ferweruli warwerebis mixedviT

cnobebi Sua saukuneebis mxatvrebis Sesaxeb (ferweruli warwerebis mixedviT)

IXXVII saukuneebis qarTul kedlis mxatvrobaSi SemorCenili mxatvris saxelis Semcveli warwerebi ZiriTadi wyaroa Sua saukuneebis mxatvarTa Taobaze. erTi saerTo niSani, romelic metad Tu naklebad yvela drois warwerebs axasiaTebT informaciis metismeti simwirea, rac, rogorc Cans, maTi funqciiT iyo gapirobebuli1. saqtitoro warwerebica da mxatvarTa `xelmowerebic~, umTavresad, mxolod mxatvris saxelis aRniSvniT Semoifargleba. ra Tqma unda, vinme giorgis, Tevdores, demetres, giorgi joxtoberiZis da sxvaTa saxelebi arafers matebs Cvens codnas Sua saukuneebis mxatvarTa Sesaxeb. magram warwerebSi drodadro mainc gamokrTeba xolme sayuradRebo cnobebi. mxatvrebTan dakavSirebuli informaciis simwires Tu gaviTvaliswinebT arcTu cota da, rac mTavaria, uaRresad mniSvnelovani cnobebi mogvepoveba mxatvar Tevdoreze. marto is rad Rirs, rom saqtitoro warwerebidan danamdvilebiT viciT, rom man zemo svaneTis sami (ifraris mTavarangelozTa (1096), kalas wm. kvirikesa da ivlitas (lagurka, 1115) da nakifaris wm. giorgis (1130)) eklesia moxata; viciT TiToeulis Sesrulebis zusti TariRica da momgebelnic (xevis aznaurebi da mosaxleoba), magram gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovani mainc is faqtia, rom samive warweraSi Tevdore mefis mxatvrad aris dasaxelebuli. Tevdore Sua saukuneebis erTaderTi mxatvaria saqarTveloSi, romelic aseTi wodebiTaa cnobili. varaudoben, rom is warmoSobiT svani iyo, romelic dedaqalaqSi an gelaTis monasterSi daxelovnda2 .

1 am sakiTxze ix. aqve, q. miqelaZe, Sua saukuneebis mxatvarTa warwerebi. 2 Аладашвили, Алибегашвили, Вольская, Живописная школа, 100–101; Вирсаладзе, Фресковая роспись художника Микаела Маглакели, 222.

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radgan Tevdores samive moxatuloba TariRiania, es saSualebas iZleva Tvali gavadevnoT mis Semoqmedebas 34 wlis (10961130) ganmavlobaSi. amave dros, es imasac mowmobs, rom Tevdore, yovel SemTxvevaSi, nakifaris eklesiis moxatvis (1130) dros axalgazrda ver iqneboda. cnobebi Sua saukuneebSi mxatvris xelobis swavlebis sistemis Taobaze qarTul wyaroebSi ar mogvepoveba. am mxriv arc bizantiuri masalaa mdidari, Tumca XIVXV saukuneebis kreteli da gansakuTrebiT renesansis mxatvarTa Sesaxeb arsebuli dokumentebisa da cnobebis mixedviT, irkveva, rom Sua saukuneebSi mxatvris xelobis Seswavla xuTidan rva wlamde grZeldeboda. damoukidebel muSaobas 2025 wlis an cota ufros asakSi iwyebdnen3 . safiqrebelia, rom daaxloebiT aseTi sistema iqneboda saqarTveloSic4 . ifraris eklesia Tevdorem 1096 wels moxata, magram, is, uTuod, ufro adrec moRvaweobda, radgan aq is ukve mefis mxatvrad Cans da mas rom es Tanamdeboba/wodeba moepovebina gamocdilebis dagroveba, saxelis moxveWa dasWirdeboda, rac garkveul dros iTxovda5. gamodis, rom Tevdorem nakifaris wm. giorgis eklesia sadRac 6065 wlisam moxata. miuxedavad imisa, rom monumenturi mxatvroba sakmaod Sromatevadi saqmea, Sua saukuneebis mxatvrebi zogjer 4050 wlis ganmavlobaSic ki muSaobdnen. am mxriv Tevdore ar aris gamonaklisi. magaliTad, XVII saukunis berZeni mxatvari konstantine 50 wlis ganmavlobaSi moRvaweobda6 . sayuradRebo cnobas gvawvdis mcxeTis sveticxovlis sakaTedro taZris `cxoveli svetis~ warwerac, romelSic mxatvari grigol guljavarasSvili (16781688) moqalaqed gvecnoba: `...davxate me, friad codvilma moqalaqem guljavarasSvilma grigol...~ (#33). moqalaqis wodeba gvian Sua saukuneebSi (XVIXVII ss.) mefis brZanebiT mxolod dedaqalaqis, Tbilisis mosaxleobis garkveul fenas, umTavresad, vaWrebsa da xelosnebs eniWebodaT, magram ara ganurCevlad yvelas. moqalaqeobis mopovebis ZiriTadi piroba TbilisSi mudmivi sacxovrebeli, uZravi qoneba da xazinaSi gadasaxadis Setana iyo7. maSasadame, grigol guljavarasSvili Tbilisis moqalaqe iyo, mas uZravi qonebac hqonda da saxazino gadasaxadsac ixdida.

