CINARK Fokus: Brugerinddragelse

Page 1

CINARK sætter fokus

CINARK sætter fokus

Industriel Arkitektur

Det Kongelige Danske Kunstakademi Kunstakademiets Arkitektskole

brugerinddragelse

CINARK Center for Industriel Arkitektur Kunstakademiets Arkitektskole Philip de Langes Allé 10 1435 København K T 3268 6000, F 3268 6236 cinark@karch.dk www.cinark.dk

Om CINARK CINARK (Center for Industriel Arkitektur) er oprettet under Institut for Teknologi ved Kunstakademiets Arkitektskole. Målet med centeret er at styrke skolens, uddannelsens og fagets forståelse og udnyttelse af det arkitektoniske potentiale der ligger i det industrialiserede byggeri og i den design- og videnbaserede byggeindustri. Med CINARK vil Kunstakademiets Arkitektskole udvikle og skærpe de arkitektfaglige kompetencer som indgår i byggeriets industrielle tilblivelsesproces. Industriel Arkitektur defineres her i bred forstand, lige fra udvikling af komponenter, byggesystemer og processer til det endelige bygningsværk, og diskussionen af dets arkitektoniske og samfundsmæssige værdi. Overordnet har CINARK til opgave at indkredse, analysere, og fremhæve de særlige begreber, væsenstræk, metoder, processer og produkter, som kendetegner fagområdet Industriel Arkitektur, med henblik på at afklare grundlæggende forhold såvel som at pege på aktuelle problemstillinger og udviklingspotentialer.

Brugerinddragelse

CINARK varetager specifikke forsknings- og undervisningsmæssige opgaver som sigter mod, at arkitektonisk kvalitet bliver udviklet og videreført i et nutidigt, innovativt, industrialiseret byggeri. Vores ønske er, etablere en åben – men også nuanceret kritisk diskussion af de forhold, som indvirker på de arkitektoniske muligheder i en industrialiseret kontekst.


Om CINARK CINARK (Center for Industriel Arkitektur) er oprettet under Institut for Teknologi ved Kunstakademiets Arkitektskole. Målet med centeret er at styrke skolens, uddannelsens og fagets forståelse og udnyttelse af det arkitektoniske potentiale der ligger i det industrialiserede byggeri og i den design- og videnbaserede byggeindustri. Med CINARK vil Kunstakademiets Arkitektskole udvikle og skærpe de arkitektfaglige kompetencer som indgår i byggeriets industrielle tilblivelsesproces. Industriel Arkitektur defineres her i bred forstand, lige fra udvikling af komponenter, byggesystemer og processer til det endelige bygningsværk, og diskussionen af dets arkitektoniske og samfundsmæssige værdi. Overordnet har CINARK til opgave at indkredse, analysere, og fremhæve de særlige begreber, væsenstræk, metoder, processer og produkter, som kendetegner fagområdet Industriel Arkitektur, med henblik på at afklare grundlæggende forhold såvel som at pege på aktuelle problemstillinger og udviklingspotentialer. CINARK varetager specifikke forsknings- og undervisningsmæssige opgaver som sigter mod, at arkitektonisk kvalitet bliver udviklet og videreført i et nutidigt, innovativt, industrialiseret byggeri. Vores ønske er, etablere en åben – men også nuanceret kritisk diskussion af de forhold, som indvirker på de arkitektoniske muligheder i en industrialiseret kontekst.


=bXighf]Y` Uf_]hY_hif 6FI;9F=B88F5;9@G9 7=B5F? gYa]bUff±__Y Zcf f &$$*

<]l Cgf_]da_] <Yfkc] CmfklYcY\]ea CmfklYcY\]ea]lk 9jcal]clkcgd]

%


7=B5F? g±hhYf Zc_ig.

6FI;9F=B88F5;9@G9 FYXU_h]cb. @YbY 8UaaUbX @ibX >Ybg J" B]Y`gYb @Umcih. HY[bYghiYb >Ybg J" B]Y`gYb :chcg. Gca Ub[]jYh =``ighfUh]cbYf. Gca Ub[]jYh Hfm_. J]`\Y`a >YbgYb DUfhbYfY =G6B. ,+!+,'$!%(&!( ?ibghU_UXYa]Yhg 5f_]hY_hg_c`Y &$$* 7=B5F? 7YbhYf Zcf =bXighf]Y` 5f_]hY_hif

DiV`]_Uh]cbYb Yf iX[]jYh aYX gh²hhY ZfU 6c`][ZcbXYb ?iVYb"

&


=bX\c`X

:cfcfX p (

DF5?G=G

=BHFC8I?H=CB

=bjc`jYfYbXY Uf_]hY_hif p ', A]W\UY` GhYb >c\bgYb HY[bYghiYb JUbX_ibghYb

7=B5F? g±hhYf Zc_ig p * 5bbY 6Y]a 7=B5F?

FUaaYf ca ]bXÑmXY`gYb p (* @cbY NYYVYf[ ?iVYb 6mZcfbmY`gY 8UbaUf_

6fi[Yf! c[ j]g]cbgXfYjYb ]bbcjUh]cb p , @YbY 8UaaUbX @ibX 7=B5F?

6fi[YfbYg _fYUh]j]hYh p )& H]bU GUUVm K]hfUn 5f_]hY_hYf

ACH=J9F

AYbbYg_Yf `YXY`gY fia p *$ ;]hhY 5bXYfgYb G][bU` 5f_]hY_hYf

6fi[Yf]bXXfU[Y`gYb \]ghcf]g_ p %( <Ubg ?f]ghYbgYb 7YbhYf Zcf 6c`][ c[ JY`Z±fX

8Yb Uf_]hY_hcb]g_Y ]X p *, 6^Uf_Y =b[Y`g HY[bYghiYb 6=;

6fi[YfjU`[Yhg ²_cbca] p &$ <Ybf]_ @" 6Ub[ 6m[\YffYZcfYb]b[Yb

D9FGD9?H=J9F

8Yh _cad`Y_gY Vfi[YfjU`[ p &* HcfY ?f]ghYbgYb =bgh]hih Zcf 5Zg±hb]b[g²_cbca]

?cbÐ[ifYfYh Uf_]hY_hif p +* DYf ?cfhY[UUfX =bgh]hih Zcf 5f_]hY_hcb]g_ 8Yg][b 555

6cf[Yf Vfi[Yf ZcfVfi[Yf p '$ GhYYb BYddYf @UfgYb 9_ghYfb `Y_hcf 76G c[ FI7

6fi[YfXf]jYbXY ]bbcjUh]cb p ,( :`Yaa]b[ CjYf[UUfX 7YbhYf Zcf =Xf±h c[ 5f_]hY_hif ?5

'


(

:chc. >Ybg J" B]Y`gYb


$ ]bhfcXi_h]cb

)


7=B5F? g±hhYf Zc_ig à d Vfi[Yf]bXXfU[Y`gY 5bbY 6Y]a 7=B5F?

Gd²f[ga `Yh ca Vfi[YfY c[ Vfi[Yf]bXXfU[Y`gY ] Uf_]hY_! hcb]g_ gUaaYb\±b[ Yf ]__Y bmh 8Yh \Uf U`h]X j±fYh c[ j]` U`h]X j±fY Yb WYbhfU` XY` UZ Uf_]hY_hcb]g_ dfc^Y_hiX! UfVY^XY`gY" = Uf_]hY_hifdfc^Y_hYf V`]jYf XY ²bg_Yf c[ VY\cj gca XY ZfYah]X][Y Vfi[YfY a hhY \UjY ]bXUfVY^XYh c[ cZhY j]XYfYZcfhc`_Yh h]` `²gb]b[Yf gca a g_Y ]__Y jUf! jYbhYXY" = XU[ Yf Vm[[Yf]Yhg d`Ub`±[b]b[gZUgY c[ Vm[! [YdfcWYg V`YjYh aYfY ZcfWYfYh _cad`Y_g c[ gmghYaUh]! gYfYh" 8Yh _f±jYf jY`iXj]_`YXY aYhcXYf c[ fYXg_UVYf Uh ]bXXfU[Y Vfi[YfbY c[ XYfYg gmbgdib_hYf d XYh f][h][Y h]Xgdib_h ] dfc^Y_hZcf`²VYh d Yb a XY g XYh [UjbYf dfcWYggYb g jY` gca XYh Uf_]hY_hcb]g_Y fYgi`hUh"

=

¢[Yh ]bXighf]U`]gYf]b[ UZ Vm[[Yf]Yh

[²f gd²f[ga `Yh ca Vfi[Yf]bXXfU[Y`gY YbXbi aYfY d hf±b[YbXY YbX h]X`][YfY"

*

JYX Yb ²[Yh ]bXighf]U`]gYf]b[ UZ Vm[[Yf]Yh Y_g" \²^YfY [fUX UZ df±ZUV `²gb]b[Yf gmghYa`YjYfUbWYf c[ UihcaU! h]gYfYXY dfcWYggYf d Vm[[Yd`UXgYb V`]jYf gd²f[ga `Yh ca g`ih Vfi[YfbY c[ Vfi[Yf]bXXfU[Y`gY j][h][YfY YbX bc[Ybg]bXY ]XYh UZ[²fYbXY VYg`ihb]b[Yf `±[[Yg ZUgh iXYb Zcf XYh gdYW]Ð__Y dfc^Y_h c[ h]X`][h ] dfc^Y_hZcf`²VYh" <Yf _Ub XYh j±fY gj±fh Uh ]bjc`jYfY _caaYbXY Vfi[YfY `][Ygca XYh _Ub j±fY jUbg_Y`][h Uh iXUfVY^XY Uf_]hY_hc! b]g_Y `²gb]b[Yf XYf Yf VUgYfYh d gdYW]Ð__Y Vfi[Yf²bg_Yf c[ gca gUah]X][ UddY``YfYf h]` Yb VfYX acXhU[Yf[fiddY Vm[\YffY g`ih Vfi[Yf gUaZibX " AUgg 7ighca]nUh]cb V`]jYf ] Vm[[Yf]Yhg iXj]_`]b[g! _fYXgY df±gYbhYfYh gca `²gb]b[Yb d XY g_]hgYfYXY dfcV`Yagh]``]b[Yf" <Yf ZcfYbYg fUh]cbY``Y ZfYagh]``]b[gaY! hcXYf [UfUbh] Zcf dfcXi_h_jU`]hYhYf `Ub[g][hYXY iXj]_! `]b[gghfUhY[]Yf cgj" aYX ]bX]j]XiY``Y c[ g]hiUh]cbgVY! ghYahY VY\cj" 6fi[YfYb gYg gca ZcfVfi[Yf à Y``Yf _ibXY à XYf ÈXYg][bYfÈ g]b jUfY iX ZfU Z ZcfiXVYghYahY jU`[! ai`][\YXYf" 8YbbY acXY` gmbYg Uh Zib[YfY Ðbh ] Zcf\c`X h]` gdYW]Ð__Y XYg][b cV^Y_hYf gca Z"Y_g" g_c Y``Yf d]``Yf"


7=B5F? g±hhYf Zc_ig p 5bbY 6Y]a

AYb ] Vm[[Yf]Yhg c[ XYfaYX Uf_]hY_hifYbg jYfXYb _Ub Vfi[YfYbg XYÐb]h]cb c[ jU`[ UZ _jU`]hYh ]__Y VYhfU[hYg g ZcfYb_`Yh Y``Yf `²gfYjYh" JU`[YbY \Uf `Ub[h j]XYfY _cbgY_jYbgYf c[ XYf Yf hU`Y ca gh²ffY ²_cbca]g_Y ]b! jYghYf]b[Yf" D 7YbhYf Zcf =bXighf]Y` 5f_]hY_hif j]` j] [YfbY UfVY^XY aYX VY[fYVYh AUgg 7ighca]nUh]cb c[ iXj]_`Y XYh h]` c[g Uh ZUjbY Yb gh²ffY _i`hifV±fYbXY X]aYbg]cb" 6fi! [YfbY _Ub ]XYY`h gYh Vf]b[Y Yb d`ifU`]gh]g_ c[ aYbbYg_Y! `][ X]aYbg]cb ]bX ] iXj]_`]b[Yb UZ XYh ]bXighf]U`]gYfYXY Vm[[Yf] gca gUaaYb aYX Yb \Y`\YXgcf]YbhYfYh Uf_]! hY_hcb]g_ VYUfVY^Xb]b[ _Ub []jY Yb fYb hY_b]g_!fUh]cbY` c[ aUf_YXgcf]YbhYfYh iXj]_`]b[ acXghUbX" 8Yh \UbX`Yf XYfaYX ]__Y VUfY ca ]bXXfU[Y`gY UZ Vfi[YfbY Zcf Uh []jY [cXY hU` d VibX`]b]Yb Y``Yf _ibXYh]`ZfYXg\YX \Yf c[ bi aYb c[g ca Uh g_UVY _i`hifY``Y c[ U`aYb aYbbYg_Y! `][Y j±fX]Yf <jcfXUb Uf_]hY_hYf _Ub UfVY^XY _jU`]ÐWYfYh aYX XYbbY iXj]_`]b[ c[ j±fY aYX h]` Uh df±[Y Vm[[Yf]Yhg ZcfhgUhhY ]bXighf]U`]gYf]b[ ] Yb dcg]h]j fYhb]b[ gUah \jUX XYh VY! hmXYf Zcf XYb Uf_]hY_hcb]g_Y _jU`]hYh c[ Zcf Vm[[Yf]Yhg hchU`²_cbca] _jU`]hYh#j±fX] Yf WYbhfU`Y gd²f[ga ` gca j] ²bg_Yf Uh Zc_igYfY d ] 7=B5F?" = XYbbY diV`]_Uh]cb gYf j] d ] \j]`_Yh caZUb[ Vfi[YfbY _Ub V]XfU[Y h]` Uh g]_fY fY`YjUbg c[ aYb]b[ Y``Yf Uf_]hY_! hcb]g_ _jU`]hYh aYX UbXfY cfX" 8YfaYX hUb[YfYf j] Yb f±__Y Vm[[Ydc`]h]g_Y dfc^Y_hYf XYf d XYh gYbYghY \Uf VY`mgh gd²f[ga `Yh ca Vfi[Yf]bXXfU[Y`gY c[ Vfi[YfXfY! jYb ]bbcjUh]cb" J] \ VYf XY aUb[Y h]`hU[ c[ jcfYg VY! `mgb]b[ UZ YabYh _Ub gidd`YfY c[ gh²hhY \]bUbXYb" 7=B! 5F?g j]b_Y` UXg_]``Yf g][ V`UbXh UbXYh jYX Uh j±fY Uf_]!

hY_hcb]g_ ] g]h dYfgdY_h]j c[ jYX Uh [ aYfY [fibX`±[! [YbXY h]` j±f_g ] g]b ibXYfg²[Y`gY" D VU[[fibX UZ Yb f±__Y Ybg`mXYbXY gd²f[ga ` Zcfai`YfYh UZ WYbhfYh VmXYf diV`]_Uh]cbYb d Yb f±__Y iXgU[b ZfU dYfgcbYf gca fYdf±gYbhYfYf Zcfg_Y``][Y dcg]h]cbYf ] Zcf\c`XYh aY``Ya ach]jYf Vfi[Yf]bXXfU[Y`gY c[ Uf_]hY_hif" @YbY 8UaaUbX @ibX Uf_]hY_h#A65 UXa" X]f" h]X`]! [YfY UX^ib_h ] 7=B5F? ]bX`YXYf aYX Yb X]g_igg]cb UZ XYb U_hiY``Y cda±f_gca\YX d Vfi[YfbY c[ XYfYg ]bbcjU! h]jY j±fX] aYbg XY ²jf][Y Ufh]_`Yf Yf ZcfaYh YZhYf hfY cjYfcfXbYXY hYaUYf gca Yf _caaYh ZfYa ibXYf fYX]! [Yf]b[Yb UZ cd`±[[YbY" 8Yh Yf j][h][h Uh dc]bhYfY Uh XY aibXh`][Y cd`±[ Yf V`YjYh VYUfVY^XYh j±gYbh`][h à Uf! h]_`YfbY Vf]b[Yf g `YXYg X]g_igg]cbYb j]XYfY YbX d gY`jY gYa]bUfYfbY" J] \Uf d WYbhfYh U``YfYXY YfZUfYh Uh j] aYX iX[]jY`gYb []jYf ghcZ h]` Yb \²^U_hiY` X]g_igg]cb" J] cd`YjYf Uh ]bX! \c`XYh VmXYf d bc[`Y UZ_`Uf]b[Yf gca Yf aY[Yh YZhYf! gdif[h à ]__Y _ib V`UbXh Uf_]hY_hYf c[ Vm[[Yf]Yhg dUfhYf à aYb c[g \cg dc`]h]g_Y VYg`ihb]b[ghU[YfY" J] \ VYf g `YXYg Uh iX[]jY`gYb _Ub V`]jY Yh WYbhfU`h Xc_iaYbh Zcf Yb _jU`]ÐWYfYh X]g_igg]cb c[ iXj]_`]b[ UZ XYh ]bXighf]U`]gYfYXY Vm[[Yf] \jcf] Uf_]hY_hYfbY gUa! aYb aYX Vfi[YfbY gd]``Yf Yb U_h]j c[ j±gYbh`][ fc``Y" :cf\ VYbh`][ _Ub diV`]_Uh]cbYb UbjYbXYg ] ibXYfj]gb]b[g! gUaaYb\±b[ g jY` gca ]bgd]fYfY h]` _cb_fYhY iXj]_! `]b[gdfc^Y_hYf V`UbXh Vm[[Yf]Yhg dUfhYf" J] hU__Yf ?ibghU_UXYa]Yhg 5f_]hY_hg_c`Yg :cf`U[ Zcf Uh gh Zcf iX[]jY`gYb c[ 6c`][ZcbXYb ?iVYb Zcf YbXbi Yb! [Ub[ Uh gh²hhY diV`]WYf]b[Yb UZ cd`±[ ZfU Yb 7=B5F? gYa]bUff±__Y"

+


7=B5F? 6fi[Yf! c[ j]g]cbgXfYjYb ]bbcjUh]cb @YbY 8UaaUbX @ibX 7=B5F?

9f\jYfjg! c[ 6m[[YghmfY`gYb 8Ubg_ 5f_]hY_hif 7YbhYf 857 :cbXYb FYU`XUb]U c[ Yb \ bXZi`X fYdf±gYbhUbhYf ZfU Vm[[YVfUbW\Yb \Uf XY gYbYfY f gUh Vfi[YfbY ²jYfgh d Vm[[Yf]Yhg XU[gcfXYb. 857 VbYXY ] bcjYaVYf &$$) iXgh]``]b[Yb 8=B gca df±gYbhYfYXY Yb j]g]cb Zcf \jcf! XUb aUb jYX Uh g±hhY ZcfVfi[YfYb ] WYbhfia _Ub Zcfbm Vm[[YVfUbW\Yb c[ g_UVY Yh Vm[[Yf] h]` % _f" df" _jUXfUh! aYhYf" = ^UbiUf &$$* iX_ca Yb diV`]_Uh]cb \jcf &$ `YXYfY ZfU Vm[[Yf]Yh d ]b]h]Uh]j UZ 9f\jYfjg! c[ 6m[[Y! ghmfY`gYb ZfYa`U[XY XYfYg j]g]cb Zcf Yb Vm[[YVfUbW\Y XYf `YjYf UZ Uh cdZm`XY Vfi[YfbYg VY\cj" 9bXY`][ iX_ca ] Udf]` &$$* Yb fUddcfh `][Y`YXYg iXUfVY^XYh Zcf 9f\jYfjg! c[ 6m[[YghmfY`gYb gca ibXYfg²[Yf ai`][\YXYfbY Zcf Vfi[YfXfYjYb ]bbcjUh]cb ] Vm[[Yf]Yh" 5``Y gmbYg Uh j±fY Yb][Y ca Uh Zc_igYfY aYfY d Vfi[YfbY aYb XYb XYVUh XYf Yf Zi`[h ] _²`jUbXYh d XY aUb[Y ]b]h]Uh]jYf \Uf j]gh Uh aUb `Ub[hZfU Yf Yb][Y ca iX ZfU \j]`_Y ach]jYf c[ aYhcXYf XYhhY g_U` g_Y" Hc Xc! a]bYfYbXY ]bXZU`Xgj]b_`Yf h]` Vfi[Yfgd²f[ga `Yh Yf ia]XXY`VUfh d _c``]g]cbg_ifg" 8Yb YbY gca Yf Xca]bY! fYbXY ] 9f\jYfjg! c[ 6m[[YghmfY`gYbg ]b]h]Uh]jYf _Ub VYhY[bYg gca UZg±hb]b[g²_cbca]g_" 8Yb UbXYb gca Yf f][h fYdf±gYbhYfYh ] XYbbY diV`]_Uh]cb Zc_igYfYf d _jU`]hYh" ?jU`]hYh Yf jY^Yb h]` dYb[Y :cf fYdf±gYbhUbhYfbY UZ XYb UZg±hb]b[g²_cbca]g_Y ]bXZU`Xgj]b_Y` \UbX`Yf Vfi[Yfgd²f[ga `Yh ] g]XghY YbXY ca Uh Vm[[YVfUbW\Yb g_U` \UjY ²[Yh Zcfh^YbYghYb" 8YhhY _Ub df]bW]d]Y`h [²fYg d hc a XYf. AUb _Ub Vm[[Y V]``][YfY Y``Yf aUb _Ub Vm[[Y bc[Yh Zc`_ Yf dUfUh h]` Uh VYhU`Y aYfY Zcf ZcfX] XYh fYdf±gYbhYfYf Yb \²^YfY j±fX] Zcf XYa" 8U UZg±hb]b[ ] XU[ a gYg ] Yh ]bhYfbUh]cbU`h

,


=

:cf Uf_]hY_hYf g_U` Vm[[Yf]Yh []jY aYb]b[

dYfgdY_h]j c[ Yh `UbX gca 8UbaUf_ \Uf \²^Y Vm[[Yca! _cghb]b[Yf Yf XYf VfYX Yb][\YX ca Uh gUhgY d XYb g]XghY ghfUhY[]" <Yf _caaYf Vfi[YfbY g ]bX ] V]``YXYh. :cf Uh Z XYa h]` Uh VYhU`Y aYfY a aUb j±fY VYXfY h]` Uh cdZm`XY ÑYfY VY\cj c[ ! Uf[iaYbhYfYg XYf j]XYfY Ã XYa XYf Yf VYXgh h]` Uh Zcfh±``Y ca X]ggY Yf Vfi[YfbY gY`j" 9f\jYfjg! c[ 6m[[YghmfY`gYbg fUddcfh ca Vfi[YfXfYjYb ]bbcjUh]cb VYg_f]jYf \jcfXUb Vm[[Yj]f_gca\YXYf _Ub Z ]XYYf jYX gmghYaUh]g_ Uh UZX±__Y Yf_YbXhY c[ ]__Y!Yf_YbXhY Vfi[YfVY\cj c[ h]`gjUfYbXY gmghYaUh]g_ iXj]_`Y dfcXi_! hYf c[ gYfj]WYmXY`gYf XYf _Ub ]a²XY_caaY X]ggY" DYb[Y Yf jY^Yb h]` _jU`]hYh =b[Yb UZ XY Uf_]hY_hj]f_gca\YXYf XYf Yf ]bhYfj]YkYh h]` 9f\jYfjg! c[ 6m[[YghmfY`gYbg fUddcfh UbjYbXYf XYbbY ghfUhY[]" Gca XYh ZfYa[ f UZ XY Z²`[YbXY g]XYf ÐbXYg XYf bYa`][ V`UbXh Uf_]hY_hYf Yb \Y`h UbXYb \c`Xb]b[ h]` \j]`_Y j±fX]Yf XYf _Ub g_UVYg b f aUb Zc_igYfYf d Vfi[YfbY" <jcf a `Yh ] XYb UZg±hb]b[g²_cbca]g_Y ghfUhY[] Yf Uh h^YbY dYb[Y c[ a]X`Yh Yf _jU`]hYh Zcf\c`XYf XYh g][ Zcf Uf_]hY_hYfbY `][Y cajYbXh/ a `Yh Yf _jU`]hYh a]X`Yh Yf Uh h^YbY dYb[Y" = Yh UZg±hb]b[g²_cbca]g_ dYfgdY_h]j VY! hfU[hYg Vm[[Yf] gca dfcXi_hYf" 6m[b]b[Yb VYgh f UZ aUb[Y a]bXfY dfcXi_hYf#_cadcbYbhYf gca \jYf Zcf g][ _Ub cag±hhYg d aUf_YXYh" 5f_]hY_hYf VYhfU[hYf Vm[! b]b[Yf gca Yb \Y`\YX" :cf XYa \UbX`Yf XYh ]__Y _ib ca \jUX Vm[b]b[YfbY Yf j±fX aYb bc_ g aY[Yh ca \jUX XYf g_Yf ] XYa c[ \jUX XY VYhmXYf ] Yb gUaZibXga±gg][ c[ _i`hifY` _cbhY_gh" 6m[b]b[YfbY Yf ]__Y V`ch \UbXY`g! cV^Y_hYf XY Yf VYghYaaYbXY Zcf Zc`_g UXZ±fX c[ hf]jgY`" 8YfaYX d j]f_Yf XY Zcf Y_gYadY` XYb j]XYbgdfcXi_h]cb j] g_U` _cb_iffYfY d " 5f_]hY_hYfbY UbjYbXYf VY[fYVYf

] g jY` Yb \]ghcf]g_ _i`hifY` _cbhY_gh

gca Zcf XYa XYf g_U` Vfi[Y XYh \Yf c[ bi

gca Vfi[Yf]bXÑmXY`gY" 8Y hU`Yf ca Uh \YbhY ]bgd]fUh]cb h]` Zcfa[]jb]b[Yb c[ ca Uh g]_fY ²[Yh Vfi[Yfh]`ZfYXg\YX c[ Y^Yfg_UV jYX Uh []jY Vfi[YfbY aYX]bXÑmXY`gY ] _cb! _fYhY dfc^Y_hYf" 9b X]U`c[ aYX Vfi[YfbY ] Zcfa[]jb]b[g! dfcWYggYb Yf [Ybg]X][h iXj]_`YbXY c[ ]bgd]fYfYbXY/ Uf_]! hY_hYb Z f gh²ffY ]bXV`]_ ] Vfi[YfbYg VY\cj c[ Yf cajYbXh ] ghUbX h]` Uh d j]f_Y X]ggY aYX g]b ZU[`][\YX" GU[h aYX UbXfY cfX g \UbX`Yf Vfi[Yf]bXXfU[Y`gY \Yf ca Uh g]_fY Uh Vm[[Yf]Yh []jYf aYb]b[ g jY` ] Yb \]ghcf]g_ _i`hifY` _cbhY_gh gca Zcf XYa XYf g_U` Vfi[Y XYh \Yf c[ bi" GmghYaUh]_ c[ Zcfa[]jb]b[ Ia]XXY`VUfh gYf XY hc ghfUhY[]Yf ]__Y iX h]` Uh \UjY aY[Yh h]`Z±``Yg. ¢_cbca]g_ hYcf] \YfibXYf UbU`mgYf ] ZcfVfi[YfUX! Z±fX ZcfiXg±hhYf fUh]cbY` UXZ±fX V XY \cg ZcfVfi[YfYb c[ \cg dfcXiWYbhYb" :cfVfi[YfYb [²f g][ _`Ufh \jUX \Ub \Uf Vfi[ Zcf g_UVYf g][ Yh cjYfV`]_ cjYf \jUX \Ub _Ub Z c[ _²VYf g XYh XYf VYXgh gjUfYf h]` X]ggY VY\cj" DfcXi! WYbhYb UZX±__Yf gca gU[h gmghYaUh]g_ Yf_YbXhY c[ ]__Y!Yf_YbXhY Vfi[YfVY\cj c[ iXj]_`Yf d VU[[fibX \YfUZ dfcXi_hYf c[ gYfj]WYmXY`gYf gca Vfi[YfbY _Ub [Yb_YbXY gca XYh XY []_ c[ ²bg_YXY g][ c[ XYfZcf Yf j]``][Y h]` Uh VYhU`Y Yb [cX df]g Zcf" 8YhhY Yf Zcf`²V \jcf XYb YbY \UbX`]b[ Z²fYf h]` XYb b±ghY c[ \jcf XYf Yf Yb X]fY_hY gUaaYb\±b[ aY``Ya XY VY\cj aUb ghUfhYf aYX Uh Zcfai`YfY c[ XYb `²gb]b[ aUb j±`[Yf" GYh iX ZfU Uf_]hY_hYbg gmbgj]b_Y` gYf jYfXYb bc[Yh UbXYf`YXYg iX" 8Yh Yf ]__Y aY[Yb `]bYUf]hYh Y``Yf gmghY! aUh]_ ] Yb Zcfa[]jb]b[gdfcWYg" 8Yh d hfcXg UZ Uh XYf g]XYb %-)$YfbY Yf [^cfh ihU``][Y Zcfg²[ d Uh cdb XYh" :cf Y_gYadY` UfVY^XYXY XYb UaYf]_Ubg_Y aUhYaUh]_Yf

-


=

J] g_U` V`]jY VYXfY h]` gmghYaUh]g_ Uh cdVm[[Y

=

AYb j] a ]__Y hfc Uh jcfYg j]XYb ca Vfi[YfbY

j]XYb ca Vfi[YfbY c[ XYfYg UXZ±fX

X]fY_hY _Ub cag±hhYg h]` Zcfa[]jb]b[

c[ Uf_]hY_h 7\f]ghcZZYf 5`YlUbXYf ] aUb[Y f d Uh VY! j]gY Uh Yb gmghYaUh]g_ UbU`mgY UZ dfc^Y_hYhg Yb_Y`hXY`Y \YfibXYf Vfi[YfVY\cj _Ub j]gY jY^Yb h]` Yb `²gb]b[" ] %-+$YfbY [Uj \Ub Xc[ cd c[ _cb_`iXYfYXY Uh XYbbY aYhcXY ]__Y d bc[Yb a XY \²^bYXY _jU`]hYhYb ZU_h]g_ hj±fh]acX" GY`j Yb bc_ g XYhU`^YfYh c[ gmghYaUh]g_ _cfh`±[b]b[ UZ Vfi[YfbYg VY\cj _Ub bYa`][ ]__Y cag±h! hYg X]fY_hY ] Zcfa[]jb]b[" 8Yh Z²fghY dfcV`Ya cdgh f b f aUb g_U` iXdY[Y Vfi[YfYb" 9f Vfi[YfYb d Yb g_c`Y Y`YjYfbY `±fYfbY Y``Yf XY _caaibU`Y ambX][\YXYf3 Ã c[ \j]`_Yb dYf]cXY UZ Vm[b]b[Ybg `YjYh]X \UbX`Yf XYh ca3 C[ g j]XYfY" GY`j b f XYh `UXYf g][ [²fY Uh iXdY[Y Vfi[YfYb V`]jYf a±b[XYb UZ ]bZcfaUh]cb ca \Ubg VY\cj \ifh][h cjYf! j±`XYbXY" ?cad`Y_g]hYhYb Zcf\]bXfYf cjYfV`]_" 5f_]hY_! hYb Vfi[Yf XYfZcf g]b ]bhi]h]cb c[ Zcfa[]jb]b[gYfZUf]b[ h]` Uh df]cf]hYfY ]bZcfaUh]cbYf" 8YhhY g_Yf ] Yb W]f_i`±f dfcWYg \jcf Yb `²gb]b[ _UghYg d VcfXYh YjU`iYfYg Yb bm `²gb]b[ iXj]_`Yg c[ g ZfYaXY`Yg" = XYbbY dfcWYg hf±ZZYg jU`[ XYf Yf Zi`Xh iX [m`X][Y aYb ]__Y b²XjYb! X][j]g hfUbgdUfYbhY c[ `]bY±fY" <Yfh]` _caaYf Uh XY Yb_Y`hY VY\cj cZhY Yf acXghf]! XYbXY Zcf Y_gYadY` ²bg_Yf VYVcYfYb ] Yb j]``U a g_Y aU_g]aU`h iXgmb aYb a]b]aU`h ]bX_][" 5bhU``Yh UZ acX! ghf]XYbXY VY\cj gh][Yf bUhif`][j]g ^c ÑYfY Vfi[YfY aUb ]bXXfU[Yf" 8Y jU`[ XYf hf±ZZYg g_U` j±fY Zcfgh Y`][Y Zcf XYb Yb_Y`hY aYb _Ub ]__Y U`h]X j±fY cjYfYbgghYa! aYbXY aYX XYh jU`[ \Ub gY`j j]``Y hf±ZZY" 5f_]hY_hYb d hU[Yf g][ XYfZcf Yh UbgjUf Zcf Yb `²gb]b[ gca ]__Y _ib d _cfh aYb c[g d `Ub[ g][h ZcfjYbhYg Uh j±fY cdh]aU` Zcf aUb[Y Vfi[YfY" GY`j \j]g aUb _ibbY cjYfg_iY a±b[XYb UZ ]bZcfaU! h]cbYf c[ acXghf]XYbXY VY\cj j]``Y XYh j±fY dfcV`YaU!

h]g_ aYX Yb X]fY_hY gUaaYb\±b[ aY``Ya UZX±_b]b[ UZ Vfi[YfVY\cj c[ Zcfa[]jb]b[" 8Y Z±ffYghY Vfi[YfY Yf ] ghUbX h]` Uh iXhfm__Y ²bg_Y ca bc[Yh XY ]__Y \Uf ] Zcf! jY^Yb Y``Yf gca UbXfY XY _YbXYf ]__Y \Uf" <j]g aUb iXYb j]XYfY VUgYfYf Zcfa[]jb]b[Yb d Vfi[YfbYg VY\cj Yf XYf [f±bgYf Zcf \jcf ]bbcjUh]j c[ ZfYah]Xgcf]YbhYfYh `²gb]b[Yb V`]jYf" 8YhhY dfcV`Ya _caaYf Uf_]hY_hYb iXYbca jYX Uh df±gYbhYfY Vfi[YfbY Zcf Yb j]g]cb gca XY ] VYXghY ZU`X b f XY gYf XYb _Ub [Yb_YbXY gca Yh VY\cj XY ]__Y UbYXY XY \UjXY" B f Uf_]hY_hYb j]gYf Yb `²gb]b[ \jcf aUb _Ub Vc ] Yh f±__Y\ig d %$" YhU[Y [ f XYh d`iXgY`][ cd Zcf b Uh aUb Xf²aaYf ca Uh Vc d XYb a XY" 6fi[Yf]bXXfU[Y`gY \UbX`Yf U`hg bc_ g aY[Yh ca Uh ÑmhhY Vfi[YfYbg cdZUhhY`gY UZ \j]`_Y VY\cj \Ub \Uf" G jY` d Uf_]hY_hg_c`YfbY gca d hY[bYghiYfbY \Uf aUb ] XU[ b±ghYb cd[]jYh Uh gmghYaUh]gYfY Zcfa[]jb]b! [Yb" 9[bY YfZUf]b[Yf ZfU gb²f_`YXY Zcfa[]jb]b[gdfcWYg! gYf c[ Yf_YbXY`gYb UZ Uh U`h Zcf caZUhhYbXY dfc^Y_hYf h]` gmghYaUh]g_ VY\cjgUZX±_b]b[ \Uf Z²fh h]` acbchcbY c[#Y``Yf iUaV]h]²gY Vm[[Yf]Yf \Uf Z Yh Uf_]hY_hYfbY h]` Uh a]ghY ]bhYfYggYb" <Yfh]` _caaYf Uh XY Z²`Yf XY a _cbWYbhfYfY g][ ca _jU`]hYhYb ZcfX] ]bjYghcfYfbY \Uf hU[Yh dUhYbh d ²_cbca]g_ cjYfg_iX c[ ]__Y gmbYg Uh \UjY V`]_ Zcf UbXYh"

