance of the Holocaust Memorial. The bridge provides a visual connection both on the ground plane and on top of the bridge. This visual link designates the areas as two separate spaces but keeps the connection. The tree grove is open underneath for many reasons. The first being continuity, this space was intended to give a repetitive element through the plaza to lead people through the bridge, this is also achieved through the paving pattern on the ground. The tree grove also allows for seating where people can come to sit, eat lunch, and people watch. This area was intended to host passive recreation. Stormwater storage also occurs in this space. Underground storage chambers allows us to capture, store, clean, and reuse water that would otherwise flow into the Boston Harbor. The space also maintains a connection between the upper and lower portions of the site design. The glass railing keeps visitors engaged with the rest of the site and provides unique views of the site design and surrounding architecture.

After

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Support Drawings Pedestrian Bridge The most unique and powerful area in the plaza is the pedestrian bridge that stretches between the JFK Federal Building and City Hall. This bridge provides an opportunity for social and environmental interactions, along with views of historical features. The historic features around the site give a strong sense of place and it was incredibly important to maintain that sense in the redesign. The bridge design was developed with ecosystem biodiversity in mind. The native plant palette will attract wildlife and provide a vegetative link between the Rose Kennedy Greenway and the Boston Commons. In addition to this design element we ensured the bridge clearance was high enough to allow emergency vehicle access; a necessary function for the plaza.

Support Drawings Pedestrian Bridge Glass railings on the pedestrian bridge allow people a chance to view the spaces down below. It provides unique views to this amazing structure while also creating additional spaces. The skylight as shown below allows people to see the ripple screen and waterfalls. These visual and auditory amenities will keep people engaged in the site and drown out some of the common city noise pollution. On the upper portion of the bridge the vegetation softens the bridge and the green wall in the back reduces the amount of brick that is visible on City Hall. The green wall planting arrangement undulates to lead people through the space. City Hall has also been vegetated to soften its brutalist style and integrate it with the plaza design.

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Support Drawings Secondary Entrance With the new development beginning just north of the site, it is vital to create easy pedestrian access. A sealed breezeway joining the two JFK buildings cuts off a necessary approach when traveling through City Hall Plaza.

Before

Support Drawings Secondary Entrance Replying to the new development, we are proposing to open up this corridor by eliminating the building connector. This does not alter the function or use of the buildings, and provides easy access between the plaza and redevelopment. The connector on the 3rd story still allows a connection between the buildings.

After

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Support Drawings

median

Cambridge St.

section c-câ&#x20AC;&#x2122;

Cambridge St. grove. vendor space. movable seating

stairs & seat walls

splash pad

large central space/performance space

green line tu

nnel

Support Drawings Main Gathering Space A large open space was necessary to maintain in the redesign. The plaza’s main function is for events so it was imperative that we plan for the largest events it holds i.e. Boston Calling Music Festival and The Big Apple Circus. The event space is more defined than what currently exists. Urban tree groves on either side provide a softer transition and inform pedestrians that they are entering a new space. The urban tree grove to the left is elevated to meet street level. This provides a smooth transition between the street and the interior of the plaza. The tree grove can be used for the bi-weekly farmers market, daily street vendors, and vendors brought in for any of the events. This space incorporates permanent and movable seating to allow for a mixed-use space. From this space the stairs step down to the splash pads. These water features line the event space and provide a use of the open area when there is not an event. Moving to the right of the event space is a planter. These planters are incorporated within the open space and help to soften the expansive area. They can be used for stormwater management and provide seating for those moving through the space. The urban tree grove to the right helps define the space and backs up to City Hall. This placement softens the building and helps to integrate it with the landscape.

80’ 70’ 60’ 50’ 40’ 30’ 20’ 10’ 00’

urban tree grove planter

existing ramp 0 10 20

green line tunnel

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Support Drawings Event Panels Events are always happening at City Hall Plaza, and what better way to keep up with them than visiting the interactive event screens. These screens can be programmed with the events and other information that involves the plaza. People can touch one of the advertisements on the screens and additional information will appear. The screens are solar powered and are embedded into wood panels to provide another opportunity for interaction, as they slide freely on wheels uncovering event posters. What once was a overbearing brick wall is now transformed into an event knowledge station. To the right a green wall can be seen. This was used on the walls that did not have event panels. The walls were used to integrate the building with the landscape and to soften the harsh brick. A urban tree grove can be seen to the left which allows people to move freely through the trees and maintains a visual connection from the main gathering area to the event panels.

