OUR CLIMATE IS OUR FUTURE tall buildings at different latitudes
Workflow’s timeline
Post Carbon team
the SOS team Carlotta Greco engineer, architect
Kalzang Dorjee architect
Luca Sandrini architect, landscape
Tiziano Rumori architect
MC A experts Mario Cucinella MC A, SOS founder
Elena Biason project track leader
Monica Palladino project track assistant
Andrea Rossi
Michele Olivieri
expert
expert
Brief
What are the social, cultural and environmental responsibilities in relation to construct a skyscraper? As cities continue to grow rapidly, the way we construct and manage buildings has never been more crucial to grant economic growth and social prosperity. Expanding cities horizontally would keep consuming natural resources so the idea of expanding the city vertically becomes a priority. In fact, since 2001 we have built 84% of all world skyscrapers. But building in height presents lots of challenges, mainly linked to sustainability and social equality. Our challenge is to transform a status-symbol into a dynamic and adaptable vertical community that serves the needs of its inhabitants and acts as a reference the city where it located and the whole planet. We strongly believe that it’s time to change our design approach to tall buildings, restoring a deep connection with climate, local cultures and natural landscapes. It is time to design buildings conceived as living organisms, capable of breaking the boundary between indoor and outdoor space and in close relationship with people and local communities. A system of relationships that has shaped our cultures during the passage of time, making each place on earth different and unique, a fundamental principle we aim to rediscover to imagine our future. Photo by Francesco Jodice
THE TALL BUILDING’S IMPACT is there a balance between humans, nature and technology?
RESEARCH
ANALYSIS
DESIGN I
DESIGN II
COMPARISON
More and more skyscrapers! Number of Skycraper +200m : 115
2021 2019
Since 2001 we built up the 84% of the skyscrapers that we can see now 2012 Number of Skycraper +200m : 22
2001 1879
Sources: Eighty four percent of the world’s skyscrapers have been built since 9/11, Tom Ravenscroft, www.dezeen.com
RESEARCH
ANALYSIS
DESIGN I
DESIGN II
COMPARISON
The problem
Shangai
San Paolo
Milan
Dubai
London
But the skyscrapers all around the world look like the same ...and every city might seem the same as well.
RESEARCH
ANALYSIS
DESIGN I
DESIGN II
COMPARISON
Our crisis
So, are we sure that we are acting good during the biggest crisis of our times?
Photos by Edward Burtinsky RESEARCH
ANALYSIS
DESIGN I
DESIGN II
COMPARISON
Our climatic crisis
Source: Living report 2020, WWF - 6th IPCC report RESEARCH
ANALYSIS
DESIGN I
DESIGN II
COMPARISON
Our climatic crisis
Source: Living report 2020, WWF - 6th IPCC report RESEARCH
ANALYSIS
DESIGN I
DESIGN II
COMPARISON
Our climatic crisis
Source: Living report 2020, WWF - 6th IPCC report RESEARCH
ANALYSIS
DESIGN I
DESIGN II
COMPARISON
Our climatic crisis
Source: Living report 2020, WWF - 6th IPCC report RESEARCH
ANALYSIS
DESIGN I
DESIGN II
COMPARISON
Our climatic crisis
Source: Living report 2020, WWF - 6th IPCC report RESEARCH
ANALYSIS
DESIGN I
DESIGN II
COMPARISON
Our climatic crisis
Source: Living report 2020, WWF - 6th IPCC report RESEARCH
ANALYSIS
DESIGN I
DESIGN II
COMPARISON
Our climatic crisis
Source: Living report 2020, WWF - 6th IPCC report RESEARCH
ANALYSIS
DESIGN I
DESIGN II
COMPARISON
Our demografic crisis
Source: World population prospect, ONU, 2020. Gapminder (v6), HYDE (v 3.2) UN (2019); OWID based on UN World Urbanization prospect and historical sources RESEARCH
ANALYSIS
DESIGN I
DESIGN II
COMPARISON
Our demografic crisis
Source: World population prospect, ONU, 2020. Gapminder (v6), HYDE (v 3.2) UN (2019); OWID based on UN World Urbanization prospect and historical sources RESEARCH
ANALYSIS
DESIGN I
DESIGN II
COMPARISON
Our technological crisis
Source: UN Environment and International Energy Agency, Towards a zero-emission, efficient, and resilient buildings and construction sector. Global Status Report 2017 RESEARCH
ANALYSIS
DESIGN I
DESIGN II
COMPARISON
Our technological crisis
Source: UN Environment and International Energy Agency, Towards a zero-emission, efficient, and resilient buildings and construction sector. Global Status Report 2017 RESEARCH
ANALYSIS
DESIGN I
DESIGN II
COMPARISON
Our technological crisis
Source: Global Human man made mass exceeds all living biomass, E. Elhacham et al., 2020 RESEARCH
ANALYSIS
DESIGN I
DESIGN II
COMPARISON
A small relief
Oasi Park Downtown, WOHA, Sydney, 2016