%$

6 XY#c[ Gd²f[ga `Yh Yf ]a]X`Yfh]X ca ]__Y h]XYb Yf acXYb h]` Uh XfcddY ZcfYgh]``]b[Yb ca YbhYb#Y``Yf b f XYh \UbX`Yf ca gmghYaUh]_ Y``Yf ]bhi]h]cb ca `]bY±fY Y``Yf W]f_i`±fY dfcWYggYf c[ ca ²_cbca]g_ cjYfg_iX Y``Yf _jU`]hYh" = j]f_Y`][\YXYb Yf XYh \Y`Y ^c Uh ZcfYhf±__Y. gmghYaUh]_ XYf []jYf cjYfV`]_ ]bhi]h]cb XYf VYhmXYf Uh j] ]__Y g_U`


6fi[Yf! c[ j]g]cbgXfYjYb ]bbcjUh]cb p @YbY 8UaaUbX @ibX

b²^Yg aYX VYg`ihb]b[Yf XYf `UXYf g][ Zcf_`UfY `]bY±fY dfcWYggYf XYf VYhmXYf Uh j] _Ub Z bc[Yh ZfU \ bXYb c[ ]__Y \Y`Y h]XYb g_U` ghUfhY ZcfZfU W]f_i`±fY dfcWYggYf gca g±hhYf gd²f[ga `ghY[b jYX fUh]cbU`]hYhYb c[ XYfjYX g]_fYf XYb []jYf aYb]b[ ²_cbca]g_ cjYfg_iX XYf g]_fYf Uh j] \Uf f X h]` iXj]_`]b[ c[ _jU`]hYh XYf g]_fYf Uh XYbbY iXj]_`]b[ Yf `Ub[jUf][ c[ g_UVYf Yh gUaZibX j] _Ub \c`XY iX Uh `YjY ]" @UX cg ÐbXY iX UZ \j]`_Y Vfi[YfVY\cj Ãc[ UXZ±fX XYh ZU_h]g_ _Ub `UXY g][ [²fY Uh cdVm[[Y gmghYaUh]g_ j]XYb ca c[ \jcfXUb j] _Ub UbjYbXY XYbbY j]XYb ]__Y gmghYaUh]g_ aYb _f]h]g_ c[ _fYUh]jh" 9h [cXh Y_gYadY` d Yb g XUb VU`UbWY Yf GdUWY GmbhUl kkk"gdUWYgmbhUl" Wca Yh gmghYa UZ j]XYbg_UVY`][Y hYcf]Yf c[ fYXg_UVYf h]` UbU`mgY UZ \jcfXUb Yb VYghYah fia`][ iXZcfab]b[ UZ Yb Vm[b]b[ Y``Yf VmXY` j]` d j]f_Y Vfi[YfbYg VYj±[Y`! gYga²bghYf c[ \YfaYX b]jYUiYh UZ _f]a]bU`]hYh iZcfaY`h gUaj±f cgj" GmghYaYh V`Yj cdf]bXY`][ iXj]_`Yh UZ 6]`` <]``]Yf c[ >i`]YbbY <Ubgcb d H\Y 6Ufh`Yhh Ib]jYfg]hm 7c``Y[Y @cbXcb g]Xgh ] %-+$YfbY c[ ] ghUfhYb UZ %-,$YfbY c[ Yf ] XU[ Yb mXY`gY XYf iXVmXYg UZ Yb gY`jgh±bX][ j]f_gca\YX UZ gUaaY bUjb" GmghYaYh cd`mgYf Uf_]hY_! hYfbY ca _cbgY_jYbgYfbY UZ XYfYg Zcfa[]jb]b[" 8Yf Yf hU`Y ca Yb _fYUh]j X]U`c[ aY``Ya gmghYaUh]gYfYh j]XYb c[ bmY ]XYYf c[ Uf_]hY_hYf gca :cghYf UbX DUfhbYfg c[ F]W\UfX Fc[Yfg DUfhbYfg\]d \Uf Zcf `±b[gh ]bXUfVY^XYh XYbbY aYhcXY"

cag±hhYg X]fY_hY h]` Zcfa[]jb]b[" 8Yb j]XYb j] _Ub g_UZZY cg ca Vfi[YfbYg VY\cj Yf cZhY _cbgYfjUh]j" 8Yh Yf XYb W]f_i`±fY X]U`c[ aY``Ya ]XYYf VY\cj c[ Uf_]hY_! hcb]g_Y `²gb]b[Yf XYf g_UVYf aYb]b[gZi`Xh c[ j]g]cb±fh Vm[[Yf]" AY[Yh Yf b Yh \j]g j] dUffYf ]XYYfbY ca Vfi[Yf! XfYjYb ]bbcjUh]cb aYX \jUX aUb _ibbY _U`XY j]g]cbg! XfYjYb ]bbcjUh]cb"

:cfhU`YfbY Zcf XYb UZg±hb]b[g²_cbca]g_Y ]bXZU`Xgj]b_Y` h]` Vfi[YfVY\cj \Uf fYh ] Uh j] g_U` V`]jY aY[Yh VYXfY h]` gmghYaUh]g_ Uh cdVm[[Y j]XYb ca Vfi[YfY c[ XYfYg UXZ±fX c[ h]` Uh XY`Y XYbbY j]XYb" AYb aUb g_U` `mhhY h]` Uf_]hY_hYfbY b f XY g][Yf Uh XYbbY j]XYb ]__Y g_U`

%%


%&

:chc. >Ybg J" B]Y`gYb


% ach]jYf

%'


<Ubg ?f]ghYbgYb <Ubg ?f]ghYbgYb Yf `YXYf UZ 7YbhYf Zcf 6c`][ c[ JY`Z±fX Ã FYU`XUb]U :cfg_b]b[

%(


6fi[Yf]bXXfU[Y`gYb \]ghcf]g_ <Ubg ?f]ghYbgYb 7YbhYf Zcf 6c`][ c[ JY`Z±fX

6fi[Yf]bXXfU[Y`gYb ] Vc`][Vm[[Yf]Yh \Uf XY g]X! ghY )$ f [YbbYa[ Yh Yb aUf_Ubh iXj]_`]b[ ZfU _c``Y_h]jh cf]YbhYfYXY ]XYU`Yf ca Z±``Ygg_UV c[ XYac_fUh] h]` XU[Ybg Zc_igYf]b[ d ]bX]j]XYh c[ XYh g _U`Xh Zf]Y jU`[" 8Yb aYgh caZUhhYbXY Vfi[Yf]bXXfU[Y`gY ÐbXYf ] j]f_Y`][\YXYb ghYX ] ZcfV]bXY`gY aYX ca! c[ h]`Vm[b]b[Yf UZ Y[Yb Vc`][" 8Y ]bjc`jYfYXY j]f_gca\YXYf Z f \Yf Yb ghcf j]XYb ca Vfi[YfbYg VY\cj aYb XYbbY j]! XYb h]`ÑmXYf ]__Y b²XjYbX][j]g Vm[[Yf]Yh gca \Y`\YX"

8Yh Yf ] UbU`mgYf UZ Vfi[Yf]bXXfU[Y`gY b²XjYbX][h Uh gcbXfY aY``Ya Vc`][Vm[[Yf] h]` Vfi[YfbY c[ Vm[[Yf] UZ Vfi[YfbY" 6m[[Yf] h]` Vfi[YfbY Yf Z"Y_g" Vm[[Yf] \jcf Vfi[YfbY YbhYb Yf \Y`h iVY_YbXhY gca b f XYf Vm[[Yg Yh gh²ffY gUa`Yh iX`Y^b]b[gVm[[Yf] à Y``Yf a g_Y bc_ Yf _YbXhY aYb _ib \Uf Yb aY[Yh VY[f±bgYh ]bXÑmXY`gY gca b f Yb ZUa]`]Y j±`[Yf Uh Z Vm[[Yh Yh hmdY\ig" 6m[[Yf] h]` Vfi[YfbY iX[^cfXY `Ub[h XYb gh²fghY XY` UZ Vc`][Vm[[Y! f]Yh ZfU %-() \Y`h ZfYa h]` g]Xgh ] %-+$YfbY" 6m[[Yf] UZ Vfi[YfbY Yf XYh \Y`h ]bX]j]XiY``Y Vm[[Yf] \jcf Yb ZUa]`]Y gUaaYb aYX Yb Uf_]hY_h Vm[[Yf Yh ib]_h \ig Y``Yf à aYfY U`a]bXY`][h à \jcf Yb bm Y^Yf UZ Yh \ig Vm[[Yf \igYh ca YZhYf g]h Y[Yh \cjYX" 8YhhY Vm[[Yf] UZ Vfi[YfbY c[ ]g±f ca! c[ h]`Vm[b]b[Yf \Uf d [fibX UZ g]h caZUb[ Z Yh Yb gh±f_h gh][YbXY VYhmXb]b[ ][YbbYa XY gYbYghY &)!'$ f"

6c`][Vm[[Yf] h]` Vfi[YfbY = XYh Z²fghY h]! f YZhYf _f][Yb jUf \cjYXcd[UjYb Zcf Vc! `][Vm[[Yf]Yh Uh Z UZ\^i`dYh XYb U_ihhY Vc`][b²X" 6fi! [YfbY V`Yj UZ Vm[\YffYfbY c[ Uf_]hY_hYfbY XYÐbYfYh h]` Uh j±fY hc!V²fbg ZUa]`]Yb aYX Yb iXYUfVY^XYbXY \igZU! XYf c[ Yb \^YaaY[ YbXY \igacf" 8Yh U`hXca]bYfYbXY Vfi[YfVY\cj jUf Uh Z Yb Vc`][" 8Y aYfY gdYW]Ð__Y VY\cj \cg XYb U`a]bXY`][Y UfVY^XYf c[ Zib_h]cb±fZUa]`]Y V`Yj ] XUh]XYb UZ Vm[\YffYfbY c[ Uf_]hY_hYfbY iX`U[h gca Yh VY\cj Zcf Yb gd]gY! c[ cd\c`XgghiY c[ Yh gcjYj±fY`gY gUah Zcf acXYfbY ZUW]`]hYhYf. WYbhfU`jUfaY hc]`Yh c[ VUX" :²`[Y`][h V`Yj XYf Vm[[Yh & & Y``Yf à h]` XY `]Xh VYXfY gh]``YXY à ' j±fY`gYg Vc`][Yf aYX Yh gUa`Yh UbhU` UfYU` ] Vc`][Yb d aY``Ya ($ c[ *$ a&" :fU a]Xh ] %-)$YfbY c[ ZfYa h]` a]Xh ] %-*$YfbY V`caghfYXY XY Uf_]hY_hhY[bYXY hmdY\igY cd" 8Yf jUf bc[Yh Zcf Yb\jYf gaU[" Bc[`Y Uf_]hY_hYf `cX g][ ]bgd]! fYfY UZ acXYfb]gh]g_Y ]XYU`Yf UbXfY Zi`[hY Yb aYfY bU! h]cbU`fcaUbh]g_ `]b^Y" :±``Yg jUf Uh Vfi[YfbY ghUX][ V`Yj XYÐbYfYh gca ZUf acf c[ hc V²fb aYX ZUXYfYb gca iXYUfVY^XYbXY c[ acXYfYb gca \^YaaY[ YbXY" 8Yb [YbYfY`h gh][YbXY jY`ghUbX VbYXY Zcf Yb bm Zcfhc`_b]b[ UZ Vfi[YfVY\cjYbY gca Z²fhY h]` Uh bmVm[! [Yf]Yh Ð_ `]Xh gh²ffY ghiYf gcjYj±fY`gYh V`Yj V]VY\c`Xh aYb XYf _ca bi hc ga V²fbYj±fY`gYf à cZhY _UafY d *!+ a& à c[ Vfm[[YfgYh V`Yj [Yb]bhfcXiWYfYh ] aUb[Y UZ hmdY\igYbY" =g±f b f X]ggY V`Yj Vm[[Yh iXYb _±`XYf" HmdY\igYbY jUf cZhY d -$!%&$ a& c[ XY jUf h±b_h Zib_h]cbY`h c[ fUh]cbY`h aYX [cXY fiaZcf`²V a±b[XYf UZ ]bXVm[[YXY g_UVY dfU_h]g_ _cfh UZghUbX aY``Ya jUg_ c[ _caZif cgj" 8Yh jUf ] XYbbY dYf]cXY Uh Vc`][Zcfg_b]b[Yb `UjYXY [fibX][Y UbU`mgYf UZ Vfi[g! c[ VYj±[Y`gYga²bghfY ]

%)


=

8Yf ÐbXYg Yb f][Xca UZ bmhh][ j]XYb ca Vc`][Ybg Vfi[ c[ ]bXfYhb]b[ gca VifXY j±fY cV`][Uhcf]g_ Zcf Yb\jYf Uf_]hY_hghiXYfYbXY

Z"Y_g" _²__YbYh Zcf Uh Z XYb Zib_h]cbY`h cdh]aU`Y d`UWY! f]b[ UZ g_iZZYf g_UVY _caZif c[ jUg_" C[ `]Xh YZhYf `]Xh V`Yj Vfi[YfbYg \^YaaYUXZ±fX c[ VY\cj \Yf][YbbYa Yb XY` UZ d`Ub`±[b]b[g[fibX`U[Yh Zcf hmdY\igYbYg fiaX]g! dcbYf]b[ c[ UdhYf]b[" 9b \Y`h j]XibXYf`][ g_]`Xf]b[ UZ XYb cV^Y_h]jY dcg]h]! j]gh]g_Y a XY Uh ghiXYfY _²__YbUXZ±fX d _Ub gYg ] Ð`aYb ÆGUb[Y ZfU _²__YbYhÆ gca g_]`XfYf Yh aY[Yh j]! XYbg_UVY`][h gjYbg_ ghiX]Y UZ Yb`][Y bcfg_Y a±bXg _²__YbVfi[" GhiX]Yh [ f \Y`h [U`h à aYb XYb gjYbg_Y cVgYfjUh²f Z f Yh [cXh aYb ]__Y \Y`h fUh]cbY`h `]j" = Yb XUbg_ gUaaYb\±b[ jUf XYh Uf_]hY_hYfbY :]bb JYXY` DYhYfgYb c[ ?UfYb FUbhYb ZfU G6= gca [YbbYa! Z²fhY gmghYaUh]g_Y ghiX]Yf UZ Vc`][Ybg Vfi[ c[ ]bXfYh! b]b[ c[ iXUfVY^XYXY Ubj]gb]b[Yf d d`UWYf]b[ UZ g_UVY X²fY j]bXiYf ] Zcf\c`X h]` \]bUbXYb d b²XjYbX][Y [Ub[! `]b^Yf ÆjYbXYd`UXgYfÆ VY`mgb]b[ cgj" FUbhYb ?"%--% " 9b f][Xca UZ ihfc`][ bmhh][ j]XYb gca VifXY j±fY cV`]! [Uhcf]g_ ghcZ ] Yb\jYf Uf_]hY_hiXXUbbY`gY" AYb gca à \Y`h ²^Ybgmb`][h à ]__Y Yf XYh VYX²ah YZhYf acXYfbY Vc`][Yfg ]bXfYhb]b[ c[ UdhYf]b[ " 8Y j]XYbg_UVY`][Y ibXYfg²[Y`gYf UZ ]__Y _ib _²__Yb! UXZ±fX aYb c[g UZ `]jYh ] Vc`][Yb c[ ] Vc`][caf XYfbY aYfY [YbYfY`h _ca Zcf U`jcf ZfYa ] XYb ZU[`][Y XYVUh ZfU g]Xgh ] %-*$YfbY" 8Yb [^cfXY Vfi[YfbY aYfY b±fj±! fYbXY ] d`Ub`±[b]b[Yb c[ iXZcfab]b[Yb UZ Vc`][Vm[! [Yf]Yh" 6fi[YfbY V`Yj hU[Yh U`jcf`][h c[ XU ²_cbca]Yb [YbYfY`h \UjXY XYh [cXh V`Yj XYh c[g ai`][h Uh ]a²XY! _caaY Vfi[Yf²bg_YfbY jYX Uh Vm[[Y gh²ffY c[ gh²ffY c[ aYfY c[ aYfY jY`iXghmfYXY Vc`][Yf" HmdY\igYbY Ð_ gh²ffY ghiY gh²ffY j±fY`gYf à c[g h]` V²fbYbY à c[ XYh ghcfY _²__Yb#U`fia V`Yj cdZibXYh" GiaaYb UZ XYhhY V`Yj h]` Vc`][Yf ca_f]b[ %($!%)$ a&" = XYb h]Xg U`aYbY

%*

iX`Y^b]b[gVm[[Yf]Yf _i`a]bYfYXY Vc`][_jU`]hYhYb aYX ZUa]`]YVc`][Yf d %&$!%'$ a& X]gdcbYfYh `][Y gca hm! dY\igYbY" H]Xg bXYb g_]ZhYXY ] g`ihb]b[Yb UZ %-*$YfbY" C[ ] %-+$YfbY jUf XYh Yb iXdf±[Yh cjYfVYj]gb]b[ V`UbXh Uf_]hY_hYf c[ gcW]c`c[Yf Uh Vfi[YfbY `U[XY j±[h d XYh _c``Y_h]jY ] Vc`][caf XYh. Z±``Yg\ig c[ Z±``Yg `c_U`Yf Z±``YgUfYU`Yf \Y`h ]bX h]` Vc`][Yb X²fY c[ j]bXiYf ] Vc`][Yb gca VbYXY XYb acX Z±``YgUfYU`YfbY" =g±f h±h!`Uj Vm[! [Yf]YfbY V`Yj df±[Yh UZ XYbbY h]Xghmd]g_Y iX`±[b]b[ UZ Vfi[YfVY\cjYbY aYb XYb _ca c[g h]` Uh df±[Y bc[`Y UZ XUh]XYbg Y_gdYf]aYbhYfYbXY YhU[YVc`][VYVm[[Y`gYf" :Ufia A]Xhdib_h c[ ;U`[YVU__Yb Yf [cXY Y_gYad`Yf gca VY[[Y Ã d \jYf g]b a XY Ã Yf VUgYfYh d ZcfYgh]`! `]b[Yb ca Uh Vfi[YfbY \Uf Yh VY\cj Zcf Uh _ibbY iX`YjY XYfYg gcW]U`Y `]j ] Vc`][Ybg b±fY ca[]jY`gYf" = XY YZhYfZ²`[YbXY fh]Yf \Y`h ZfYa h]` g`ihb]b[Yb UZ %-,$YfbY ±bXfYXYg XYb [fibX`±[[YbXY cdZUhhY`gY UZ Vfi[YfbYg VY\cj ]__Y aUf_Ubh" 9bYf[]_f]gYb gUhhY g]h df±[ d ]gc`Yf]b[gghUbXUfXYfbY c[ ] Yb dYf]cXY ]g±f d j]bXiYggh²ffY`gYfbY aYb V`Yj U`Xf][ h]` Yh Vfi[YfVY\cj" AYb ] %--$YfbY cdghcX ][Yb Yh ÆVfi[YfVY\cjÆ gca ] Yh fh] _ca h]` Uh df±[Y Vc`][iXZcfab]b[Yb. V±fYXm[h][\YX c[ ²_c`c[]" Gca h]X`][YfY jUf XYf Xc[ hU`Y ca Uh Æbc[`YÆ Yb[U[YfYXY Vfi[YfY c[ ÆYb XY`Æ Yb[U[YfYXY Uf_]hY_hYf c[ Zcfg_YfY aUf_YfYXY g][ ] XYVUhhYb ca Vc`][Vm[[Yf] c[ ÃiXZcfab]b[ jYX gUaghYaaYbXY Uh hU`Y jUfah c[ Yb[U[YfYh Zcf V±fYXm[h][Y c[ ²_c`c[]g_Y `²gb]b[Yf ] Vc`][Vm[[Yf]Yh" :cf \cjYXdUfhYb UZ XY aYfY U`a]bXY`][Y Vfi[YfY jUf ²_c`c[] bc[Yh aYX a±`_ aY` c[ ±[" 9bXY`][ \Uf XYf cjYf XYh g]XghY fh] j±fYh Yh aUf_Ubh g_]Zh ] h]Xg bXYb \jcf ]bX]j]XiU`]gaYb c[ aUf_YXYh ] bYc`]VYfU` ]gWYbYg±hhY`gY Yf _caaYh ] \²^g±XYh" 6fi[Yf!


=

AUb[Y Ð_ ]bXÑmXY`gY ] %-+$YfbY

ach]jYf p <Ubg ?f]ghYbgYb

à Z±ffY Vfi[hY XYb XU XYh _ca h]` ghm__Yh

]bXXfU[Y`gYb ] XYbbY gUaaYb\±b[ ZcfY[ f \cjYXgU[Y! `][h cjYf aUf_YXYh" = dfU_g]g \Uf iXj]_`]b[Yb Z²fh h]` Uh XYh jYX Vm[[Yf] UZ ]g±f Y^YfVc`][Yf V XY `Y^`][\YXYf c[ hmdY\igY Yf ai`][h Uh j±`[Y YbhYb \Y`Y Y``Yf ghcfY XY`Y UZ Vc`][Ybg UdhYf]b[ ]bX]j]XiY`h" = XY `]Xh aYfY iXj]_`YXY jUf]UbhYf _Ub aUb c[g j±`[Y fiacdXY`]b[Yb gY`j" AYb à gca Yb iXj]_`]b[gX]fY_h²f ] Yh UZ XY ghcfY Yb! hfYdfYb²fÐfaUYf ZcfhU`hY d Yh a²XY Zcf Yh fg h]X g]XYb à XU aUb ] bc[`Y f \UjXY _²fh aYX Vm[[Ydfc[fUaaYf \jcf fiacdXY`]b[ c[ UdhYf]b[ _ibbY j±`[Yg \Y`h Zf]h UZ _²VYf _ibbY aUb _cbghUhYfY Uh XYh jUf '!( VYghYahY `²gb]b[Yf _²VYf hmd]g_ jU`[hY" D XYb VU[[fibX VYg`ih! hYXY aUb _ib Uh aUf_YXgZ²fY X]ggY '!( jUf]UbhYf gca jU`[ai`][\YXYf" ?f]ghYbgYb <" &$$* 6c`][Vm[[Yf] UZ Vfi[YfbY 8Yb aYgh caZUhhYbXY c[ aY[Yh fYY``Y Vfi[Yf]bXXfU! [Y`gY ] Vm[[Yf]Yh ÐbXYg ] ZcfV]bXY`gY aYX XYb hmd]g_Y \igY^Yfg ca! c[ h]`Vm[b]b[Yf d Y[Yb Vc`][" = XY Yj][Y X]g_igg]cbYf ca Vm[[Yf]Yhg iXj]_`]b[ Yf XYbbY U_h]j]hYh g^±`XYbh h]``U[h bc[Yb g±f`][ VYhmXb]b[ gY`jca XYh Yf Yb aY[Yh ghcf U_h]j]hYh a `h ] V XY cag±hb]b[ c[ VY! g_±Zh][Y`gY" = XYbbY gUaaYb\±b[ Yf \igY^YfYb c[ \Y`Y ZUa]`]Yb bcfaU`h aY[Yh Yb[U[YfYh. aUb X]g_ihYfYf d`Ub`²gb]b[Yf c[ Uf_]hY_hif aUb X]g_ihYfYf aUhYf]U`Yf c[ iXghmf aUb gYf df²jYf c[ hU[Yf gh]``]b[ cZhY Yf XYh Yb `Ub[ VYg`ihb]b[gdfcWYg \jcf XYb dfcZYgg]cbY``Y dUfh \j]g XYf Yf g XUb Yb à gca fY[Y` Yb Uf_]hY_h à a ]bXgh]``Y g][ d \Y`Y h]XYb Uh \²fY YZhYf []jY [cXY f X g_iVVY d c[ VfYagY" 8Yf Yf j]f_Y`][ hU`Y ca ]__Y V`ch Vfi[Yf]bXXfU[Y`gY aYb ca Vfi[Yfghmf]b[ c[ Uf_]hY_h]bX! XfU[Y`gY" 8Yh Yf Z²fgh ] gY`jY Vm[[YdfcWYggYb Uh ÆaU[h! Zcf\c`XYhÆ ±bXfYg c[ XY dfcZYgg]cbY``Y hU[Yf Z²f]b[Yb"

Ca! c[ h]`Vm[b]b[ []jYf g `YXYg XY ]bjc`jYfYXY dfcZYgg]c! bY``Y Yh _`Ufh V]``YXY UZ \jUX XYh Yf Vfi[YfbY ²bg_Yf" 8Ygj±ffY U__iai`YfYg XYbbY j]XYb ca Vfi[YfbY hmd]g_ \cg `c_U`Y ga Uf_]hY_hhY[bYghiYf c[ \cg \ bXj±f_g! ÐfaUYf Xjg" ] Yh gY[aYbh UZ Vm[[YjYfXYbYb gca \Uf `]``Y Y``Yf ]b[Yb ]bXÑmXY`gY d \jcf`YXYg XY gh²ffY Vm[! [Yf]Yf h]` Vfi[YfbY V`]jYf iXj]_`Yh c[ XYg][bYh" 8Yb UbXYb jUf]Ubh UZ Vm[[Yf] UZ Vfi[YfbY Yf bc[Yh g^±`XbYfY" 8Yh Yf g]hiUh]cbYb \jcf Yb dYfgcb Y``Yf ZUa]! `]Y VYg`ihhYf g][ h]` Uh Vm[[Y g]h Y[Yh ÆUf_]hY_hhY[bYXYÆ \ig" <Yf Yf Vfi[Yf]bXXfU[Y`gYb ZcfaYbh`][ c[g aY[Yh \²^ Ã bc_ \Y`h d b]jYUi aYX g]hiUh]cbYb jYX ca! c[ h]`Vm[b]b[" AYb \Y``Yf ]__Y XYbbY j]XYb ca fYY``Y c[ fYU`]gYfYXY Vfi[YfVY\cj iXbmhhYg gmghYaUh]g_" 9b g±f`][h ]bhYfYggUbh Zcfa Zcf ÆUf_]hY_hhY[bYXYÆ \igY Yf XY \igY Uf_]hY_hYfbY ] h]XYbg `²V \Uf hY[bYh h]` g][ gY`j" =g±f XY aYfY giWWYgf][Y Ã c[ XYfZcf f]aY`][h jY`VYg` YXY Ã Uf_]hY_hYfg \igY []jYf ai`][\YX Zcf Uh gY iXj]_`]b[Yb ] UjUbh[UfXYbg Vfi[Yf²bg_Yf c[ ÃVY\cj c[ _ibbY XYfZcf bc_ j±fY Yh ghiX]Y j±fX ] ZcfV]bXY`gY aYX Vfi[Yf]bXXfU[Y`gY c[ Vfi[YfXfYjYb ]bbcjUh]cb" Ach]jYfbY VU[ Vfi[Yf]bXXfU[Y`gY3 = XYb U_hiY``Y XYVUh ca Vm[[Yf]Yhg iXj]_`]b[ Yf XYh jYX Uh V`]jY Yh b±ghYb i]acXgU[h aUbhfU Uh ZfYah]XYb Zcf Vm[[Yf]Yh `][[Yf ] Vfi[Yf]bXXfU[Y`gY c[ Vfi[YfXfYjYb ]bbcjUh]cb" B f g XUbbY VY[fYVYf c[ hUb_Ya²bghfY _Ubcb]gYfYg Yf Yb hmd]g_ gUaZibXgj]XYbg_UVY`][ fYU_! h]cb Uh gh]``Y gd²f[ga `ghY[b jYX [fibXUbhU[Y`gYfbY c[ ]XYYfbY" 5_hiY`h dfYggYf Z²`[YbXY gd²f[ga ` g][ d . <jcfZcf g_U` Vfi[YfbY cjYf\cjYXYh ]bXXfU[Yg ] iX! Zcfab]b[Yb UZ Vc`][YfbY3 9f XY dfcZYgg]cbY``Y Uf_]hY_hYf c[ XYg][bYfY ]__Y VYXfY h]` XYh3

%+


=

6fi[Yf]bXXfU[Y`gYb ZcfY[ f ] XU[ \cjYXgU[Y`][ d aUf_YXYh

?ibbY Vfi[YfbYg fc``Y ]__Y `][Y g [cXh fYXiWYfYg h]` Uh j±`[Y aY``Ya XY Zcfg_Y``][Y Vc`][hmdYf gca iXVmXYg d aUf_YXYh3 C[ \j]`_Yb Yb UZ XY a g_Y )!%$ Zcfg_Y``][Y Vfi[YfY XYf j]` j±fY h]` Yb Vc`][ cjYf XYbg `YjYh]X g_U` XYh j±fY gca Z f gh²fgh ]bXÑmXY`gY d Vc`][Ybg iXZcfab]b[3 8Yb ]XYU`]gh]g_Y VY[fibXY`gY Zcf Vfi[Yf]bXXfU[Y`gYb Yf Uh XYh _ib Yf f]aY`][h c[ XYac_fUh]g_ Uh Vfi[YfbY à gca h]`Vf]b[Yf a g_Y \U`jXY`Yb UZ XYfYg `]j ] Vc`][Yb à \Uf \UZh Y``Yf Z f ]bXÑmXY`gY d Vc`][Ybg iXZcfab]b[ c[ iXghmf" 8Yb ]XYU`]gh]g_Y \c`Xb]b[ g`c[ ]g±f ][YbbYa ] %-+$YfbY \jcf [f±gfcXgVYj±[Y`gYf Vfi[YfXYac_fUh] cgj" \UjXY gh±f_ aYXj]bX ] aYX]YfbY c[ ] XYb cZZYbh`][Y VYj]Xgh\YX" 8Yf jUf b±ghYb ]b[Yb [f±bgYf Zcf \jcf aY[Yb XY`hU[Y`gY c[ ]bXXfU[Y`gY U``Y g_i``Y g]_fYg d XYfYg UfVY^XY ] XYfYg Vc`][ c[ ] XYfYg _caaibY" AUb[Y Ð_ ]bXÑmXY`gY Z±ffY Vfi[hY XYb XU XYh _ca h]` ghm_! _Yh" = XYb U`aYbY Vc`][gY_hcf V`Yj VYVcYfXYac_fUh]Yh iXj]_`Yh g `YXYg Uh VYVcYfbY Ð_ XYb ZcfaY``Y aU[h cjYf V XY XY Yb_Y`hY UZXY`]b[Yf c[ cjYf Vc`][cf[Ub]gUh]c! bYfbY" JYX XY ghcfY caVm[b]b[g! c[ ZcfVYXf]b[gdfc^Y_! hYf gca gY_hcfYb [YbbYaZ²fhY ] %-,$YfbY c[ %--$YfbY V`Yj XYf [^cfh Yh _±adYUfVY^XY Zcf Uh ]bXXfU[Y Vfi[YfbY 1 VYVcYfbY ] VYg`ihb]b[gdfcWYggYfbY" 9fZUf]b[YfbY ZfU hU`f][Y dfc^Y_hYf Yf Uh XYh b±ghYb U`Xf][ `m__Yg Uh ]bX! XfU[Y aYfY YbX %$!%) UZ VYVcYfbY ] Yb caVm[b]b[g! gU[ gY`jca XYb [f]VYf ]bX ] XYfYg Y[Yb Vc`][ c[#Y``Yf XYbg ca[]jY`gYf" 7\f]gh]UbgYb <" a"Ñ" %--' 8Yb _mb]g_Y VY[fibXY`gY gca bc_ c[g Yf XYh aYgh fYU`]gh]g_Y Yf Uh \j]g aUb j]` g±`[Y Vc`][Yf h]` [cXY df]gYf

%,

a aUb gca dfcXiWYbh g]_fY Uh XYh dfcXi_h aUb `UjYf XY Vc`][Yf aUb Vm[[Yf ZU`XYf ] _²VYfg gaU[" =__Y! gc`[hY Y``Yf iiX`Y^YXY Vc`][Yf VY`UghYf bUhif`][j]g Y^Y! fYbg ²_cbca]" = XY Z²fghY YZhYf_f][g fh]Yf jUf XYh ]b[Yb gU[ Uh UZg±hhY Vc`][Yf aUb[`Yb jUf g ghcf Uh U`h _ibbY `Y^Yg iX Y``Yf g±`[Yg g ] XYb dYf]cXY VY\²jYXY aUb ]__Y Uh hU[Y gdYW]Y``Y Vfi[YfVY\cj g hib[h" 6fi[Yf]bXXfU[Y`gYb Ð_ Yh `]Xh aYfY fYY`h ]bX\c`X XU XYf ] %-+$YfbYg UbXYb \U`jXY` VY[mbXhY Uh cdgh UZ! g±hb]b[gdfcV`YaYf V XY Zcf `Y^YVc`][Yf c[ Zcf XY XmfY! ghY Y^YfVc`][Yf" AYb XY g_iZZYbXY YfZUf]b[Yf ZfU V XY cZZYbh`][\YXg]bXXfU[Y`gYb ] _caaibY! c[ fY[]cbd`Ub! `±[b]b[Yb c[ ZfU VYVcYf]bXXfU[Y`gYb ] XYb U`aYbY gY_hcf ^Z" cjYbgh YbXY [^cfXY Uh aUb cZhY jU`[hY aUf! _YXgibXYfg²[Y`gYf c[ dfcZYgg]cbY` aUf_YXgZ²f]b[ gca ÆVfi[Yf]bXXfU[Y`gYÆ ZfYa Zcf aYfY ÆVUg]gXYac_fUh]g_YÆ acXY``Yf" = XY gYbYfY f \jcf ghcfh gYh U`h _Ub g±`[Yg ] XYh a]bXghY d <cjYXghUXYbg Vc`][aUf_YX Yf Vfi[Yf! ]bXXfU[Y`gYb hfcXg fYhcf]__Yb ca XYbg ghcfY VYhmXb]b[ ] fYU`]hYhYb cZhY fYXiWYfYh h]` jU`[ aY``Ya UdhYf]b[gXYhU`! ^Yf" 8Ya `±[[Yg XYf h]` [Yb[±`X ghcf j±[h d ZfU Vfi[Yf! bYg g]XY" 8Y aYfY ]XYc`c[]g_Y VY[fibXY`gYf jUf]YfYf `]Xh cjYf h]X" :cf h]XYb Yf XYf hc VY[fibXY`gYf Zcf Uh Vfi[Yf]bXXfU! [Y`gY Yf j][h][" 8Yb YbY `±[[Yf j±[hYb d Uh Vfi[Yf]bXXfU[Y`gY _Ub g]_fY dfcXi_hiXj]_`]b[Yb ] Vm[[Yf]Yh" 8Yh _Ub df]bW]d]Y`h g_Y jYX Uh `UjY ca\m[[Y`][Y Vfi[YfibXYfg²[Y`gYf aYX Zcfg_Y``][Y [fUXYf UZ Vfi[Yf]bXXfU[Y`gY Yl UbhY Y``Yf jYX Uh `±fY UZ Vfi[YfbYg ZU_h]g_Y UXZ±fX gca VYg_fYjYh cjYbZcf ] ZcfV]bXY`gY aYX Vc`][Y^YfYg ca! c[ h]`Vm[b]b[g! dfc^Y_hYf " 5_hiY`h h]``±[[Yg Vfi[YfbY Yb à hYaaY`][