Support Drawings Events - Boston Calling The primary purpose of the plaza is for events. The largest event held annually in the plaza is the Boston Calling Music Festival. This 3-day event welcomes an estimated 22,000 spectators and brings in dozens of vendors and some big name bands. Providing enough space for this group of people was a priority during the entire design process. In the design a large enough open space for the stage, equipment, and crowd was preserved. The rest of plaza has space for the vendors that come to these events. There would be small pockets of vendors around the tree groves and planters, giving a sense of order to the events.

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Support Drawings Events - Big Apple Circus City Hall Plaza is known for its large events and large crowds. One of the main events that occurs annually is the Big Apple Circus. The circus has been coming to the plaza for over 26 years so it was impactive that we maintain the space required for their setup and events. An adequate amount of space is needed for the main circus tent, trucks and vendors. We worked to preserve this space in our proposed design. Vendors can be seen near the planters giving a sense of order as to where they set up during events.

Support Drawings Events - Farmers Market The bi-weekly farmers market events are extremely important to the city as many people flock to the plaza to buy fresh produce. Below the proposed tree canopy is the perfect area to hold such an event, providing an abundance of shade and comfortable atmosphere. The location of the market allows it to be seen from cars on Congress Street and from people walking through the plaza. This position will draw spontaneous visitors and increase the marketsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; consumer base.

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Support Drawings Large Gathering Space Lighting is important for the safety and aesthetics of the plaza. The lighting of the plaza space will allow activities to continue after dark such as the splash pads. It will also give a feeling of purpose and safety to the space after dark. A unique feature incorporated in the design are lights that react to the arrival of the subway lines. When the blue or green lines are arriving, lights are displayed letting commuters know their train will be reporting soon.

Support Drawings Sears Crescent Connection Preserving the visual connections to surrounding landmarks will help relink the plaza to the surrounding city fabric. The view to Faneuil Hall was a driving force for this area. We were sure to maintain it by careful placement of trees and other design elements. The existing grade in front of Sears Crescent descends to create a recessed area known as the â&#x20AC;&#x153;moatâ&#x20AC;?. Not only is this unsafe but is very unattractive and uninviting for visitors. In the proposed design the grade in front of Sears Crescent is altered to address the issue of connection between this area and the rest of the plaza. The regrading of this space will help link the plaza as a whole.

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Support Drawings

pedestrian lights

Boston City Hall Main Entrance

Entry Terrace

Pedestri (most heavily tr

section d-dâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; Boston City Hall parking garage

Support Drawings Sears Crescent Connection Sears Crescent is an extremely famous building within Boston. As of now the area in front of the building is sunken creating a unattractive, unsafe, and unwelcoming atmosphere. The proposed design regrades the area to reconnect it with the rest of the plaza. When regrading we were sure to minimize the amount of fill to maintain the storefront entrances. Only a maximum of three feet of fill was applied to any one area. The storefronts in Sears Crescent will require some shallow window wells and steps to access the stores inside. The reconnection of this space with the rest of the plaza was essential to create a cohesive feel throughout the space. Tree canopy with movable seating was integrated to soften the space and to bring it back to human scale. The trees were carefully placed to maintain the visual connection between the MBTA station and Faneuil Hall. Pedestrian lighting was used to increase the use and safety at night.

70’

60’

50’

40’

30’

20’

10’

00’

an Walkway aveled path on plaza)

Corn Hill Grove (Cafe Seating Serving Adjacent Businesses)

Pedestrian Walkway 0

Stormwater Cistern abandoned green line tunnel re purposed for stormwater storage

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Support Drawings Faneuil Hall Overlook This space has been transformed into an area that fully utilizes the connection to Faneuil Hall. The terraces step down to the space, separating it, while also minimizing the wall needed for the underground garage. The grass incorporated into the space gives a softer feel where people can sit and enjoy the views. The existing underground garage entrance has been maintained but reworked to utilize the new curved edge. The redesign ensured the garage could still function as before. The stairs adjacent to City Hall had to be maintained to meet finished floor elevations but we softened and integrated the massive stairs with the landscape by adding vegetation. The view to the MBTA station and Sears Crescent can still be seen here. Views into and out of the plaza were utilized to visually connect the site and adjacent areas.