3 Marković, Painters in Late Byzanitie World. 4 XVIIIXIX ssis qarTuli dokumentebidan cnobilia, rom amqrebSi xelobis Seswavlas 810 an 13 wlis asakSi iwyebdnen; swavla 3–10 weli grZeldeboda, mesxia, saistorio Ziebani, II, 365–568. 5 gamoTqmulia mosazrebebi Tevdores mier Seqmnili sxva namuSevrebis Taobaze, burWulaZe, monumenturi da dazguri mxatvrobis urTierTmimarTebis sakiTxisaTvis, 122–129; oqropiriZe, sveticxovlis sakurTxevlis moxatulobisTvis, 23–28. 6 Drakopoulou, Remarques, 55. 7 mexia, saistorio Ziebani, II, 296–312.

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sagulisxmoa, rom XVIXVII saukuneebis ramdenime warweraSi maRali ierarqiis sasuliero pirebi arian mxatvrebad dasaxlebulni. samTavisis taZris sakurTxeveli 1679 wels samTavnelma episkoposma melitonma, erTawmindis wm. evstates saxelobis eklesia ierusalimis jvris monastris winamZRvarma, jvaris mamam meletiosma 1654 wels, xolo gremis wm. mTavarangelozTa taZari – protosingelozma zaqariam (1577) moxates. kedlis mxatvrebis warweraTa wyalobiT viciT, rom Sua saukuneebis saqarTveloSi berZnulenovani mxatvrebic moRvaweobdnen. maT mieraa moxatuli walenjixis macxovris saxelobis eklesia (13841396), biWvintis RvTismSoblis taZris samxreTdasavleTi kapela (15571578), gelaTis RvTismSoblis Sobis taZari berZeni ostatebis monawileobiT 1520ian (gumbaTi) da 1550ian wlebSi moixata, gremis mTavarangelozTa taZari (1577), bobnevis ioane maxareblis eklesia (1683) da winarexis maRalaanT eklesiis kankeli (1680iani ww.). aranakleb mniSvnelovania ramdenime warweraSi dasaxelebuli mxatvris warmomavlobac: walenjixaSi konstantinopoleli manuel evgenikosi, gremSi Tesalonikeli zaqaria da bobnevSi aTonis mTis bermonazoni danieli. warmomavlobas Tu mSobliur kuTxes berZeni mxatvrebi warwerebSi, Cveulebriv, sxva qveyanaSi an Tavisi sacxovreblidan moSorebiT muSaobis dros aRniSnavdnen8. sxvaTa Soris, warwerebSi eTnikur kuTvnilebas qarTuli warmomavlobis mxatvrebic usvamdnen xans, roca ucxoeTSi xatavdnen eklesiebs – petriwonis monastris saZvalis mxatvari ioane qarTvelad (iberopulosi) saxeldeba (`moixata yovladwmida eklesia srulad, xeliTa ioanesi, istoriografosisa, iberopulosisa, da wamkiTxvelno evedreT CemTvis ufals~)9, aTonis mTis ivironis monastris kaTolikonis XVI saukunis mxatvari mRvdelmonazoni markosi iverielad (`samgzis netari ufali markoz iverieli da mxatvari~)10, maSin roca, adgilobrivi mxatvrebis warwerebSi warmoma