=

ach]jYf p <Ubg ?f]ghYbgYb

AUf_YXgacXY``Yb Yf V`]bX Zcf

c[ `][Y[`UX aYX XY a]bXfYVYa]X`YXYg Vc`][²bg_Yf c[ VY\cj

cjYfXfYjYb à `Yhh]`[±b[Y`][ ]bXg][h ] Y[bY ZfYah]X][Y Vc`][VY\cj gca UbhU[Yg Uh _ibbY ]bgd]fYfY dfcXi_hiX! j]_`]b[Yb gca g ][Yb Yf ZcfiXg±hb]b[Yb Zcf XYb `Ub[! g][hYXY _cb_iffYbWYYjbY c[ XYfaYX Zcf XYh ZfYah]X][Y gU`[" 8Yf Yf ]b[Yb [fibX h]` ]bXjYbX]b[Yf acX Vfi[Yfh]`dUg! gYh Vm[[Yf]" Hj±fh]acX" AUb _Ub h]` [Yb[±`X j±fY `]Xh g_Ydh]g_ cjYfZcf XY cjYfZcfYb_`YXY ZcfYgh]``]b[Yf ca \jcfXUb j]XYb ca Vfi[YfVY\cjYbY ZfYag_UZZYg" :cf Uh _ibbY g_UVY Yh Vfi[YfXfYjYh [fibX`U[ Zcf bmY Uf_]hY_! hcb]g_Y c[ XYg][ba±gg][Y `²gb]b[Yf Yf XYh b²XjYbX][h Uh [YbbYaZ²fY ca\m[[Y`][Y c[ VfYXgdY_hfYXY ghiX]Yf c[ UbU`mgYf UZ Vfi[YfUXZ±fX c[ \c`Xb]b[Yf ZUa]`]Ya²b! ghfYbYg iXj]_`]b[ UZ [f±bgYfbY aY``Ya \^Ya c[ UfVY^XY c[ Zc``ck!id ibXYfg²[Y`gYf UZ Xf²aaY! c[ VY\cjgfYU`]! gYf]b[ \cg Zc`_ XYf g_]ZhYf Vc`][ Y``Yf gca Vm[[Yf Vc`][Yb ca" 8Yb UbXYb ]XYc`c[]g_Y VY[fibXY`gY \UbX`Yf ca ÆZf]Y jU`[Æ gca iXhfm_ Zcf XYb aU_g]aU`Y Zf]\YX j] gca aYb! bYg_Yf _Ub cdb ] Yh gUaZibX" :cfhc`_Yh ] h]XYbg bYc`]! VYfU`Y bX ]bXYV±fYf XYh Uh j] V²f h]`ghf±VY Uh XYh V`]jYf aUf_YXYhg iXViX c[ YZhYfgd²f[gY`gaY_Ub]gaYf gca Z f `cj h]` Uh VYghYaaY Zcfa c[ ]bX\c`X ] Vc`][Vm[[Yf]Yh" 8Yh ZcfY[ f hmd]g_ jYX Uh Vm[\YffYfbY VYXYf Uf_]hY_! hYfbY ca Y`]h±fh Uh XYg][bY c[ iXVmXY j]Xh Zcfg_Y``][Y dfcXi_hYf \Yf Vc`][Yf c[ g Z²`[Y YZhYfgd²f[g`Yb YZhYf XY Zcfg_Y``][Y jUf]UbhYf gca XYfb±gh dfcXiWYfYg ] gh²ffY a±b[XYf Zcf Uh ]a²XY_caaY Vfi[YfbYg ²bg_Yf" 8Yh Yf `]Xh XYh XYf g_Yf ] <cjYXghUXgfY[]cbYb ] X]ggY f aYX XYh jUf]YfYXY iXViX UZ YhU[YVc`][Yf \jcf bc[`Y Yf aYfY Y_gdYf]aYbhYfYbXY YbX UbXfY gca Z"Y_g" D@CHg JA Vm[[Yf] c[ bc[`Y UZ XY _caaYbXY Vm[[Yf]Yf ] ?²! VYb\Ujbg GmX\Ujb" <Yf g]_fYg Vfi[YfbY ]bXZ`mXY`gY

[YbbYa XYfYg jU`[ d aUf_YXYh c[ ]XYY`h gYh Z f U``Y XYh XY j]` \UÈ \j]g XY Y``Yfg \Uf f X h]` XYh" AUf_YXgacXY``Yb Yf ]a]X`Yfh]X V`]bX Zcf c[ `][Y[`UX aYX XY a]bXfY VY! a]X`YXYg Vc`][²bg_Yf c[ VY\cj à g gca iXj]_`]b[gXm! bUac j]f_Yf XYb _ib cjYfZcf XY VYXfY VYa]X`YXY [fid! dYfg Vc`][Yf" C[ XYh Yf ^c `]Xh UZ Yb VY[f±bgb]b["

FYZYfYbWYf c[ ]bgd]fUh]cb 7\f]gh]UbgYb <" a"Ñ". 6YXfY VYVm[[Y`gYf à VYXfY `]j3 G6]!Vmd`Ub`±[b]b[ *) G6] %--'" ?f]ghYbgYb <" fYX . 8Yb [cXY Vc`][ à \jcfXUb g_U` j] Vc ] ZfYah]XYb3 5HJ &$$* FUbhYb ?". 6c`][d`Ub c[ Vfi[gj±fX] G6]!Ubj]gb]b[ %*, G6] %--%

%-


<Ybf]_ @" 6Ub[ <Ybf]_ @" 6Ub[ Yf gY_fYhUf]Uhg`YXYf ] 6m[\YffYZcf! Yb]b[Yb iXXUbbYh W]j]`]b[Yb]²f c[ \Uf V`UbXh UbXYh g_fYjYh Yb d\X!UZ\UbX`]b[ d 76G ca ghfUhY[]g_ iXj]_`]b[ UZ YbhfYdfYb²fj]f_gca\YXYf"

&$


6fi[YfjU`[Yhg ²_cbca] <Ybf]_ @" 6Ub[ 6m[\YffYZcfYb]b[Yb

6m[[YVfUbW\Yb V²f g_]ZhY _ifg g aUb ]__Y Ybg]X][h ZcfZ²`[Yf Yb ca_cghb]b[gfYXiWYfYbXY ghfUhY[] aYb ] ghYXYh g_UVYf gh²ffY [Yj]bgh Zcf U``Y ]bjc`jYfYXY [YbbYa bm j±fX]g_UVY`gY" 8Yh j]` Xc[ _f±jY Uh Vm[\YffYf c[ Vm[[YVfUbW\Y _YbXYf Vfi[YfbY VYXfY c[ ] \²^YfY [fUX UfVY^XYf aYX Zcfg_Y``][Y Vfi[YfgY[aYbhYf"

=bX`YXb]b[gj]gh Yf XYh j][h][h Uh g` ZUh Uh Vfi[YfVY[fY! VYh a UbjYbXYg aYX Yb j]g jUfgca\YX" Bc[`Y hU`Yf ca g`ihVfi[YfY Y``Yf d Yb[Y`g_ YbX igYfg aYb \jYa Yf Zcf Y_gYadY` g`ihVfi[YfYb d Yh \cgd]hU`3 8Yh Yf jY` dUh]Yb! hYfbY aYb XY Yf ^c ]__Y XY YbYghY" DUh]YbhYfbY \Uf d ! f²fYbXY" 8Yf Yf `±[Yf XYf Yf dcfh²fYf cgj" = j]f_Y`][\YXYb V`]jYf g_UfYb UZ Vfi[YfY \ifh][h aY[Yh ghcf" G XYh Yf mXYfgh jUbg_Y`][h Uh XYÐbYfY Vfi[YfYb" AUb[Y \Uf df²! jYh c[ aUb[Y \Uf _b±__Yh \U`gYb d XYh" 9h Y_gYadY` ] ghcf g_U`U Yf ZfU GjYf][Y \jcf aUb ] %-*$YfbY c[ %-+$YfbY Vm[[YXY Vc`][Yf VUgYfYh d ibXYfg²[Y`gYf UZ ZUa]`]Yfg Vc`][`]j" IX ZfU ibXYfg²[Y`! gYfbY fYU`]gYfYXY aUb XYh g _U`XhY a]``]cbdfc[fUa \jcf aUb Vm[[YXY Yb a]``]cb Vc`][Yf iX ZfU XY gUaaY Zcf! g_f]ZhYf" 8Ygj±ffY \Uf XYh j]gh g][ Uh XYf Yf ghcf jUf]Uh]cb V`UbXh Vfi[YfbY c[ Uh XYh XYf jUf XYb cdh]aU`Y fiaX]gdc! bYf]b[ XYb[Ub[ ]__Y b²XjYbX][j]g Yf XYh ] XU[" IX cjYf Uh XYf Yf aUb[Y Zcfg_Y``][Y Vfi[YfY Uh hU[Y \Ybgmb h]` Yf XYf U`hg c[g Yh UgdY_h XYf jYXf²fYf h]X c[ ghYX" 8Yf _caaYf bmY [YbYfUh]cbYf UZ Vfi[YfY h]` bmY bUVcYf gca g_U` _ibbY \c`XY iX Uh gY d XYh XYf Yf Vm[[Yh cgj"

6m[\YffYbg fc``Y 8YhhY ]bX`±[ fYdf±gYbhYfYf ]__Y 6m[\YffYZcfYb]b[Ybg cZÐW]Y``Y dc`]h]_ \jUX Ub[ f Vfi[YfY aYb XYf Yf d XYb UbXYb g]XY ]b[Yb hj]j` ca Uh XYh Yf Yh YabY UZ ghcf VY! hmXb]b[ Zcf Vm[\YffYf" GYf aUb Vm[\YffYb gca `YX ] Yb j±fX]_±XY \Uf \Ub hc df]a±fY fY`Uh]cbYf. <Ub \UbX`Yf d XYb YbY g]XY aYX Vm[[YgY_hcfYb/ XYh j]` g][Y YbhfYdfYb²fj]f_gca\YXYf Uf_]hY_hYf f X[]jYbXY ]b[Yb]²fYf cgj" 6m[\YffYbg UbXYb [fibX`±[[YbXY fY`Uh]cb Yf aYX Vfi[YfbY" 8Y dfcZYgg]c! bY``Y Vm[\YffYf gca Yf cf[Ub]gYfYh ] 6m[\YffYZcfYb]b[Yb Vm[[Yf gca fY[Y` Zcf UbXfY/ U`hg Vfi[YfY" 8Yh Yf ]__Y U`h]X Y_gd`]W]h aYb gca fY[Y` j]` XYf j±fY Yb Y``Yf UbXYb Zcfa Zcf \ig`Y^Y XYf g_U` VYhU`Yg UZ bc[`Y Vfi[YfY" C[g b f XYf Yf hU`Y ca Yb [UjY Z²`[Yf XYf Zcfd`][hY`gYf aYX ] Zcf\c`X h]` Vfi[YfbY" 6m[\YffYf c[ XYfaYX 6m[\YffYZcfYb]b[Yb \Uf hc \cjYX]bXgUhgcaf XYf" 8Yh YbY Yf Uh Zcfg²[Y Uh [²fY Vm[[YgY_hcfYb aYfY YZZY_h]j" 8Yh UbXYh Yf Uh Zcfg²[Y Uh g_UVY gh²ffY j±fX] Zcf Vfi[YfYb" AUb _Ub aY[Yh Ðf! _UbhYh g][Y Uh \j]g Vm[\YffYb ]__Y V]XfU[Yf h]` Uh g_UVY gh²ffY j±fX] Zcf Vfi[YfbY g _Ub XYhhY `YX ] j±fX]_±XYb ibXj±fYg" 8Yh \UbX`Yf ]__Y ca V]``][[²fY`gY 8Yh Z²`[YbXY hU[Yf UZg±h ] Yb g]adY` Yf\jYfjg²_cbca]g_ acXY` Zcf j±fX]cdZUhhY`gY" AcXY``Yb \UbX`Yf ca \jcf! XUb \UbXY` ZcfY[ f" 8Yb XYf g±`[Yf \Uf Yb ca_cghb]b[ jYX Uh g_UVY Yh dfcXi_h" <Yfh]` `±[[Yg Yb UjUbWY c[ XYfaYX ZfYa_caaYf df]gYb" :cf XYb XYf _²VYf \UbX`Yf fY[bYghm__Yh ca Zcfg_Y``Yb aY``Ya df]gYb c[ VfihhcZcf! XY`Yb U`hg bYhhcZcfXY`Yb" <j]g ZcfXY`Yb ]__Y Yf ghcf bc_ g j]` _²VYfYb ]__Y j±fY ]bhYfYggYfYh ] \UbX`Yb"

&%


ach]jYf p <Ybf]_ @" 6Ub[

=

6m[[YVfUbW\Yb Yf Zcf X f`][ h]`

Uh h±b_Y ] gY[aYbhYf à j] _YbXYf g]adY`h\Yb Vfi[YfbY Zcf X f`][h

8YbbY acXY` _Ub aUb Vm[[Y j]XYfY d Zcf XYb fiaaYf bc[`Y iXj]_`]b[gai`][\YXYf gca Yf h]` [Ujb Zcf U``Y" <j]g aUb fYXiWYfYf ca_cghb]b[YfbY _Ub aUb V XY Z Yb gh²ffY UjUbWY h]` g±`[Yf c[ Yb gh²ffY bYhhcZcfXY` h]` _²VYf gY acXY` % " 9b UbXYb ghfUhY[] _Ub j±fY Uh ²[Y j±f! X]Yb" <Yf VYhmXYf XYh ]__Y bc[Yh Uh ca_cghb]b[YfbY V`]jYf `]Xh \²^YfY g `±b[Y Zcfh^YbYghYb Zcf g±`[YfYb gh][Yf c[ bYhhcZcfXY`Yb Zcf _²VYfYb gh][Yf" 8Yf Yf Vfi[h aY[Yb YbYf[] ] Vm[[Yf]Yh d Uh ZcfZ²`[Y XYb ca_cghb]b[gfYXiWYfYbXY ghfUhY[]" B f XYh _caaYf h]` ghm__Yh g_Yf XYf Xc[ XYh Uh XYb df]g gca g_i``Y j±fY ZU`XYbXY YbXYf aYX Uh ]bXfYhhY g][ YZhYf aUf_YXYh ZcfX] j] \Uf g ghcf Yb aUggY UZ Vm[[Yf] ] ZcfjY^Yb" 8Yf Yf U`hg [cX [fibX h]` Uh ZcfZ²`[Y XYb j±fX]g_U! VYbXY ghfUhY[]" 8Yh _f±jYf Xc[ Uh j] ] Vm[[YVfUbW\Yb ] \²^YfY [fUX h±b_Yf ] gY[aYbhYf c[ XYh \Uf j] j±fYh Zcf X f`][Y h]`" J] _YbXYf g]adY`h\Yb _ibXYfbY Zcf X f`][h" 6Y\cjYh Zcf j±fX]g_UVY`gY 8Yf Yf ÑYfY hYbXYbgYf ] gUaZibXYh gca ibXYfgh²hhYf hUb_Y[Ub[Yb ca Yb ²[Yh j±fX]g_UVY`gY" 8Yb Z²fghY [ f ibXYf VYhY[bY`gYb cd`YjY`gYg²_cbca]" :c`_ g±hhYf g][ gY`j ] WYbhfia c[ j]` ]__Y VUfY \UjY aifYh Yb j±[ XYf\^YaaY" 8Y j]` c[g _YbXY aifYfYbg `]jg\]ghcf]Y" Dgm_c`c[Yb AUg`ck \Uf `UjYh Yb acXY` cjYf jcfYg VY\cj XYb g _U`XhY VY\cjgdmfUa]XY" 8Yb [ f ] U` g]b Yb_Y`\YX iX d Uh aUb Zm`XYf cd bYXYZfU ] Zcf\c`X h]` Uh h]`[cXYgY g]bY VUgU`Y VY\cj" <j]g aUb g±hhYf XYb ] fY`Uh]cb h]` Vm[[Yf] g \UbX`Yf XY bYXYfghY VY\cj ca VYg_mhhY`gY ] Zcf\c`X h]` _`]aU ]bX_][ cgj" @±b[YfY cddY ] acXY``Yb \UbX`Yf XYh V`UbXh UbXYh ca gY`jfYU`]gYf]b[ c[ XYh Yf XYf j] VYÐbXYf cg bi" 8Yb UbXYb hYbXYbg \UbX`Yf ca Uh gY d hchU`²_cbca]"

&&

8Yh [±`XYf ]__Y a]bXgh ]bXYb Zcf Yf\jYfjgVm[[Yf] \jcf aUb g±hhYf ca_cghb]b[YfbY jYX Uh Vm[[Y ] Zcf\c`X h]` ca_cghb]b[YfbY jYX XY`g Uh Xf]jY Vm[[Yf]Yh XY`g Uh Xf]jY XYb gUa`YXY ZcffYhb]b[ aYX `²bb]b[Yf aUg_]bYf cgj" <j]g aUb hU[Yf Yb Vm[b]b[ XYf _cghYf % a]c" _f Uh cdZ²fY c[ _][[Yf d ²_cbca]Yb cjYf Yb &$! f][ dYf]cXY g _cghYf XYh ) a]c" Uh Xf]jY XYb aYbg ca_cghb]b[YfbY jYX Uh Xf]jY XYb gUa`YXY ZcffYhb]b[ Yf &$$ a]c" gY acXY` & " 8Yb XY` aUb Vfi[Yf d Uh Vm[[Y Yf U`hg Zcfgj]bXYbXY `]``Y ] Zcf\c`X h]` XY ZcffYhb]b[gca_cghb]b! [Yf aUb \Uf \j]g aUb Zl Xf]jYf gidYfaUf_YX Y``Yf VUb! _j]f_gca\YX" C[ Uf_]hY_hYbg UbXY` Yf a g_Y $ % \YfUZ Yf dfc[fUaaYf]b[Yb $ $% " Dc]bhYb Yf Uh XYh Zcf Yb Yf! \jYfjgj]f_gca\YX ]__Y df]a±fh \UbX`Yf ca ca_cghb]b! [Yf aYb ca XYb j±fX] c[ XYfaYX dfcÐh XYb f][h][Y Vm[b]b[ _Ub g_UVY ] ZcffYhb]b[gdfcWYggYfbY" :`YfY U_hiY``Y ]b]h]Uh]jYf ] Vm[[YVfUbW\Yb \Uf Zc_ig d j±fX]g_UVY`gYb" <Yf _Ub Z"Y_g b±jbYg iXgh]``]b[Yb d 8Ubg_ 5f_]hY_hif 7YbhYf Æ8=BÆ gca iXhfm__Yf Yb Y_g! hfYa Zc_ig d Vfi[YfbY" 6fi[YfbY g_U` _ibbY _caaY ]bX ] Yb Vih]_ c[ g iXYb j]XYfY _ibbY VYgh]``Y XYfYg Vm[[Yf]" 8Yb dfcZYgg]cbY``Y Vm[\YffY Yf ZU_h]g_ \Y`h ZcfgjibXYh" HUb_Y[Ub[Yb a]bXYf ca Yh ]b]h]Uh]j ZfU 9f\jYfjg! c[ Vm[[YghmfY`gYb gca \Uf gUh &$ _`c[Y aYbbYg_Yf ZfU Vm[[YVfUbW\Yb gUaaYb c[ gUh XYa h]` Uh h±b_Y cjYf \jcfXUb Vm[[Yf]Yh g_U` gY iX ] f &$&$" 8Y \Uf Vfi[h Yb hfYX^YXY` UZ XYfYg fUddcfh d Uh g_f]jY ca Vfi[YfbY" C[g ;`cVU`]gYf]b[gf XYh hU`Yf ca Vfi[YfbY" 8UbaUf_ g_U` _`UfY g][ ] XYb ]bhYfbUh]cbU`Y _cb_iffYbWY ZfYacjYf jYX Uh Zc_igYfY d XYh XY _U`XYf Vfi[YfXfYjYb ]bbcjU! h]cb gca g]adY`h XYÐbYfYh \UbX`Yf ca Uh j]f_gca\Y! XYfbY g_U` UbjYbXY aYfY jY`ghfi_hifYfYXY aYhcXYf h]` Uh Zcfgh Vfi[YfbY"


VfihhcZcfXY`

AcXY` %

df]g

_²VYf

g±`[Yf ca_cghb]b[Yf

AcXY` &

%

)

&$$

&)$!&)$$ 3

Vm[[Yf]

Xf]Zh

ZcffYhb]b[

j±fX]#]bXh^Yb]b[

&'


=

6fUbW\Yb `]XYf UZ Yb Zcfa Zcf \i_caaY`gYghUV ZcfX] UbjYbXY`gYb UZ Vm[b]b[Yf cjYf h]X ]__Y V`]jYf ibXYfg²[h

9bXY`][ \Uf @YUb DfcXiWh]cb jibXYh ghcf iXVfYXY`gY ] 8UbaUf_ \jcf XYh c[g [ f ibXYf VYhY[bY`gY Hf]aaYh 6m[[Yf]" 8Yh \UbX`Yf V`UbXh UbXYh ca Uh V`]jY VYXfY h]` Uh YZZY_h]j]gYfY dfcXi_h]cbYb aYX Yb Zcfgh Y`gY UZ Vfi! [YfYbg j±fX]Yf gca iX[Ub[gdib_h" 6Y\cj Zcf j]XYfYiXj]_`]b[ <jcf _caaYf Uf_]hY_hYb g ]bX ] U`h XYh \Yf3 8Yf Yf bc[`Y XYf hU`Yf ca Uh aUb ] 8UbaUf_ \Uf Yb \iaUb]gh]g_ hfUX]h]cb aYb gd²f[ga `Yh Yf ca XYh Yf bc_ ZfYacjYf" 5f_]hY_hYb g_U` ZcfhgUh j±fY b²[`YU_h²f aYb XYf Yf Vfi[ Zcf gh²ffY _ibXYZc_ig" 5f_]hY_hif Yf Yb VibXYb _ibghUfh gca V`UbXh UbXYh [ f ] X]U`c[ aYX Zc`_g Z²`Y`gYg`]j" <Yf Yf XYf Yb _`Uf ZcfV]bXY`gY h]` VY\cjgdmfUa]XYb c[ XYh Yf Yh UgdY_h XYf V²f hU[Yg U`jcf`][h b f aUb iXXUbbYf Uf_]hY_hYf c[ Zcfg_Yf ] Uf_]hY_hif" 8Yf g_U` iXj]_`Yg ÑYfY UbU`mh]g_Y fYXg_UVYf h]` Uh Zcfgh Vfi[YfbYg VY\cj c[ h]` Uh Zcfgh UbjYbXY`gYb UZ Vm[b]b[Yf" 6fUbW\Yb `]XYf UZ Yb Zcfa Zcf \i_caaY`gYghUV ZcfX] UbjYbXY`gYb UZ Vm[b]b[YfbY cjYf h]X ]__Y V`]jYf ibXYf! g²[h" AY[Yb [cX j]XYb [ f \Yf hUVh" 9b [fiddY UZ U_h²fYf ZfU Zcfg_b]b[gjYfXYbYb c[ Vm[! [YYf\jYfjYh XY`hU[Yf ] XYb XUbg_Y UZXY`]b[ UZ 97HD 9ifcdYUb 7cbghfiWh]cb HYW\bc`c[m D`UhZcfa gca Zcfg²[Yf Uh d j]f_Y 8Yh GmjYbXY FUaaYdfc[fUa ] 9I h]` Uh gh²hhY Vm[[Yf]Yhg iXj]_`]b[" ;fiddYb \Uf Zcfg²[h Uh ]XYbh]ÐWYfY \j]`_Y U_h²fYf ] Yf\jYfjYh gca _Ub aYX! j]f_Y dcg]h]jh h]` Uh Zcfgh Vfi[YfbY" AUb Yf _caaYh ZfYa h]` Uh XYh XfY^Yf g][ ca Vm[\YffYf Xf]Zhg\YffYf Vm[\Yf! fYf X[]jYfY XYjY`cdYfY Y^YbXcaga±[`YfY f X[]jYbXY Uf_]hY_hYf c[ ]b[Yb]²fYf" AUb _ibbY c[g [cXh \UjY b±jbh XYW]XYfYXY Vfi[Yfcf[Ub]gUh]cbYf gY`j ca XY Yf `]Xh gj±fYfY Uh Z \c`X d "

&(

6`UbXh U_h²fYfbY ÐbXYg Yb `Ub[ f±__Y Y_g]ghYfYbXY dfU_g]ggYf Zcf Uh VYg_±Zh][Y g][ aYX Vfi[Yfj±fX]" 8Yf Yf dfc[fUaaYf]b[ XYf Yf Vfi[YfibXYfg²[Y`gYf XYf Yf Vfi[ UZ dUdacXY``Yf gca _caaib]_Uh]cbgZcfa cgj" 5`h XYhhY g_U` iXj]_`Yg mXYf`][YfY" 8Yh _Ub V`UbXh UbXYh g_Y jYX Uh ghiXYfY Vfi[YfbY jYX \^±`d UZ gUaZibXgj]XYb! g_UVY`][Y aYhcXYf" 8Yh _Ub j±fY _c[b]h]j dgm_c`c[] Y``Yf XYh _Ub Z"Y_g j±fY aYhcXYf ZfU XYg][bX]gW]d`]bYfbY" 8Yh j] g_U` ZfYa h]` Yf bc[`Y j±f_h²^Yf ] Zcfa UZ jY^`YXb]b[Yf =H!j±f_h²^Yf Y``Yf \jUX aUb bi _ibbY ZcfYgh]``Y g][ gca _Ub \^±`dY U_h²fYfbY aYX Uh YhUV`YfY bmY dfU_g]ggYf ] Zcf\c`X h]` Vfi[YfbY"

FYZYfYbWYf c[ `]b_g <Ybf]_ @" 6Ub[ &$$$ 6m[\YffYbg fc``Y c[ Vm[[Yf]Yhg iXj]_`]b[ DD6 h]` XYVUh Udf]` &$$$ 9f\jYfjgZfYa! aYghmfY`gYb ?²VYb\Ujb <Ybf]_ @" 6Ub[ &$$&. GhfUhY[]W cf[Ub]gUh]cb cZ Wcb! ghfiWh]cb WcbhfUWh]b[ Ðfag D\8 gYf]Yg )"&$$& 8YdUfhaYbh cZ =bXighf]U` 9Wcbca]Wg UbX GhfUhY[m 7cdYb\U[Yb 6ig]bYgg GW\cc` DUb_U^ ;\YaUkUh %--%. 7caa]haYbh. H\Y XmbUa]W cZ ghfUhY[m :fYY DfYgg BYk Mcf_ F]W\UfX GUlcb &$$). 6Y jU`iUV`Y. 5 [i]XY hc WfYUh]b[ jU`iY ]b h\Y Vi]`h Ybj]fcbaYbh 7cbghfiWh]b[ 9lWY`! `YbWY @cbXcb kkk"Vm[\YffYZcfYb]b[Yb"X_ kkk"YWhd!XUbaUf_"X_


=

= Yf\jYfjgVm[[Yf] \UbX`Yf XYh ]__Y df]a±fh

ca ca_cghb]b[Yf aYb ca XYb j±fX]

Vm[b]b[Yb _Ub g_UVY ] ZcffYhb]b[gdfcWYggYfbY

ach]jYf p <Ybf]_ @" 6Ub[

:chc. >Ybg J" B]Y`gYb

Zchc

&)


HcfY ?f]ghYbgYb HcfY ?f]ghYbgYb Yf `Y_hcf d 76G =bgh]hih Zcf 5Zg±h! b]b[g²_cbca] c[ Zcfg_Yf ] dfcXi_hXYg][b c[ Vfi[Yf! WYbhfYfYh XYg][b ] Vm[[Yf]Yh"

&*


8Yh _cad`Y_gY Vfi[YfjU`[ HcfY ?f]ghYbgYb =bgh]hih Zcf 5Zg±hb]b[g²_cbca] 76G

8Yh Yf ]__Y bYah UZX±__Y XY a²bghfY XYf [²f g][ [±`XYbXY ca_f]b[ Vfi[YfbYg ²bg_Yf c[ jU`[" 6fi[YfbY \UbX`Yf `Ub[h ZfU g fUh]cbY`h gca XYh ZcfiXg±hhYg ] ZfYa\Yfg_YbXY hYcf]Yf ]bXYbZcf aUf_YXg²_cbca] c[ ZcfVfi[YfUbU`mgY" 6fi[Yf! jU`[YbY hf±ZZYg cZhY iX ZfU aY[Yh _cad`Y_gY VYj±[[fibXY gca XYf Yf Yh ghcfh VY\cj Zcf Uh Z mXYf`][YfY j]XYb ca"

GhiX]Yf UZ Vfi[YfUXZ±fX ] Vm[[Yf] Yf d aUb[Y a XYf UbXYf`YXYg YbX ghiX]Yf ]bXYbZcf XY ÑYghY UbXfY dfcXi_h! ZcfaYf" 8Yb Y_g]ghYfYbXY ghUbXUfXj]XYb c[ XY hYcfYh]g_Y acXY``Yf gca ÐbXYg ]bXYb Zcf ZcfVfi[YfUXZ±fXgZcfg_! b]b[Yb gYf d cg gca acXYVfi[YfY" 8Yh ZcfiXg±hhYf Uh aUb jYX \jYa Vfi[YfYb Yf c[ XYh [²f aUb a g_Y c[g b f XYh XfY^Yf g][ ca XYg][b UZ bmY WcadihYfY Y``Yf bmY acV]`hY`YZcbYf" B f XYh XYf]acX XfY^Yf g][ ca Yh g _cad`Y_gh c[ `Ub[jUf][h dfcXi_h gca Yb Vc`][ ]bjc`jY! fYf XYh f][h][ aUb[Y Vfi[YfY" <jYa Yf cjYf\cjYXYh Vfi[YfYb ] XYh h]`Z±`XY3 9f XYh VYVcYfbY Yf XYh Vm[\Yf! fYb Y``Yf Yf XYh bc[`Y \Y`h UbXfY3 8Yb `]hhYfUhif XYf \UbX`Yf ca d`Ub`±[b]b[ UZ Vm[! [Yf] hU`Yf ca Æh\Y W`]YbhÆ" AUb UbhU[Yf U`hg Uh XYf ÐbXYg YYb fYY` _`]Ybh Uh Vm[\YffYb Yf Vfi[YfYb Y``Yf ] \jYfh ZU`X X]gdcbYfYf d UbXfYg jY[bY" AYb XYh Yf ^c VYb`mgh Uh XYf Yf aUb[Y ÑYfY gd]``YfY d VUbYb" B f j] hU`Yf ca Vfi[Yf]bXXfU[Y`gY g h±b_Yf j] jY` ghcfh gYh d XYb Z²fghY VYVcYf gca ÑmhhYf ]bX Ã c[

\j]`_Y VY\cj jYX_caaYbXY \Uf" AYb U``YfYXY YZhYf _cfh h]X j]` XYf j±fY Yb iXg_]Zhb]b[ c[ g Yf df±a]ggYfbY d aUb[Y a XYf ±bXfYXY" :cf Uh hU[Y Yh VUbU`h Y_gYadY`. 9b Vc`][Y^YbXca Yf cdZ²fh ] %-$) aYb \jYa [^cfXY g][ d XYh h]Xgdib_h ghcfY hUb_Yf ca \jYa XYf _ca h]` Uh Vc XYf ] &$$)3 J] aUb[`Yf j]XYb ca Vfi[YfUXZ±fX <j]g aUb g` f cd ] Yb ghUbXUfX `±fYVc[ ] ZcfVfi[YfUX! Z±fX j]` aUb gY XYb UbhU[Y`gY Uh ZcfVfi[YfbY ghUfhYf aYX Uh Z²`Y Yh VY\cj Zcf Yh Y``Yf UbXYh Y``Yf Yh ²bg_Y ca bc[Yh" 8Yh _Ub j±fY Yb ghUb[ W\c_c`UXY Y``Yf XYh _Ub j±fY Yh cfXYbh`][h ghYX Uh Vc" <YfYZhYf g²[Yf ZcfVfi[YfYb g `²gb]b[Yf. <j]`_Y ai`][\YXYf \Uf ^Y[3 <j]g ^Y[ \Uf XY c[ XY ViX[Yha±gg][Y VY[f±bgb]b[Yf \jUX _Ub ^Y[ g [²fY \jcf _Ub ^Y[ Vc c[ \jcf ghcfh _Ub ^Y[ Vc3 D VU[! [fibX UZ X]ggY cjYfjY^Y`gYf hf±ZZYg Yh fUh]cbY`h jU`[ c[ ZcfVfi[YfYb ÑmhhYf ]bX c[ Vcf" G ÑmhhYf aUb ]bX hU[Yf h]b[YbY ] Vfi[ c[ XYf g_Yf Yb \Y` aUggY _²__YbYh caVm[[Yg h]` gUahU`Y_²__Yb cgj" 8Yf g_Yf c[g Yb YZhYfZ²`[YbXY fYÐbUbg]Yf]b[ Zcf Vc`][Yb Yf ]__Y VUfY XYh ghYX aUb Vcf XYb Yf c[g Yb ]bjYghYf]b[ c[ bc[Yh aUb gdUfYf cd Y``Yf bYX ]" AUb _caaYf ]bX ] bc[`Y W]f_`Yf aYX fYXYg][b caVm[b]b[ fYÐbUbg]Yf]b[ cgj" 8Yh \Y`Y Yf Yb ]bhY[fYfYh XY` UZ Uh Vc" G XUb \±b[Yf XYh gUaaYb Zcf f][h][ aUb[Y aYbbYg_Yf c[ XYh _Ub ]__Y Zcf_`UfYg iX ZfU [±b[gY hYcf]Yf ca aUf! _Yh]b[ c[ ZcfVfi[YfY" = Vfi[gZUgYb ]bXhf±ZZYf XYh aUb _U`XYf Zcf dcgh! difW\UgY ZYY`]b[g UbX UWh]j]h]Yg" 8Yh j]` g][Y Uh \j]g ZcfVfi[YfYb Yf ih]`ZfYXg g _`U[Yf \Ub c[ \j]g \Ub Yf h]`ZfYXg g g_Yf XYf ]__Y aYfY" 8Yf g`ihhYf XYb j]XYb j] \Uf ca_f]b[ ZcfVfi[YfbY" 8Yb \UbX`Yf cjYf\cjYXYh ]__Y