Support Drawings Stormwater Alley An emphasis on stormwater management was an important aspect of entire site. This area in particular was focused on stormwater management. These flow-through planters will collect stormwater runoff from the site filter it and drain into the underground cisterns. The Old State House has a fantastic historical relevance to the area. A clear view was maintained to create a visual connection between both sides of the corridor. The linear paths of the stormwater planters lead the visitorsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; eye through the space and give a focus to the Old State House.

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Support Drawings Stormwater Alley Increasing tree coverage was important in making this space a comfortable pedestrian corridor due to the tall structured buildings. The visual softness the trees and vegetation brings is crucial for making it comfortable for people. In addition to the many textures of the vegetation the materials used in this space engage people of all ages. The wood on the ground plane and the benches give a natural feel and the pavers and clean lines keep the space contemporary. Movable seating was a main component in the alleyway due to the businesses and cafes in the adjacent buildings.

Support Drawings Stormwater Alley Lighting is a meaningful and necessary component of the overall site design. The overhead lighting in this alley gives an overhead plane and assists in the creation of a comfortable pedestrian space. The zig-zag pattern illuminates the entire space. The lighting located within the bench seating and trees will provide a safe atmosphere the space at night. This will enhance visibility and provide another unique lighting solution.

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Support Drawings

Stormwater Alley The section cut shown to the right explains the stormwater alley planters. These planters are below the surface but the vegetation grows to meet the main ground plane. The trees on either side soften the skyscrapers and bring the scale to human level. There are also overhead lights that zig-zag across the alleyway to create a ceiling plane and to provide overhead lighting at night. Movable seating can also be seen in front of the different storefronts and cafes that are in the buildings defining the alleyway. The proposed design utilizes stormwater management, brings the space to human scale, and uses vegetation for aesthetics. These elements are crucial when creating a space people will want to utilize.

Support Drawings

40’ overhead linear light fixtures 30’

20’

10’

00’

28 State St. Store fronts

Cafe Seating & Pedestrian Walkway

Flow-through Planters & Pedestrian Paths

Pedestrian Walkway

section d-d’ 0

orange line tunnel

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Planting Design Planting Design The planting design we propose is a very complex natural organization style. The plants were specifically chosen because of their tolerance to urban conditions, four season interest, and native status. The planting design was developed to create a link between the Rose Kennedy Greenway and the Boston Commons. This link in the center of downtown is vital in increasing biodiversity and connecting Bostonâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s park system. The chart on the right shows the color, duration, and time of year each plant bloom. The plants chosen create a dynamic planting design that is sure to have interest throughout the year.

Planting Design Bloom Chart

Jan

Feb

March

April

May

June

July

Aug

Sept

Oct

Nov

Dec

Stormwater Management

Perennials

Shrubs

Trees

Koelreuteria paniculata Gleditsia triacanthos Cercis canadensis Amelanchier arborea Aralia nudicaulis Ilex verticillata Indigofera amblyantha Ribes cynosbati Gaylussacia baccata Rosa blanda Spiraea alba latifolia Viburnm acerifolium Viburnum nudum â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;Winterthurâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; Adiantum pedatum Agastache scrophulanifolia Agrimoria eupatoria Anaphalis margaritacea Aquilegia canadenesis Blephilia ciliata Panicum virgatum Ratibida columnifera Solidago nemoralis Sporobollis heteroledis Apocynum androsaemifolium Campanula rotundifolia Herniaria glabra Physostegia virginiana Vernonia fasciculata Chelone glabra Carex bebbii Echinacea pallida Allium cernuum Juncus torreyi Scutellaria lateriflora Carex scoparia

Native Plantings

Species common throughout the site

Stormwater Plants

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Stormwater Management

The stormwater plan shows the various stormwater Best Management Practices used to reduce the amount of runoff generated by the plaza. Over 90 percent of the plaza is connected to a combined sewer system making the reduction of runoff imperative to improving the water quality of local waterways and the Boston Harbor. The existing plaza design is 99 percent impervious and generates 52,773 ft3 of runoff in a 1-inch storm. The new design and stormwater system is capable of storing and infiltrating the first 2 inches of rainfall on-site.