8 Kalopissi-Verti, Painters, 148–149; misive, Painters’ Information, 58–61; Δρακοπουλου, Υπογραφές, 131. 9 Panayotova-Puguet, Les peintures de Bačkovo, 187–197; Bakalova, Korolova, Popov, The Ossuary of Bachkovo Monastery, 109. warweris qarTuli Targmani ix., sxirtlaZe, mRvdelmonazoni markos, 314, Sen. 6. 10 Τσιγαρίδας, Ο ζωγράφος Μάρκος, 275–280; sxirtlaZe, mRvdelmonazoni markos, 303–338. aqvea sruli bibliografiac da warweris qarTuli Targmanic. warwera markosis gamosaxulebas axlavs, romelic saqtitoro kompoziciaSia CarTuli (moxatuloba XVI ssaa da ganaxlebulia XIX sSi). aRsaniSnavia, rom mxatvris portretul gamosaxulebas Sua saukuneebis saxviT xelovnebaSi paralelebi ar moeZebneba, Tumca mxatvrebi zogjer siuJetur kompoziciebSia gamosaxuli, sxirtlaZe, mRvdelmonazoni markos, 314, 316; Sen. 7. aqvea miTiTebuli am sakiTxTan dakavSirebuli samecniero literaturac.

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vlobis, an geografiuli punqtis aRniSvnis SemTxvevebi ar dasturdeba. berZeni mxatvrebis warwerebSi dasaxelebuli geografiuli punqtebi im mxrivac mniSvnelovania, rom isini dokumenturad adastureben Sua saukuneebis saqarTveloSi qristianuli aRmosavleTis mowinave kulturulreligiuri centrebidan Camosuli mxatvrebis moRvaweobas, rac am centrebTan mWidro urTierTobasac mowmobs. berZen mxatvarTa warwerebi da moxatulobebi mianiSnebs, rom maTi nakadi saqarTveloSi XVIXVII saukuneebSi matulobs. amave periodSi kaxeTis samefoSi Camodian moskoveli mxatvrebic. ucxoel ostatTa momravlebas, rogorc Cans, obieqturi da subieqturi mizezebi hqonda. esaa periodi, roca saqarTvelo osmaleTis imperiisa da iranis brZolis velad iqca da mZime politikur da ekonomikur mdgomareobaSi aRmoCnda. gamudmebuli omebisgan dangreuldarbeul qveyanaSi SemoqmedebiTi impulsebic iwureboda da, albaT, mxatvarTa an iqneb ufro swori iqneboda gveTqva, profesiuli ganswavlis ostatebis naklebobac iyo, rasac, qarTveli mefedidebulebic uCiodnen da am mxriv daxmarebasac iTxovdnen. meore mxriv, bizantiis imperiis dacemas (1453) berZen mxatvarTa didi migracia mohyva. osmaluri batonobis pirobebSi isini samuSaos ZiebaSi sxvadasxva qveynebSi mimoifantnen; postbizantiur xanaSi maTi ricxvi sagrZnoblad gaizarda balkaneTis qveynebSi11. SesaZloa amave mizeziT CamoaRwies maT saqarTveloSic da ufro advilad xelmisawvdomnic gaxdnen. magram arc is aris gamoricxuli, rom ucxoel mxatvrebs sagangebodac iwvevdnen. Cven mxolod walenjixis warwerebidan viciT, rom vamey dadianma qvabalia da gabisulava konstantinopolSi mxatvris Camoyvanis mizniT gagzavna. ar viciT maT maincdamainc manuel evgenikosis Camoeyvana evalebodaT, Tu is qvabaliagabisulavam SearCies, magram faqti isaa rom, mxatvari vameyis mowveviT Camovida12. mxatvris mowveva arc XVIXVII saukuneebis qtitorebs gauWirdebodaT – levan kaxTa mefesa (15181574)

11 am sakiTxs mravali naSromi eZRvneba. davasaxeleb ramdenimes: Garidas, La peinture; Χατζηδάκης, Έλληνες ζωγράφοι; Χατζηδάκης, Δρακοπούλου, Έλληνες ζωγράφοι; Δρακοπούλου, Ζωγράφοι, misive (Dracopoulou), Remarques. 12 gamoTqmulia varaudi, rom qvabalia da gabisulava mxatvrebi iyvnen (amiranaSvili, qarTuli xelovnebis istoria, 359, 361; Velmans, Le décor; 203; sanikiZe, walenjixis macxovris taZris istoriisTvis, 182), rasac ar viziarebT, Tumca maTi roli walenjixaSi konstantinopolidan mxatvris CamoyvaniT ar unda Semoifarglebodes; ar aris gamoricxuli, rom maT materialuri wvlili Seitanes taZris moxatvaSi. raki qvabalia da gabisuvvlava sasuliero pirebi iyvnen, isini SeiZleba moxatulobis ikonografiuli programis SedgenaSic monawileobdnen.