&+


ach]jYf p HcfY ?f]ghYbgYb

ca XYh XYf g_Yf ] Zcfhg±hhY`gYb" @]Xh ZcfYb_`Yh _Ub aUb U`hg _cbghUhYfY Uh jcfYg j]XYb ca Vc`][ZcfVfi[YfbY g`ihhYf XYf \jcf Vc`][UXZ±fXYb ghUfhYf" ?f]hYf]Yf Zcf Vfi[YfjU`[ AUb _Ub g `YXYg fc`][h g][Y Uh XYf Yf VY\cj Zcf bm Zcfg_! b]b[ d XYhhY caf XY" J] VY\²jYf bmY acXY``Yf" J] a gY d U``Y XY UgdY_hYf Vc`][Yb h]`[cXYgYf Zcf Vfi[YfYb. 8Yb Yf UX[Ub[ h]` Yh [Yc[fUÐg_ ghYX XYb Yf Yh Zmg]g_ fia gca V`UbXh UbXYh VYg_mhhYf cg ZfU g_]ZhYbXY hYadYfUhi! fYf c[ jUbX c[ XYb Yf Yh VYhmXb]b[gV±fYbXY Y`YaYbh" J] Yf d Yb Y``Yf UbXYb a XY XYh j] Vcf ]" 8Y ÑYghY aYb! bYg_Yf ²bg_Yf Uh g][bU`YfY bc[Yh aYX XYfYg Vc`][" <j]g XY Vcf ] `Y^`][\YX g g][bU`YfYf XY bc[Yh UbXYh YbX \j]g XY Vcf ] Yh \ig" <igYhg U`XYf XY aUhYf]U`Yf XYh Yf Vm[[Yh UZ XYhg gh²ffY`gY c[ XYhg ]bXfYhb]b[ g][bU`YfYf U`h gUa! aYb bc[Yh ca \jYa XYh Yf XYf Vcf XYf" AUb _Ub c[g hU`Y ca Vc`][Yb gca Yb ]bh]a]hYhgVUf! f]YfY" 8Yf Yf ghYXYf ] Vc`][Yb gca Yf aYfY Y``Yf a]bXfY \U`jcZZYbh`][Y fia c[ XYfZcf gZ±fYf gca aUb UWWYdhY! fYf Uh Zc`_ Z f UX[Ub[ h]` ] hU_h aYX Uh XY V`]jYf VY_YbXhY aYX ZUa]`]Yb" = b±f\YXYb UZ _²__Yb c[ gcjYj±fY`gY Yf XYb aYgh ]bh]aY XY`" Gca b±jbh Yf Vc`][Yb c[g Yh ÐbUbg]Y`h aY``Yaj±! fYbXY" :cf bc[`Y Yf XYhhY XYh df]a±fY UgdY_h" 6c`][Yb _Ub c[g j±fY Yh gcW]c_i`hifY`h ghYX Y``Yf Yh bYhj±f_ gca Zcf Y_gYadY` ;U`[YVU__Yb ] %-+$YfbY jUf XYh Zcf Yh VYghYah gY[aYbh UZ aYbbYg_Yf ] Yb VYghYah dYf]cXY" AUb ZcfV]bXYf XYh aYX bc[Yh [cXh Uh aUb _YbXYf Yb aUggY aYbbYg_Yf ] caf XYh" 8Yh gUaaY gYg aYX 6YXfY 6]``][YfY 6c`][Yf ] ¢`Vm" :c`_ ÑmhhYf XYf\Yb ZcfX] Zc`_ ] XYfYg gcW]U`Y bYhj±f_ [²f XYh gUaaY"

&,

9h UbXYh UgdY_h UZ ghcf VYhmXb]b[ Yf Uh aUb ²bg_Yf Uh []jY g]bY V²fb XY VYXghY VYh]b[Y`gYf ] `]jYh" GcW]c`c[]g_Y ibXYfg²[Y`gYf j]gYf Uh aUb[Y aYbbYg_Yf ²bg_Yf Uh XYfYg V²fb g_U` \UjY XY VYXghY ai`][\YXYf Zcf Yb iX! XUbbY`gY c[ Zcf d Yh Y``Yf UbXYh h]Xgdib_h Uh ÐbXY g][ Yb ZUa]`]Y" 8Y g_U` [ ] g_c`Y aYX XY f][h][Y V²fb cgj" 9bXY`][ _Ub aUb b±jbY XYb ZfUbg_Y Ð`cgcZ 6UW\Y! `UfX gca gYf d Vc`][Yb gca Yh ghYX Zcf XU[Xf²aaY. 9h Z±bcaYbc`c[]g_ fia UZ ghcf VYhmXb]b[" 6fi[YfjU`[Yhg dgm_c`c[] 9b Vc`][ Yf U`hg f][h][ aUb[Y h]b[" <jcfXUb _caaYf aUb ] `mgYh \YfUZ j]XYfY aYX Yad]f]g_Y ibXYfg²[Y`gYf3 AUb _Ub gY`jZ²`[Y`][ cVgYfjYfY Y``Yf gd²f[Y \jUX Zc`_ [²f ] XYfYg Vc`][" AYb \Yf _Ub aUb _caaY [fiY`][h [U`h UZ ghYX" 8Yh \Uf ]__Y a]bXgh _c[b]h]jY dgm_c`c[Yf UfVY^! XYh aYX c[ ZibXYh iX UZ Uh XYf ]g±f Yf hc g _U`XhY V]UgYg gca [²f g][ [±`XYbXY" ?Ub Zc`_ cjYf\cjYXYh ZcfYgh]``Y g][ Yb Vc`][ Z²f XY ÑmhhYf ]bX3 :²f ]bXÑmhb]b[Yb Yf Ybg g]bXgh]`ghUbX Y``Yf UfcigU` gca dgm_c`c[YfbY _U`XYf XYh aY[Yh dcg]h]j ] Zcf\c`X h]` XYh aUb gYf" AUb gYf bmY ai`][\YXYf" B f aUb g Yf ÑmhhYh ]bX ] Vc`][Yb Yf aUb VYhmXY`][h aYfY UZg`UddYh" 8Yh [²f XYh gj±fYfY Uh ZcfYgh]``Y g][ \jcfXUb XYh Yf Uh Vc Yh Y``Yf UbXYh ghYX" 8Yf _Ub c[g j±fY hU`Y ca XYh aUb _U`XYf Zcf Yb dfc^YWh]cb V]Ug" 8Yh \UbX`Yf ca YjbYb h]` Uh _ibbY ZcfYgh]``Y g][ bc[Yh aUb ]__Y \Uf j±fYh ]" 8Ygh]bWh]cb V]Ug \UbX`Yf ca Uh b f aUb gUaaYb`][! bYf ÑYfY Zcfg_Y``][Y \UbX`]b[gU`hYfbUh]jYf g _Ub XYh [cXh j±fY Uh XYb YbY Vc`][ UXg_]``Yf g][ ] Zcf\c`X h]` Uh j±fY UhhfU_h]j Z"Y_g" ] Zcfa UZ VY`][[Yb\YX aYb b f aUb g_U` Vc XYf ] XYh XU[`][Y g hU[Yf aUb VY`][[Yb\YXYb


=

JcfYg j]XYb ca Vc`][ZcfVfi[YfbY

=

9b a XY Uh \ bXhYfY dfcV`Yagh]``]b[Yb Yf

g`ihhYf XYf \jcf Vc`][UXZ±fXYb ghUfhYf

Uh gY d Zcfg_Y``][Y Vc`][UXZ±fXghmdc`c[]Yf

gca bc[Yh gY`jZ²`[Y`][h c[ g Yf XYf bc[`Y UbXfY ZU_hc! fYf gca Z"Y_g" jUfaYfY[b]b[Yb Y``Yf iXg][hYb gca V`]jYf j][h][h" D XYb a XY _Ub aUb Z²`Y g_iZZY`gY cjYf XYh jU`[ aUb \Uf hfiZZYh ZcfX] aUb \Yb UX jY^Yb V`]jYf cd! a±f_gca d XY ZfUjU`[ XYf ` ] XYh" 9bXY`][ gd]``Yf XYh ]adi`g]jY ]bX ] Zcf\c`X h]` jU`[" Bc[`Y aYbbYg_Yf \Uf j]ggY fY[`Yf gca XY Z²`[Yf Z"Y_g" bc[`Y ²_cbca]g_Y hcaaY`Ðb[YffY[`Yf c[ XY _Ub ibXYf! h]XYb _caaY ] jY^Yb Zcf Uh hf±ZZY bc[`Y [cXY jU`[" AUb hU`Yf c[g ca `±[fUh]cbU`]gaY gca Yf Yb a XY Uh h±b_Y ²_cbca]g_ d XYf ]__Y U`h]X Yf ] cjYfYbgghYa! aY`gY aYX \jUX XYf ZU_h]g_ j]``Y j±fY XYb VYXghY ²_c! bca]g_Y VYg`ihb]b["

gY`j aYb gca Yf aY[Yh g²[YbXY ] Zcf\c`X h]` \jcfXUb XYbbY Vc`][ _Ub j±fY" 8Yh Yf XYa XYf gYf Uh _²__YbYh ZU_h]g_ _ibbY j±fY gdY^`jYbXh" Æ8Yb j±fX]g²[YbXY Vc! `][Y^YfÆ Yf Yb jUf]Ubh \YfUZ" 8Yh Yf Yb gca Yf cdhU[Yh UZ U``Y XY Zcfg_Y``][Y j±fX]Yf gca Vc`][Yb _Ub []jY Ub`YX! b]b[ h]` ]__Y VUfY ²_cbca]g_ aYb ] \²^ [fUX c[g gcW]U`h ] Zcf\c`X h]` ghYXYh V²fbYbY cgj" 9bXY`][ Yf XYf ÆXf²aaYfYbÆ" 8f²aaYfYb j]` [YfbY Vc ] Yh Zmfh fb bYXY jYX JYbYX][ aYb cd[]jYf ]XYYb YZhYf %$ f ZcfX] aUb ZU_h]g_ _Ub Z Yb iXa±f_Yh Vc`][ ] 6U`! `Yfid" 8f²aaYfYb Yf ] ghYXYh ] ghUbX h]` Uh h]``±[[Y XYbbY Vc`][ VYhmXb]b[Yb UZ Uh j±fY XYh Zmfh fb aUb U`h]X \Uf Xf²ah ca"

6c`][UXZ±fXghmdc`c[]Yf 9b jY^ h]` Uh \ bXhYfY X]ggY aUb[Y dfcV`Yagh]``]b[Yf Yf Uh gY d Zcfg_Y``][Y Vc`][UXZ±fXghmdc`c[]Yf" 8Yh _Ub Zcf Y_gYadY` j±fY Æ`Y^YfYbÆ" 9b XY` Vc`][`Y^Y! fY Yf f][h][ [`UXY Zcf Uh Vc ] XYfYg Vc`][ aYb Z²`Yf a g_Y Yb ±f[fY`gY cjYf ]__Y Uh Z UbXY` ] XYb U`a]bXY`][Y j±fX]! h]`j±_gh ] gUaZibXYh" 8Yh Yf U`hg ]__Y Vc`][Yb ] g][ gY`j XYf Yf ach]jUh]cbYb VU[ Yh YjYbhiY`h ÑmhhY²bg_Y aYb fYbY ²_cbca]g_Y cjYfjY^Y`gYf" 8Yh Z²fYf cjYf ] XYb b±ghY hmdY gca aUb _Ub _U`XY ÆXYb ]bjYghYfYbXY Vc`][Y^YfÆ" 8Yh Yf XYb Vc`][Y^Yf gca [YfbY j]` acX]ÐWYfY Vc`][Yb aYb ]__Y cZfY aYfY YbX XYf _caaYf ][Yb" Gca Y^YbXcaga±[`YfbY g][Yf g_U` aUb ]__Y ]bjYghYfY ] bmh _²__Yb \j]g aUb g_U` g±`[Y `Y^`][! \YXYb Zcf gUbXgmb`][j]g Z f aUb _ib Yb hfYX^YXY` h]`VU[Y jYX gU`[" 8Yb gaUfhY ]bjYghcf Yf U`hg XYb gca ]bjYghY! fYf Zcf W]f_U Yb hfYX^YXY` UZ XYh aUb _ibbY h±b_Y g][" Æ8Yb `±fYbXY Vc`][Y^YfÆ Yf XYb `]Xh aYfY Zcfg][h][Y gca ZU_h]g_ Vcf ] g]b Vc`][ ZcfX] XYh Yf UhhfU_h]jh ] g][

8Yf ÐbXYg U`hg aUb[Y Zcfg_Y``][Y hmdYf UZ Vfi[YfY gY`j ca XYh ]__Y gh f Zi`Xgh±bX][ _`Ufh \jYa XY Y[Ybh`][ Yf" Gd²f[ga `Yh Yf g ca X]ggY Vfi[YfY U`h]X \Uf Yh _`Ufh V]``YXY UZ XYfYg VY\cj Y``Yf gU[h aYX UbXfY cfX. Ca ZcfVfi[YfbY U`h]X \Uf fYh3 8Yh \Uf ^c j±fYh XYh hYcfYh]g_Y iX[Ub[gdib_h ]bXYb Zcf aUf_Yh]b[ c[ ²_cbca] ] aUb[Y f aYb d Vc`][caf XYh a aUb bc_ g][Y Uh XYf Yf g ghcf ig]__Yf\YX ZcfVibXYh aYX Vfi[YfbYg jU`[ Uh _cb! _`ig]cbYb a V`]jY Yb UbXYb" AUb _Ub ] \jYfh ZU`X _cb_`iXYfY Uh XYf Yf Vfi[ Zcf Yb gh²ffY j]XYb"

&-


:chc. =XU K]bh\Yf

GhYYb BYddYf @UfgYb GhYYb BYddYf @UfgYb Yf WUbX"aU[" c[ Ð`cgcZ c[ UfVY^XYf gca Y_ghYfb `Y_hcf d FI7 c[ 76G c[ gca Zcfg_b]b[g`Y_hcf d 8DI"

'$


6cf[Yf Vfi[Yf ZcfVfi[Yf GhYYb BYddYf @UfgYb 9_ghYfb `Y_hcf d FI7 c[ 76G c[ Zcfg_b]b[g`Y_hcf d 8DI

= X]g_igg]cbYb ca Vfi[Yf]bXXfU[Y`gY Yf XYf Yb hYbXYbg h]` Uh Zc_igYfY aYfY d jcfYg fc``Y gca ZcfVfi[YfY YbX gca Vcf[YfY" 8Yh \Uf V`UbXh UbXYh XYb _cbgY_jYbg Uh XYb gUaZibXga±g! g][Y X]aYbg]cb ZcfhcbYf g][" 5f_]hY_hYfbY a gY d XYh hfYbXm Z±bcaYb Vfi[Yf]bXXfU[Y`gY aYX _f]h]g_Y ²^bY" :cf \jcfXUb fYU`]gYfYg ]bX! ÑmXY`gYb b f Vfi[YfbY ]__Y gca ] UbXfY VfUb! W\Yf _Ub Z Zf]h jU`[ d U``Y \m`XYf3

= XYVUhhYb ca Vfi[Yf]bXXfU[Y`gY UbjYbXYg Yb aUggY XmfY cfX. Vfi[YfXfYjYb ]bbcjUh]cb Vfi[Yf]bXXfU[Y`gY Vfi[Yf]bXÑmXY`gY cgj" AYb \jUX ]bXY\c`XYf X]ggY cfX Y[Ybh`][3 AYX K]hh[YbghY]b ]b aYbhY jYX j] Uh XmVY dfcV`YaYf cdgh f b f gdfc[Yh hU[Yf d gcaaYfZYf]Y" 6fi[YfXfYjYb ]bbcjUh]cb 6Y[fYVYh Vfi[YfXfYjYb ]bbcjUh]cb ÐbXYf aUb V`UbXh UbXYh ] Yb ghcf fUddcfh ZfU =bbcjUh]cbgf XYh aYX h]h`Yb Æ=bbcjUh]jY 8UbaUf_Æ" <Yf VYg_f]jYg XUbg_Y aYXUfVY^! XYfY gca jYfXYbg aYgh UbgjUf`][Y c[ gY`jgh±bX][Y" 8Yh \YXXYf Z"Y_g" Uh j] b±faYgh \Uf Yb hchU` acV]`]gYf]b[ UZ UfVY^Xgghmf_Ybg Xf]Zh][Y c[ ]bbcjUh]jY Y[Ybg_UVYf" 8Yh `mXYf ^c fYh [cXh a]Xh ] Yb [`cVU`]gYf]b[g_UddYghf]X"" H]` [Yb[±`X \Uf j] ]__Y g aY[Yh h^Y_ d ZcfVfi[YfbY c[ XYfZcf g_U` j] XUbbY dYfZcfaUbWY hYUag aYX gh±f_ _ibXYcf]YbhYf]b[" 8Yf Yf hU`Y ca Yb Zcfa Zcf gdY_i`Uh]cb

] \jUX aUb _Ub _U`XY VYZc`_b]b[ghY_bc`c[]Yf" 6YZc`_b]b[! Yb g_U` `±fY Uh mhfY g][ c[ gd]``Y aYX" 8Yb g_U` _caaY aYX g]bY ]bXfY Xf²aaY g]bY ]bXfY a ` g]bY ]bXfY j]g]c! bYf g XUb Uh aUb VU[YZhYf _Ub iXbmhhY XYh d aUf_YXYh" =bbcjUh]cbgf XYh Zcfgh f U`YbY ]bbcjUh]cb gca XYh XYf \Uf Yb j±fX] d Yh aUf_YX" JcfYg aYbhU`Y c[ _fYUh]jY fYggcifWYf Yf V`YjYh YZhYfhfU[hYXY h±bX[b]ghYf" ?Ud]hU! `]gaYb Yf V`YjYh _c[b]h]j c[ XYf Yf aY[Yh XYf _Ub [²fYg h]` jUfYf. j]XYb cd`YjY`gYf VY\cj Zcf g_²bbY fia" JcfY ]X Yf jcfY Xf²aaY jcfY `mghYf ^U gY`j VY[±fYh Yf aUb[Y dYb[Y j±fX" 8Yf g_Yf Yb XY`]_Uh c[ aU[hZi`X V`UbX]b[ UZ Yb ]bhYbg iXZf]hb]b[ UZ VYZc`_b]b[Yb c[ UZ XYbbYg YadckYfaYbh" AUb ²bg_Yf g Uh g][Y Uh a±[h][! [²fY XY aU[hYg`²gY c[ Uh hUddY XYa Zcf j±_ghjUfg! `YbXY ]X Yf" 6cf[YfY Vfi[YfY c[ ZcfVfi[YfY :²f aUb [²f XYhhY g_i``Y aUb a g_Y `][Y Ð`cgcZYfY cjYf Zcf\c`XYh aY``Ya ZcfVfi[Yf Vfi[Yf c[ Vcf[Yf" 8Yf g_Yf Yb ZU`XYbXY [fUX UZ _caaYfW]U`]gYf]b[ aY``Ya X]ggY hfY VY[fYVYf" <j]g aUb aYbYf Uh Vcf[YfYb VYXgh iXhfm__Yg gca Vfi[Yf ^U ] j]f_Y`][\YXYb U``YfVYXgh gca ZcfVfi[Yf g fm[Yf Yb XY` X]aYbg]cbYf Vcfh" JYX Uh Zc_igYfY d ZcfVfi[Yfb]jYUiYh a]ghYf aUb XYb ZfYagmbYXY dc`]h]g_Y X]aYbg]cb c[ XYf []jYg UZ_U`X d Yb gUaZibXga±gg][ ZcfbiZh" AUb _ibbY Zcf Y_gYadY` Ub`±[[Y XYh cjYfcfXbYXY gmb d Vc`][Yf Uh aUb ]__Y g_U` _ibbY h^YbY aYfY jYX Uh Vc ] Yh aY[Yh `]``Y \ig d GhfUbXjY^Yb YbX jYX Uh \c`XY ZcfYXfU[ c[ dUggY g]h Uf! VY^XY XYh _ibbY g_Y j]U U`hYfbUh]jY VYg_Uhb]b[gZcfaYf " AUb _ibbY c[g ZcfYgh]``Y g][ Yb ZfYagmbYh Vc`][dc`]h]_ gca XU aUb `UjYXY [YX][Ybh gcW]U`h Vc`][Vm[[Yf] Y``Yf \m`XYXY ]XYU`YfbY ca VYXfY XUbg_ Vm[[Yg_]_"

'%


ach]jYf p GhYYb BYddYf @UfgYb

5f[iaYbhYf Zcf Vfi[Yf]bXXfU[Y`gY = Vfi[YfXYVUhhYb Yf ZfYa_caaYh Yb f±__Y VY[fibXY`gYf Zcf \jcfZcf XYh Yf Yb [cX ]X Uh ]bXXfU[Y Vfi[YfY. 8Yf Yf Yh ²_cbca]g_ Uf[iaYbh" 8Yh []jYf g]adY`h\Yb Yb k]b!k]b g]hiUh]cb \jcf XYf gdUfYg h]X c[ dYb[Y c[ XYf dfcXiWYfYg j±fX]Yf gca Yf XYh j] g_U` `YjY UZ" 8Yf Yf Yh `YXY`gYgUf[iaYbh" <j]g XYf Zcf Y_gYadY` Yf hU`Y ca Yb UfVY^Xgd`UXg Yf XYh Yb [cX ]X Uh ]bXXfU[Y aYXUfVY^XYfbY ] ghfUhY[]g_Y cjYfjY^Y`gYf cjYf \jcfXUb Zc`_ UbjYbXYf fia" G \Uf j] \Y`Y gd²f[ga `Yh ca aYXVYghYaaY`gY" 5`hg XYh \Y`h `Y[]h]aY _fUj XYf `][[Yf ] Uh aYbbYg_Yf [YfbY j]` j±fY aYX h]` Uh VYghYaaY \jcfXUb XY gY`j _caaYf h]` Uh Vc" 8Yh ZfYa\±jYg gca j][h][h Uh g_UVY \jUX XYf _U`XYg Y^Yfg_UV" G Yf XYf Yh Z^YfXY UgdY_h gca a g_Y ] j]f_Y`][\YXYb Yf ibXYfVYhcbYh" 6fi[Yf]bXXfU[Y`gY _Ub j±fY Yb `Y[]h]! aUh]cbgZcfh±``]b[" 6fi[YfbY _caaYf h]` Uh ]bX[ ] Yb Zcfa Zcf ghcfm!hY``]b[ gca g_U` Z dfc^Y_hYh gUh ][YbbYa" 8Yh ga]b_Yg gca Yb Zcfa Zcf XYac_fUh]g_ [`Ugif aYb [fibX`±[[YbXY Yf gd]``Yh b±faYgh _²fh d Zcf\ bX" 8Yf Yf c[g Yh UgdY_h gca \UbX`Yf ca Uh ]bX\YbhY j]XYb" J]XYbgiXjY_g`]b[ aY``Ya Vcf[YfY c[ ]bjc`jYfYXY dUfhYf" <Yf `YjYf Xf²aaYf ca Uh aUb Zcf Y_gYadY` ] kcf_g\cdg c[ d Z±``Yg a²XYf _Ub dfcXiWYfY bm j]XYb gca \jYf_Yb _caaYf ZfU Vcf[YfbY U`YbY Y``Yf ZfU Uf_]! hY_hYb U`YbY YbXg][Y iXY`i__YbXY ZfU XY dc`]h]g_Y ambX][\YXYf Y``Yf ZfU Vm[\YffYfbY" 9bXY`][ _ibbY XYf h±b_Yg Yb gUaZibXga±gg][ Yb dc`]h]g_ Y``Yf Yb ghUhg`][ Zcfd`][hY`gY cjYf Zcf U`aYb\YXYb à Y``Yf gca <Y[Y` iXhfm_hY XYh Zcf W]f_U &$$ f g]XYb. ¢bg_Yf aUb Uh j]f_Y`][[²fY XYh U`aYbY a aUb `±[[Y UZghUbX h]` XYh V`ch df]jUhY"

'&

6fi[YfYbg _cadYhYbWYf :fU dc`]h]g_ g]XY ]bg]ghYfYg XYf U`hg d Uh Vfi[YfYb g_U` gd²f[Yg aYb _Ub j] hU[Y Zcf []jYh Uh Vfi[YfYb _Ub gjUfY3 C[ \jYa g_U` j] gd²f[Y3 9f XYh XYa gca aYX ²_cbcaYb ?YmbYgÈ cfX \Uf jYghYX aUhYf]U` ]bhYfYghg U`hg XYa XYf g_U` ]bjYghYfY c[ Vc ] XYh3 9``Yf g_U` j] Vfi[Y Zc_ig[fiddY]bhYfj]Ykg3 <c`XY cg h]` h±b_hY giVg" ]XYY``Y Vfi[YfY UZ ghYXYh3 9``Yf a g_Y ]bXXfU[Y bc[`Y bYihfU`Y Zc`_3 <jYa _Ub _caaY aYX hfcj±fX][Y ]bZcf! aUh]cbYf3 <jYa _Ub cjYf\cjYXYh _caaY aYX bc[Yh gca Yf ]bhYfYggUbh3 8Yb Vfi[Yf XYf hU`Yg ca j]` ^c U`h]X j±fY iXgd±bXh aY``Ya Yb fc``Y gca Yb ai`][ XYac_fUh]g_ aYXgd]``Yf c[ gca Yb VY_jYa `Y[]h]aUh]cbgU[Ybh Zcf bc[`Y aYX VYghYahY \Ybg][hYf" 6fi[YfYb V`]jYf `Yh Yh hfiaZ_cfh XYf _Ub acV]`]gYfYg UZ Vm[\YffYb Y``Yf UZ Uf! _]hY_hYb" C[ gY`j \j]g XYhhY ]__Y Yf h]`Z±`XYh g_U` Vfi[Y! fYb g \UjY Yb \²^YfY Y``Yf a]bXfY [fUX UZ fYdf±gYbhUh]! j]hYh3 <jcfXUb ibX[ f aUb Uh \ bXd`i__Y bc[`Y g±f`][Y hmdYf \²^hf VYbXY Vfi[YfY3 Bc[Yh \Y`h UbXYh Yf ca ]__Y Vfi[YfbYg U`h Zcf _cb! jYbh]cbY``Y ZcfjYbhb]b[Yf c[ a]_fcg_cd]g_Y iXgmb _Ub V`]jY Yb Zcf\]bXf]b[ Zcf Uh g_UVY ghcf Uf_]hY_hif3 <UjXY j] cjYf\cjYXYh gYh bc[`Y UZ XY j]f_Y`][h Xf]gh][Y _Ugh ] Uf_]hY_hifYb \j]g Vfi[YfbY g_i``Y \UjY j±fYh aYX h]` Uh VYghYaaY3 Acb ]__Y gb±jYfgmb c[ _cfhg][hYh\YX f]g]! _YfYf Uh Zcf\]bXfY Uh aUb bc[Ybg]bXY ][Yb h²f []jY g][ ] _Ugh aYX g XUbbY gaU[giXZcfXfYbXY Vm[[Yf]Yf3 9h bmh j]XYbgVY[fYV d jY^3 AUb[Y ]bXYb Zcf Uf_]hY_hVfUbW\Yb fUaaYg UZ Yh [fibX! `±[[YbXY iVY\U[ b f XY ZcfYgh]``Yf g][ Uh aYbbYg_Yf aYX Yh aY[Yh `]``Y iXgmb XYf \UbX`Yf ca BI U"8" &$$*


=

6Y[fYVYf _Ub ]__Y Vfi[Yg d

gUaaY a XY ] U``Y VfUbW\Yf

=

<j]g aUb aYbYf Uh Vcf[YfYb VYXgh iXhfm__Yg gca Vfi[Yf Y``Yf ZcfVfi[Yf g fm[Yf Yb XY` X]aYbg]cbYf Vcfh

Zf]j±fX]Yb XYb df]jUhY gaU[ c[ \jcfXUb aUb [YfbY j]` VfUbXY g][ cjYf Zcf bUVcYb g_U` \UjY UZ[²fYbXY VYhmX! b]b[ Zcf Uf_]hY_hifYb" D XYb UbXYb g]XY gh f Uf_]hY_! hYfbY ^c ]__Y ^igh ] _² Zcf Uh dfYggY Yh VUi\Uig_ [Y! gUah_ibghkYf_ bYX cjYf \cjYXYh d Zc`_/ Y``Yf Yb gm! ghYad`Ub`U[h Vm" AYb XYf Yf Yb j]g gUbXgmb`][\YX Zcf Uh Yb Uf_]hY_h aYX bc[Yh ] g]bXY c[ d \^YfhYh _Ub dfcXi! WYfY bc[Yh j] ]__Y Yb[Ub[ j]XghY Uh j] \UjXY Vfi[ Zcf" 5f_]hY_hYb _Ub j±fY XfYjYh UZ Yb `mgh h]` Y_gdYf]aYbhYfY UZ Yb Zcfa^U[h UZ Yb gcW]U` ]bX][bUh]cb UZ Yb Xf²a ca Uh g_UVY [cX Uf_]hY_hif c[ UZ Yb j]g]cb ca Uh g_UVY Yh \Y`h UbXYh gUaZibX" 8Y ÑYghY UZ XY Vfi[YfacXY``Yf aUb df±gYbhYfYg Zcf hU[Yf UZg±h ] fUh]cbU` W\c]WY hYcf]Yf U`hg Uh VY\cj Yf df]jUhY VYj]XghY c[ hfUbgdUfYbhY" AYb XYh Yf XY ^c U`Xf][" AUb jYX ^c _cfh gU[h ]__Y \jUX Zcf Yb _j]bXY aUb j]` \UjY Z²f aUb a²XYf \YbXY" AUb jYX jY` \Y``Yf ]__Y \jUX Zcf Yb Vc`][ aUb _caaYf h]` Uh Vc ] Z²f aUb df²jYf Uh Vc ] XYb" AcXY``Yb ZcfiXg±hhYf b±faYgh Uh j] Yf [Yb! bYag][h][Y V XY U df]cf] c[ df" YZhYf_fUj" 8Yf Yf Yb ZUfY Zcf Uh Vfi[YfVY[fYVYh gca XYh UbjYb! XYg ] VfUbW\Yb c[ ZfU dc`]h]g_ \c`X Yf V`YjYh h]` Yh aUbhfU \jcf] U`h XYh ZU`g_Y _Ub gb][Y g][ ]bX" 8YfaYX ]__Y gU[h Uh XYf g_U` ±[[Yg h]` Yb \YZh][ acXghUbX ]acX Uh Zc`_ _caaYf aYX gca XYac_fUh]g_Y aYXgd]``YfY Uh XY V`]jYf \²fh c[ Uh j] Z f Yb aYfY U_h]j XYac_fUh]g_ XYVUh ca Uf_]hY_hifYb" AUb g_U` VUfY ]__Y ZcfYgh]``Y g][ Uh XY hc h]b[ _Ub [ cd ] Yb \²^YfY Yb\YX" D 9f\jYfjga]b]ghYf]Yhg \^YaaYg]XY _Ub aUb ibXYf cjYfg_f]ZhYb Æ:fU gbYU_Yfg h]` gibX\YXgj±gYbÆ gY Z²`! [YbXY W]hUh UZ BUbU ;YYg A]bX`UV ca gUaaYb\±b[Yb aY``Ya Vfi[YfXfYjYb ]bbcjUh]cb c[ _UadU[bYf Zcf ZcfYVm[[Y`gY ]bXYb Zcf gibX\YXgj±gYbYh. Æ8Yh VYhU`Yf

g][ Uh ]bjYghYfY h]X c[ ]bXg][h d Uh _YbXY Vfi[YfbY gca j] ²bg_Yf Uh iXj]_`Y bc[Yh Zcf" 8Yh VYhU`Yf g][ ZcfX] j] fUaaYf aYfY df±W]gh" 8YfaYX gdUfYf j] h]X c[ dYb[Y ] g]XghY YbXYÆ g_fYjYh X"%"&"&$$* " AYb XY`g _caaYf j] U`Xf][ h]` Uh _YbXY Vfi[YfbYg VY\cj c[ VY[±f j] _Ub \Y``Yf ]__Y j±fY g]_fY d Uh XYh c[g Yf \²^ _jU`]hYh V`ch ZcfX] XYf Yf gdUfYh dYb[Y" <j]g j] gca 9f\jYfjga]b]ghYf]Yh hfcf d Uh j]XYb df]a±fh g_U` _caaY ZfU [Ubg_Y U`a]bXY`][Y aYbbYg_Yf g VY[mbXYf j] ^c Uh \m`XY XYh aUb _ibbY _U`XY Zcf Yh dYfgcb`][[^cfh j]XYbgVY[fYV Y``Yf Yb g`U[g giV^Y_h]j gaU[gcdZUhhY`gY" <jUX V`]jYf XYf g UZ XY ibXYfg²[Y`gYf gca c[g Uf_]hY_hZU[Yh \Uf VYbmhhYh g][ UZ3 BYa`][ ghUh]gh]g_Y ibXYfg²[Y`gYf UZ \jcfXUb Zc`_ Vfi[Yf Vc`][Yf" <jcfXUb XY [ f [YbbYa _²__YbYf" <jcfXUb XY VbYf c[ `i__Yf XYfYg g_iZZYf c[ g XUb bc[Yh" 5`hg fYb c[ g_±f ZU_hiY` j]XYb ca \jcfXUb aUb XYg][bYf Yh _²__Yb g XYh Yf Zib_h]cbY`h" <jcfXUb VYj±[Yf Zc`_ g][ ] Vm[b]b[Yf c[ ] XYb gcW]U`Y hfUÐ_3 <jcfXUb _cbhU_hYf XY \]bUbXYb ] VbY fia c[ ] `i__YXY fia c[ U`h XYh XYf" 9f XYf jYX Uh g_Y XYh Uh j] jYX \^±`d UZ Vfi[YfXfYjYb ]bbcjUh]cb Yf jYX Uh `UjY Yb bm Zcfa Zcf j]XYbgVY[fYV3 5Zj]_`Yf j] [UaaY`XU[g ZcfYgh]``]b[Yf ca b²[hYfb j]XYb c[ cV^Y_h]j]hYh h]` ZcfXY` Zcf Yb Y``Yf UbXYb Zcfa Zcf dYf! gcb`][[²fY`gY UZ XYh Yb_Y`hY aYbbYg_Yg Zcf\ bXYbj±! fYbXY c[ _cfh bXYXY \UÈ!XYh![cXh!\YXg ZcfbYaaY`gY3 8Yh _ibbY ^c j±fY Uh XYf jUf bc[`Y ZU`X[fiVYf ] Uh hfc Zc`_ U`h]X VYXgh jYX b²^U[h][ \jUX XYf Yf VYXgh Zcf XYa gY`j" 8Yb g_]ncZfYbY Uf_]hY_h :±bcaYbYh Vfi[Yf]bXXfU[Y`gY g±hhYf c[g gd²f[ga `g! hY[b jYX Uf_]hY_hYbg fc``Y" 5f_]hY_hYb V`]jYf a g_Y ]