Burij Doha, CCDI Group, Doha, 2012
Shenzhen Energy, BIG, Shenzhen, 2018
Actually, there is a new generation of skyscrapers spread all around the world
RESEARCH
ANALYSIS
DESIGN I
DESIGN II
COMPARISON
Good practices around the world
QAANAAQ
VÄSTERÅS OSLO
STOCKHOLM
LÆSØ COPENHAGEN LONDON
NEW YORK
CALGARY
LES VIGNEAUX
BERLIN
MALMÖ
FRANKFURT MILAN BOLOGNA
BARCELLONA
CHICAGO
BEIJIN
PORTLAND
SEOUL
CYPRUS CAIRO
KUWAIT CITY DOHA
MEXICO CITY
RIYADH JEDDAH
MUDHIF ABU DHABI DUBAI MUMBAI
SHENZEN
BANGKOK
KULA LAMPUR KINSHASA
SINGAPOUR
SAU PAULO
SANTIAGO DE CHILE
CANADA 122 150+ TALL BUILDING
cold
USA 848
150+ TALL BUILDING
temperate
RESEARCH
SOUTH AMERICA 100
SYDNEY
AFRICA 14
150+ TALL BUILDING
150+ TALL BUILDING
EUROPE 87
150+ TALL BUILDING
MIDDLE EAST 506 150+ TALL BUILDING
ASIA 3934
150+ TALL BUILDING
OCEANIA 137 150+ TALL BUILDING
warm
ANALYSIS
DESIGN I
DESIGN II
COMPARISON
More skyscrapers, better skyscrapers 11.7 Gt of CO2 emission
Paris agreement
Number of Skycraper over 200m : 22
New York city zoning
First mass-production of steel inexpensively
Number of Skycraper over 200m : 115
9/11 Platform on LCA was established
Oil discover
3 billion 2 billion 2016
1 billion
2016 Oasi Park Downtown WOHA Sydney - 155 m
2013
500 million
Vertical Garden Le Nouvel Kuala Lumpur - 200 m
Park Royal WOHA Singapore - 78 m
100 million
2012
2016
2018
2022
Shenzhen Tencent Binhai NBBJ, Shenzhen - 220 m
Via 57 West BIG New York - 145m
Shenzhen Energy BIG Shenzhen - 220 m
425 Park Avenue, Foster + Partners New York 260m
2011
2009 2009
Linked Hybrid Steven Holl Arch.s Beijing - 68 m
Lotte Tower Kohn Pedersen Fox Seoul - 555m
The Met WOHA Bankok - 231 m
POPULATION
60 million 50 million
Southern Beach Foster + Partners Singapore - 217 m
2016
2017 Wind Tower AGi Architects Doha - 63 m
2012 2011 2008
30 million
1931
1998
Empire State Building Shreve, Lamb, Harmon New York City- 381 m
1930
25 million
Al Bahr Towers AHR Abu Dhabi - 150 m
2019
(>600 m)
Manhattan Loft SOM London - 143 m
1999
1884 1984
skyscraper National Commercial Bank SOM Jeddah - 126 m
2013
2003
GSW Headquarters Sauerbruch Hutton Berlin - 81.5 m Commerbank Tower Foster + Partners Frankfurt - 259 m
1997
Home Insurance William Le Baron Jenney Chicago - 42 m
15 million
megatall building 1
Chrisler Building William Van Allen New York City- 319 m
1
20 million
1983 Kanchanjunga Apartments Charles Chorreca Mumbai - 85 m
Al Hamra Tower SOM Kuwait - 414 m
Burj Khalifa SOM Dubai - 829 m
Burj Doha CCDI Group; Terrell Group Doha - 238 m
30 St. Mary Axe Foster + Partners London - 180 m
Design Museum MBM Barcelona - 23 m
2013
2014
One Central Park Jean Nouvel Sydney - 130 m
Terry Schrunk Plaza SERA Architects & Cutler Anderson
2022
2023
Rosewood Tower Jean Nouvel San Paulo 90 m
Unipol Tower MC A Milan 100 m
1600
10 million 600 b.c
Vernacular Arch Denmark
Nomadic Yurta Mongolia
5 million
1 1889
3 million
Eiffel Tower S. Sauvestre /G. Eiffel supertall building (>300 m)
1 million 1400 3300 b.c Ma ‘dan - Marsh Iraq
0
Maasai House Tanzania
PRE INDUSTRIAL CITY
1855
1916
1966
INDUSTRIAL CITY
2001
2005
2008
Source: tall-buildings-past-and-present-trends; Urban-hub the evolution of tallbuildings; Council of tall buildings RESEARCH
ANALYSIS
2020
2015
MEGA CITY
1760
2022
2050
Cold Climate
Arid Climate
Technological events
Subtropical Climate
Tropical Climate
Social impact events
Temperate Climate
CO2 emission by building sector
Nature impact events
DESIGN I
DESIGN II
COMPARISON
Some examples CS
FL
SS
CE LCA
SVB TM wood
LS
Linked Hybrid
Mjosa Tower
NATURE
NATURE
PEOPLE
PEOPLE
TECHNOLOGY
TECHNOLOGY
City : Brummundal, Norway Year : 2017 - 2019 Architect : Voll Arvkitektor AS Category : Mid Tall Building Height & Floors : 85m (18) Climate Zone : Boreale
City : Beijing, China Year : 2005 - 2009 Architect : Steve Holl Architects Category : Building Height & Floors : 68m (21) Climate Zone : Boreale
HOTEL
National Commercial Bank
OFFICE
OFFICE GARDEN PUBLIC
RESEARCH
The Met
NATURE
NATURE
IMPACT
IMPACT
CLIMATE
CLIMATE
PEOPLE
PEOPLE
TECHNOLOGY
TECHNOLOGY
City : Jeddah, Saudi Arabia Year : 1978 - 1983 Architect : SOM Category : Building Height & Floors : 126m (27) Climate Zone : Arid
City : Bangkok, Thailand Year : 2005 - 2009 Architect : WOHA Category : Building Height & Floors : 230.6m (69) Climate Zone : Tropical
ANALYSIS
DESIGN I
DESIGN II
PUBLIC
COMPARISON
PRIVATE
PUBLIC
PUBLIC
PRIVATE
OFFICE
PUBLIC
CLIMATE
PRIVATE PUBLIC PRIVATE
PRIVATE
CLIMATE
PRIVATE
PUBLIC
PRIVATE PUBLIC PRIVATE
IMPACT
IMPACT
Our challenge
How we should behave constructing these buildings?