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Tu mis Zes aleqsandre IIs (15741601) gremSi13, miT ufro, Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, rom isini aTonis mTis eklesiamonastrebzec zrunavdnen14 . ar gauWirdebodaT mxatvris mowveva arc dasavleT saqarTvelos kaTolikos evdemons (15571578) biWvintis taZris samxreTdasavleTi kapelis da arc mcxeTis sveticxovlis qadags, nikoloz maRalaZes (1680iani ww.) maRalaanT eklesiis kankelis mosaxatad; ioseb tfilelisTvisac (16201688) ar iqneboda rTuli aTonis mTidan moewvia bermonazoni danieli bobnevis eklesiis mosaxatad, romelic man, rogorc Cans, Tavis saZvaled aago da Seamko. moskoveli mxatvrebis gamoCena kaxeTis samefosa da ruseTs Soris politikurdiplomatiuri urTierTobebis Camoyalibebas mohyva Tan. amave periodSi gaaqtiurda evropaSi mimosvla da evropuli kulturiTa da mxatvrebiT dainteresebac15. ucxoel mxatvarTa mimarT interesi, cxadia, mxolod adgilobrivi ostatebis naklebobiT ver aixsneba. bolos da bolos am ukanasknelTa moxatuli eklesiebi sWarbobs kidec Camosul mxatvarTa mier Sesrulebul moxatulobebs. momgebeli mxatvars eTnikuri niSniT, cxadia, ar airCevda, magram misi konstantinopoleloba an aTonis mTaze moRvaweoba uTuod mniSvnelovani iqneboda. araferia cnobili saqarTveloSi Camosulma mxatvrebma ramden xans dahyves aq, rogori anazRaureba hqondaT, an sad da rogor cxovrobdnen da sxva. am mxriv, gamonaklisia maRalaanT eklesiis kankelis mxatvari, apostole, romelic, erTerT sabuTis Tanaxmad qalaq mcxeTaSi cxovrobda16. aqve, mcxeTaSi, moRvaweobda apostoles damkveTic, nikoloz maRalaZe sveticxovlis taZris qadagis Tanamdebobaze. is gare

13 gremSi garkveuli Seusabamobaa saqtitoro warweraSi (berZ. #4) aRniSnul moxatulobis Sesrulebis TariRsa (1577) da qtitoris, levan kaxTa mefis zeobis (15181574) wlebs Soris. vfiqrobT, taZris moxatva levanis sicocxleSi daiwyo da misi gardacvalebis Semdeg, aleqsandre IIis dros (15741605) dasrulda. mxatvroba ramdenjermea restavrirebuli, savaraudod, XVII sSi moskoveli mxatvrebis mier da ufro gvianac, amiranaSvili, qarTuli xelovnebis istoria, 382; Вачнадзе, Некоторые особенности, 10; vaCnaZe, levan kaxTa mefe, 129. S. amiranaSvilis varaudiT, saqtitoro warweraSi dasaxelebuli saba mxatvari iyo (Ш. Амиранашвили, История грузинского искусства, 270), Tumca warweris mixedviT saba winamZRvaria. t. velmansma Tesalonikeli beri moxatulobis damkveTad miiCnia, magram ar gamoricxavs, rom is amavdroulad mxatvaric iyo, Velmans, Contribution, 304, 308. 14 levanma da aleqsandrem aTonis mTaze ganaaxles filoTeosis monasteri, aaSenes da moxates satrapezo, gabaSvili, mimosvla, 37, 38; Григорович-Барский, Второе посещение; levan kaxTa mefisa da aleqsandre IIis aTonze moRvaweobasTan dakavSirebiT ix. aseve: sxirtlaZe, mRvdelmonazoni markos, 321–323, vaCnaZe, levan kaxTa mefe, 123–127. 15 janjalia, tradicia da siaxle. 16 qarTuli samarTlis Zeglebi, III, 806.