''


ach]jYf p GhYYb BYddYf @UfgYb

ZfYah]XYb Yb _cbÐ[ifYfYbXY UffUb[²f UZ ai`][Y `²gb]b! [Yf c[ ] a]bXfY [fUX Yb gijYf±b hY[bYf Y``Yf _ibghbYfUf! _]hY_h" 8Yh `][[Yf ] VY[fYVYh Vfi[Yf]bXXfU[Y`gY Uh Uf_]! hY_hYb g_U` `mhhY h]` XY ]bjc`jYfYXY dUfhYf" 5f_]hY_hYb g_U` j±fY ] X]U`c[ aYX `Ub[h ÑYfY ]bhYfYggYbhYf c[ `mX\²f cjYf Zcf aUb[Y ]bhYfYggYf c[ gUah]X][ j±fY V fYh UZ Yb ghcf j]g]cb gca f±__Yf `Ub[h iX cjYf biÈYh" 9f XYf acb Yb bm Uf_]hY_hfc``Y d jY^3 8Yf `][[Yf ] ]XYYb ca Vfi[Yf]bXXfU[Y`gY Yb ai`][\YX Zcf Uh gY Uf_]hY_hYb ] Yb bm fc``Y gca Yb Zcfa]X`Yf XYf Zf]g±hhYf f X\igYhg Xf²a ca Uh j±fY Yh f X\ig d Yb \Y`h bm a XY" 5f_]hY_hYb Yf \Yf c[g Yb _caaib]_Uh]! cbgU[Ybh a g_Y `][YZfYa jcf h]Xg df±gh3 5`hg Yb XYf Zcf`²gYf aYbbYg_Yf Zf]g±hhYf XYfYg ]bXfY Xf²aaY" 9``Yf jcf h]Xg gcW]U`dgm_c`c[ Y``Yf g]adY`h\Yb h]Xg bXYbg fY[]g! g²f3 = g ZU`X Yf XYh ^c U`hg Yb fYh ghcf c[ _f±jYbXY fc``Y Uf_]hY_hYb g_U` gd]``Y" AUb[Y Uf_]hY_hYf dY[Yf d Uh XYh Yf Uf_]hY_hYbg fc``Y Uh _ibbY gY XY ai`][\YXYf gca Zc`_ ]__Y ia]XXY`VUfh _Ub gY" 8YfaYX iXghmfYg Uf_]hY_hYb ZU_h]g_ aYX Yb aY[Yh ghcf _fUZh h]` Uh gdf±b[Y h]X c[ fia" G g_U` Uf_]! hY_hYb c[g j±fY Yb XYf Xmf_Yf XciV`Y hU`_ ZcfX] aUb ^c g g][Yf. Æ>Y[ j]` [YfbY \²fY d X]bY Vfi[YfXfYjbY ]b! bcjUh]cbg!`²gb]b[Yf" 8i g_U` VUfY `][Y j]XY Uh XYh Yf a][ XYf \Uf j]g]cbYb c[ Uh XYb f±__Yf `Ub[h iX cjYf XYh Xi g][Yf" H]` Yb\jYf h]X Yf ^Y[ Yh g_f]Xh ZcfUb X][ Zcf ^Y[ j]` Yh UbXYh ghYX \Yb aYX \Y`Y XYh \Yf YbX XYh Xi gca df]jUh dYfgcb _Ub Zcfh±``Y a]["Æ 8Yh Yf XU ]bhYfYggUbh aYb c[g bc[Yh a]ghf²gh][h Zcf g Vm[[Yg XYf a g_Y Yb g_]ncZfYb Uf_]hY_hifZcfgh Y`gY cd \jcf Uf_]hY_hYb `mhhYf aYb [fibX`±[[YbXY Ã ZcfX] \Ub ]XYY`h gYh Yf j]! g]cb±f c[ _`c[YfY Ã U``][YjY` [²f gca \Ub j]` bc aUhhYf k\Uh"

'(

6Y\cj Zcf VY[fYVgUZ_`Uf]b[ 5f_]hY_hYf `±[[Yf cZhY j±[h d Uh XYb UVgc`ihhY ZcfVfi! [YfgijYf±b]hYh U`Xf][ Yf h]` ghYXY cjYf Zcf Yb Vc`][ XYf ^c cZhY g_U` \c`XY `±b[YfY c[ Vfi[Yg UZ UbXfY YbX \]b Yb_Y`hY c[ X²XY`][Y Vfi[Yf" 8Yf Yf U`hg hU`Y ca Yb clm! acfcb ca Yh VY[f±bgYh Zf]h jU`[" 8Yh _Ub Zmg]g_ _caaY h]` iXhfm_ ] Yb Zcfa Zcf ghfi_hifY` [fibX_cadcbYbh à _i! VYY`YaYbhYf VUg]g\igY acXYf\igY à gca _Ub h]`g±hhYg Y`YaYbhYf iX ZfU Yh df]jUh jU`[ aYb _ib d Yb a XY g Uf_]hY_hYbg `]b]YZ²f]b[ c[ XY ghcfY j]g]cb Zcf \Y`\YXYb V]VY\c`XYg" 8Yh VYhmXYf ]__Y bc[Yh ca aUb Vm[[Yf %$ %& %( &$ Y``Yf &' _jUXfUhaYhYf d VU[g]XYb Y``Yf `]Xh d Zcfg]XYb b f Uf_]hY_hYb \Uf h±b_h d \Y`\YXYb" AUb _Ub a g_Y iXhfm__Y XYh d XYb a XY Uh XYh gca Uf_]hY_hYf UfVY^XYf aYX Yf Zcf\c`XYh aY``Ya Yb ghfi_hi! fY` _cadcbYbh UZ []jYh\YX c[ g Yb Zf]\YX ]bXYb Zcf X]ggY fUaaYf gca Yf aY[Yh VY[f±bgYXY ZfYa Zcf Uh hU`Y ca ZcfVfi[YfgijYf±b]hYh gca d XYh ghcfY jUfY! aUf_YX" <j]g XYh Yf h]`Z±`XYh g_U` aUb j±fY d dUggY`][ aYX Uh Vfi[Y VY[fYVYf gca UbhmXYf Uh XYh \Y`Y _caaYf ZfU Vfi[YfYb c[ Uh Vfi[YfYb \Uf Yh gijYf±bh Y^Yfg_UV" Hj±fh]acX aYbYf Uf_]hY_hYb bc_ Uh Vfi[YfYb g_U` j±fY aY[Yh VY[f±bgYh ] g]bY ÆZf]YÆ jU`[ c[ Uh aUb Zcf Uh \Ub Y``Yf \ib ]__Y g_U` g_iZZYg g_U` []jY _`Uf ]bZcfaUh]cb c[ _`Uf f X[]jb]b[ ca XY VY[f±bgYXY jU`[" 8YfaYX Yf \Y`Y ]X Yb ca XYb Vfi[YfXfYjbY ]bbcjU! h]cb bc[Yh \Y`h UbXYh YbX XYh j]` j±fY ] Z"Y_g" hY_gh]`VfUb! W\Yb Y``Yf ] V]`VfUbW\Yb" 8Yh V²f Uf_]hY_hZU[Yhg ]b_UfbY! fYXY V±fYfY bc_ h±b_Y cjYf Z²f XY [ f aYX d XYb U`! aYbY =bbcjUh]cbgf Xg!d`²fYgiddY!VY[fYVg`][\YX" 6Y[fY! VYh _Ub bYa`][ ]__Y Vfi[Yg d gUaaY a XY ] U``Y VfUbW\Yf"


=

<UjXY j] cjYf\cjYXYh gYh bc[`Y UZ XY j]f_Y`][

=

Xf]gh][Y _Ugh ] Uf_]hY_hifYb \j]g Vfi[YfbY

Yb bm fc``Y gca jcf h]Xg gcW]U`dgm_c`c[

g_i``Y \UjY j±fYh aYX h]` Uh VYghYaaY3

Y``Yf g]adY`h\Yb h]Xg bXYbg fY[]gg²f3

;]jYf Vfi[Yf]bXXfU[Y`gY Uf_]hY_hYb

5`h XYhhY `YXYf ZfYa h]` Yb [Ubg_Y VYghYah h]b[. 8Yf gUjbYg gmghYaUh]g_ j]XYb ca XYhhY ZY`h d [fibXVY! [fYVgb]jYUi" <j]g XY g_U` V`]jY UbXYh YbX VinnkcfXg g g_U` XYf j]f_Y`][ UfVY^XYg Zcf Uh h]Xghmd]g_Y c[ aU[h! Zi`XY _cV`]b[Yf UZ cfX gca Vfi[Yf ]bXÑmXY`gY c[ ]bbc! jUh]cb ]__Y V`]jYf YfZUf]b[g`²gY hcaaY igUbXY Y``Yf VUfY U`h Zcf \²^hÑmjYbXY. CfX gca Zcf `Ub[ h]X g]XYb Yf hU[Yh d gcaaYfZYf]Y gY`jca XY a g_Y \Y``YfY aYX Yb UbXYb UZ K]hh[YbghY]bg Zcfai`Yf]b[Yf g_i``Y \UjY j±fYh gYbXh h]` _c[YjUg_"

FYZYfYbWYf c[ ]bgd]fUh]cb GjYbX 6f]b_aUbb 7YW]`]Y 9f]_gYb fYX" . GY`jfYU`]gYf]b[ Ã _f]h]g_Y X]g_igg]cbYf UZ Yb [f±bgY`²g iXj]_`]b[g_i`! hif tf\ig &$$) A]hW\Y`` 8YUb. ;cjYfbaYbhU`]hm" AU[h c[ ghmf]b[ ] XYh acXYfbY gUaZibX ?V\" &$$* cdf" ZfU %--- 5bXf ;cfn. K]ggYb KYfh ibX ?Ud]hU`" Nif ?f]h]_ XYf K]ggYbg _cbca]Y N f]W\ &$$( cdf" ZfU &$$' GhYZUb <YfaUbb >Ybg 9f]_ ?f]ghYbgYb. ?cadYhYbWY! iXj]_`]b[ Ã dgm_c`c[]g_ ]bXYf`][[²fY`gY d X gYZcfa3 ] Dgm_Y @c[cg bf"& ?V\" &$$( =bbcjUh]cbgf XYhg fgfUddcfh. =bbcjUh]jY 8UbaUf_ ?V\" &$$) AU^ >ib]. G][ bY^ h]` g`iXXYfgdfc[Yh c[ hca\^YfbYh ]XYc! `c[]" =bhYfj]Yk aYX GB@ ] 8>¢:!6`UXYh bf" %) gYd! hYaVYf &$$* ]b df]bh CjY ?cfg[UUfX. @±fYfYb gca Vcf[YfYbg hU`Yf²f ] DYf ?^Y`XgYb c[ 9f]_ GW\a]Xh fYX" . HYff±b[ YbXY j]g]c! bYf Zcf Zc`_Yg_c`Yb CXYbgY &$$*

GhYYb BYddYf @UfgYb. =__Y!hfUbgdUfYbhY hUb_Yf" ChhY fYÑY_g]cbYf cjYf 5Xcfbcg UZcf]gaY È<i``YfÈ ] ?f]h]_ bf" %*) ?V\" &$$' GhYYb BYddYf @UfgYb. =bbcjUh]cb gca hchU` Zcf`²gb]b[ ] XYb bYc`]VYfU`Y ghUh Ufh]_Y` ] =b[Yb]²fYb %+"&"&$$* GhYYb BYddYf @UfgYb. ?UhY[cf]U`Y hmXb]b[Yf UZ XYb _c[b]h]jY _Ud]hU`]gaY 8DI ?V\" &$$* ] dfcWYg AUif]n]c @UnnUfUhc. :fca 7Ud]hU`!@UVcif hc 7Ud]hU`!@]ZY ] Yd\YaYfY Jc`iaY ( ' &$$( FibY @m__YVYf[. B f ÈjYbbYfÈ V`]jYf h]` ÈbYhj±f_È ]bhYf! j]Yk aYX GB@ ] =bZcfaUh]cb X"%-")"&$$* >YUb!:fUb c]g @mchUfX. J]XYb c[ XYh dcghacXYfbY gUa! ZibX tf\ig %--* cdf" ZfU %-+- DUi`c J]fbc. H\Y ;fUaaUf cZ h\Y Ai`h]hiXY GYa]chYlhY &$$(

')


:chc. >Ybg J" B]Y`gYb

˜ %

'*


& dfU_g]g

'+


A]W\UY` GhYb >c\bgYb A]W\UY` GhYb >c\bgYb Yf aYX]bXY\UjYf UZ HY[bY! ghiYb JUbX_ibghYb gca [YbbYa aYfY YbX '$ f \Uf df±[Yh XUbg_ Vc`][Vm[[Yf] V`UbXh UbXYh aYX XYfYg Zc_ig d d Vfi[Yf]bXXfU[Y`gY"

',


=bjc`jYfYbXY Uf_]hY_hif A]W\UY` GhYb >c\bgYb HY[bYghiYb JUbX_ibghYb

?fYUh]j Vfi[Yf]bXXfU[Y`gY g_Yf ] j]f_Y`][\YXYb VYXgh ] XYb X]fY_hY X]U`c[ aY``Ya Uf_]hY_h c[ Vm[\YffY" 8YbbY X]U`c[ jUbg_Y`][[²fYg Xc[

AYb _Ub Vfi[YfaYXVYghYaaY`gY c[ bm]bXighf]U`]gYf]b[ cjYf\cjYXYh [ \ bX ] \ bX c[ VYZfi[hY Uf_]hY_hifYb Y``Yf f]g]_YfYf j] ] XYb gUaaYb\±b[ Uh []jY _²V d XYb Uf_]hY_hcb]g_Y _jU`]hYh3

aYfY c[ aYfY UZ Yb f±__Y aY``Ya`YX gca _]`Yf g][ ]bX aY``Ya Vm[\YffY c[ Uf_]hY_h" 8Yf Yf ]__Y bc[Yb acXg±hb]b[ aY``Ya Vfi[Yf! ]bXXfU[Y`gY c[ [cX Uf_]hY_hif" 8Yh \UbX`Yf ca Uh UfVY^XY aYX Yb Zcfa Zcf ghfi_hifY` gmghYaU! h]_ gca Vfi[YfbY _Ub iXZc`XY g][ ]bXYbZcf iXYb Uh XYf []jYg g`]d d XYb Uf_]hY_hcb]g_Y \Y`\YX c[ ]X "

5``Y Vfi[YfY g²[Yf acX [cX Uf_]hY_hif" 8Yh Yf XYb Xm! bUac gca Xf]jYf XYh \Y`Y" C[ Vc`][Vm[[Yf] gh]``Yf g±f! `][Y _fUj h]` Uf_]hY_hYfbY gca \Yf Yf Zcfd`][hYXY h]` Uh g_UVY XY U``YfVYXgh h±b_Y`][Y fUaaYf Zcf aYbbYg_Yfg XU[`][Y `]j c[ jY`Z±fX" JcfYg hfUb[ h]` ZcfbmY`gY Y``Yf ]bbcjUh]cb à aYX Yh `]Xh VYgj±f`][YfY cfX à _Ub j±fY Yb aY[Yh j±gYbh`][ Xf]j! _fUZh" =bbcjUh]cb Y``Yf ]bX][bUh]cb U`hg ]ff]hUh]cb cjYf h]b[YbYg h]`ghUbX" AUb \Uf Yb \c`Xb]b[ aUb j]` bc[Yh UbXYh" 8Yh Yf Yb aY[Yh j][h][ XmbUac c[g Zcf Uf_]hY_! hifYb" = j]f_Y`][\YXYb Yf Vfi[YfVYghYaaY`gY Y``Yf VYVcYf! aYXj]f_Yb ^c V`ch Yb UZ aUb[Y dUfUaYhfY gca Uf_]hY_! hYf g_U` `UXY g][ ]bgd]fYfY UZ" 8Yh Yf Yb dUfUaYhYf gca iXgdf]b[Yf UZ jcfYg gUaZibX jcfYg _i`hif c[ jcfYg XY! ac_fUh] c[ gca _f±jYf Yb Ybcfa Uf_]hY_hcb]g_ ghf±VYb"

GmaV]cgYb aY``Ya Vm[\YffY c[ Uf_]hY_h 8Yb _`Ugg]g_Y Zcfa Zcf aYXVYghYaaY`gY \UbX`Yf ca XYh X]fY_hY Zcf\c`X aY``Ya Vm[\YffY c[ Uf_]hY_h" 9b UZ XY U``YfVYXghY VYZcfXf]b[Yf UZ Uf_]hY_hcb]g_ _jU`]hYh \Uf U`h]X j±fYh b f Vm[\YffY c[ Uf_]hY_h Yf _fYUh]jY gUaaYb c[ Yb Uf_]hY_h VY[UjYh Yf ] ghUbX h]` Uh hmXY Vm[\YffYbg Xf²a" AYb XYbbY gmaV]cgY Yf ^c YZhYf\ bXYb b±ghYb Zi`Xgh±bX][ iai`][[^cfh ZcfX] Vm[[Yf] Yf V`YjYh Yh ]bjY! ghYf]b[gcV^Y_h c[ XYf Yf cdgh Yh Yb f±__Y `YX aY``Ya Uf_]hY_h c[ Vm[\YffY Z"Y_g Zcfg_Y``][Y ZcfaYf Zcf Vm[\Yf! fYf X[]jYfY" 5``Y XY dUfhYf c[ g_ch XYf g_mXYg ]bX aY``Ya XY hc dUfhYf Zcf\]bXfYf XYb gd±bX]b[ XYf _Ub g_UVYg ] XYb X]fY_hY X]U`c[" IXZcfXf]b[Yb Yf ] ghYXYh V`YjYh Yb aY[Yh VfYXYfY _fYUh]j dUfhbYf]b[ \jcf U``Y dUfhYf gd]``Yf aYX aYb \jcf gUaaY [cXY fYgi`hUh g^±`XYbh cdb g iXYb Uh aUb hfmbYf bc[`Y UZ dUfhYfbY" 8Yh Yf \Y`h g]__Yfh Uh Vm[\YffYb à gdYW]Y`h b f \Ub Yf Yh aUb[Y\cjYXYh i\mfY gca Yb ghcf _cbWYfb ]bgh]hih]cb Y``Yf Yh Vc`][gY`g_UV à _ibbY `±fY Uh ]bgd]fYfY Uf_]hY_! hYfbY VYXfY jYX Uh `UjY bc[`Y VYXfY dfc[fUaaYf" 8Yh Yf XYgj±ffY cjYfgYh \j]`_Yb VYhmXb]b[ j]g]cb±fY dfc[fUa! aYf \Uf gca iX[Ub[gdib_h Zcf Vfi[YfaYXVYghYaaY`gY c[ Zcf [cX Uf_]hY_hif" 6m[\YffYfbY VifXY ZU_h]g_ _YbXY XYfYg fc``Y gca Vm[\YffYf `]Xh VYXfY à aUb _ibbY a g_Y `][Y ZfYa cjYfjY^Y Uh \UjY Yb g±f`][ iXXUbbY`gY h]` XYh" 6fi[YfbY _YbXYf ]__Y jU`[ai`][\YXYfbY 8Yh Yf aY[Yh gj±fh Uh hfc d XY aY[Yh acXYfbY UZUfhYf

'-


dfU_g]g p A]W\UY` GhYb >c\bgYb

UZ Vfi[YfaYXVYghYaaY`gY \jcf aUb [YbbYa _cad`]! WYfYXY aUf_YXgibXYfg²[Y`gYf gh]``Yf ]bXj]_`YXY gd²f[g! a ` h]` \jUX Zc`_ j]` \UjY ] \ V ca XYf][YbbYa Uh g_UVY ZcfbmY`gY" G XUbbY ibXYfg²[Y`gYf _Ub a g_Y []jY Yb h]`ZfYXggh]``Y`gY Zcf XYa XYf gd²f[Yf aYb XY ghU__Y`g aYbbYg_Yf XYf g_U` gjUfY _YbXYf ^c ]__Y ai`][\YXYfbY" AUb _Ub ]__Y Zcf`Ub[Y Uh Vfi[YfbY g_U` ZcfYgh]``Y g][ U`h XYh gca j] Uf_]hY_hYf \Uf [ Yh c[ ²jYh cg d \Y`Y `]jYh à c[ XYfZcf gjUfYf XY gY`jZ²`[Y`][ aY[Yh _cbgYfjUh]jh" 8Y ²bg_Yf bc[Yh XY \Uf gYh \cg bUVcYb Y``Yf ] Yh Y``Yf UbXYh `]jggh]`gaU[Ug]b" J] \Uf Yb _`Uf Zcfd`][hY`gY gca Uf_]hY_hYf c[ dfcZYg! g]cbY``Y h]` Uh _ibbY Zcfh±``Y Vfi[YfbY Uh XYf Yf bc[`Y ai`][\YXYf XY a g_Y ]__Y gY`j \Uf Z Yh ²^Y d " 9``Yfg _Ub XYh b±ghYb ]__Y ibX[ Uh V`]jY aY[Yh VU[iXfYhhYh" CajYbXh a aUb c[g _cbghUhYfY Uh j] Uf_]hY_hYf \Uf \UZh U`h Zcf hfUj`h aYX Uh Zcfhf±b[Y bc[Yh UZ XYh ]bX\c`Xga±gg][Y ] jcfYg ZU[ à ]__Y a]bXgh ca_f]b[ Vc`][Vm[[Yf]Yh" 8Yh [ f g]adY`h\Yb ]__Y Uh U[YfY _ibgh! bYf]g_ d Vc`][caf XYh iXYb Yb j]g ]bhY``Y_hiY` h]`[Ub[ c[ VU[jYX`][[YbXY j]XYb" <Yf Yf cdgh Yh Yb _`Uf iVU! `UbWY \jcf j] \Uf j±fYh Zcf h]`V²^Y`][Y h]` aY[Yh iZcfX²^Yh Uh `±bY cg cd UX Zcfaa±gg][Y hfYbXg c[ ZcfV]``YXYf à `]! [Ygca Yb igmb`][ UZhU`Y Y``Yf Ub[gh Zcf Uh j±fY cf][]bU` aYX f]g]_c Zcf Uh a]ghY aUaacb" 8Yh `]Xh _ca]g_Y Yf Uh g]XYb ]bX\c`XYh ZcfgjUbXh c[ aUb Xmf_YXY ZcfaYb b±! ghYb gca ]bX\c`X Yf XYh YbXh aYX Uh aUb b±ghYb ]__Y _Ub gY \j]`_Y Uf_]hY_hYf XYf Yf d VUbYb" Ai`][\YXYfbY ] ]bXighf]U`]gYf]b[Yb 8Yf `][[Yf \Y`h g]__Yfh bc[`Y ai`][\YXYf Zcf Vfi[Yf]bX! XfU[Y`gYb c[ Zcf Uf_]hY_hifYb ] Uh _caV]bYfY Yb bm c[ \²^hY_bc`c[]g_ ZibXYfYh ]bXighf]U`]gYf]b[ aYX Yh \²^h

($

\ bXj±f_ga±gg][h b]jYUi" ?caV]bUh]cbYb [²f XYh ai`][h Uh iXj]_`Y Yb ghfi_hifY` gmghYaUh]_ gca c[g \Uf VYVcYfaYXVYghYaaY`gYb gca a `" 8Yh _f±jYf Xm[h][Y Uf_]hY_hYf aYb XYh [²f XYh ^c U`h]X" GY`j WcbhU]bYfY _Ub ghUV`Yg c[ gidd`YfYg aYfY Y``Yf a]bXfY VY[UjYh c[ aYX aYfY Y``Yf a]bXfY Zcfgh Y`gY Zcf Vfi[YfbYg gmbgdib_hYf" 8Yh Yf ] \²^ [fUX g_c`YfbYg UbgjUf Uh hU[Y jUfY d XYbbY iXZcfXf]b[ c[ j±fY aYX h]` Uh ibX[ Uh j] Z f Yb ]bXighf]U`]gYf]b[ UZ Vm[[Yf]Yh gca _ib \Uf h]` Zcfa ` Uh Xmf_Y hY_b]__Yb iXYb Uh hU[Y \Ybgmb h]` aYbbYg_Yfg Vc`][VY\cj \c`Xb]b[Yf c[ Xf²aaY" H]X`][Y Vm[[YgmghYaYf 6fi[Yf]bXXfU[Y`gY ] Vc`][Vm[[Yf]Yh Yf ^c YZhYf\ bXYb Yb ±`XfY cdÐbXY`gY" 8Y h]X`][ghY Y_gdYf]aYbhYf jUf V fYh UZ aUf_UbhY gcW]U`Y c[ c[g dc`]h]g_Y \c`Xb]b[Yf c[ ]bXgh]``]b[Yb jUf aY[Yh iXUXjYbXh" Bi g_i``Y U``Y XYf Y``Yfg \UjXY `mgh ]bX ] V]``YXYh c[ j±fY aYX h]` Uh X]g_i! hYfY \jcfXUb aUb _ibbY `UjY VYXfY Vc`][Vm[[Yf]" J] \Uf d HY[bYghiYb JUbX_ibghYb h]X`][h j±fYh aYX h]` Uh iXj]_`Y bc[`Y fYXg_UVYf à _`cXgacXY``Yf Zcf bi ]__Y Uh [²fY XYh ]bXj]_`Yh à h]` a²XYh aY``Ya Uf_]hY_hYb c[ Vfi[YfYb" 5aV]h]cbYb jUf Uh g_UVY Vc`][Vm[[Yf]Yf gca [^cfXY Yb Zcfg_Y` ] gUa_jYaaYh aY``Ya aYbbYg_Yf" Dfc^Y_ha±gg][h UfVY^XYXY j] aYX Yb Zcfa Zcf _cb! ghfi_h]j cf[Ub]gaY h±b_h ] Yh fUZÐbYfYh ]bXighf]Y`h gm! ghYa" GmghYaYh VYghcX UZ Yh VUg]g\ig ] hc YhU[Yf ] a]XhYb \jcfd aUb g _ibbY g±hhY U``Y ai`][Y Y`YaYb! hYf" HY_b]g_ jUf XYh Yh g²^`YgmghYa \jcf XYf _ibbY g_UVYg Yb jUf]YfYbXY Vcg±hb]b[ [YbbYa iXgdUfh`]b[YfbY aY`! `Ya _fmXgYbY" 6YVcYfbY _ibbY g VYghYaaY \j]`_Y Vc`][hmdYf XYh g_i``Y j±fY ca XYf g_i``Y j±fY \²^h h]`


=

J] \Uf Yb _`Uf Zcfd`][hY`gY gca Uf_]hY_hYf

dfU_g]g p A]W\UY` GhYb >c\bgYb

h]` Uh _ibbY Zcfh±``Y Vfi[YfbY Uh XYf Yf bc[`Y ai`][\YXYf XY ]__Y \Uf Z Yh ²^Y d

`cZhYh Yb YhU[Y Y``Yf hc YhU[Yf c[ ca aUb g_i``Y \UjY Xf]j\ig c[ \UjY cgj" AYb gUbX\YXYb Yf ^c Uh Uf_]hY_! hYfbY VYghYahY XYh \Y`Y à ghcfh gYh" IX UZ UbghfYb[Y`gYfbY _ca Yh Vm[[Yf] gca j] gY`jZ²`! [Y`][ _Ub [f]bY aY[Yh UZ ] XU[ ZcfX] XY ghcfY j]g]cbYf c[ ]X Yf YbXhY aYX Uh _caaY h]` Uh `][bY Yb gjYbg_ df±ghY! [ fX gca bc[`Y gU[XY" AYb dfc^Y_hYh ]``ighfYfYf Yh jY`! aYbh Zcfg²[ d Uh []jY VYVcYfbY ]bXÑmXY`gY c[ j]gYf gUah]X][ Uh ZcfiXg±hb]b[Yb Zcf ]bXÑmXY`gYb Yf Yh \²^! ]bXighf]U`]gYfYh Y`YaYbhdfcXi_h _caV]bYfYh aYX Yb acbhU[Y UZ aYfY \ bXj±f_ga±gg][ Ufh B f aUb ] XU[ VYg²[Yf Vm[[Yf]Yh _Ub aUb a±f_Y Uh XY XYf Vcf XYf ZU_h]g_ \c`XYf aY[Yh UZ Uh Vc XYf" C[ XYh Yf jY` XYh ÑchhYghY iXhfm_ Zcf Uh Vfi[YfaYXVYghYaaY`! gYb Yf `m__YXYg" 6c`][VYVm[[Y`gYb 9[YVU__Yb ] B²XYVc J] \Uf Zcf bm`][ Z±fX][[^cfh Yh Vm[[Yf] ] B²XYVc `][Y iX h]` ;f]V G_cj c[ aYX 9gfia G² ] VU[[fibXYb" 8Yh Yf Yh Vm[[Yf] h]` '$ \igghUbXY \jcf aUb g_U` j±fY a]bXgh )$ f Zcf Uh _ibbY ÑmhhY ]bX c[ \jcf aUb ]__Y a \UjY V²fb VcYbXY" <Yf Yf hU`Y ca Vfi[YfY XYf \Uf VcYh ] dUfWY`\igY Y``Yf hmdY\igY ] f][h][ aUb[Y f c[ gca \UjXY Yb aY[Yh df±W]g ]X ca \jcfXUb XYfYg g]XghY Vc`][ g_i``Y j±fY" 5``][YjY` \Uf XYh j±fYh [Ubg_Y gj±fh Uh Z XYa ]bX ] Yh gUaUfVY^XY ZcfX] XY jUf aY[Yh Zcfg_Y``][Y c[ c[g fYh iYb][Y ca aUb[Y h]b[" J] ZcfYg`c[ Yb VYVm[[Y`gY XYf iXbmhhYXY XYb XY^`][Y g_f bYbXY [fibX d Yb aY[Yh ÑY_g]VY` a XY" 6YVm[! [Y`gYb VYghcX UZ Yb Zcfa Zcf acXYf\ig à Yb Vc`][ghUb[ \jcf XYf d \Yb\c`Xgj]g jY^! c[ \UjYg]XY _ibbY h]`_cV`Yg Zcfg_Y``][Y Vc`][Y`YaYbhYf" 8Yh [Uj Yb Ybcfa jUf]Uh]cbg!

ai`][\YX gca jUf Yb UZ[²fYbXY ZcfiXg±hb]b[ Zcf Uh XYh ZU_h]g_ `m__YXYg Uh Z XY aY[Yh _f±jYbXY Vfi[YfY h]` Uh gmbYg Uh XY _ibbY ÐbXY g][ h]` fYhhY ] Yh UZ \igYbY" 8Yf Yf Yb [fibX`±[[YbXY gmghYaUh]_ gca V XY _ca! aYf VYVcYfbYg ²bg_Yf ] a²XY c[ gUah]X][ \c`XYf Yh j]gh Uf_]hY_hcb]g_ b]jYUi ] \Y`\YXYb" :cf XYh Yf ^c _caV]bU! h]cbYb XYf Yf a `Yh" 5h Vfi[YfbY j]f_Y`][ \Uf j±fYh aYX iXYb Uh XYf Yf [ Yh Zi`Xgh±bX][ gaUXXYf ] Uf_]hY_hi! fYb" 6YXfY V]``][Y Vc`][Yf ] ?j]gh[ fX = ?j]gh[ fX ] BcfXg^±``UbX Yf j] aYX ] Yh UbXYh Zcfg²[ d [YbbYa ]bXighf]U`]gYf]b[ Uh _caaY Vfi[YfbY ] a²XY aYX V XY _jU`]hYh c[ ]__Y a]bXgh `Uj df]g" 8Yf Yf hU`Y ca Yh g±f`][h _cbWYdh aYX g±fXY`Yg V]``][Y Vc`][Yf gca ZcfY! `²V][ Yf ibXYf ZcfVYfYXY`gY" 5aV]h]cbYb Yf c[g \Yf Uh iXbmhhY XY hY_bc`c[]g_Y ai`][\YXYf ] ZfYagh]``]b[Yb c[ gUah]X][ []jY VYVcYfbY jU`[ai`][\YXYf c[ \c`XY Yh j]gh Uf_]hY_hcb]g_ b]jYUi" Dfc^Y_hYh VYgh f UZ Yb f±__Y Vc`][Yb\YXYf aYX *!,! %$ Vc`][Yf ] Yb `]``Y h±h _`iad c[ Yf cdVm[[Yh UZ aY[Yh g]ad`Y Vm[[YY`YaYbhYf ^U b±faYgh _`cXgYf" 8Yh Yf ^c Yb h±b_Ya XY ] Vm[[Yf]Yh gca j] \Uf j±fYh cdhU[Yh UZ Zcf YZhYf\ bXYb Yb XY` f g]XYb c[ d XYb a XY _Ub aUb ^c g][Y Uh iXj]_`]b[Yb hU[Yf Yh g_f]Xh h]`VU[Y c[ Zcf\ ! VYbh`][ hc g_f]Xh ZfYa"

(%


dfc^Y_h 9[YVU__Yb

6c`][VYVm[[Y`gYb 9[YVU__Yb ] B²XYVc Yf iXZcfaYh aYX ai`][\YX Zcf Uh ]bXXfU[Y Vfi[YfbY _cb_fYh ] X]gdcbYf]b[Yb" 6YVm[[Y`gYb VYgh f UZ Yb Zcfa Zcf acXYf\ig à Yb Vc`][ghUb[ \jcf XYf d V XY jY^! c[ \UjYg]XY _Ub h]`_cV`Yg Zcfg_Y``][Y Vc`][Y`YaYbhYf" 5f_]hY_h. HY[bYghiYb JUbX_ibghYb"

(&


:chcg. >Ybg J" B]Y`gYb

dfU_g]g p A]W\UY` GhYb >c\bgYb

('


dfU_g]g p A]W\UY` GhYb >c\bgYb

Dfc^Y_hYh 6YXfY 6]``][Y 6c`][Yf Yf Yh acXi`cdVm[[Yh Vm[[YgmghYa iXZcfaYh aYX g]ad`Y Vm[[YY`YaYbhYf ] h±hhY Vc`][Yb\YXYf aYX *!,!%$ Vc`][Yf ] \jYf" 6m[[Y! f]Yh Yf ibXYf d`Ub`±[b]b[ ] ?j]gh[ fX ] BcfXg^±``UbX" 5f_]hY_h c[ ]``ighfUh]cbYf. HY[bYghiYb JUbX_ibghYb"

((


dfc^Y_h 6YXfY 6]``][Y 6c`][Yf ()


@cbY NYYVYf[ @cbY NYYVYf[ Yf Uf_]hY_h c[ UbgUh ] ?iVYb 6mZcf! bmY`gY 8UbaUf_ gca W\YZ_cbgi`Ybh Zcf Vm[[Yf]" @N UfVY^XYf aYX dfcWYgf X[]jb]b[ iXj]_`]b[gdfc! WYggYf c[ Vm[\YffYf X[]jb]b["

(*


FUaaYf ca ]bXÑmXY`gYb @cbY NYYVYf[ ?iVYb 6mZcfbmY`gY 8UbaUf_

6fi[Yf]bXXfU[Y`gYbg caZUb[ c[ _UfU_hYf a h]`dUggYg XYh _cb_fYhY dfc^Y_h" C[ Vfi[YfbY \Uf Vfi[ Zcf f X[]jb]b[ Zcf Uh _ibbY hf±ZZY jU`[ gca Yf h]`ghf±__Y`][ `Ub[g][hYXY c[ `YjYf cd h]` Yh Uf_]hY_hcb]g_ \Y`\YXggmb" = fYbcjYf]b[gjYfXYbYb Yf XYf aUb[Y YfZUf]b[Yf aYX Uh []jY gh²ffY Y``Yf a]bXfY ]bXÑmXY`gY ibXYf! jY^g" = XY aYgh jY``m__YXY Y_gYad`Yf \Uf Vfi[Yf! bY _ib \UZh ]bXÑmXY`gY d iXZU`Xg_fUjYbY c[ ]__Y d XYb _cb_fYhY Zcfa[]jb]b[" 6YVcYf]bXXfU[Y`gY _Ub VYg_f]jYg gca Yb ]bXÑmXY`gYg! gh][Y \jcf caZUb[Yh UZ ]bXXfU[Y`gY XYÐbYfYg c[ h]`dUg! gYg XYh _cb_fYhY dfc^Y_h" D gh][Ybg ²jYfghY hf]b \Uf VYVcYfbY Zi`X _cbhfc` cjYf VYg`ihb]b[YfbY c[ XYf Yf ]__Y b²XjYbX][j]g f X[]jYfY ]bjc`jYfYh" @±b[YfY bYXY UX gh][Yb Yf VYVcYfbY aYX gca XY`hU[YfY ] \Y`Y dfcWYggYb gidd`YfYh UZ [cX ghmf]b[ c[ f X[]jb]b[" 9bXbi `±b[YfY bYXY Yf XYf _ib hU`Y ca ]bZcfaUh]cb UZ VYVcYfbY c[ U``Yf`±b[gh bYXY UZ gh][Yb Yf VYVcYfbY U`YbY acXhU[YfY" 8Y bYXYfghY hf]b _caaYf hmd]g_ h]` iXZc`XY`gY ] bmVm[! [Yf]Yh \jcf ]bXÑmhhYfYb Yf g`ihVfi[YfYb c[ \jcf XYf ]__Y Yf bc[Yb Vfi[Yf]bXXfU[Y`gY ZfYa h]` ]bXÑmhb]b[" 8Y Z²`[YbXY dfc^Y_hYf ZfU fYbcjYf]b[gjYfXYbYb ]``i! ghfYf \jcfXUb VYVcYf]bXXfU[Y`gYb _Ub _caaY h]` iXhfm_ d Zcfg_Y``][Y hf]b UZ ]bXÑmXY`gYggh][Yb c[ \j]`_Y fYgi`! hUhYf XYf _Ub cdb g aYX Zcfg_Y``][Y aYhcXYf" 5jYX²fY GhUh]cbgVm à XYb hchU`Y Vfi[Yfghmf]b[ 5jYX²fY GhUh]cbgVm Yf cdZ²fh gca Yb XY` UZ VmiXj]_`]b!