Photo: historic collection of the Empire State Building’s construction site. RESEARCH
ANALYSIS
DESIGN I
DESIGN II
COMPARISON
A complex system SYSTEM
renwables integrated system
M.E.P.
AI & control
life safe system
IWS
(integrated water system)
collect vertical farming
storage
clean
distribute
water feature nebulizer
vertical forest
GREEN
green walls
vertical phytodepuration
walkable no walkable (intensive) (extensive)
sky garden
vases
ENVELOPE
passive strategies inverted
bio-pool
thermal mass
artificial hills (armed ground)
shading systems
auotmatic
external
vertical lamellas
over hanged
manual
internal
horizontal lamellas
double skin
mashrabiya
COURTAIN walls (glazed facade)
ventilated wind facade permeability
U g
CORE
shape & materials
side core
central core
CS
FL
SS load-bearing
TM wood
FL
CS
CE LCA
SVB
extra features
LCA
SVB
LS
SS
TM steel
certified material
foundations
local
ENVIRONMENT sun radiation
wind
CS
CE
FL
CE
LS
SS
TM concrete
RESEARCH
humidity
human permeability
hybrid
re-used
re-cycled
prefabbricated
PEOPLE
extreme events
shape & colors
cost/sqm expertises
empty (atriums)
COST
clients € $
BUILT UP context rainfalls
mixed use pattern
LS
!!! NATURAL context
natural
LCA
SVB
public semipublic private
atrium
bridge
PROGRAM
STRUCTURE flexibility
green
soil
SOCIAL context
density
FL CE LCA LS
ANALYSIS
flexibility carbon emission life cycle assesment life span
TM SS SVB CS
thermal mass structural strenght save building cost costruction spee
users
DESIGN I
neighbourhood
50
DESIGN II
80
stories
COMPARISON
A system in balanced
RESEARCH
ANALYSIS
DESIGN I
DESIGN II
COMPARISON
Energy consumption in the building sector 22% Residential
on 8
ng 1 oli Co
Ref
r ig e
2%
rati
5% Coo king
Other 4%
%
Other 6%
ctr
Ele
%
19
y icit
ter Wa
g tin ea
%
17
H
75% g din uil 2) lb ta (m to k of stoc
Transport 26%
1%
ing 3
Heat
7% eating % Other 15
H Water
4% Refrigeration Ventilation 6%
25%
36%
8% Not-Residential
Cooling 13% Heating
14%
Electr
Other 26% Industry
icity 3
5%
6% Building Construction Industry 6% Other Construction Industry
Source: IEA 2021. Building and construction’s share of global final energy and energy-related CO2 emission, 2020 RESEARCH
ANALYSIS
DESIGN I
DESIGN II
COMPARISON
Energy consumption at different height
Source:The Environmental Impact of Tall vs Small : A comparative Study, CTBUH, 2015. RESEARCH
ANALYSIS
DESIGN I
DESIGN II
COMPARISON
Skyscraper’s construction costs Economic Height = Market Price Per Floor / Construction Costs Index Value
Optimal height
Pro fit sts o c n o i t c Constr u
s ost c l Tota
cost/sqm
Land cos ts
meters
50
100
150 200
250 300
350
400
450
500
550
600
650 700
750
Source: A Skyscraper Construction Cost Index. Index details are in Barr and Luo (2017). RESEARCH
ANALYSIS
DESIGN I
DESIGN II
COMPARISON
Skyscraper’s people perceptions
Good perception
Bad perception risk of gentrification
symbol of innovation
controlling people (segregation)
an icon in the urban spaces that can attract tourist & investors
symbol of power
point of reference (landmark)
not safe
less land consumption, more public space
not accessible lack of community
RESEARCH
ANALYSIS
DESIGN I
DESIGN II
COMPARISON
Hybrid buildings
300m
250m
200m
150m
100m
50m
De Rotterdam, OMA, Rotterdam
Museum Plaza, REX, Louisville
Tour Signal, Jean Nouvel, Puteaux
How is it possible to transfer the city pattern under one roof?
Source: This is Hybrid, an analysis of mixed-use buildings. A+T research group RESEARCH
ANALYSIS
DESIGN I
DESIGN II
COMPARISON
Our mission 100% renewable energy
Limited height
DFMA Enhance the public space
Give something back to people
Embodied farming systems
Hybrid Tall Building Climate adaptation Biodiversity nest
RESEARCH
ANALYSIS
DESIGN I
DESIGN II
COMPARISON
TALL BUILDINGS AT DIFFERENT LATITUDES where the design can have more impact?