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moeba, rom apostole mcxeTaSi cxovrobda, gvafiqrebinebs, rom mas saqarTveloSi sxva dakveTebic unda Seesrulebina. SeiZleba vivaraudoT, rom gelaTis RvTismSoblis taZris gumbaTis mxatvrebic erTxans mainc cxovrobdnen saqarTveloSi, radgan maTi qarTulenovani warwerebi mowmobs, rom maT cota qarTulis swavlac moaswres. berZeni mxatvrebis saqarTveloSi Seqmnili moxatulobebis garda sxva namuSevrebi ar aris cnobili17. ra Tqma unda, maT aqac da TavianT samSobloSic sxva eklesiebic eqnebodaT moxatuli, zogierTi, SesaZloa, xatis an xelnawerTa miniatiurebis avtoric yofiliyo. vin icis, romelime maTganis nawarmoebi sadme iZebnebodes kidec. zemo krixis mTavarangelozTa eklesiaSi mxatvarrestavratoris, vinme CubiniZes warweraa SemorCenili (#15), romelmac XI saukunis moxatulobis, calkeuli dazianebuli adgilebi ganaaxla (XIIIXIV ss.)18 . warweraTa dazianebis gamo zogierT maTganSi mxatvris saxeli aRar SemorCa. maT rigs miekuTvneba sabereebis monastris moxatulobaTa warwerebi. magram VII da VIII eklesiebis mxatvarTa `xelmowerebSi~ erTi sayuradRebo cnobaa gadarCenili, kerZod, aq mxatvris aRsaniSnavad sityva `mweralia~ gamoyenebuli, rac kedlis mxatvrobaSi sxvagan arsad dasturdeba. ferweruli warwerebi mxatvrebze, Tu SeiZleba iTqvas, arapirdapir cnobebsac gvawvdis. magaliTad, T. virsalaZis varaudiT, macxvariSis macxovris saxelobis eklesiis mxatvari, miqael maRlakeli warmoSobiT quTaisis maxloblad mdebare sofel maRlakidan iyo, radgan gvari maRlakeli ar arsebobs da is am soflis mkvidrs, an am gvaris am soflidan warmomavlobas mianiSnebs. rogorc Cans, miqaelis winaprebi imereTidan zemo svaneTSi gadasaxlebulan, radgan is rogorc mxatvari adgilobrivi samxatvro skolis warmomadgenelia, rasac macxavriSis moxatulobis ikonografiuli da stiluri niSnebica da warweraTa fonetikac miuTiTebs19 .

XVI saukunis xalxuri mimarTulebis mxatvrobis tipiuri warmomadgeneli giorgi joxtoberiZe mefis mxatvar TevdoresTan erTad Sua saukuneebis im iSviaT mxatvarTa ricxvs miekuTvneba, romlis ramdenime

17 hans beltingis varaudiT, manuel evgenikoss ekuTvnis sinas mTis wm. ekaterines monastris gardamoxsnis xati, Belting, Le peitre Manuel Eugenikos, 111–120. 18 Вирсаладзе, Фресковая роспись в церкви архангелов, 35–37. 19 Вирсаладзе, Фресковая роспись художника Микаела Маглакели, 163–165.

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xelmowerilma moxatulobam moaRwia Cvenamde. joxtoberiZis mier moxatuli eklesiebi misi moRvaweobis geografiuli arealis gansazRvris SesaZleblobasac iZleva. yvela eklesia (wiTelxevis wm. giorgis, gelaTis wm. elias, ilemis wm. giorgis da obCis wm. giorgis eklesiebi20) erT regionSi, imereTSi, erTmaneTisgan sakmaod axlos mdebareobs. moxatulobaTa momgebelni adgilobrivi Tavadaznauroba da mRvdlebi iyvnen, romlebic joxtoberiZes soflis mcire eklesiebis moxatvas ukveTavdnen21. iseTi STabeWdileba iqmneba, rom giorgi joxtoberiZis saqmianoba imereTiT Semoifargleboda. is, savaraudod, aqauri mkvidri iyo, iqneb am mxareSi saxelganTqmuli mxatvaric. radgan giorgi joxtoberiZe eklesiebs sxva ostatebTan erTad xatavda, rasac moxatulobaTa Sesrulebis manera da xelwera cxadyofs, i. xuskivaZis varaudiT, is mxatvarTa `saZmos an iqneb artelis xelmZRvaneli iyo~22 . erTi mxatvris mier `xelmowerili~ ramdenime moxatuloba im mxrivacaa mniSvnelovani, rom es garkveuli periodis manZilze mxatvris SemoqmedebiT ganviTarebaze dakvirvebis saSualebas iZleva; rogor udgeboda is yovel axal dakveTasa da amocanebs, rogor kompozicias qmnida sxvadasxva arqiteqturuli sivrcisTvis an rogor usadagebda mas da sxva. interesmoklebuli ar unda iyos imis aRniSvnac, rom warwerebSi eklesiis moxatvis procesTan dakavSirebuli erTiori cnobac aris SemorCenili. nezgunis macxovris eklesiis saqtitoro warwera (X s., #5) erTaderTi SemTxvevaa, sadac mxatvris gasamrjelos Taobazea saubari. momgebeli, vinme beSqeni ityobineba, rom eklesiis sakurTxeveli `...puriTa da fasiTa CemiTa~ movxateo, rac imas niSnavs, rom man mxatvar giorgis samuSao naturiTac aunazRaura da, rogorc Cans, fulic (fasiTa) gadauxada, magram ramdens Seadgenda es anazRaureba ucnobia. samuSaos mTlianad an nawilobriv naturiT anazRaureba sakmaod miRebuli praqtikaa Sua saukuneebis saqarTveloSic23, bizantiaSic da postbizantiur samyaroSic24. magram qarTul wyaroebSi mxatvris gasamrjelos raodeno