Stormwater Management Bioretention Bioretention areas on the North end of the site collect surface runoff from the new drop-off circle in front of the JFK federal building. Bioretention areas act as soil and plant-based filtration devices that remove pollutants through a variety of physical and biological treatment processes. Although the Northern end of the site drains to a separate sewer system, the ability of bioretention areas to reduce pollutant loads to receiving waters is necessary towards achieving regulatory water quality goals.

Subsurface Infiltration Subsurface infiltration tanks are designed to temporarily hold and infiltrate stormwater below the surface of the plaza. Surface runoff and overflow discharge from stormwater chambers drains to the infiltration areas where the water has the opportunity to percolate into the ground. Infiltration is a vital aspect of stormwater best management practices because it allows water to recharge local groundwater systems.

Stormwater Chamber The stormwater chambers collect surface runoff and overflow from the retrofitted green roofs on City Hall and the JFK Federal Building lower wing. The chambers store stormwater which is reused to irrigate the trees and green walls on the plaza. Irrigation is imperative to the health and quality of urban trees and will aid in the long-term success of the plaza. The trees offer opportunity for uptake and evapotranspiration which reduces stormwater volume and assists in the cooling of the surrounding area. The chambers have the ability to store up to 3.14 ft3 of water per linear foot. Overflow from the chambers enters a subsurface infiltration area where the water is provided with adequate space and time to infiltrate into the ground.

Storage Cistern Many areas of the site are obstructed by subsurface infrastructure (subway tunnel, parking garage, etc.). Due to subsurface limitations in these areas the infiltration of stormwater is not possible. In this case, surface runoff is collected and stored in cisterns. The stored water is reused for on-site water features and irrigation.

Flow-through Planter Due to subsurface limitations, flow-through planters were utilized in multiple areas on the plaza. Flow-though planters reduce stormwater flow rates, volume, temperature, and improve water quality. The planters also provide opportunity for uptake and evapotranspiration which reduces stormwater volume and aids in the cooling of the surrounding area. stormwater management 102

Stormwater Management Integrated Stormwater System The integration of various stormwater techniques creates a stormwater system with a maximized potential to reuse, infiltrate, and store stormwater on-site. The section diagram (right) shows the integrated system and provides an understanding of how the system will function.

1 Green Roof 2 Stormwater Chamber 3 Green Wall 4 Infiltration Basin

overflow from green roof

stored water reused for irrigation

2 3

chamber overflow filters through green wall

99% Existing Impervious 61% Proposed Impervious

excess water enters infiltration basin

entering 90% Runoff combined sewer entering 0% Runoff combined sewer *statistics based on a 1-inch storm

storms add 100% Annual runoff to combined sewer storms add 61% Annual runoff to combined sewer *statistics based on average daily rainfall data from 2009-2013 (data provided by BSWC)

Stormwater Management Urban Tree Benefits evapotranspiration

uptake

CO2 and Ozone absorption

10% Canopy Cover 33% Canopy Cover

runoff collection

tree cell

infiltration

7,900 gal. 30,000 gal. Daily water uptake and evapotranspiration potential based on number and type of urban trees

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ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY

Aiello, Dr. Antonio. “Environmental Perceptions and Behaviors Toward Green Areas in Urban People .” . Department of Developmental and Social Psychology, University of Rome, 1 Sept. 1998. Web. 29 Mar. 2014. <http://www.unesco.org/mab/doc/mys/97/Antonio/FULLREP1.PDF>. Article describing people’s attitudes towards open space in cities. Good research to quantify what people like in urban areas and how to meet their needs.

“Boston Calling Festival Montage.” YouTube. YouTube, 1 June 2013. Web. 18 Apr. 2014. <https://www.youtube. com/watch?v=wtcFYpXlaZU>. Video used for final presentation and to show how popular Boston Calling is.

“City Hall Plaza - Hall of Shame | Project for Public Spaces (PPS).” City Hall Plaza - Hall of Shame | Project for Public Spaces (PPS). Project for Public Spaces, n.d. Web. 25 Jan. 2014. <http://www.pps.org/great_public_ spaces//one?public_place_id=148>. Website used for background information about the site. Also gave a clear understanding of what has happened to the space and why it is unsuccessful.