RESEARCH
ANALYSIS
DESIGN I
DESIGN II
COMPARISON
Where the design can have more impact?
Biodiversity loss
areas with major biodiversity loss in the last 30 years
RESEARCH
ANALYSIS
DESIGN I
DESIGN II
COMPARISON
Where the design can have more impact?
Biodiversity loss
areas with major biodiversity loss in the last 30 years
RESEARCH
Fastest growing
ANALYSIS
Most populated cities among the 20th
DESIGN I
DESIGN II
COMPARISON
Where the design can have more impact?
>50 8 >50
>50 >50
21
0
9 >50 7 >50
3
17
0 5
13 >50
0 3 5
Biodiversity loss
areas with major biodiversity loss in the last 30 years
RESEARCH
22
>50
32 >50
Fastest growing
Most populated cities among the 20th
9
Few tall buildings
number of +100m tall buildings
5
ANALYSIS
DESIGN I
DESIGN II
COMPARISON
A final selection: 4 different cities where the design can have more impact N
N
N
N
Ulan B r ato
Tehr a
2m
47° 54’ 27’’ N
n
Yurta
10m 20m
35° 41’ 29’’ N
Yakhchal
Lago s 6° 31’ 27’’ N
Makoko Houses
ba
Curi ti 4m
25° 26’ 09’’ S
RESEARCH
ANALYSIS
DESIGN I
0°C
0°C
0°C
0°C
Oca
DESIGN II
COMPARISON
4 different cities
Population : 15.38 million (2022) Height from sea level : 41m Surface : 1847 sq.km
ANALYSIS
Population : 9.38 million (2022) Height from sea level : 900-1830m Surface : 1100 sq.km
DESIGN I
DESIGN II
r ato
RESEARCH
n
Population : 3.77 million (2022) Height from sea level : 935m Surface : 6242 sq.km
Ulan B
Tehr a
Lago s
ba
Curi ti
Population : 1.64 million (2022) Height from sea level : 1359m Surface : 1816 sq.km
COMPARISON
4 different issues
Slums and floods
Traffic jam
r ato
n
Housing
Ulan B
Tehr a
Lago s
ba
Curi ti
Pollution
It is estimated that 10 to 15% of the city of Curitiba’s population lives in substandard housing that does not meet an acceptable level of health and safety standards
Over 60% of the residents of Lagos are poor and live in the over 100 slums and informal settlements scattered across the city.
Over nine million residents in the capital city of Tehran squander an average of 31 minutes per day in traffic.
In winter, coal stoves and power plants choke Mongolia’s capital, Ulan Bator, with smoke—and lung disease.
https://curitibacityplanning.weebly.com/housing.html
https://theconversation.com/lagos-size-and-slums-will-make-stopping-thespread-of-covid-19-a-tough-task-134723
https://financialtribune.com/articles/people/110239/tehran-residents-spend15b-hours-annually-in-traffic
https://www.nationalgeographic.com/environment/article/mongolia-airpollution
RESEARCH
ANALYSIS
DESIGN I
DESIGN II
COMPARISON
4 different urban planning Curi ti
1 : 350 000
N
railway RESEARCH
industries streets
green areas skyscrapers ANALYSIS
r ato
airports
slums
n
ba
urban area
Ulan B
Tehr a
Lago s
new development areas centers
project area DESIGN I
DESIGN II
COMPARISON
4 different urban planning Curi ti
airports 1 : 350 000
N
In between infrastructural nodes
slums railway
RESEARCH
industries streets
green areas skyscrapers ANALYSIS
r ato
n
ba
City centers
urban area
Ulan B
Tehr a
Lago s
In between blue and green lines
High desnity
new development areas centers
project area DESIGN I
DESIGN II
COMPARISON
4 different sites on the edges Curi ti
1 : 20 000
N
RESEARCH
H
r ato
n
ba
streets electricity line
Ulan B
Tehr a
Lago s
public spaces
informal settlements
green spaces
selected area
hospitals
commercial
canals or streams
free areas
ANALYSIS
DESIGN I
DESIGN II
COMPARISON
4 different climates
>50 kwh/m2
Sun path
47 44 41 38 35 32 29 26 23 <20
Temperature
temperature ranges
average temperature
comfort band
Radiation and rainings
cloud sky
clear sky
direct radiation
diffuse radiation
mean average rainfall 17.0 m/s
Wind rose
15.45 13.60 12.35 10.80 9.30 7.70 6.15 4.60 3.05 <1.50
RESEARCH
ANALYSIS
DESIGN I
DESIGN II
COMPARISON
4 different climates
>50 kwh/m2
Sun path
47 44 41 38 35 32
high radiation
sun on the zenit
29 26 23 <20
Temperature constant
yearly high
temperature
temperature swing average temperature
temperature ranges
comfort band
constant
temperature
Radiation and rainings 800mm average rain
cloud sky
clear sky
direct radiation
diffuse radiation
mean average rainfall 17.0 m/s
Wind rose
15.45 13.60 12.35 10.80
strong wind
9.30 7.70 6.15 4.60 3.05 <1.50
RESEARCH
ANALYSIS
DESIGN I
DESIGN II
COMPARISON
A tall building for Curitiba 2050 Period
21/06
Multiply green and sport area
21/12
overhang
Shifting the volumes for water harvesting
cross ventilation
water permeability new centrality as a public green space
Climbing different planes
Open green terraces
21/06
1 : 2 000
N
RESEARCH
ANALYSIS
DESIGN I
DESIGN II
overhang
COMPARISON
A tall building for Lagos 2050
21/06
Lifting the public space
overhang water harvesting 21/12
Overhang provides shade
floods protection stack effect
21
through the atrium
Vertical conncection
public functions open to people
covered square
Stack effect and lighting by cut
1 : 2 000
N
RESEARCH
ANALYSIS
DESIGN I
DESIGN II
COMPARISON
A tall building for Tehran 2050 Period
21/12 21/06
Volume division as the old city
g
cimney effect
Shifting for shadow and open space
cross ventilation
mashrabiya 21/12
cross ventilation thermal mass
w centrality a public green space
Connecting open spaces
seasonal squares
connection with the city
Open green terraces
1 : 2 000
N
RESEARCH
ANALYSIS 21/06
DESIGN I
DESIGN II
COMPARISON
seasonal squares
A tall building for Ulan Bator 2050
connection with the city
Period
ng
Period
21/06
North core placed as wind barrier
point of view
floods protection
water harvesting
Embracing the ground floor, making it public
wind protection 21/12
Sky view and public sqaures at different heights.