20 obCis eklesiaSi amJamad moxatulobis ramdenime umniSvnelo fragmenti da joxtoberiZis warweris nawilia SemorCenili (#26), xuskivaZe, qarTul eklesiaTa gviani Sua saukuneebis `xalxuri~ moxatulobani, 75, Sen. 1. 21 xuskivaZe, qarTul eklesiaTa gviani Sua saukuneebis `xalxuri~ moxatulobani. 22 iqve, 135–136. 23 silogava, svaneTis werilobiTi Zeglebi, II, 17–18; surgulaZe, ‘mwerali’, 122. 24 Kalopissi-Verti, Painters’s Information, 64; Панић, Бабић, Богородица Љевишка, 23–27; Тοдић, Лични записи, 493; Bogevska, Les peintres-moines, 183–184, Sen. 15.

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bisa da ragvarobis Sesaxeb informacia ar mogvepoveba25. erTgan gvxvdeba cnoba, rom qaSoeTis daxatvisTvis mxatvars `saaxalSene miwa~ miuRia26 . nezgunis warwera kidev erT cnobas Seicavs, kerZod, rom mxatvar giorgis sakurTxevlis afsidi maisSi mouxatavs. aseTive informacias Seicavs gremis saqtitoro warwerac (berZ. #4), romelSic naTqvamia, rom eklesiis moxatva 1577 wlis 29 agvistos dasrulda. samTavisis mxatvari episkoposi melitoni Tavis warweras (#31) 1679 wlis oqtombriT aTariRebs. rogorc cnobilia, eklesiis moxatva, Cveulebriv, weliwadis Tbil (gazafxuliSemodgoma) periodSi xdeboda. Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, rom nezgunSi giorgim mxolod sakurTxevlis afsidi Seamko ferweriT27, maSin, safiqrebelia, rom misi moxatva maisSi ganxorcielda; samTavisis afsidic, rogorc Cans, zafxulSemodgomis periodSi moixata. rac Seexeba gremis sakmaod didi zomis gumbaTian taZars, is SesaZloa etapobrivad, sulac wlebi imkoboda ferweriT da 1577 wlis agvistoSi dasrulda28 .

Sua saukuneebis mxatvrebTan dakavSirebiT qarTulTan SedarebiT met informacias gvawvdis bizantiuri da postbizantiuri epigrafika, sadac drodadro mxatvarTa Taobaze saintereso detalebi gvxdeba, magaliTad, mxatvari asaxelebs Tavis maswavlebels, mowafes, zogjer mamaSvili an mxatvari Zmebi arian dasaxlebulni da sxva29. saqarTveloSi sul erTiori SemTxvevaa, roca mxatvari qtitoris garda vismes sxvas moixseniebs. soris wm. giorgis eklesiis mxatvari daviTi warweraSi asaxelebs meore ostats, giorgis, romelic mnaTes Svili yofila (#18), ori mxatvari – vaJizbeda kekulaZe da ioane javaxaZe `awers xels~ nikorwmindis karibWis moxatulobas (XVI s. #28). aRsaniSnavia ubisis wm. giorgis eklesiis moxatulobis (XIV s.) warwera: `saxeliTa RmrTisa¡Ta, moixata monasteri ese. £eliTa codvilisa, damianes gazrdilisa, gerasimesiTa~ (#17). teqstis mixedviT damiane gerasimes gamzrdeli yofila, rac, mSobels, moZRvars, maswavlebels SeiZleba gulisxmobdes; magram warweraSi ar Cans, rom damiane maincdamainc gerasimes profesiuli aRmzrdeli iyo. misi profesia, iseve rogorc misi roli ubisis moxatulobaSi arc sakurTxevlis afsidSi moTavsebul warweraSi ikveTeba, romelSic kvlav da