[Yb ] ?²[Y 6i[h Ðb[YfYb ] %-+$ÈYfbY" D Yh h]Xgdib_h ] %-,$ÈYfbY ZUbXh aUb iX UZ Uh Vm[[Yf]Yh hf±b[hY h]` Yh `²Zh" 8Yf V`Yj aYX \^±`d UZ f X[]jYfY iXUfVY^XYh Yh dfc! ^Y_h h]` ZcfbmY`gYb UZ iXYUfYU`YfbY c[ UZgUh Yh d±bh VY`²V h]` [YbbYaZ²fY`gYb" = 5jYX²fY j]``Y aUb Xc[ \Y``YfY [²fY h]b[YbY gY`j à XYf jUf VYghYah ]__Y Vfi[ Zcf f X[]jYfY" AUb bYXgUhhY XYfZcf Yb [fiddY UZ VYVcYfY gca gY`j g_i``Y ÐbXY iX UZ \jcf! XUb iXYUfYU`YfbY g_i``Y g±hhYg ] ghUbX" 6YVcYfdfc^Y_hYh V`Yj [YbbYaZ²fh c[ fYgi`hUhYh a]b! XYf ca Yb _c`cb]\UjY" 8Yf aUb[`Yf Yh \Y`\YXggmb d \jcfXUb iXYUfYU`YfbY c[ Vm[b]b[Yf \±b[Yf gUaaYb c[ \jcfXUb XYh [f²bbY _Ub Vfi[Yg h]` Uh g_UVY bm gUa! aYb\±b[ ] VYVm[[Y`gYb" DfcWYggYb \Uf iXYb hj]j` j±fYh VYZfi[hYbXY Zcf XY ]bjc`jYfYXY VYVcYfY aYb XYh \Uf ]__Y ibXYfgh²hhYh Uf_]hY_hifYb" A^²`bYfdUf_Yb à Zc_ig d a `[fiddYb A^²`bYfdUf_Yb d MXfY B²ffYVfc Yf Yh Vm[[Yf] ZfU %-,$ÈYfbY \jcf -& UZ VYVcYfbY _caaYf ZfU UbXfY `UbXY YbX 8UbaUf_ )$ UZ VYVcYfbY Yf V²fb ibXYf %, f c[ \jcf XYf cjYfcfXbYh Yf hU`Y ca Yb fYh ghcf bYXg`]X! b]b[" 9h g XUbh Vc`][caf XY gh]``Yf \Y`h g±f`][Y _fUj h]` Vfi[Yf]bXXfU[Y`gYb" 8Yf Yf a g_Y ($ Zcfg_Y``][Y bUh]c! bU`]hYhYf fYdf±gYbhYfYh aYX b±ghYb `][Y g aUb[Y Zcfg_Y``][Y gdfc[" 8Yh Z²fghY g_f]Xh jUf Uh g_UVY cda±f_gca\YX ca! _f]b[ XYh _caaYbXY dfc^Y_h" 8Yh g_YhY V`UbXh UbXYh jYX \^±`d UZ Zc`XYfY gca V`Yj caXY`h c[ \±b[h cd cjYfU`h ] VYVm[[Y`gYb" 8YfiXcjYf V`Yj XYf `UjYh Zcfg_Y``][Y \Ud! dYb]b[g c[ ]X j±f_ghYXYf d g²bXU[ YZhYfa]XXU[Y \jcf VYVcYfbY _ibbY a²XY cd c[ XY`hU[Y ] Yb X]U`c[ ca caf XYhg dfcV`YaYf c[ ai`][\YXYf"

(+


dfU_g]g p @cbY NYYVYf[

=

6fi[Yf]bXXfU[Y`gY _Ub []jY dfcV`YaYf b f XYf U`YbY dfc^Y_hYfYg iX ZfU VY\cj c[ \c`Xb]b[Yf \cg XY U_hiY``Y VYVcYfY

5fVY^XYh ] ]X j±f_ghYXYfbY YbXhY cd ] Yh ]X _UhU`c[" 8Y h]`_bmhhYXY f X[]jYfY ZfU K]hfUn 5f_]hY_hYf \UjXY XYfYZ! hYf XYb cd[UjY Uh Zcfg²[Y Uh g_UVY Yb gUaaYb\±b! [YbXY \Y`\YX iX UZ XY aUb[Y Zcfg_Y``][Y ²bg_Yf" Dfc^Y_hYh Yf Yh [cXh Y_gYadY` d Uh aUb fYY`h \Uf Z Yh ZUh ] XY aYbbYg_Yf gca Vcf ] caf XYh c[ hU[Yh XYa U`jcf`][h" 6fi[YfbY Yf V`YjYh ]bjc`jYfYh ] dfcWYggYb aYX XYfYg Zcfg_Y``][Y iXZU`Xg_fUj Zcf caf XYh \jcfYZhYf dfcZYgg]cbY``Y f X[]jYfY g \Uf hU[Yh cjYf c[ Z Yh Yb \Y`\YX iX UZ XYh" 9b \Y`\YX gca ] XU[ V`]jYf Vfi[h j]f! _Y`][ aY[Yh" 9g_]`Xg[UXY Ã aUb[`YbXY ZfYah]Xgg]_f]b[ 8Yh hfYX]Y Y_gYadY` Yf [Ubg_Y U`a]bXY`][ VmZcfbmY`gYg! gU[ ] 9g_]`Xg[UXY ] ?²VYb\Ujb \jcf aUb g_i``Y `UjY VUXYj±fY`gYf _²__YbYf c[ _`]aUg_±fa" Dfc^Y_hYh V`Yj [YbbYaZ²fh gca Yh Zcfg²[gdfc^Y_h \jcf VYVcYfbY jUf aYX gca Vm[\YffYf" FYgi`hUhYh UZ UbghfYb[Y`gYfbY V`Yj bc[`Y iXa±f_YXY `Y^`][\YXYf aYb dfc^Y_hYh ]``ighfYfYf gUah]X][ XY dfcV`Y! aYf XYf _Ub cdgh b f XYf U`YbY dfc^Y_hYfYg iX ZfU VY\cj c[ \c`Xb]b[Yf \cg XY U_hiY``Y VYVcYfY" Gca Yb XY` UZ Vfi[Yf]bXXfU[Y`gYb g_i``Y VYVcYfbY V`UbXh UbXYh hU[Y gh]``]b[ h]` ca XY j]``Y VYhU`Y Zcf Uh Z ]bX`U[h VUXYj±! fY`gY ] `Y^`][\YXYfbY" 9b XY` gU[XY bY^ hU_ c[ XYf V`Yj ] ghYXYh ]bXfYhhYh Yh Z±``Yg VUXYj±fY`gY ] _±`XYfYb" Dfc! V`YaYh jUf VUfY Uh XYf V`UbXh XYa gca gYbYfY ÑmhhYXY h]`VU[Y jUf bc[`Y XYf ]__Y j]``Y Vc ] Yb `Y^`][\YX iXYb VUX" = XU[ gh f aUb g aYX ZYa VmZcfbmYXY `Y^`][\YXYf d JYghYfVfc \jcf XYf Yf ]bjYghYfYh Yb aUggY dYb[Y aYb U``][YjY` ]__Y cdb Yh Yb h]XggjUfYbXY Vc`][ghUbXUfX" ?cfhg][hYXY VYVcYf\Ybgmb \Uf V`c_YfYh Zcf Yb `Ub[g][hYh UbjYbXY`gY UZ fYggcifWYfbY"

(,

@ibXY[ fXYb à XYb ghmfYXY Vfi[Yf]bXXfU[Y`gY @ibXY[ fXYb ] 6U``Yfid Yf Yb ghcf VYVm[[Y`gY UZ [ fX! \UjY\igY cdZ²fh ] a]XhYb UZ %-*$ÈYfbY" 6m[[Yf]Yh V`Yj cdf]bXY`][ cdZ²fh d Yb acgY[fibX c[ Ð_ YZhYf Yh dUf fh]Yf ghcfY dfcV`YaYf aYX Zi[h g_]aaY`gjUad c[ UbXfY Vm[[Yg_UXYf" IX[Ub[gdib_hYh Zcf Vfi[Yf]bXXfU[Y`gYb \Uf \Yf j±! fYh g±f`][ jUbg_Y`][" = Yh Vc`][caf XY \jcf XYf Vcf f][h][ aUb[Y aYbbYg_Yf gca ]_Y_ U``Y Yf `][Y fYggcifWYgh±f_Y g_i``Y aUb ]bX c[ Zcfh±``Y Uh XYfYg \igY g_i``Y bYXf]jYg c[ [YbcdZ²fYg ZfU [fibXYb ZcfX] XYf jUf ghcfY Vm[[YhY_! b]g_Y dfcV`YaYf" 8Yh Yf ^c U`Xf][ fUfh Uh Z Uh j]XY Uh XYh \^Ya aUb \Uf \UZh ] aUb[Y f c[ gca aUb \c`XYf UZ g_U` Zcfgj]bXY c[ YfghUhhYg UZ bc[Yh UbXYh" GY`j ca aUb _caaYf h]`VU[Y h]` bc[Yh bmh" Dfc^Y_hYf]b[Yb UZ [YbcdZ²fY`gYb Yf V`UbXh UbXYh g_Yh aYX \^±`d UZ Yh Vm[[YiXjU`[ \jcf VYVcYfbY [YbbYa fYdf±gYbhUbhYf \Uf _ibbYh d j]f_Y dfcWYg c[ fYgi`hUh" :cf Uh g]_fY Uh VYVm[[Y`gYb c[g YZhYf ZcfbmY`gYb iX! [^cfXY Yb \Y`\YX ] fYgdY_h Zcf XYh cdf]bXY`][Y iX[Ub[g! dib_h Yf XYb mXfY ghfi_hif X]gdcbYfYh c[ iXZcfaYh UZ h]`_bmhhYXY Uf_]hY_hYf" 8Yb _cb_fYhY Vfi[Yf]bXÑmXY`gY \Uf Z²fgh c[ ZfYaaYgh `][[Yh ] Yh aY[Yh caZUhhYbXY h]`jU`[g_UhU`c[ \jcf Zc`_ \Uf _ibbYh j±`[Y aY``Ya Yb a±b[XY ai`][\YXYf aYX \Ybgmb h]` fia]bXXY`]b[ aUhYf]U`Yf c[ XYhU]`iXZcfab]b[" 6YVcYfbY iXZm`XhY g]adY`h\Yb Yh g_YaU gca g V`Yj h]` Yb Zcfa Zcf aYbigYXXY` h]` YbhfYdfYb²fYb Zcf XYh d [±`! XYbXY \ig" 8Yf Yf YZhYfZ²`[YbXY `UjYh ibXYfg²[Y`gYf UZ ca Vfi! [YfbY \Uf j±fYh h]`ZfYXgY aYX XY ai`][\YXYf XY \UjXY Zcf d j]f_b]b[ UZ XYfYg bmY Vc`][ c[ XYf jUf ZU_h]g_ aY[Yh ghcf h]`ZfYXg\YX aYX V XY ]bXÑmXY`gY c[ fYgi`hUh"


JYX fYbcjYf]b[Yb UZ Vc`][VYVm[[Y`gYb @ibXY[ fXYb jYX 6U``Yfid V`Yj VYVcYfbY h]`ViXh Yb f±__Y h]`jU`[" 8Yf _ibbY Z"Y_g j±`[Yg aY``Ya. ! U`hYfbUh]j d`Ub`²gb]b[ Zcf _²__Yb c[ Ybhf ! U`hYfbUh]j _²__YbhmdY ! Zcfg_Y``][Y [fYV h]` _²__Yb` [Yf c[ g_iZZYf ! Zcfg_Y``][Y ZUfjYf d Ñ]gYVcfhYf d VUXYj±fY`gYf ! g_mXYX²f Y``Yf U`a]bXY`][ X²f ] bc[`Y fia

:chcg. >Ybg J" B]Y`gYb

dfc^Y_h @ibXY[ fXYb

(-


:chcg. >Ybg J" B]Y`gYb

dfc^Y_h >U[hjY^

= Yb VmZcfbmY`gYgfYbcjYf]b[ d >U[hjY^ ] ?²VYb\Ujb V`Yj Vfi[YfbYg ²bg_Yf h]`[cXYgYh [YbbYa Yb ihfUX]h]cbY` `²gb]b[ VUgYfYh d ghUbXUfXY`YaYbhYf" Dfc^Y_hYh Yf [Yb! bYaZ²fh ibXYf cjYfg_f]ZhYb A]b]aU`]gaY ] VmZcfbmY`gYb" 5f_]hY_h. ?Ubh 5f_]hY_hYf

)$


=

6YVcYfbYg jU`[ai`][\YXYf g_U` j±fY

dfU_g]g p @cbY NYYVYf[

cjYfg_iY`][Y Ã c[ cjYfg_iY`][\YXYb g]_fYg _ib [YbbYa _jU`]ÐWYfYh f X[]jb]b[

AUb _Ub g X]g_ihYfY ca XYf Yf cdb Yh bc[`Y d±bY _²__Yb`²gb]b[Yf aYb XYh jUf ]__Y `][Y XYh XYh \UbX`YXY ca \Yf"

Dfc^Y_hYh Yf Yh [cXh Y_gYadY` d \jcfXUb Yb f X[]jYf _Ub UѱgY Vfi[Yf²bg_Yf c[ XYfYZhYf ZcfYg` UbXfY `²g! b]b[Yf YbX XYa XYf ia]XXY`VUfh `][[Yf ] _cfhYbY"

>U[hjY^ Ã XYb ]bbcjUh]jY f X[]jYf 8Yb g]XghY Y_gYadY` Yf Yb UbXY`gVc`][ZcfYb]b[ d >U[h! jY^ ] ?²VYb\Ujb" <Yf Yf hU`Y ca Yh hfUX]h]cbY` VmZcfbmY`gYg! dfc^Y_h \jcf VYVcYfY c[ f X[]jYfY ]bXYbZcf XY h]`XY`hY VmZcfbmY`gYga]X`Yf g_i``Y ÐbXY XY aYgh cdh]aU`Y `²g! b]b[Yf d ]ghUbXg±hhY`gY UZ _`]aUg_±fa c[ acXYfb]gY! f]b[ UZ _²__YbYf VUXYj±fY`gYf cgj" :cfbmY`gYb V`Yj d Zcfg²[gVUg]g [YbbYaZ²fh ibXYf cjYfg_f]ZhYb A]b]aU`]gaY ] VmZcfbmY`gYb c[ g_i``Y V`UbXh UbXYh VY`mgY gd²f[ga `Yh ca \jcf `]Xh aUb VY\²jYf Uh `UjY c[ \jcf ghUbXUfX]gYfYh XYh _Ub j±fY Ã iXYb Uh VYVcYfbY V`]jYf ih]`ZfYXgY aYX fYgi`hUhYh" Dfc^Y_hYh \UjXY Yb ghcf [fUX UZ VYVcYf]bXÑmXY`gY V`UbXh UbXYh [YbbYa XY`hU[Y`gY ] Vm[[YiXjU`[" AYb XYf jUf c[g Yb _`Uf cdXY`]b[ gca \UbX`YXY ca Uh VYVcYf! ]bXÑmXY`gYb []_ d iXZU`Xg_fUjYbY Ã\jUX \Uf j] Vfi[ Zcf c[ \jcfXUb g_U` XYh Zib[YfY Ã aYbg f X[]jYfbY hc[ g][ UZ Zcfa _jU`]hYh c[ ghmf]b[ UZ \Y`Y dfcWYggYb" H]` cdZm`XY`gY UZ iXZU`Xg_fUjYbY ZcfYg`c[ f X[]jYfYb ÑYfY ihfUX]h]cbY``Y `²gb]b[Yf \jcf aUb XY`g iXbmhhYXY XYb g±f`][Y Vm[b]b[gZcfa h]` Uh g_UVY bmY Vc`][fia ] Yb Zcfa Zcf ]bÐ`` XY`g ]bXfYhhYXY bmY Vc`][Yf ] hU[YhU[Yb" = ghUfhYb jUf VYVcYfbY ]__Y gdYW]Y`h ]bhYfYggYfYXY ] X]ggY bmY `²gb]b[Yf aYb XYh ±bXfYXY g][ [YbbYa dfcWYggYb" 8Yf V`Yj `UjYh Yb df²jYVc`][ \jcf Zc`_ _ibbY _caaY ]bX c[ gY \jcfXUb XY bmY _²__YbYf c[ VUXYj±fY`gYf g_i``Y gY iX c[ d XYb VU[[fibX _ibbY aUb _caaY aYX Zcfg`U[ h]` ±bXf]b[Yf" 8Yf jUf c[g Yh h]`jU`[gg_YaU aYX ai`][\YX Zcf ²bg_Yf h]` XYb Yb_Y`hY `Y^`][\YX"

?fUj h]` Yb jY``m__Yh VYVYf]bXXfU[Y`gY AUb _Ub gUaaYbZUhhY _fUjYbY h]` Yb jY``m__Yh VYVcYf! ]bXXfU[Y`gY ] hfY dib_hYf. ;cXh _YbXg_UV h]` a `[fiddYb _`UfY fUaaYf c[ ]bXXfU[Y`gY UZ dfcZYgg]cbY` f X[]j! b]b[" 8Yh Yf \Y`h UZ[²fYbXY Uh dfc^Y_hYh Yf h]`dUggYh a `! [fiddYb ]__Y a]bXgh ] Vc`][caf XYf \jcf XYf Yf ghcfY gcW]U`Y dfcV`YaYf c[ Z"Y_g aUb[Y ]bXjUbXfYfY" <Yf bmh! hYf XYh ]__Y Uh _caaY aYX Yb ghcf Zcf_fcaYh dfcWYg gca ]b[Yb _Ub Zcf\c`XY g][ h]`" 8Yf g_U` c[g j±fY bc[`Y _`UfY fUaaYf" B f aUb gca dfcZYgg]cbY` hU`Yf aYX Vfi[YfbY g_U` aUb ]__Y U`YbY Zcf_`UfY \j]`_Y ai`][\YXYf XYf Yf aYb c[g \j]`_Y VY! [f±bgb]b[Yf XYf [±`XYf" 8Yh Yf j][h][h Uh UZghYaaY ZcfjYbhb]b[YfbY" 9bXY`][ g_U` VYVcYfbYg jU`[ai`][\YXYf j±fY cjYfg_i! Y`][Y" :c`_ g_U` _ibbY Zcfgh \jUX XYh Yf XY _Ub j±`[Y" C[ XYbbY cjYfg_iY`][\YX g]_fYg _ib [YbbYa Yb _jU`]Ð! WYfYh f X[]jb]b["

)%


H]bU GUUVm H]bU GUUVm Yf Uf_]hY_h aUU c[ dfc^Y_h`YXYf \cg K]hfUn 5f_]hY_hYf" HY[bYghiYb VYg_±Zh][Yf '$!($ aYbbYg_Yf c[ UfVY^XYf aYX V XY bmVm[[Yf] c[ gh²ffY VmiXj]_`]b[gdfc^Y_hYf V`UbXh UbXYh ] XYb U`aYbY Vc`][gY_hcf"

)&


6fi[YfbYg _fYUh]j]hYh H]bU GUUVm K]hfUn 5f_]hY_hYf

AUb _Ub gca Uf_]hY_h cd`YjY Vfi[YfbY gca Yb ZcfghmffYbXY c[ a g_Y `][YZfYa ]ff]hYfYbXY acXgd]``Yf" AYb aUb _Ub c[g j±`[Y X]U`c[Yb c[ V`]jY ]bgd]fYfYh UZ XYb _fYUh]j]hYh XYf U`h]X Yf h]` ghYXY b f aUb hU`Yf gUaaYb" 6fi[Yf]bXXfU[Y`gYb \Uf V XY Yh ]bZcfaUh]cbg!

@]Xh UZ XYh gUaaY _Ub aUb cd`YjY ] Vc`][caf XYfbY" <Yf a²XYf j] aYbbYg_Yf gca gY`j j]` j±fY aYX c[ VYghYa! aY ]bX\c`X c[ Zcfa d XYfYg Zmg]g_Y ca[]jY`gYf" Gca Uf_]hY_h _Ub Vfi[YfYb cd`YjYg gca Yh ]ff]hYfYbXY acXgd]`" AYb ] ghYXYh Zcf Uh \UjY \c`Xb]b[Yb Uh Vfi[YfbY ]__Y UbYf \jUX XY hU`Yf ca `][[Yf XYf Yh ghcfh dchYbh]U`Y ] Uh [ ] W`]bW\ aYX \YbXY c[ g_UVY X]U`c[" BYhcd XYh j] gY`j ZcfjYbhYf UZ d±XU[c[YfbY ] V²fbY\UjYb"

Yh VYg`ihb]b[g! c[ Yh ]bjc`jYf]b[g`U[" 9b WUgY ZfU ZcfbmY`gYb UZ Yh U`aYbbmhh][h Vm[[Yf] d 5aU[Yf j]gYf Uh XYf Yf Vfi[ Zcf U``Y `U[ c[ Zcf Yb f±__Y _cb_fYhY fYXg_UVYf \j]g X]U`c[Yb g_U` `m__Yg"

= XYh &$" f\ibXfYXY UfVY^XYXY aUb aYX XYb ghUbXUf! X]gYfYXY Vfi[Yf" AUb iXZcfaYXY Z"Y_g" _²__YbYf \jcf aUb d VU[[fibX UZ caZUhhYbXY UbU`mgYf UZ XYb hmd]g_Y Vfi[Yfg VYj±[Y`gYf ZfU g_UV h]` _²__YbjUg_ h]` _caZif c[ h]`VU[Y ][Yb iXZcfaYXY XYh ]XYY``Y _²__Yb" 8Yh _²_! _Yb V`Yj g _cd]YfYh ] b iYbXY`][\YX ] ghcfY Vc`][VYVm[! [Y`gYf" AUb hc[ Vfi[YfYb U`jcf`][h" AYb aUb g \YbXY gca Yb ghUbXUfX]gYfYh aUggYVfi[Yf c[ ]bXXfc[ XYfZcf ]__Y XYb Yb_Y`hY" = XU[ Yf ]bX]j]XYh ] WYbhfia d Yb \Y`h UbXYb a XY" 8Yb Yb_Y`hY Yf a]Xhdib_h ] g]b Y[Yb jYfXYb" = V²fbY\UjYb Yf j] U_h]jY c[ _fYUh]jY Vfi[YfY bc[`Y [Ub[Y h]` ghcf ]f! f]hUh]cb Zcf d±XU[c[Yf c[ V²fbY\UjY`YXY`gY" J] V`UbXYf cg \Uf \c`Xb]b[Yf h]` XYb a XY jcfYg V²fb dUggYg d " J] \Uf h]`aYX [cXY ]XYYf h]` \jcfXUb XY UbgUhhY _Ub V`]jY VYXfY h]` Uh iXZ²fY XYfYg ^cV"

6fi[Yf]bXXfU[Y`gYbg hfY `U[ D hY[bYghiYb cdYfYfYf j] aYX hfY `U[ ] Vfi[Yf]bXXfU[Y`! gYb" 8Yh Z²fghY `U[ Yf ]bZcfaUh]cbg`U[Yh" 8Yh [fibX`±[[Yb! XY `U[" 9b Vfi[Yf g_U` U`h]X ]bZcfaYfYg" Ca ]__Y UbXYh g XYb XU[ \Ub g_U` ÑmhhY ]bX Y``Yf iX" IXcjYf Uh ]bZcf! aYfY ca XY dfU_h]g_Y h]b[ Yf XYh j][h][h Uh Zcfa]X`Y ]bXg][h c[ _`±XY Vfi[YfYb ZU[`][h c[ dfcWYga±gg][h d " <j]g Vfi[Yf]bXXfU[Y`gYb g_U` Zib[YfY g_U` Vfi[YfYb \UjY ]bXg][h ] XY Zcf\c`X XYf g_U` hf±ZZYg VYg`ihb]b[Yf ca" AYX gh][YbXY ]bXg][h Z²`[Yf gca fY[Y` c[g Yb gh][YbXY h]``]X h]` f X[]jYfYbg UfVY^XY gca VYg`ihb]b[g[fibX`U[ ] dfcWYggYb" <j]g aUb _ib cdYfYfYf aYX XYh YbY `U[ \Uf aUb Yb jY`cf]YbhYfYh aYb dUgg]j Vfi[Yf" 8Yh _Ub ]``ighfYfYg jYX Z"Y_g" Yb Vm[\YffY gca cf]YbhYfYf c[ ]bZcfaYfYf g]bY aYXUfVY^XYfY ca \jcfXUb \igYh V`]jYf \jcf XY g_U` g]XXY c[ \jcfXUb XY g_U` UfVY^XY aYb gca ]__Y df]cf]! hYfY XY YfZUf]b[Yf c[ aYb]b[Yf XY UbgUhhY \Uf ca Y[Yb UfVY^Xgg]hiUh]cb" 8Yh UbXYh `U[ Yf VYg`ihb]b[g`U[Yh" 8Yh Yf Yh `U[ j] U`h]X UfVY^XYf aYX ] XYb U`aYbY Vc`][gY_hcf gca \Uf `cjd`][h][h VYVcYfXYac_fUh]" 8Yh _Ub j±fY jUbg_Y`][h c[ aUb[Y [Ub[Y cd`YjYg XYh gca Yb VfYagY d U` Zcf!

)'


Gd]``Y_UggYb

<UddYb]b[

Kcf_g\cd

%"

:Y`hUfVY^XY

&"

=bhYfj]Ykg

'"

8Y`hU[YfcVgYfjUh]cb

("

=bZcfaUh]cb#?caaib]_Uh]cb

)"

Kcf_g\cdg

*"

?UadU[bYf

+"

GhiX]YhifY

,"

?cb_iffYbWYf

-"

<UddYb]b[g

%$"

IXgh]``]b[Yf

%%"

5ZghYab]b[Yf

%&"

Gd]``Y_UggYb

Hc`j j±f_h²^Yf

8Y`hU[YfcVgYfjUh]cbYf

:Y`hUfVY^XY

69G@IHH9

&" @5;

=BJC@J9F9

'" @5;

=B:CFA9F9

%" @5;

HfY `U[

8]U[fUaaYf. K]hfUn 5f_]hY_hYf

)(


=

F X[]jYfbYg YjbY h]` Uh _ibbY ]bZcfaYfY c[

dfU_g]g p H]bU GUUVm

_caaib]_YfY d aUb[Y a XY Yf \Y`h [fibX`±[[YbXY

bmY`gY Uh VYVcYfbY gY`j g_U` ghYaaY ^U h]` \ig`Y^Ygh][! b]b[Yf" AYb XYh Yf bi Yb [Ub[ ZcfiXg±hb]b[Yb ] XYb U`! aYbY gY_hcf" :cf cg VYhmXYf XYh Uh j] g_U` j±fY Xm[h][Y h]` Uh hU`Y ca \j]`_Yb j±fX] ZcfUbXf]b[Yb j] d`Ub`±[[Yf \Uf Zcf XYb Yb_Y`hY VYVcYf" J] a _`±XY \YbXY d h]` Uh gY \Y`\YXYb ] dfcV`Yagh]``]b[YfbY c[ V`]jY aYfY _cadY! hYbh gca VYg`ihb]b[ghU[Yf" 8Yh hfYX]Y `U[ Yf ]bjc`jYf]b[g`U[Yh" <Yf Yf Vfi[YfbY Zcf U`jcf U_h]jY" 8Y ]bX[ f gca _fYUh]jY U_h²fYf ] dfcWYg! gYb" :cfiXg±hb]b[Yb Zcf Uh XYh _Ub Zib[YfY Yf Yb \²^ [fUX UZ ]bXg][h \cg Vfi[YfYb c[ Uh Uf_]hY_hYfbY c[ XY ²jf][Y dfcZYgg]cbY``Y f X[]jYfY Yf ] ghUbX h]` Uh Zcfa]X`Y ai`][\YXYfbY d Yb _jU`]Ð WYfYh a XY" <j]g j] gYf Vfi[YfbY gca _fYUh]jY aYbbYg_Yf XYf V]XfU[Yf h]` iXZcfab]b[Yb UZ Yh dfc^Y_h _Ub j] ] `Ub[h \²^YfY [fUX iXbmhhhY XYfYg YfZUf]b[Yf c[ ]XYYf h]` Uh \²^bY dfc^Y_hYhg j±fX] c[ YZhYfZ²`[YbXY \UjY [`UXY c[ Yb[U[YfYXY Vfi[YfY" 6fi[Yf]bXXfU[Y`gY Yf VYb X]U`c[ 9b UZ XY h]b[ aUb g_U` j±fY cda±f_gca d gca f X! []jYf Yf Zcfg_Y``Yb aY``Ya X]g_igg]cbYb c[ X]U`c[Yb" <jcf X]g_igg]cbYb Yf Yh g`U[ aY``Ya `i__YXY gmbgdib_! hYf g \UbX`Yf X]U`c[Yb ca Uh j±fY VYb Zcf UbXfYg gmbgdib_hYf" B f aUb gca Uf_]hY_h \Uf gU[h ^U h]` Uh ]bX[ ] Yb dfcWYg aYX Vfi[Yf]bXXfU[Y`gY g V`]jYf aUb b²Xh h]` Uh j±fY VYb c[ `mhhY" 8Yh bmhhYf ]__Y Uh g±hhY g][ bYX c[ hY[bY dfc^Y_hYh Z±fX][h c[ [ iX aYX Yb ÈhU_Y ]h cf `YU! jY ]hÈ \c`Xb]b[" 5f_]hY_hYb g_U` ]__Y U`YbY UWWYdhYfY aYb iXbmhhY Vfi[YfbYg fYh h]` Uh [ ]bX c[ `UjY VYbgd±bX gca a g_Y _Ub g_iVVY dfc^Y_hYh ] UbXfY fYhb]b[Yf YbX aUb gY`j jUf cda±f_gca d "

?cb_fYhY j±f_h²^Yf D hY[bYghiYb UfVY^XYf j] XYgiXYb aYX Yb j±f_h²^g! _UggY aYX _cb_fYhY fYXg_UVYf h]` Uh Z Vfi[Yf]bXXfU[Y`! gYb h]` Uh Zib[YfY" Bc[`Y fYXg_UVYf Yf \Y`h _`Ugg]g_Y Uf! _]hY_hZU[`][Y Z±fX][\YXYf aYbg UbXfY Yf _caaYh h]` [YbbYa jcfYg dfU_g]g ] gdYW]Y`h XYh U`aYbY Vc`][Vm[! [Yf]" 9b ghcf XY` UZ j±f_h²^g_UggYb \UbX`Yf ca Uh cd! gh]``Y gd]``YfY[`Yf c[ g±hhY Yb fUaaY Zcf ]bXXfU[Y`gYb" <Yf Yf YjbYb h]` Uh _ibbY ]bZcfaYfY c[ _caaib]_YfY YggYbh]Y` Zcf X]U`c[Yb" 8Yh Yf `Ub[h ZfU bc_ Uh g±hhY hY[b]b[g\cjYXYh ] \^²fbYh UZ XYh hfUX]h]cbY``Y dfc^Y_haU! hYf]U`Y \j]g aUb j]` fUaaY XYb V`UbXYXY a `[fiddY XYh cZhYgh XfY^Yf g][ ca" <Yf g_U` Yb \Y`h UbXYb ]bX`YjY`gY h]` Zcf Y_gYadY` iXhfm_h [YbbYa bc[`Y UZ XY fYh UjUb! WYfYXY j]giU`]gYf]b[gfYXg_UVYf XYf Ð bXYg ] XU[" J] \Uf UbgUh Yb Ubhfcdc`c[ c[ Yb WUbX"Wcaa" ] _ca! aib]_Uh]cb XYf V]XfU[Yf aYX UbXfY fYXg_UVYf c[ ]bX! [Ub[gj]b_`Yf YbX XYa j] gca Uf_]hY_hYf \Uf aYX ] j±f_h²^g_UggYb" =bhYfj]Ykg ZY`hUfVY^XY c[ XY`hU[YfcV! gYfjUh]cbYf Yf fYXg_UVYf gca _Ub Vf]b[Y cg h±hhYfY d XY aYbbYg_Yf XYf g_U` Vfi[Y jcfYg Vmfia XYg][b Y``Yf Vm[b]b[Yf" Kcf_g\cdg ]X j±f_ghYXYf iXgh]``]b[Yf c[ ghiX]YhifY Yf fYXg_UVYf XYf aY[Yh X]fY_hY ]bjc`jYfYf XY Yb_Y`hY Vfi[YfY c[ gUah]X][ []jYf ai`][\YX Zcf Uh Z ]bXg][h c[ Zcfgh VYg`ihb]b[g[fibX`U[Yh" JYX Uh Vfi[Y kcf_g\cd! dYb gca fYXg_UV _Ub aUb U_h]jh [ ]bX ] Yb dfcWYg à VfU]bghcfaY Vm[[Y acXY``Yf `UjY Wc``U[Yf cgj" 9b UZ XY ghcfY iXZcfXf]b[Yf Yf Uh Z Zc`_ ] hU`Y Z²f j] gh f ] XYfYg `Y^`][\YX Y``Yf \Uf iXZ²fh Yh Vmfia aYX Yb [figd`UXg ] ghYXYh Zcf ghUiXYVYXY" 8Yh _Ub j±fY jUbg_Y! `][h c[ \Uf VYhmXYh Uh j] d hY[bYghiYb \Uf hU[Yh fYX! g_UVYf gca _UadU[bYf \UddYb]b[g _cb_iffYbWYf UZ!