energy production for the city
direct connection with the park
Skin facade to retain the heat
1 : 2 000
N
RESEARCH
gateway to the city
ANALYSIS
DESIGN I
DESIGN II
COMPARISON
Tall buildings at different latitudes 21/06 21/06
21/12 21/12
Tehr a
21/06 21/06
ba
n
Curi ti
overhang overhang
cimney cimney effect effect
mashrabiya mashrabiya
cross cross ventilation ventilation 21/12 21/12
water water permeability permeability
cross cross ventilation ventilation thermal thermal mass mass
new centrality new centrality as a public green space as a public green space
seasonal squares seasonal squares
connection with the city connection with the city
Lago s
21/06 21/06
Ulan B r ato
overhang overhang
21/06 21/06
water water harvesting harvesting point of view point of view
21/12 21/12
water water harvesting harvesting floods floods protection protection
wind wind protection protection
stack effect stack through theeffect atrium
21/12 21/12
through the atrium
public functions public functions open to people open to people
energy production energy production for the city for the city direct connection direct connection with the park with the park
covered square covered square
gateway to the city gateway to the city
RESEARCH
ANALYSIS
DESIGN I
DESIGN II
COMPARISON
TERRA - F(A)RMING Ulan Bator, Mongolia
RESEARCH
ANALYSIS
DESIGN I
DESIGN II
COMPARISON
Concept
Gathering
RESEARCH
Exposure
ANALYSIS
DESIGN I
Protection
DESIGN II
COMPARISON
Massing and formation diagram North core placed as wind barrier
Embracing the ground floor, making it public
sun win
d
Sky view and public sqaures at different heights.
energy output for the city
Skin facade to retain the heat
park gateway to the city
RESEARCH
ANALYSIS
DESIGN I
DESIGN II
COMPARISON
Shadow Hours 10.00 < h
<0.00
Massing radiation analysis
Annual Solar Radiation 2000 h
0
Annual Solar Radiation
Ulan Bator annual solar radiation baseline
0
average 730 kWh/m2
1000 kWh/m2
Baseline
Ulan Bator annual solar radiation massing average 730 kWh/m 2
average 808 kWh/m2
+11% facade fuly irradiated
Annual solar radiation 0
N
1000 kWh/m2
RESEARCH
ANALYSIS
DESIGN I
DESIGN II
COMPARISON
Shadow Hours 10.00 < h
<0.00
Massing radiation analysis
Annual Solar Radiation 2000 h
0
Ulan Bator annual solar radiation baseline
facade massing fully irradiated Ulan Bator annual +11.6% solar radiation
Annual Solar Radiation
average 808 kWh/m2
0
average 730 kWh/m2
1000 kWh/m2
+11% facade fuly irradiated
Baseline
Massing
Ulan Bator annual solar radiation massing average 730 kWh/m
average 808 kWh/m2
2
average 808 kWh/m2
+11% facade fuly irradiated
Annual solar radiation 0
N
1000 kWh/m2
RESEARCH
ANALYSIS
DESIGN I
DESIGN II
COMPARISON
Shadow Hours 10.00 < h
<0.00
Massing radiation analysis
Annual Solar Radiation 2000 h
0
Ulan Bator annual solar radiation baseline average 730 kWh/m
facade massing fully irradiated Ulan Bator annual +11.6% solar radiation average 808 kWh/m
-20% irradiated facade* Annual Solar Radiation
Ulan Bator annual solar radiation massing with skin
2
average 404 kWh/m2
2
0
1000 kWh/m2
+11% facade fuly irradiated
Baseline
Ulan Bator annual solar radiation massing average 730 kWh/m 2
average 808 kWh/m2
-50% facade fuly irradiated
Massing
Skin
average 808 kWh/m2
average 646 kWh/m2 * compared to the massing
+11% facade fuly irradiated
Annual solar radiation 0
N
1000 kWh/m2
RESEARCH
ANALYSIS
DESIGN I
DESIGN II
COMPARISON
Functional program
LUXRUY RESIDENTIAL LUXRUY RESIDENTIAL 3.8%
3.8%
HOUSING 6.3% AFFORDABLEAFFORDABLE HOUSING 6.3% HOTEL
HOTEL
6.3%
6.3%
OFFICES
OFFICES
8.3%
8.3%
PUBLIC REALM 28.2% PUBLIC REALM
28.2%
SPORT
SPORT
CULTURAL CULTURAL
3.6%
3.6%
24%
24%
SERVICES - COMMERCIAL 1.2% SERVICES - COMMERCIAL 1.2% PARKING 5.3% PARKING TECHNICAL TECHNICAL SPACE 9.1% SPACE
5.3% 9.1%
ENERGETIC WASTE PLANT 2.3% PLANT 2.3% ENERGETIC WASTE TOTAL GROSS AREAGROSS 195 870sqm TOTAL AREA 195 870sqm
RESEARCH
ANALYSIS
DESIGN I
DESIGN II
COMPARISON
Ground floor
1 : 500
N
RESEARCH
ANALYSIS
DESIGN I
DESIGN II
COMPARISON
UTCI analysis Assumption: For the concept phase the internal temperature of the skin is equal to the external one. Further thermal analysis will be evaluated in the next phase
Base point T perceived:18.5 °C
Hotel terrace T perceived: 20 °C
Strategy: No strategies were applied
Strategies: Solar gains Wind protection Evapotransipiration of plants
21 June DBT: 18.6°C WS: 2.4m/s RH: 71% 3_ strong thermal stress 2_ moderate thermal stress 1_ slight thermal stress 0_ no thermal stress -1_ slight cold stress -2_ moderate cold stress -3_ strong cold stress
Shadow masks
Winter square 26% covered
Office square T perceived:17 °C Strategies: Solar gains Evapotransipiration of plants Water square T perceived:18 °C
Office square 42% covered
Strategies: Solar gains Wind protection Evapotransipiration of plants Evaporative cooling
Water square 30% covered
Park access T perceived:16 °C
Auditorium square T perceived: 20 °C
Strategy: Evapotransipiration of plants
RESEARCH
Strategies: Solar gains Evapotransipiration of plants Creation of Environmental Pocket
ANALYSIS
DESIGN I
Auditorium square 34% covered
DESIGN II
COMPARISON
Terra-F(a)rming Volume
Top view
RESEARCH
Frontal view
ANALYSIS
DESIGN I
View from below
DESIGN II
COMPARISON
Relevant floors hotel floor plan
office floor plan
1 : 300
N
Gross Living Area (GLA) and Gross Building Area (GBA)
Gross Living Area (GLA) and Gross Building Area (GBA)