City of Boston, n.d. Web. 3 Feb. 2014. <http://boston.maps.arcgis.com/home/webmap/viewer. html?webmap=ecaf4457cf714f559f24b54fcd9b9aa1>. This interactive website is where Boston stores its GIS data. Here it was easy to pick what GIS data we wanted and crop it to the desired extents. Excellent resource.

“cityofboston.gov - Official Web Site of the City of Boston.” Enterprise GIS. City of Boston, 1 Jan. 2014. Web. 13 Jan. 2014. <http://www.cityofboston.gov/maps/>. Used to find GIS data and mapping information. Also used for background data about the city.

“Document Center.” Home. Boston Redevelopment Authority, 1 Jan. 2014. Web. 6 Jan. 2014. <http://www. bostonredevelopmentauthority.org/document-center?searchtext=&searchmode=anyword&doctype=&neighborh ood=&project=&department=&program=&date=>. Used to download CAD data in addition to some modeling bases. Great source of information about the city.

“Government Center, Boston Guide.” Airbnb. Airbnb, Inc., n.d. Web. 12 Jan. 2014. <https://www.airbnb.com/ locations/boston/government-center>. Website used for background information about the site. Also gave a clear understanding of what has happened to the space and why it is unsuccessful. Used for surrounding amenities information.

“Greening America’s Capitals Boston’s City Hall Plaza.” . Utile, Inc., Reed Hilderbrand Associates, Durand & Anastas Environmental Strategies, Nitsch Engineering, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1 July 2011. Web. 29 Apr. 2014. <http://www.epa.gov/dced/pdf/GAC_Boston.pdf>. Gave us background information about the project. Main source of information regarding project scope. Excellent resources that lead us to contact Reed Hilderbrand Associates.

Harris, Charles W.., and Nicholas T.. Dines. Time-Saver Standards for Landscape Architecture Design and Construction Data : Second Edition. Second ed. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1997. Print. Used for creation of construction details and analysis of site functions.

Ross, Casey. “After many false starts, a new City Hall Plaza plan.” Boston.com. The New York Times, 16 Mar. 2011. Web. 17 Feb. 2014. <http://www.boston.com/business/articles/2011/03/16/after_many_false_starts_a_new_ city_hall_plaza_plan/>. Information about the new government center subway station. Article describes the potential for a 10 year plan where the plaza will be renovated and trees will be added.

Ross, Casey. “Boston’s City Hall Plaza - past and future.” Boston.com. The New York Times, 1 Jan. 2007. Web. 21 Jan. 2014. <http://www.boston.com/business/gallery/cityhallrenderings/>. Article was used to find historical images of the plaza in addition to some background information about the site and city.

“Scollay Square.” Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, 18 Apr. 2014. Web. 13 Mar. 2014. <http://en.wikipedia.org/ wiki/Scollay_Square>. Used for background information pertaining to the previous use of the plaza. Lead to other sources at the bottom of the article.

Strom, Steven, and Kurt Nathan. Site engineering for landscape architects. 5th ed. Hoboken, N.J.: John Wiley & Sons, 2009. Print. Used for creation of layout plans and grading plans.

Swaffield, Simon R.. Theory in landscape architecture: a reader. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2002. Print. Used for analyzing theories presented by famous landscape architects. Also utilized for literature review.

Viser, Matt. “Fount of futility finally runs dry.” Boston.com. The New York Times, 9 June 2006. Web. 23 Jan. 2014. <http://www.boston.com/news/local/articles/2006/06/09/fount_of_futility_finally_runs_dry/>. Article used for background information about the site. Describes the fountain fill in and how the space has no attraction left.

“WeatherSpark Beta.” Average Weather For Boston, Massachusetts, USA. Cedar Lake Ventures, Inc, 1 Jan. 2013. Web. 26 Mar. 2014. <http://weatherspark.com/averages/29794/Boston-Massachusetts-United-States>. Website used for weather data pertaining to the area and the site. Good for showing nearby weather stations.

“What should be done to Boston’s City Hall Plaza?.” Boston.com. The New York Times, n.d. Web. 12 Feb. 2014. <http://www.boston.com/business/gallery/boston_city_hall_plaza_ideas/#/item-49695>. Used to see what the public has submitted with their thoughts about City Hall Plaza. Many good and bad ideas are shown here. Got a general feel as to what the public wants. annotated bibliography 106