))


=

6fi[YfbY Yf Yb ZcfiXg±hb]b[

ghYab]b[Yf c[ `Y[Y ] UbjYbXY`gY" J] \Uf ibXYfj]gh d Zc`_Yg_c`Yf hY[bYh _f]Xhgd]fU`Yf iX`cXXYh V]c[fUZV]``YhhYf c[ \UZh Ufh]ghYf aYX d VUbYb" 5Z gUaaY [fibX \Uf j] hU`h aYX hig]bXYf UZ aYbbYg_Yf gca g_U` Vfi[Y XY ghYXYf c[ fia j] Vm[[Yf" 7UgY. ifVUb!d`UbYb IfVUbd`UbYb Yf Yh ghcfh Vc`][caf XY ZfU %-*$ÈYfbY gca Yf V`YjYh Yb XY` UZ Yh bmh XmbUa]g_ 5aU[Yf aYX ¢fYghUX gca b±faYghY bUVc c[ h±h d V XY aYhfc \UjbYVm ghfUbXdUf_ cgj" Caf XYh VYgh f UZ ZYa Vc`][UZXY`]b[Yf aYX '6 gca Z±``Yg UXa]b]ghfUhcf" HfY UZ XY ZYa Vc`][! UZXY`]b[Yf g_U` \UjY [YbbYaZ²fh Yh ghcfh fYbcjYf]b[g! dfc^Y_h h]` '$$ a]c" _f df]a±fh ] Zcfa UZ ZUWUXYfYbcjY! f]b[ c[ ZcfVYXf]b[ UZ iXYUfYU`Yf" 8Yf Yf YhUV`YfYh Yh dUfhbYfg_UV aYX _caaibYb VYVcYfY Vc`][gY`g_UVYf c[ ¢fYghUX gUah bYXgUh Yh dUfhbYfg_UVggY_fYhUf]Uh aYX ZYa XU[`][Y aYXUfVY^XYfY" = IfVUbd`UbYb UfVY^XYf j] d U``Y hfY b]jYUiYf aYX Uh ]bZcfaYfY VYg`ihhY c[ ]bjc`jYfY" 8Yh [²f j] [YbbYa \Y`Y XYh _`Ugg]g_Y dfcWYgZcf`²V aYX ]X cd`±[ Vm[[Ydfc! [fUa jU`[ UZ f X[]jYf Zcfg`U[ dfc^Y_hZcfg`U[ \cjYXdfc! ^Y_h iXViX c[ Xf]Zh" 6fi[YfbY ]bXXfU[Yg U`hg ]__Y U`YbY ] Zcf\c`X h]` ]X cd`±[[Yh ] ghUfhYb aYb c[g ] XY YZhYf! Z²`[YbXY ZUgYf" 8Yh _Ub [cXh j±fY hib[h ghcZ Zcf `±[Zc`_ Uh g_i``Y hU[Y gh]``]b[ h]` gmghYa`YjYfUbWYf \cjYXdfc^Y_h XYhU]`dfc^Y_h c[ UbXfY ZU[iXhfm_" 8Yf Yf XYfZcf Vfi[h Yb XY` fYggcifWYf d Uh _`±XY VYVcYfbY d h]` XYb dfcWYg" J] UZ\c`Xh h]X`][h ] Zcf`²VYh Yb ghcf kcf_g\cd IfVUb I&!&$$( \jcf U``Y VYVcYfY jUf ]bj]hYfYh" 8Yh [Uj Yb VfU]bghcfa d ]X Yf c[ YbXhY ] Yh Z±``Yg ]X _UhU`c[ gca Yf [fibX`U[Yh Zcf XYb j]XYfY dfcWYg" =XY_UhU`c[Yh VYgh f V XY UZ Z±``Yg \c`Xb]b[Yf Z±``Yg dfc^Y_hYf c[ ]bX]j]Xi!

)*

d `][Y ZcX aYX XYh gai__Y hf±

gca U``Y ^c hU[Yf \Ybgmb h]`

Y``Y dfc^Y_hYf gca _Ub ]bgd]fYfY XY Yb_Y`hY UZXY`]b[Yf" 8Yf V`Yj iXZcfaYh Yb f±__Y ÈXc[aYfY[`YfÈ gca g]_fYf XYb Z±``Yg ]XYbh]hYh gca Yb fUaaY ca_f]b[ XYh \Y`Y" 9ZhYfZ²`[YbXY \Uf j] \UZh UZ[f±bgYXY V²fbYkcf_! g\cdg \jcf V²fbYbY \Uf j±fYh aYX h]` Uh iXj]_`Y XYfYg _caaYbXY `Y[Yd`UXgYf" = Yb kcf_g\cd \UjXY j] XYÐbYfYh Yb W]f_i`±f Zcfa Yb gh±f_ Uf_]hY_hcb]g_ Zcfa XYf fia! aYXY Yb f±__Y ai`][\YXYf" 6²fbYbY Vm[[YXY XYfYZhYf acXY``Yf gca j] iXYb j]XYfY VY\UbX`]b[ [Uj h]` hfY dfc! XiWYbhYf" 8Y hfY dfcXiWYbhYf `UjYXY hfY Zcfg`U[ c[ g Ð_ U``Y V²fbYbY ai`][\YX Zcf Uh ghYaaY ca \j]`_Yh UZ XY hfY Zcfg`U[ XYh g_i``Y j±fY" 8Yh V`Yj h]` Yb _±adY YX! XYf_cd aYX gd]bXY`j±j hfY hf±\mhhYf c[ +) Yb[U[Y! fYXY c[ [`UXY V²fb" = ZUWUXYiXZcfab]b[Yb \Uf VYVcYfbY V`UbXh UbXYh _ibbYh j±`[Y U`hUbYf h]` Y``Yf ZfU" 6YVcYfbY \Uf ]__Y U`YbY _ibbYh j±`[Y `][Y cd h]` XYb XU[ \jcf U`hUbYfbY g_i``Y acbhYfYg aYb ZU_h]g_ c[g YZhYf Uh j] Uf_]hY_hYf \Uf Zcf`UXh dfcWYggYb" G Uf_]hY_hifYb XYfiXY j]` V`]jY jYX aYX Uh ±bXfY g][ c[g YZhYf j] Yf [ Yh iX UZ dfc^Y_! hYh" 8Yh d j]f_Yf ^c gY`j gU[h Uf_]hY_hifYb ca XYf Yf &$ Y``Yf &$$ U`hUbYf g j] \Uf [^cfh aY[Yh iX UZ Uh Zcfh±``Y Uh VYVcYfbY [YbbYa XYfYg U`hUbjU`[ ZU_h]g_ gY`j Yf aYX h]` Uh df±[Y Uf_]hY_hifYb" AUb _Ub a g_Y gmbYg Uh Yb ZUWUXY _Ub V`]jY `]Xh Zcf Vfc[Yh b f Vfi[YfbY gY`j XYÐbYfYf \j]`_Y Vc`][Yf XYf \Uf b U`hUb hc U`hUbYf Y``Yf a g_Y Yh UbhU` a]bXfY ZfUbg_Y U`hUbYf" AYb j] hfcf d Uh ZUWUXYgmghYaYh c[ XYb fUaaY j] gca Uf_]hY_hYf _Ub g±hhY \c`XYf ghmf d iXhfm__Yh c[ []jYf Yb aUb[Zc`X][ c[ `YjYbXY Uf_]hY_hif" D XYb a XY V`]jYf Vfi[YfbY Yb ZcfiXg±hb]b[ Zcf iXZcfab]b[Yb d `][Y ZcX aYX XYh Y_g]ghYfYbXY ghcfY gai__Y hf± gca U``Y ^c hU[Yf \Ybgmb h]`"


dfU_g]g p H]bU GUUVm

dfc^Y_h IfVUbd`UbYb

6miXj]_`]b[gdfc^Y_h aYX ZUWUXYfYbcjYf]b[ c[ Zcf! VYXf]b[ UZ iXYUfYU`Yf ] ghcfh Vc`][caf XY d 5aU[Yf" Dfc^Y_h c[ ]``ighfUh]cbYf. K]hfUn 5f_]hY_hYf


IXXfU[ UZ gUa`Yh h]XgcjYfg][h Zcf Vfi[Yf! ]bXXfU[Y`gYbg hfY `U[ ] dfc^Y_h IfVUbd`UbYb" Dfc^Y_h c[ ]``ighfUh]cbYf. K]hfUn 5f_]hY_hYf

Kommunikation: Postkort

Happening 01 Jagten på den lysende sti

Happening 02 Flagrende sedler værksted 1

Happening 03 Hvad vil du ha i centret værksted 3

Happening 04 stillads værksted 2

Happening 05 Urban pizza

udstilling 01 - præsentation - fest med Die Herren

Happening 06 5U Dyvekeskole markerer Livsnerven i parken

beboere vælger hvilke ideer der går med i idekataloget

4 værksteder - workshop 02 værkstedspiloter: MUTOPIA, Parc, NORD, cOPENhagen OFFICE

2003

5U Dyvekeskole 1 uges opgave om Remiseparken

Urban U2-2004; 4 dage 4 værksteder - workshop

IDEKATALOG

RIAT

1. fælles holdninger 2. fælles projekter 3. individueller projekter PRESSE: TV Lorry fem indslag i Amagerbladet

),

U2 temamøder


=

dfU_g]g p H]bU GUUVm

5f_]hY_hYb g_U` ]__Y U`YbY UWWYdhYfY aYb iXbmhhY Vfi[YfbYg fYh h]` Uh `UjY bc[`Y VYbgd±bX gca _Ub g_iVVY dfc^Y_hYh ] bmY fYhb]b[Yf

dfc^Y_h IfVUbd`UbYb

Beboeranalyse spørgeskemaundersøgelse

Trafikuge nye miljø tiltag

udvidelse af rammen på afdelingsmøder

Seniorboliger 55+

Miljø festival

udstilling: Forny di - Remiseparken - ved de enkelte pr - i alle beboerhuse

melde sig til e altan, fransk a

Afstemning - Hørgården 75 børn deltog

Studietur til facader og friarealer

Afdelingsmøder juni - sept. 2004

workshop - Hørgården »Legeplads hvor er du?«

syv arbejdsgrupper

workshop 20 børn i Nord

arbejdsgrupper - facader 3 x 3 møder 2 x spil fra spillekassen

studietur til lokale beboerhuse

workshop 25 børn i Øst

studietur til beboerhuse - Wapnagård

LIVSNERVEN

Forny din bolig kampagne

Aktivitetshus program

tre afdelinger udvider rammen til friarealer Hørgården I udvider rammen med altaner til alle midtforlejligheder otte prøvefelter

fire legeplads felter i Øst

)-

a 1 u


;]hhY 5bXYfgYb ;]hhY 5bXYfgYb Yf X]fY_h²f ] G][bU` 5f_]hY_hYf gca VYg_±Zh][Yf g][ aYX dfcWYg! c[ fiaXYg][b" HY[bYghiYb UfVY^XYf df]a±fh aYX UfVY^Xgd`UXg]bXfYhb]b[ Zcf cZZYbh`][Y c[ df]jUhY j]f_gca\YXYf"

*$


AYbbYg_Yf `YXY`gY fia ;]hhY 5bXYfgYb G][bU` 5f_]hY_hYf

6fi[Yf]bXXfU[Y`gY ] Vm[[Yf] VYhmXYf ^c ]__Y Uh Vfi[YfbY g_U` j±fY aYX h]` Uh Zcfa[]jY Yh V`Ub! X]b[gVUhhYf] ] Yh []jYh ²^YV`]_gV]``YXY b f Vm[[Y! f]Yh cdZ²fYg" 6fi[Yf]bXXfU[Y`gY Yf Yb ZcfUbXf]b[g! dfcWYg \jcf XY ]bjc`jYfYXY Vfi[YfY iXgh]__Yf fYhb]b[g`]b]Yf Zcf gUagd]``Yh aY``Ya aYbbYg_Yf c[ Vm[b]b[ Ã bi c[ ] ZfYah]XYb" 9b WUgY aYX Yh bmh f X\ig ] <]``Yf²X j]gYf Uh Yb g XUb Vfi[Yf]bXXfU[Y`gY _Ub g_UVY bmY ]XYYf c[ ] g]XghY YbXY bm j±fX] Zcf V XY j]f_gca\YX c[ Vfi[YfY"

8Yf hU`Yg aY[Yh ca Uh 8UbaUf_ g_U` cjYf`YjY gca Yh j]XYbggUaZibX c[ ca Uh Vfi[YfXfYjYb ]bbcjUh]cb Yf Yh j][h][h Y`YaYbh ] iXj]_`]b[Yb UZ j]XYbggUaZibXYh c[ jcfYg [`cVU`Y _cb_iffYbWYXm[h][\YX" 6fi[Yf]bXXfU[Y`gY Yf ] XU[ V`YjYh Yh _cb_iffYbWYdUfUaYhYf ] j]XYbgVUgY! fYXY j]f_gca\YXYf" 6fi[Yf]bXXfU[Y`gY Yf ]__Y VUfY bc[Yh aUb UbjYbXYf Zcf Uh j±fY Yb Ñ]b_ Zmf Y``Yf Zcf Uh g_UVY `]Xh dgYiXcXYac_fUh] aYb ZcfX] Vfi[Yf]bjc`jYf]b[ fYbh ZU_h]g_ g_UVYf j±fX] Zcf j]f_gca\YXYb ][YbbYa XYb dfcWYg aUb ]bjc`jYfYf Vfi[YfbY ]" :cfiXg±hb]b[Yb Zcf Vfi[YfXfYjYb ]bbcjUh]cb Yf ^c gY`j gU[h Vfi[YfYb" 8Yh Yf XYfZcf \Y`h j]hU`h Uh j] V`]jYf VYXfY h]` Uh ]bXXfU[Y Vfi[YfYb c[ UbjYbXY Vfi[YfYb b f j] g_U` gUaaYbh±b_Y aYbbYg_Yf `YXY`gYf c[ fia" 8Yh [±`XYf ] XYb UfVY^Xgd`UXgiXZcfab]b[ XYf Yf iX[Ub[g!

dib_h Zcf XY Z²`[YbXY cjYfjY^Y`gYf aYb XYh [±`XYf ] j]X iXghf±_b]b[ c[g Zcf Vc`][Yf c[ U``Y UbXfY ZcfaYf Zcf fia#`±f]b[gfia aa ] Uf_]hY_hifYb" 6fi[Yf]bXXfU[Y`gY _f±jYf `YXY`gY 9b UZ XY WYbhfU`Y ZcfiXg±hb]b[Yf Zcf Yb jY``m__Yh Vfi! [Yf]bXXfU[Y`gY jYX iXZcfab]b[ UZ Uf_]hY_hif h]` UfVY^Xg! d`UXgYf Yf h]`ghYXYj±fY`gY UZ gmb`][ `YXY`gY" 8Yh Yf j]hU`h Uh Yb `YXY`gY ]bjc`jYfYf g][ c[ Yf h]` ghYXY ZfU ghUfh ib! XYfjY^g c[ jYX cdZ²`[b]b[ UZ dfcWYggYb" <j]g aUb VUfY [ f iX c[ gd²f[Yf Zc`_ \jUX XY \Uf `mgh h]` g j]` XY ZcfaYbh`][ ²bg_Y g][ bc[Yh XYf a]bXYf ca XYh XY \Uf c[ a g_Y `±[[Y %$ dfcWYbh h]` Zcf Uh `UjY Yb \Y`[UfXYf]b[" 6fi[Yf]bXXfU[Y`gY Yf ZcfUbXf]b[gdfcWYggYf \jcf `YXY`gYb [ f ZcffYgh c[ iXgh]__Yf fYhb]b[Yb Zcf \jUX XYh Yf j] j]` ZcfUbXfY" <jUX Yf j]g]cbYb c[ fYhb]b[Yb Zcf ZcfUbXf]b[Yb3 <jUX Yf XYh j] j]` V`]jY VYXfY h]`" <jUX Yf XYh j] U``YfYXY [²f [cXh3 <jUX Yf fUaaYfbY3 8Yh Yf b²XjYbX][Y gd²f[ga ` Zcf Uh _ibbY dYfgdY_h]jYfY dfc! WYggYb c[ dYfgdY_h]jYfY ZcfUbXf]b[YfbY" :cf Yb `YXY`gY Yf XYh U`h]X j][h][h Uh \ig_Y Uh Vfi[Yf! ]bXXfU[Y`gY Yf `YXY`gY UZ _cadYhYbhY aYbbYg_Yf" 8Yh bmhhYf ]__Y aYX dgYiXcdfcWYggYf \jcf aUb hfcf Uh \j]g aUb gd²f[Yf Vfi[YfbY \jUX XY j]` \UjY g \Uf aUb [^cfh \jUX aUb _ibbY c[ g _Ub aUb ]__Y Zcfgh \j]g h]b! [YbY ]__Y j]f_Yf VU[YZhYf" 8Yh Yf \Y``Yf ]__Y bc_ Uh \mfY f X[]jYfY h]` \ bXhYf]b[ UZ dfcWYggYb à `YXY`gYb g_U` [ ZcffYgh" 9b iXZcfXf]b[ Zcf Uf_]hY_hYf 6fi[Yf]bXXfU[Y`gY _f±jYf gd]``YfY[`Yf ZcfiXg±hb]b[Yf fYhh][\YXYf c[ Zcfd`][h][Y`gYf" 8Yh Yf Yb iXZcfXf]b[ Zcf Uf_]hY_hYf Uh j±fY f X[]jYf ] Yb g XUb dfcWYg gca ] j]X

*%


dfc^Y_h Bm <]``Yf²X f X\ig

Kcf_g\cd aYX UZdf²jb]b[ UZ Zcfg_Y``][Y gWYbUf]Yf Zcf XYh XU[`][Y gUaUfVY^XY ] XYh bmY f X\ig" DfcWYgUf_]hY_hYf. G][bU` 5f_]hY_hYf

*&


=

8Yh Yf ]__Y bc_ Uh XYÐbYfY VY\cjYbY

dfU_g]g p ;]hhY 5bXYfgYb

jYX Uh _][[Y bYX ZcfUb g]bY g_c c[ ÐbXY iX UZ \jUX XYh Yf j] g_U` `][Y \Yf c[ bi

iXghf±_b]b[ \UbX`Yf ca `YXY`gYgghfUhY[]Yf Zcf XYb j]f_! gca\YX aUb Yf f X[]jYf Zcf" AUb g_U` V XY _ibbY ]bjc`jYfY aYXUfVY^XYfY c[ `Y! XYfY d U``Y ai`][Y b]jYUiYf ] Yb cf[Ub]gUh]cb c[ aUb g_U` _ibbY _cV`Y ghfUhY[]g_Y dfcWYggYf h]` iXZcfab]b[ UZ fia" 8Yh \UbX`Yf ] j]f_Y`][\YXYb ca Uh Vfi[Y fia gca ghfUhY[]g_ fYXg_UV ] ZcfUbXf]b[gdfcWYggYf c[ gY fia gca `±f]b[gfia aY``Ya _cadYhYbhY aYbbYg_Yf" Ai`][\YXYf c[ VUff]YfYf 6fi[Yf]bXXfU[Y`gY a \Y`Y h]XYb dYfgdY_h]jYfYg ] Zcf\c`X h]` ZfYah]XYb" 8Yh Yf ]__Y bc_ Uh XYÐbYfY VY\cjYbY jYX Uh _][[Y bYX ZcfUb g]bY g_c c[ ÐbXY iX UZ \jUX XYh Yf j] g_U` `][Y \Yf c[ bi" 8Yh Yf j][h][h Uh UfVY^XY aYX ZfYa! h]XggWYbUf]Yf ZcfX] j] c[g d j]f_Yg UZ Y_ghYfbY _f±ZhYf XYf [²f XYh iai`][h Uh XYÐbYfY \UbX`Yai`][\YXYfbY d Zcf\ bX" 6fi[Yf]bXXfU[Y`gY \UbX`Yf ca Uh VbY ai`][! \YXgfiaaYh cd c[ gY \jUX XYh Yf j] _Ub j±`[Y h]` c[ ZfU ] []jbY g]hiUh]cbYf" 6fi[Yf]bXXfU[Y`gY \UbX`Yf ] \²^ [fUX c[g ca Uh g_UVY [Y^gh ] Yb dfcWYg c[ Y^Yfg_UV h]` Yb ZcfUbXf]b[" <Yf _caaYf aUb ]__Y iXYb ca Uh h]`ghYXYj±fY`gYb UZ [Yb! g]X][ gmadUh] aY``Ya U_h²fYfbY ibXYfjY^g ] Yb dfcWYg _Ub VYhmXY f][h][ aY[Yh Zcf \jcfXUb fYgi`hUhYh V`]jYf ] XYb g]XghY YbXY" IXj]_`]b[ c[ Vfi[YfXfYjYb ]bbcjUh]cb _f±jYf `YXY`gY c[ `mgh h]` ZcfUbXf]b[ ] Yh Z±``Ygg_UV" 7UgY. 9h bmh f X\ig h]` Bm <]``Yf²X ?caaibY 8Yh Z²`[YbXY Yf Yb VYg_f]jY`gY UZ Yb UZ XY ZcfUbXf]b[g! dfcWYggYf hY[bYghiYb Zcf ²^YV`]__Yh Yf ]bjc`jYfYh ]" Bm <]``Yf²X ?caaibY Yf ] [Ub[ aYX Yb Zig]cbgdfcWYg c[ g_U` ] XYb ZcfV]bXY`gY Vm[[Y Yh bmh Z±``Yg f X\ig" J] \Uf j±fYh dfcWYgf X[]jYf Zcf XY hc _caaibYf gca bYhcd

\Uf iXUfVY^XYh Yh dfc[fUa Zcf Yb _cb_iffYbWY ca iX! Zcfab]b[Yb UZ XYh bmY f X\ig" DfcWYggYb Yf ghUfhYh aYX Uh hcd`YXY`gYb d hj±fg UZ XY hc _caaibYf \Uf Zcfai`YfYh bc[`Y j]g]cbYf Zcf XYh bmY f X\ig" 8Yf Yf ] j]X iXghf±_b]b[ hU`Y ca V`²XY `]Xh ÑmXYbXY VY[fYVYf XYf fYhhYf g][ acX XY \UbX`]b[Yf c[ fY`Uh]cbYf gca XYh bmY f X\ig g_U` VYZcfXfY" 5``YfYXY \Yf V`]jYf j] ^c iXZcfXfYh gca Uf_]hY_hYf ZcfX] j] Yf g jUbh h]` Uh h±b_Y ZU_hiY`h" J] Yf jUbh h]` Uh h±b_Y ] fia j] Yf jUbh h]` Uh h±b_Y ] hU` c[ j] Yf jUbh h]` Uh h±b_Y ] fY`Uh]cbYf aY``Ya XY Zcfg_Y``][Y fia" AYb \Yf gh f aUb U`hg aYX Yb dfcWYg XYf ghUfhYf aYX Yb aUggY V`²XY h]b[ ca \jUX j] g_U` V`]jY VYXfY h]` ]aY``Ya aYbbYg_Yf c[ \jUX XYh Yf j] [YfbY j]` Zc_igYfY d ] a²XYh aYX Vcf[YfYb" 5ZX±_b]b[ UZ VY\cj :²fghY g_f]Xh ] dfcWYggYb jUf Uh gUa`Y aYXUfVY^XYfY c[ `YXYfY d hj±fg UZ XY hc _caaibYf ] Yb *$ dYfgcbYf ghcf Zc_ig[fiddY XYf fYdf±gYbhYfYXY U``Y ZU[caf XYf Uf! VY^Xgcd[UjYf c[ _cadYhYbWY`U[" AYX iX[Ub[gdib_h ] XY cjYfcfXbYXY j]g]cbYf c[ j±fX]Yf UfVY^XYXY XY`hU! [YfbY ] [fiddYf aYX Yb f±__Y X]U`c[fYXg_UVYf gd]` c[ `Y[Yh²^" 8]U`c[Yb Yf j][h][ c[ XYfZcf c[g UfVY^XYh ] [fiddYf \jcf aUb Z f hU[Yh XY hj±f[ YbXY X]g_igg]cbYf" vb g]X! XYf c[ UfVY^XYf aYX Yb UfVY^Xgcd[UjY b UbXYb aYX XYb gUaaY c[ `][Y d`iXgY`][ Yf_YbXYf XY Uh XYh ZU_h]g_ Zib[YfYf Ðbh d hc Zcfg_Y``][Y a XYf à Uh XY _Ub `±fY bc[Yh UZ \]bUbXYb ]g±f b f XY g_U` dYfgdY_h]jYfY h]b! [YbY ] Zcf\c`X h]` YjYbhiY``Y bmY ZfYah]X][Y cd[UjYf Zcf XYa VY[[Y" J] Zc_igYfYXY d a²XYh aYX Vcf[YfYb" ?Ub aUb _ib a²XY Vcf[YfYb jYX Yb g_fUb_Y Y``Yf _Ub aUb

*'


=

J] g_U` gca f X[]jYfY _ibbY Zcfgh Vfi[YfbY ] XYfYg UfVY^XgdfcWYggYf c[

] XYfYg XU[`][Y fia

a²XY Vcf[YfYb d UbXfY a XYf3 9b UZ j]g]cbYfbY Zcf f X\igYh jUf bYhcd Yb \Y`\YXgh±b_b]b[ XYf [^cfXY Uh aUb g_i``Y a²XY Vcf[YfYb d Yb UbXYb a XY ] ²^Yb! \²^XY c[ `i__Y Vcf[YfYb ]bX gca aYXdfcXiWYbh d Yb f±__Y bmY cd[UjYf" 8Yh gh]``Yf bc[`Y \Y`h UbXfY _fUj h]` iXZcfab]b[Yb UZ Yh f X\ig à c[ h]` Vcf[YfgYfj]WY Zcf XYb gU[g g_m`X" J] UfVY^XYXY aYX bmY XYÐb]h]cbYf d df]jUh\YX fia c[ ]XYbh]hYh Zcf Uh ÐbXY iX UZ \jUX XYf VYZcfXfYf hf]jgY` ] Yh fia" <jcfXUb ZUjbYf j] _cb_fYh XY [cXY fY`Uh]cbYf aY``Ya aYbbYg_Yf ] fia3 :±``Yg fYZYfYbWYfUaaY 8Yb Z²fghY Z±``Yg kcf_g\cd g_UVhY Yb Z±``Yg Zc_ig d iXj]_`]b[gfYhb]b[Yb ] VY[[Y _caaibYf" 8Yb `]``Y _ca! aibY Yf jUbh h]` aY[Yh _cfhY jY^Y aY``Ya VYg`ihb]b[g! dfcWYggYfbY" 8Yf Yf Yf _cfh jY^ ZfU _caaibU`X]fY_h²fYb h]` XY Yb_Y`hY hYUag" <Yf \UjXY aUb Yb VY_maf]b[ Zcf \]YfUf_]Yh ] XYb gh²ffY _caaibY aYX ÑYfY UZXY`]b[Yf c[ ÑYfY VYg`ihb]b[g`YX" CajYbXh Ð_ aUb Yb Yf_YbXY`gY UZ Uh aUb ] XYb gh²ffY _caaibY jUf XY` UZ Yb gh²ffY _ca! dYhYbWY[fiddY aYX ai`][\YX Zcf ZU[`][ gdUff]b[ c[ _cadYhYbWYiXj]_`]b[" 8Yf cdghcX Yb Yf_YbXY`gY UZ Uh fia \Uf Yb ghcf ]bX! ÑmXY`gY d \jcfXUb j] UfVY^XYf gUaaYb" H]X`][YfY jUf XYf a g_Y Yb cdZUhhY`gY UZ Uh fia \UbX`Yf ca ]bXfYhb]b[ à c[ UfVY^XgdfcWYggYf ca `YXY`gY cf[Ub]gUh]cb c[ fY`U! h]cbYf" AYb kcf_g\cddYb Ð_ Zc`_ h]` Uh h±b_Y XYh gUa! aYb c[ gUah]X][ g±hhY Zc_ig d UfVY^Xg_i`hifYb gca j±_ghXf]jYf ] Yb Yf_YbXY`gY UZ Uh XYb Y[Ybh`][ iXZcfXf]b[ a g_Y ] j]f_Y`][\YXYb Yf Uh ÐbXY iX UZ \jUX XYh Yf Zcf Yb UfVY^Xg_i`hif j] [YfbY j]` \UjY ] XYb bmY _caaibY c[ \j]`_Y _fUj XYh g gh]``Yf h]` fiaaYbY c[ h]` \igYh"

*(

8Y h]b[ XYf _ca ZfYa d XYb Z²fghY kcf_g\cd à V XY VY_maf]b[YfbY c[ ai`][\YXYfbY à UfVY^XYXY j] j]XYfY aYX j]U bmY gd]` c[ bmY fYXg_UVYf" J] UfVY^XYXY Z"Y_g" aYX gWYbUf]Yf Zcf \jcfXUb Zcfg_Y``][Y \^Yacaf XYf _ibbY VYZcfXfY bmY a XYf Uh UfVY^XY d " J] iX`U[XY a g_Y Z±ffY UfVY^XgghUh]cbYf YbX XYf jUf aYbbYg_Yf c[ g h±b_hY j] bc[`Y UbXfY ZUW]`]hYhYf ]bX ] ghYXYh" J] ]``iXYfYXY j]U gd]` Zcfg_Y``][Y hmd]g_Y UfVY^XgXU[Y ] XY Yb_Y`hY gWYbUf]Yf gca [fiddYXY`hU[YfbY _ibbY [ d UfVY^XY ] à c[ XYf][YbbYa VY[mbXhY Zc_ig[fiddYfbY gY`j Uh h±b_Y ] `²gb]b[Yf" 6fi[YfbY Ð_ [YbbYa gd]``Yh ai`][\YXgfiaaYh iXj]XYh aYbg XYh ghUX][ VUfY jUf iZUf`][Y ghfY[Yf d Yh ghm__Y dUd]f" <j]g aUb g_U` hY[bY Yh bmh f X\ig XYf g_U` `²ZhY UbXfY cd[UjYf Zcf Vcf[YfbY YbX XYh [²f ] XU[ g \UbX`Yf XYh c[g ca Uh iXZcfXfY g][ gY`j d Uh UfVY^Xgcd[UjYfbY _Ub ZcfY[ UbXfY ghYXYf YbX `][Y df±W]g XYf \jcf XY ZcfY[ f ] XU[" J] Ð_ Vfi[YfYb h]` Uh h±b_Y ] UX[Ub[ h]` _cadYhYbWYf ] UfVY^Xgcd[UjYf c[ ] UX[Ub[ h]` fia gca bc[Yh XYf \±b[Yf i`²gY`][h gUaaYb" 8Yf V`Yj g_UVh Zcfgh Y`gY Zcf Uh XYh [cXY UfVY^XY Yf UbXYh YbX VUfY Uh g]XXY U`YbY ZcfUb dWÈYb" AUb VY[mbXhY Uh _ibbY gY g][ gY`j g]XXY d`UWYfYh UbXfY ghYXYf gUaaYb aYX UbXYf`Y! XYg iXXUbbYXY aYbbYg_Yf c[ `²gY cd[UjYf" 8Yf V`Yj j]f_Y`][ jYbXh cd c[ bYX d h]b[YbY" J]g]cbYb V`Yj _cb_fYh]gYfYh g XYh ]__Y VUfY jUf cfX XYf \Ub[ c[ gj±jYXY cjYf XYh \Y`Y aYb V`Yj [^cfh h]` bc[Yh _cb_fYh c[ Zmg]g_" 8Yh \UbX`Yf ^c ca Uh j] gca f X[]jYfY g_U` _ibbY Zcfgh aYbbYg_Yf ] XYfYg cf[Ub]gUh]cbYf j] g_U` _ibbY UѱgY UfVY^XgdfcWYggYfbY \cg aYbbYg_Yf ] XY cf[Ub]! gUh]cbYf j] _caaYf iX ] à c[ _ibbY h]`Y[bY cg bc[Yh UZ XYh XYf ZcfY[ f c[ Yf \jYfXU[ \cg XYa"