GLA - 1894 sq.m GBA - 2249 sq.m
GLA - 1420 sq.m GBA - 1245 sq.m
RESEARCH
GLA/GBA - 80%
ANALYSIS
DESIGN I
DESIGN II
GLA/GBA - 87%
COMPARISON
Daylight analysis Office floor plan
Daylight factor
Useful daylight illuminance
DF (%) >2 2 to 1 .5 1.5 to 0.7 <0.7
Average: 4.5%
Hotel floor plan
Average: 75%
Daylight factor
Useful daylight illuminance
DF (%) >2 2 to 1 .5 1.5 to 0.7 <0.7
Average: 1.8%
1 : 300
N
RESEARCH
ANALYSIS
DESIGN I
Average: 76%
DESIGN II
COMPARISON
Environmental section
Rainwater collection
Diffuse light from north
Solar access Wind Protection Greenhouse natural ventilation
1 : 2000
RESEARCH
ANALYSIS
DESIGN I
DESIGN II
COMPARISON
MEP system Water tanks Rain gardens Phytodepuration Wc equipment Pump
Renewable energy from PV
Grey water Black water PV Battery
Rainwater collection
Heat pump AHU Waste Skygardens Electrical equipment
Energy plant
Energy plant RESEARCH
ANALYSIS
DESIGN I
City
DESIGN II
COMPARISON
Construction system
01 The ETFE membrane envelops the building, creating a greenhouse effect inside
02 06
02 PV and Solar Panel are located on the ETFE membrane for energy and thermal production.
03 Highly effective mixed structure in steel + XLam and improved resistance to stress
Radiant panels integrated into the floor with
04 high thermal storage capacity
Modular mullions element of 1,5 x 3
01
05 following the WWR (window to wall Ratio)
05 04
06 Hollow steel beams to allow the passage of MEP system + steel perimetral beams
03
RESEARCH
ANALYSIS
DESIGN I
DESIGN II
COMPARISON
Ulan Bator Carbon assessment Carbon Assessment Structure 55.000 50.000
23%
45.000
-50%
40.000
Base case
GGBS low carbon concrete*
Proposal
40%
embodied C02
35.000
30.000
37%
100%
25.000
20.000
Base case 50104 tonCO2eq
Structure material
Proposal 26431 tonCO2eq
concrete
steel
Xlam
Facades
1% 3%
16.000.000
20%
2% 4% 18%
15.000.000
-41%
14.000.000
Base case
embodied C02
46%
Proposal 50%
13.000.000
39%
17%
12.000.000
11.000.000
Skin and façade material 10.000.000
Proposal Base case 15.940.685,4 tonCO2eq 13.576.838 tonCO2eq
RESEARCH RESEARCH
ANALYSIS ANALYSIS
DESIGN I DESIGN I
ETFE
mulions
Glass
Aluminium (frame + substructure)
Insulation
Panels
DESIGN II DESIGN II
COMPARISON COMPARISON
Ulan Bator 2050
Postcard from
RESEARCH
ANALYSIS
DESIGN I
DESIGN II
COMPARISON
THE CONNECTOR Tehran, Iran
RESEARCH
ANALYSIS
DESIGN I
DESIGN II
COMPARISON
Concept
Urban life
RESEARCH
Shading
ANALYSIS
DESIGN I
Movement
DESIGN II
COMPARISON
Massing and formation diagram Volume division as the old city
Shifting for shadow and open space
sun
wind
Connecting open spaces
park Open green terraces
connection with the city
RESEARCH
ANALYSIS
DESIGN I
DESIGN II
COMPARISON
Shadow Hours 10.00 < h
<0.00
Massing radiation analysis
Annual Solar Radiation 2000 h
0
Annual Solar Radiation
Tehran annual solar radiation baseline
0
average 918 kWh/m2
1000 kWh/m2
Baseline
Tehran annual solar radiation massing average 918 kWh/m
2
average 362 kWh/m2
+65% facade fuly irradiated
Annual solar radiation 0
N
1000 kWh/m2
RESEARCH
ANALYSIS
DESIGN I
DESIGN II
COMPARISON
Shadow Hours 10.00 < h
<0.00
Massing radiation analysis
<0
Annual Solar Radiation 2000 h
0
-15% facade fully irradiated