25 mesxia, saistorio Ziebani, I, 146147. 26 qarTul xelnawerTa aRweriloba, AII2, 189; beriZe, Zveli qarTveli ostatebi, 17. 27 nezgunis eklesia orjel moixata X sSi (sakurTxevlis afsidi) da XII sSi (eklesiis danarCeni sivrce), Аладашвили, Алибегашвили, Вольская, Живописная Школа, 13–15. 28 ix. aqve, Sen. 13. 29 magaliTebi ix. Kalopissi-Verti, Painters, 144, 149, misive, Painters’ Information, 63; Ћурић, Радионица митрополита,18–33; Тοдић, Лични записи, 503.

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mianea dasaxelebuli30. gelaTis RvTismSoblis taZris gumbaTis berZen mxatvarTa warwerebidan erTerTSi vinme simeoni gamzrdelad („simeon gamdeli ese) aris moxsenebuli. mis gverdiT meore warweraa (`da Sroma simdable Teodoro £eli wera ese~ (#22 a, b) moTavsebuli. vfiqrobT, am SemTxvevaSi gamzrdeli xelobis maswavlebels unda gulisxmobdes da, maSin simeoni Teodores maswavleblad unda miviCnioT31. Sua saukuneebis mxatvrebi warwerebSi xSirad asaxelebdnen Tavis maswavlebels, romlis saxelic win uZRoda mxatvrisas32. simeoni rom mxatvaria gelaTis gumbaTis kidev erTi warwerac adasturebs, romelSic naTqvamia, rom simeons aq `saqme~ gaukeTebia (#22, g), rac am SemTxvevaSi, uTuod, xatvas gulisxmobs. unda aRiniSnos, rom saqarTveloSi ar SemorCenila warwera, romelSic mxatvari Tavisi ojaxis wevrebis Sewyalebas iTxovs, risi araerTi SemTxveva dasturdeba gvianbizantiursa da postbizantiur ZeglebSi33 . sul es aris, rac IXXVII saukuneebis qarTul kedlis mxatvrobaSi SemorCenili warwerebidan SeiZleba amovkriboT Sua saukuneebis mxatvrebTan dakavSirebiT. informaciis simwiris miuxedavad es masala mainc amdidrebs Cven codnas ara mxolod adgilobriv, aramed zogadad qristianuli aRmosavleTis Sua saukuneebis mxatvarTa Taobaze.

30 damianes vinaobasTan dakavSirebiT sxvadasxva mosazrebaa gamoTqmuli. S. amiranaSvili mas ubisis mxatvrad miiCnevda (amiranaSvili, ubisi, 10. misive, qarTveli mxatvari damiane, 1213.). v. beriZem warweraTa analizis safuZvelze damajereblad daasabuTa, rom mxatvari damiane ki ara gerasimea (beriZe, gerasime, da ara damiane), rac sxva mecnierebmac gaiziares. gamoTqmulia varaudi, rom damiane monastris winamZRvari da moxatulobis momgebeli iyo (burWulaZe, ubisis monastris xatebi, 154, Sen. 1, 179180; lorTqifaniZe, `saidumlo serobis~ scena, 271272, Sen. 2; miqelaZe, xelovanmomxatvelTa warwerebis mniSvneloba, 154157). gerasimes damianes mowafed miiCnevs s. kalopisiverti, Tumca imasac SeniSnavs aqamde gaurkvevelia damiane mxatvari iyo Tu sasuliero pirio, KalopissiVerti, Painters, 149, Sen. 90. 31 ase esmoda warwera b. lominaZesac, Teodore masac simeonis mowafed miaCnda, lominaZe, gelaTi, 47–48. 32 Houliaras, The Work of the Painter, 71. 33 Kalopissi-Verti, Painters, 144, 149, misive, Painters’ Information, 63.

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