Tehran annual solar radiation baseline
Tehran annual solar radiation baseline
Baseline
Massing
average 918 kWh/m2
2
average 362 kWh/m2
Annual Solar Radiation 0
average 808 kWh/m2 kWh/m2
Tehran annual solar radiation massing average 918 kWh/m
1000 kWh/m2
Tehran annual solar radiation massing with skin average 808 kWh/m 2
average 200 kWh/m2
+65% facade fuly irradiated
-75% facade fuly irradiated
Annual solar radiation 0
N
1000 kWh/m2
RESEARCH
ANALYSIS
DESIGN I
0
DESIGN II
COMPARISON
0
Shadow Hours 10.00 < h
<0.00
Massing radiation analysis
<0
Annual Solar Radiation 2000 h
0
-15% facade fully irradiated
Tehran annual solar radiation baseline average 918 kWh/m
-20% irradiated facade* Annual Solar Radiation
Tehran annual solar radiation massing with skin
Tehran annual solar radiation baseline
2
average 200 kWh/m2
average 808 kWh/m2 kWh/m2
0
1000 kWh/m2 -75% facade fuly irradiated
Baseline
Tehran annual solar radiation massing average 918 kWh/m
Massing
2
average 362 kWh/m2
Skin
Tehran annual solar radiation massing with skin average 808 kWh/m
average 200 kWh/m2
2
average 200 kWh/m2
* compared to the massing +65% facade fuly irradiated
-75% facade fuly irradiated
Annual solar radiation 0
N
1000 kWh/m2
RESEARCH
ANALYSIS
DESIGN I
0
DESIGN II
COMPARISON
0
Functional program
LUXRUY RESIDENTIAL LUXRUY RESIDENTIAL 3.8%
HOTEL
3.8%
HOTEL
6.4%
6.4%
LUXRUY RESIDENTIAL LUXRUY RESIDENTIAL 3.7%
3.7%
PUBLIC REALMPUBLIC REALM 25.4%
25.4%
AFFORDABLE HOUSING 6.3% AFFORDABLE HOUSING 6.3% HOTEL
HOTEL
6.3%
6.3%
OFFICES
OFFICES
8.3%
8.3%
SERVICES - COMMERCIAL 13% SERVICES - COMMERCIAL CULTURAL
PUBLIC REALMPUBLIC REALM 28.2%
28.2%
SPORT
SPORT
3.6%
3.6%
CULTURAL
CULTURAL 24%
24%
13%
9%
9%
SPORT & LEISURE SPORT & LEISURE 7.7%
7.7%
OFFICES
CULTURAL
OFFICES
13.3%
13.3%
AFFORDABLE HOUSING 4.3% AFFORDABLE HOUSING
4.3%
SERVICES - COMMERCIAL 1.2% SERVICES - COMMERCIAL 1.2% PARKING PARKING 5.3% TECHNICAL SPACE TECHNICAL9.1% SPACE
5.3% 9.1%
ENERGETIC WASTE PLANTWASTE 2.3% PLANT 2.3% ENERGETIC
PARKING 10.9% PARKING TECHNICAL SPACE TECHNICAL SPACE3.6%
10.9% 3.6%
TOTAL GROSSTOTAL AREA GROSS 173 AREA 990sqm
173 990sqm
TOTAL GROSSTOTAL AREA GROSS 195 870sqm AREA 195 870sqm
RESEARCH
ANALYSIS
DESIGN I
DESIGN II
COMPARISON
1 : 500
N
Ground floor
RESEARCH
ANALYSIS
DESIGN I
DESIGN II
COMPARISON
UTCI analysis Assumption: Calculation made on the 21 dec
Shadow masks
21 June DBT: 33.6°C WS: 6.9m/s RH: 16%
Market square T perceived: 18 °C Strategies: Cross ventilation Solar protection Evapotransipiration of plants
3_ strong thermal stress 2_ moderate thermal stress 1_ slight thermal stress 0_ no thermal stress -1_ slight cold stress -2_ moderate cold stress -3_ strong cold stress
Drop off T perceived: 30.3 °C
Summer square T perceived: 20 °C
Strategy: Shading
Strategies: Shading Evapotransipiration of plants Natural ventilation
Winter square 25% covered
Summer square 60% covered
Water square T perceived: 21 °C Strategies: Cross ventilation Solar protection Evaporative cooling
Base point T perceived: 34.4 °C
Water square 75% covered
Winter square T perceived: 11 °C Strategies: Wind protection Solar exposure
No strategies were applied
RESEARCH
ANALYSIS
Market square 82% covered
DESIGN I
DESIGN II
COMPARISON
The connector Volume
Top view
RESEARCH
Frontal view
ANALYSIS
DESIGN I
View from below
DESIGN II
COMPARISON
Relevant floors
1 : 500
N
market + hotel floor plan
offices + housing floor plan
Gross Living Area (GLA) and Gross Building Area (GBA)
Gross Living Area (GLA) and Gross Building Area (GBA)
GLA - 3329 sq.m GBA - 5360 sq.m
GLA - 3406 sq.m GBA - 5360 sq.m
GLA/GBA - 62%
RESEARCH
ANALYSIS
DESIGN I
GLA/GBA - 63%
DESIGN II
COMPARISON
Daylight analysis Daylight factor
DF (%) >2 2 to 1 .5 1.5 to 0.7 <0.7
Average: 4.5%
Average: 75%
N
Useful daylight illuminance
RESEARCH
ANALYSIS
DESIGN I
DESIGN II
COMPARISON
Environmental section
Diffuse light from north Shading system with mashrabia
Cross ventilation
Rainwater collection Evaporing cooling
1 : 2000
RESEARCH
ANALYSIS
DESIGN I
DESIGN II
COMPARISON
MEP system Water tanks
Water tanks Water tanks
Rain gardens
Rain gardens Rain gardens
Phytodepuration
Phytodepuration Phytodepuration
Wc equipment
Wc equipment Wc equipment
PV
Pump Pump Grey water Grey water Black water Black water PV PV
Battery
Battery Battery
Heat pump
Heat pump Heat pump
Pump Grey water
Renewable energy from PV
Black water
AHU
AHU AHU
Waste
Waste Waste
Rainwater collection
Skygardens Electrical equipment
Energy plant
Skygardens Skygardens Electrical equipment Electrical equipment Energy plant
City
RESEARCH
ANALYSIS
DESIGN I
DESIGN II
COMPARISON
Construction system
04
01 Facade system coated with ceramic 02 PV and Solar Panel are located on the external facade of the mashrabya for energy and thermal production.
03 Highly effective mixed structure in steel + CA and improved resistance to stress
05 03 01
04 Radiant panels integrated into the ceiling Modular mullions element of 1,5 x 3
05 following the WWR (window to wall Ratio) 06 Hollow steel beams to allow the passage of MEP system + steel perimetral beams
06
RESEARCH
ANALYSIS
DESIGN I
DESIGN II
COMPARISON
Tehran 2050
Postcard from
RESEARCH
ANALYSIS
DESIGN I
DESIGN II
COMPARISON
A FINAL COMPARISON
RESEARCH
ANALYSIS
DESIGN I
DESIGN II
COMPARISON
People | Hybrid Ulan B
Tehr a n
r ato
LUXRUY RESIDENTIAL LUXRUY RESIDENTIAL 3.8%
3.8%
HOTEL LUXRUY RESIDENTIAL
PUBLIC REALM
H
LU
P
AFFORDABLE HOUSING 6.3% AFFORDABLE HOUSING 6.3% HOTEL
HOTEL 6.3%
6.3%
OFFICES
OFFICES 8.3%
8.3%
PUBLIC REALM
PUBLIC REALM 28.2%
SPORT
SPORT3.6%
3.6%
CULTURAL
CULTURAL 24%
24%
S SERVICES - COMMERCIAL
28.2%
CULTURAL
C
SPORT & LEISURE
S
OFFICES
O
AFFORDABLE HOUSINGA
SERVICES SERVICES - COMMERCIAL 1.2%- COMMERCIAL 1.2% PARKING 5.3% PARKING TECHNICAL SPACE TECHNICAL 9.1% SPACE
5.3% 9.1%
ENERGETIC WASTE PLANT 2.3% WASTE PLANT 2.3% ENERGETIC TOTAL GROSS AREATOTAL 195 870sqm GROSS AREA 195 870sqm Top View Hotel Sport & leisure Parking RESEARCH
ANALYSIS
Luxory residential Offices Cultural Technical space DESIGN I
Affordable housing Public realm Services - Commercial Energy waste plant DESIGN II
COMPARISON
PARKING TECHNICAL SPACE
PA T
TOTAL GROSS AREA
T
Nature | Climate adaptation Ulan B
Tehr a n
r ato RESEARCH
ANALYSIS
DESIGN I
DESIGN II
COMPARISON
Technology | Holistic Approach Ulan B
Tehr a n
r ato RESEARCH
ANALYSIS
DESIGN I
DESIGN II
COMPARISON