=

6fi[Yf]bXXfU[Y`gY \UbX`Yf ca Uh ]bjc`jYfY

dfU_g]g p ;]hhY 5bXYfgYb

Vfi[YfbY ] \jUX XYf g_U` ZcfY[ ] fia à \j]`_Y fY`Uh]cbYf c[ ghYab]b[Yf XYf g_U` VYZcfXfYg

9h UbXYh Vm[[Ydfc[fUa 8Yb iXUfVY^XYXY VY\cjgUbU`mgY UZgdY^`YXY g][ ] Uh Vm[! [Ydfc[fUa c[ iXViXgaUhYf]U`Y V`Yj iXZcfaYh UbXYf`Y! XYg YbX Yh hfUX]h]cbY`h dfc[fUa" = dfc[fUaaYh V`Yj VY! g_fYjYh \j]`_Y fY`Uh]cbYf ]aY``Ya aYbbYg_Yf \igYh g_U` _ibbY fiaaY c[ \j]`_Y _cV`]b[Yf aUb ²bg_YXY aY``Ya UfVY^XgdfcWYggYf c[ fia" 8Yh jUf U`hg Yh dfc[fUa XYf hc[ bc[`Y UZ XY V`²XY aYbbYg_Y`][Y fY`Uh]cbYf ]bX c[ cagUhhY XYa h]` fia_fUj" Dfc[fUaaYh UfVY^XYXY c[g aYX \j]`_Y ghYab]b[Yf fiaaYbY g_i``Y VYZcfXfY ] Zcf! \c`X h]` XYh XYf g_U` ZcfY[ ] XYa" FY`Uh]cbgVYg_f]jY`gYfbY V`Yj gidd`YfYh aYX \Y`Y XYh hfUX]h]cbY``Y dfc[fUa gca j] _YbXYf XYh c[ gca Yf ZU_hiY`h c[ `]ghYf bc[`Y h]b[ cd gca XY VmXYbXY g_U` []jY Zcfg`U[ h]`" 8Y VmXYbXY \Uf _ibbYh Zcfai`YfY `²gb]b[gZcfg`U[ c[ j]g]cbYf d Yb UbXYb a XY YbX XY Yf jUbh h]`" 8Yh \Uf gUh XYa ] ghUbX h]` Uh VbY ai`][\YXgfiaaYh cd ] Zcf\c`X h]` hfUX]h]cbY``Y _cb_iffYbWYf c[ XYh _ca XYf bc[`Y UbXfY VYgjUfY`gYf iX UZ" 8Yh ZcfiXg±hhYf Uh XY hYUag XYf df±_jU`]ÐWYfYg Yf ] ghUbX h]` Uh hc`_Y c[ UbjYbXY Yh dfc[fUa XYf Zc_igYfYf d XY U_h]j]hYhYf gca fiaaYbY g_U` VYZcfXfY" Dfc[fUaaYhg ]bXZU`Xgj]b_`Yf V`Yj c[g Zi`[h cd ] jifXY! f]b[Yb UZ _cb_iffYbWYdfc^Y_hYfbY g XYh ]__Y VUfY V`Yj bc[Yh `mf]_ gca ghcX ] Yh Vm[[Ydfc[fUa \jcfYZhYf XYf ] ²jf][h ]__Y jUf bc[Yb XYf [UX Uh hU[Y g][ aYfY UZ XYh" Dfc^Y_hYfbY V`Yj fYbh ZU_h]g_ c[g jifXYfYh d XYfYg YjbY h]` Uh cdhU[Y XY g_]hgYfYXY dfcWYggYf c[ h]` Uh Ubg_iY`][! [²fY Uh XY ZcfYg` YXY UfYU`Yf cjYf h]X _ibbY Vfi[Yg d aUb[Y Zcfg_Y``][Y a XYf à g Vm[b]b[Yb c[g jUf gUa! UfVY^Xgj]``][ cjYf h]X"

DfcWYggYb Yf ]__Y g`ih aYb Zcfhg±hhYf bi aYX d]`chdfc! ^Y_hYf c[ UZdf²jb]b[Yf UZ \^YaaYcaf XYf ]%.% à g XUb `]Xh 8c[j]``YU[h][h aYX cdVm[b]b[ UZ Yh \^Yacaf XY Z²fgh ] d`Ub c[ gYbYfY ] '8" 6fi[Yf]bXXfU[Y`gY g_UVYf j±fX] <]ghcf]Yb ZfU <]``Yf²X j]gYf Uh Vfi[Yf]bXXfU[Y`gY g_UVYf j±fX]" 6fi[Yf]bXXfU[Y`gYb _Ub d j]f_Y Yb dfcWYg c[ Yh fYgi`hUh dcg]h]jh b f dfcWYggYb ZcfUb_fYg ] `YXY`gYb gca Yb ZcfiXg±hb]b[ c[ b f `YXY`gYb Yf ] ghUbX h]` Uh Zcfai! `YfY Yb j]g]cb Zcf \jcf XY j]` \Yb aYX ZcfUbXf]b[Yb" <j]g Vfi[Yf]bXXfU[Y`gYb gdf]b[Yg cjYf V`]jYf `YXY`gYbg j]g]c! bYf \ifh][h VUfY Yh fYbh cf[Ub]gUhcf]g_ dfc^Y_h XYf ]__Y _cV`Yg h]` fia c[ g V`]jYf XYh a g_Y \Y``Yf ]__Y _cV`Yh h]` fY`Uh]cbYf aY``Ya aYbbYg_Yf Y``Yf h]` _cb_fYhY \UbX! `]b[Yf ] \jYfXU[Yb" G _Ub aUb gd²f[Y ca XYf Yf Yb _cbÑ]_h ]aY``Ya Vfi[Yfh]`dUgb]b[ c[ ghUbXUfX]gYf]b[" AYb \Yf \UbX`Yf XYh jY` aYfY ca Uh Zc_ig Yf ÑmhhYh YbX ca Yb Y[Ybh`][ acXg±hb]b[" 6fi[Yf]bXXfU[Y`gY VYhmXYf ^c ]__Y Uh Vfi! [YfbY g_U` j±fY aYX h]` Uh Zcfa[]jY Yb j±[ Y``Yf Yh V`UbX]b[gVUhhYf] ] Yh []jYh ²^YV`]_gV]``YXY UZ cf[Ub]gUh]c! bYb" 6fi[Yf]bXXfU[Y`gY \UbX`Yf ca Uh ]bjc`jYfY Vfi! [YfbY ca_f]b[ dfcWYggYf XYf UZX±__Yf \jUX XYf g_U` ZcfY[ ] fia à \jUX XYh Yf Zcf bc[`Y fY`Uh]cbYf j] g_U` `m__Yg aYX c[ \jUX XYh Yf Zcf bc[`Y ghYab]b[Yf fia! aYbY g_U` VYZcfXfY c[ ibXYfgh²hhY" Bc[Yh f X[]jYfbY _ib _Ub [±hhY d aYb gca Vfi[YfbY jYX" 8YfZfU _Ub XY dfcZYgg]cbY``Y f X[]jYfY Uf_]hY_hYf c[ ]b[Yb]²fYf hU[Y ZUh c[ Zcfa[]jY XY fia XYf V XY ZfYa! aYf ]bhYfU_h]cb c[ Uihcbca]" 6 XY \Yf c[ bi c[ ]bX ] ZfYah]XYb iX ZfU XY dYfgdY_h]jYf gca Vfi[YfYb \Uf iX! ghi__Yh"

*)


dfU_g]g p ;]hhY 5bXYfgYb

dfc^Y_h Bm <]``Yf²X f X\ig

J]bXYfdfc^Y_h ] _cb_iffYbWY ca bmh f X\ig h]` Bm <]``Yf²X ?caaibY" 5f_]hY_h c[ ]``ighfUh]cbYf. ?<F 5f_]hY_hYf

**


*+


6^Uf_Y =b[Y`g 6^Uf_Y =b[Y`g Yf ]bX\UjYf UZ UZ hY[bYghiYb 6=; gca VYg_±Zh][Yf g][ aYX [f±bgYcjYfg_f]XYbXY Vm[[Ydfc^Y_hYf ] 8UbaUf_ c[ ] iX`UbXYh"

*,


8Yb Uf_]hY_hcb]g_Y ]X 6^Uf_Y =b[Y`g HY[bYghiYb 6=;

5f_]hY_hcb]g_ bmh±b_b]b[ c[ _jU`]hYh g_UVYg UZ Uf_]hY_hYf ]__Y UZ Vfi[YfY" 8Yf _Ub h]` [Yb! [±`X j±fY [cX [fibX h]` Uh g±hhY g][ ]bX ] \jYa Vfi[YfbY ZU_h]g_ Yf" 8Yh _Ub Z"Y_g g_Y [YbbYa ghiX]Yf UZ ghUh]gh]g_ aUhYf]U`Y Y``Yf [YbbYa ]b! gd]fUh]cb ZfU ZfYah]XgZcfg_YfY" 8Yh \Uf j] V`UbXh UbXYh Vfi[h d hmdY\igcaf XYh \jcf j] \Uf iXj]_`Yh Yb f±__Y \igdfc^Y_hYf \jcf Vfi[YfbY \Uf j]ggY jU`[ai`][\YXYf ]bXYbZcf Yb _`Uf cjYf! cfXbYh ]X " JcfYg Zcf\c`X h]` Vfi[Yf]bXXfU[Y`gY d hY[bYghiYb 6=; Yf aY[Yh ]bgd]fYfYh UZ D\]`]ddY GhUfW_ gca g][Yf Uh b f \Ub g_UVYf XYg][b g Yf a `[fiddYb \Ua gY`j c[ bc[`Y Z [cXY jYbbYf" D XYb a XY Yf \Ub [ Yh \Yb c[ V`YjYh Yb UZ jYfXYbg U``YfaYgh dcdi`±fY XYg][bYfY" JYX ]__Y Uh df²jY Uh fUaaY `UjYghY Z±``Ygb±jbYf fUaaYf \Ub ] j]f_Y`][\YXYb Y_ghfYah aUb[Y aYbbYg_Yf" J] [²f d hY[bYghiYb aY[Yh iX UZ ]__Y Uh g_f]jY Uf_]! hY_hcb]g_ _jU`]hYh d Yb Y``Yf UbXYb ZcfaY` Y``Yf ibXYf! `±[[Y cg UfV]hf±fY fY[`Yf Zcf XYh YbY c[ XYh UbXYh" IX[Ub[gdib_hYh a j±fY Uh aUb gca Uf_]hY_h _Ub h]`Z²fY bmY c[ i_YbXhY _jU`]hYhYf à _Ub cf[Ub]gYfY XU[! `][XU[Yb c[ fUaaYfbY Zcf Yh \ig d Yb a XY gca h]`Z²! fYf XYh bc[`Y _jU`]hYhYf XYf f±__Yf iX cjYf UbhU``Yh UZ _jUXfUhaYhYf iXjYbX][ hYffUggY Y``Yf ca j]bXiYh Yf gUh d XYb YbY Y``Yf UbXYb a XY" 8Yf g_U` j±fY Yb Uf_]hY_! hcb]g_ ]X gca Yf gh²ffY YbX VUfY Uh hf±__Y YhU[Yf Y``Yf _UggYf h]` c[ ZfU \]bUbXYb" J] h±b_Yf iXc[aUh]g_ c[ XYh [²f j] V`UbXh UbXYh jYX Uh ghiXYfY ghUh]gh]g_ aUhYf]U`Y"

<jUX Yf XYh j] j]` \UjY Ã dUfWY`\igY D 6=; VYg_±Zh][Yf j] cg df]a±fh aYX ghcfY Vmdfc^Y_hYf" D XYh gYbYghY \Uf j] ]a]X`Yfh]X c[g j±fYh Yb XY` ]bjc`! jYfYh ] YbZUa]`]Y\igY c[ XYh Yf XYf ÑYfY [cXY [fibXY h]`" Bc[`Y UZ XYa Z f aUb Yh V]``YXY UZ jYX Uh ghiXYfY aUhY! f]U`Y ZfU =bgh]hih Zcf :fYah]XgZcfg_b]b[" <j]g aUb gd²f[Yf XY ib[Y ] 8UbaUf_ ] XU[ \jcfXUb XY \Y`gh j]` Vc g g][Yf `Ub[h XY ÑYghY Uh XY j]` Vc ] Yb Y^YfVc`][ c[ Ã bc[Yh cjYffUg_YbXY ^U b±faYgh W\c_Y! fYbXY Ã ZcfYhf±__Yf \Y`Y &#' UZ ib[Y dUf Y``Yf V²fbYZU! a]`]Yf Uh Vc ] Yh dUfWY`\ig" 8Yh _Ub gca ]b_UfbYfYh VmVc j±fY gj±fh Uh b]__Y [Yb_YbXYbXY h]` aYb g XUb Yf XYh" 9b amhY \Uf j±fYh Uh dUfWY`\igcaf XYfbY ] Zcfgh±! XYfbY j]``Y V`]jY h²ah ZcfX] XYh [f [i`X \UjXY h±b_h g][ Uh ÑmhhY ]bX h]` VmYb" AYb ghUh]gh]__YfbY j]gYf bc[Yh UbXYh" 8Yf Yf ghUX][ Yf Y_ghfYah aUb[Y ±`XfY XYf Vcf ] dUfWY`\igY c[ XYh j]` XY U``YfÑYghY UZ XYa gUbXgmb`][j]g V`]jY jYX aYX" AUb _Ub c[g gY Uh jcfYg gUa`YXY `]jgdfcÐ` Yf ibXYf ZcfUbXf]b[" <jcf aUb ] %-*$ÈYfbY \UjXY Yb `Ub[ VUfb! Xca bc[`Y _cfhY hYYbU[Y! c[ ib[Xcag f Yh `Ub[h Uf! VY^Xg`]j c[ Yb _cfh dYbg]cbghh]`j±fY`gY \Uf j] bi Yb _cfh VUfbXca aUb[Y iUZ\±b[][Y ib[Xcag f Yh _cfhYfY UfVY^Xg`]j c[ XYfYZhYf cd ]acX &$ f \jcf j] ]__Y `±b! [YfY Yf dUgg]jY dYbg]cb]ghYf aYb `][Y d`iXgY`][ gibXY fUg_Y c[ jY`\UjYbXY ZcfVfi[YfY \YfibXYf Vc`][ZcfVfi! [YfY" J] Z f ÑYfY dYb[Y Uh Vc Zcf" 8Y a]X`Yf gca [YbbYa! gb]hgXUbg_YfYb \Uf h]` f X][\YX h]` df]jUh ZcfVfi[ Yf g]XYb %,(* ghY[Yh aYX & * f`][h" J] \Uf U`hg XY g]XghY %)$ f g g]__Yfh gca UaYb ] _]f_Yb Z Yh & * aYfY ca fYh Uh []jY XYb [Ug Zcf" 8Yh j]` g][Y Uh j] \jYfh h]YbXY f Yf

*-


dfU_g]g p 6^Uf_Y =b[Y`g

=

AUb ÑmhhYf ÑYfY [f±bgYf \j]g aUb hU[Yf iX[Ub[gdib_h ] XY ZU_h]g_Y Zcf\c`X

V`YjYh '$ f][YfY" GUah]X][ [²f Yb UbXYb hYbXYbg g][ \Yf [±`XYbXY" AYbg gidYfaUf_YXYfbYg cag±hb]b[ \Uf j±fYh ghUV]` Yf X]gWcibhZcfVfi[Yh ghY[Yh \Y`h i\±aaYh" = `²VYh UZ XY g]XghY )$ f Yf j] [ Yh ZfU Uh Vfi[Y Yb ghcf XY` UZ jcfYg ]bX_cagh d XYh XU[`][Y ]bX_²V h]` ] XU[ Uh Vfi[Y j±gYbh`][ ibXYf %$ " 8Y UbXfY dYb[Y Yf j] g VY[mbXh Uh Vfi[Y d jcfYg Vc`][" 5bhU``Yh UZ _jUXfUhaY! hYf dYf VYVcYf \Uf XU c[g j±fYh gh²h gh][YbXY XY g]XghY ($ f `][Ygca XYh [YbbYagb]h`][Y dUfWY`\ig c[g Yf V`YjYh gh²ffY c[ gh²ffY" G gh]_ ]acX U`h \jUX aUb a g_Y _ibbY hfc g Yf dUfWY`\igYh iXYb hj]j` c[g ZfYah]XYbg Vc`][Zcfa c[ ]__Y Yb Vc`][_UhY[cf] gca Yf d jY^ h]`VU[Y" Hj±fh]acX"

cdZ²fYf ] :]b`UbX XYh h]X`][YfY Fig`UbX c[ 6U`h]_ia cjYf &$"$$$ dUfWY`\igY ca fYh" 8Y gh]``YXY cg cd[UjYb Uh XYg][bY Yh dUfWY`\ig Y``Yf Yh hmdY\ig gca jUf bYah Uh dfcXiWYfY ]bXighf]Y`h c[ `c[]g_ c[ gca gUah]X][ _ibbY gh d Yb \j]`_Yb gca \Y`gh [fibX JcfYg Zcfg`U[ h]` `²gb]b[ UZ cd[UjYb iXgdfUb[ X]fY_hY

HfY WUgYg J] j±fYh ]bXYb Zcf XYh g]XghY fg h]X Y``Yf hc j±fYh ]bjc`! jYfYh ] hfY dfc^Y_hYf gca U``Y gUaaYb \UbX`Yf ca dUf! WY`\igYh Y``Yf XYh ]bX]j]XiY``Y \ig aYb aYX iX[Ub[g! dib_h ] fUX]_U`h Zcfg_Y``][Y Vm[\YffYf aYX aY[Yh Zcfg_Y`! `][Y ]bXZU`Xgj]b_`Yf h]` Vfi[Yf]bXXfU[Y`gY c[ h]` ]bXighf]U! `]gYfYh Uf_]hY_hif" 8Yh Z²fghY dfc^Y_h Yf fYgi`hUh UZ Yh gdYW]Y`h dfcXi_h]cbg! UddUfUh XYh UbXYh dfc^Y_h \Uf XYb ZcfiXg±hb]b[ Uh XYh g_i``Y _ibbY Vm[[Yg V]``][h ] ?]bU c[ XYfYZhYf gY^`Yg \Y`Y jY^Yb h]` 8UbaUf_ c[ XYh g]XghY dfc^Y_h ]``ighfYfYf XYb jUf]Uh]cb c[ XY jU`[ai`][\YXYf XYf cdb g b f ÐfY Zcf! g_Y``][Y Uf_]hY_hYf h]`VmXYf Yh _UhU`c[ aYX b] Zcfg_Y``][Y \igY"

UZ XY dfcXi_h]cbga±gg][Y fUaaYf" J] hc[ iX[Ub[gdib_h ] XYh Y_g]ghYfYbXY dfcXi_h]cbgUddUfUh c[ ] XYb iXZcf! Xf]b[ XYf `][[Yf ] Uh `UjY `²gb]b[Yf gca aY[Yh bYah _Ub h]`dUggYg Zcfg_Y``][Y VY`][[Yb\YXYf" =XYYb Yf Yh gh `VUgYfYh Vm[[YgmghYa ] hc YhU[Yf \jcf ghiYb c[ %" gU`Yb _Ub _caV]bYfYg gca hc b±faYgh gY`j! gh±bX][Y dfc^Y_hYf" GhiYYhU[Yb _Ub cf]YbhYfYg YZhYf VY\cjYh Zcf Ub_cagh c[ UZg_±fab]b[ c[ cjYfYhU[Yb _Ub cf]YbhYfYg YZhYf \jUX XYf a hhY j±fY UZ gc`cf]YbhY! f]b[ Y``Yf ZYXY iXg][hYf" 6 XY ibXYf! c[ cjYfYhU[Y _Ub Y_gdUbXYfYg `]bY±fh aYX iX[Ub[gdib_h ] bc[`Y X]aYb! g]cbYf gca [ f cd aYX \jUX dfcXi_h]cbgUddUfUhYh _Ub \ bXhYfY" B f aUb fchYfYf XY hc YhU[Yf ] Zcf\c`X h]` \]b! UbXYb cdgh f XYf Yh UbhU` Zcfg_Y``][Y hmdYf Zl L \igYh \igYh c[ == \igYh" 8Yf _Ub U`hg à aYX Y_ghfYah Z _ca! dcbYbhYf à `UjYg Yh ihU` UZ Zcfg_Y``][Y _cadcg]h]cbYf gca Vfi[YfYb _Ub j±`[Y ]aY``Ya" AUb _Ub ²[Y Y``Yf fYXiWYfY UbhU``Yh UZ j±fY`gYf" AUb _Ub j±`[Y ca XY g_U` j±fY VbY ] YbXYfbY Y``Yf d `Ub[g]XYb cgj" JcfYg Zcfg`U[ V`Yj biaaYf hc ] _cb_iffYbWYb aYb Yb UZ jUf]UbhYfbY Yf bi ibXYf ZcfVYfYXY`gY Zcf Yb UbXYb Vm[\YffY Yh ghYX d GmXg^±``UbX"

7UgY %. Df±ZUVf]_YfYXY Ðbg_Y dUfWY`\igY Fii_] Yf Yh Ðbg_ Vm[[YÐfaU gca V`UbXh UbXYh `UjYf g_ifjc[bY aYb gca c[g `UjYf df±ZUVf]_YfYXY dUfWY`! \igY" Gh ` c[ Ðbg_ hf± Yf XYfYg \cjYXaUhYf]U`Yf c[ XY

7UgY &. 9h WcbhU]bYfVUgYfYh Vm[[YgmghYa IX[Ub[gdib_hYh Zcf Yh UbXYh dfc^Y_h gca j] Yf _caaYh `]Xh `±b[YfY aYX Yf XY `UjY dfcXi_h]cbgca_cghb]b[Yf ] ?]bU" <Yf _Ub j] Z Vm[[Yh \igY h]` &"$$$ _f" df a& c[

+$


dfc^Y_h FII?=

:`Y_g]VY`h Vm[[YgmghYa Zcf df±! ZUVf]_YfYXY dUfWY`\igY aYX VUg]g! acXi`Yf iXZ²fh ] gh ` c[ hf±" 5f_]hY_h c[ ]``ighfUh]cbYf. 6=;

+%


=

IX[Ub[gdib_hYh a j±fY Uh aUb gca Uf_]hY_h _Ub h]`Z²fY bmY c[ i_YbXhY _jU`]hYhYf

6m[[YgmghYa aYX [fibXacXi` iXZcfaYh YZhYf ai`][\YXYfbY Zcf hfUbgdcfh ] Yb WcbhU]bYf" JUf]Uh]cbYb UZ aY``YafiaaYbY g_UVYf XYb Uf_]hY_hcb]g_Y XmbUa]_ ] gmghYaYh" 5f_]hY_h. 6=;

+&

:chcg. >Ybg J" B]Y`gYb

dfc^Y_h 8fU[Y\igYbY


=

8Yf g_U` j±fY Yb Uf_]hY_hcb]g_ ]X gca

dfU_g]g p 6^Uf_Y =b[Y`g

Yf gh²ffY YbX VUfY Uh hf±__Y _UggYf Y``Yf YhU[Yf h]` c[ ZfU \]bUbXYb

:chcg. >Ybg J" B]Y`gYb

XYfYZhYf Z XYa g_]VYh h]` 8UbaUf_ Zcf cahfYbh XYh gUaaY VY`²V" 9h ZUVf]_gbmh _]bYg]g_ ZfYagh]``Yh \ig d XUbg_ [fibX j]` g `YXYg _cghY ] U`h ca_f]b[ (!)"$$$ _f df a& U`h YZhYf XY b±faYfY cagh±bX][\YXYf" JcfYg Vm[\YffY \Uf VYgh]`h Yh Vm[[YgmghYa à 8fU[cb <cigYg à gca ] Z²fghY ca[Ub[ g_U` hYghYg ] 8UbaUf_ ]bXYb XYf hU[Yg gh]``]b[ h]` Yb gh²ffY dfcXi_h]cb ] ?]bU" 9b aY[Yh j][h][ V]bX]b[ ] dfc^Y_hYh \Uf U`hg j±fYh hfUbgdcfhai`][\YXYfbY Y``Yf aYfY _cb_fYh ghUbXUfXa ! `YbY d Yb g_]VgWcbhU]bYf" <²^XYb ] Yb WcbhU]bYf Yf Zcf `Uj h]` Uh aUb _Ub Vfi[Y XYh h]` Vc`][Yf aYb Zcf Yb fY`Uh]j VYg_YXYb aYfdf]g _Ub aUb _²VY Yb VYb fUW_ gca ]__Y \Uf bc[Yb hcd c[ g g±hhY XYb ²jYfgh ] g_]VYh" GY`jY Vm[[YgmghYaYh Vm[[Yf d Yh a]b]aiag\ig gca _Ub iXj]XYg h]` Zcfg_Y``][Y gh²ffY`gYf [YbbYa jUf]Uh]cb UZ aY``YafiaaYbY" ?cbghfi_h]jh Yf gmghYaYh Yb Zcfa Zcf \mVf]X aY``Ya acXi`Vm[[Yf] c[ Y`YaYbhVm[[Yf] c[ `i__Yg aYX [`UgZUWUXYf" 8Y Yb_Y`hY Yb\YXYf g±hhYg gUaaYb h]` Yb `Ub[ Vm[b]b[gghfi_hif \jcf Yb\YXYfbY Yf XfY^Yh jUf]UVY`h ] Zcf\c`X h]` \]bUbXYb" FYgi`hUhYh Yf Yh `Ub[h jUf]UVY`h f±__Y\ig XYf gca Yb XfU[Y g`Ub[Yf g][ ][YbbYa `UbXg_UVYh" 8Y Yb_Y`hY Yb\YXYf _Ub V XY j±fY ] Yh Y``Yf \U`jUbXYh d`Ub aYX Z"Y_g gcjYj±fY`gYf c[ hU[hYffUggY d XYh ²jfY d`Ub" 6m[[Yf]Yh Yf ibXYf cdZ²fY`gY d Yb [fibX jYX F]b[! ghYX \jcf ÐfY \igY gUaaYbgUh UZ gUah`][Y Yb\YXYf cdZ²fYg gca Yb Zcfa Zcf `UVcfUhcf]YhYgh" 9`YaYbhYfbY Yf \Yf dfcXiWYfYh ] >m``UbX aYb XYh Yf bc_ h]` Yb g]ai`Y! f]b[ UZ XYb g]hiUh]cb Uh XY V`]jYf `UjYh Yh UbXYh ghYX c[ _²fh h]` Vm[[Yd`UXgYb" GY`j ca XYf ]bXh]` j]XYfY ]__Y Yf g aY[Yh ghcfXf]Zh ] XYh g Yf XYf ZU_h]g_ _caaYh Yb fYh \±XYf`][ ²_cbca] iX UZ XYb Z²fghY hYgh"

+'


dfU_g]g p 6^Uf_Y =b[Y`g

7UgY '. 8Yh ]bX]j]XiY``Y hmdY\ig = XYh g]XghY dfc^Y_h gUaUfVY^XYf j] aYX hmdY\igÐfaUYh A& ca Yb bm _c``Y_h]cb UZ hmdY\igY \jcf ÐfY Uf_]hY_h! ÐfaUYf hY[bYf b] Zcfg_Y``][Y hmdY\igY c[ XYfaYX h]`VmXYf Vfi[YfbY Yh VfYXh iXjU`[ UZ XYg][b`²gb]b[Yf" =XYYb Yf [YbbYa Uf_]hY_hcb]g_ _jU`]hYh Uh _cb_iffYfY aYX XYh Y_g]ghYfYbXY hmdY\igaUf_YX" J] \Uf hY[bYh hc Zcfg_Y``][Y \ighmdYf" 8Yh Z²fghY hmdY Yf Yb gidYf_cadU_h Vm[b]b[ cf[Ub]gYfYh gca Yb `]``Y `UbXgVm aYX Z±``YgUfYU`Yf c[ aYX df]jUh UX[Ub[ ZfU \UjYb h]` U``Y j±fY`gYf" CddY d hU[Yh Zf] UZ `][ighYf\±_! _Yb c[ XYb _YXgcaaY`][Y ZcfghUX `][[Yf Yh \YaaY`][h fYZi[]ia ] Zcfa UZ Yb `]``Y dUj]``cb c[ Yb _±adYghcf hU[hYffUggY aYX '*$ [fUXYf dUbcfUaU" 8Yh Uf_]hY_hc! b]g_Y a ` \Uf j±fYh Yb ZcfjUbX`]b[ UZ Zcfgh±XYfbY ZfU _`UighfcZcV]g_ `][ighYf`UVmf]bh h]` Yb VYb gUjUbbY aYX iXg][h cjYf ÑU[gh±b[YfbY" = XYb UbXYb \ighmdY Yf j] ]bgd]fYfYh UZ @ci]g ?U\b c[ XY b±faYgh iYbXY`][Y ai`][\YXYf ] aifghYbYb gca Vm[! [Y_cadcbYbh" =X Yb Yf \Yf Uh g_UVY Yb aif gca g`mb[Yf g][ fibXh ca ZUa]`]Y`]jYh à ] acXg±hb]b[ h]` d`UhYUi\igYh \jcf gUah`][Y fia VbYXY g][ acX U``Y jYfXYbg\^²fbYf" <Yf \Uf j] ] Yb a g_Y `]Xh aYfY iW\UfaYfYbXY _cbhY_gh g` Yh Yb aif ca df]jUh`]jYh aYb ZcfX] \igYh Yf ] hc d`UbYf \Uf aUb Xc[ ZfU XYb ²jYfghY YhU[Y iXgmb cjYf aifYb" <igYh Yf h±b_h gca Yb Zcfa Zcf cXY h]` XYb hfUX]h]cbY``Y XUbg_Y Uf_]hY_hif U`hg `]Xh @ci]g]UbU aYX \j]XaU`YXY aifghYb c[ hY[` d [i`jYh c[ Yb ]bXaifYh dY^g U `U 5fbY >UWcVgYb" 8Yb UbXYb \ighmdY Yf V`YjYh aY[Yh jY` acXhU[Yh UZ Vfi[YfbY `][Y ]bXh]` XY gYf df]gYb gca Yf Yf `UbXYh d XYb Zcf_YfhY g]XY UZ ZYa a]``]cbYf" 8YfjYX \Uf XYb gY`j gU[h gj±fh jYX Uh _cb_iffYfY aYX bc[`Y UZ XY UbXfY A&

+(

\igY gca _cghYf WU" hc a]``]cbYf" Gca Vm[[YgmghYa \Uf VY[[Y \igY a g_Y c[g XYb gjU[\YX Uh XY ]__Y Yf bYaaY ^U b±faYgh iai`][Y Uh jUf]YfY ] g_U`U" 9ZhYf jcfYg dcdi`±fY aYb ig±`[Y`][Y ghUfh \Uf j] bYhcd hY[bYh hc bmY \igY gca Yf hY[bYh aYfY aYX iX! [Ub[gdib_h ] XY ²bg_Yf c[ Xf²aaY gca A& \Uf bchYfYh ZfU XY aUb[Y hig]bXY Vfi[YfY gca []_ Zcf[±jYg YZhYf XY hc Z²fghY" C[ gY`j ca XYh YbY UZ \igYbY à <]`` \cigY à gYf hYaaY`][ ig±XjUb`][h iX XYh `][bYf hc _±adY V²`[Yf ] XYb U``YghYXgj±fYbXY [f±gd`±bY g gc`[hY XYh U``YfYXY d Z²fghYXU[Yb ÑYfY YbX g]bY hc ZcfY[ YbXY ZcfZ±XfY" G gY`jca Y_gdYf]aYbhYf c[ _fYUh]j]hYh Yf ZibXUaYb! hYh Zcf ]bbcjUh]cb g _caaYf aUb _`Ufh `±b[YfY à c[ ÑmhhYf ÑYfY [f±bgYf à \j]g aUb hU[Yf iX[Ub[gdib_h ] ZU_h]g_Y Zcf\c`X ZfYa Zcf Uh Z²`[Y g]b Y[Yb cZhY Zi`X! gh±bX][ ZcfXfY^YXY cdZUhhY`gY UZ \jcfXUb `UbXYh `][[Yf" C[ ]Z²`[Y =bgh]hih Zcf ZfYah]XgZcfg_b]b[ `][[Yf `UbXYh U`hg ] dUfWY`\igcaf XYfbY " " "


<]`` <cigY" Df±_jU`]ÐWYfYh dUfWY`\ig iXZ²fh h]` hmdY\igÐfaUYh A&Èg &$$* _c``Y_h]cb" 5f_]hY_h c[ ]``ighfUh]cb. 6=;

dfc^Y_h A&

dfc^Y_h <]`` <cigY +)


+*

:chc. >Ybg J" B]Y`gYb


' ai`][\YXYf

=

?j±`Yf ]bXighf]U`]gYf]b[Yb XYh _ibghbYf]g_Y j±f_ 3

=

;²f XYh Yb Zcfg_Y` Zcf XYb Uf_]hY_hcb]g_Y _jU`]hYh ca aUb Zcfa[]jYf

ibXYf \YbgmbhU[Yb h]` dfcXi_h]cbgUddUfUhYh c[ Y_g]ghYfYbXY _cadcbYbhYf Y``Yf gmghYaYf Y``Yf ca Zcfa[]jb]b[Yb Yf iUZ\±b[][ UZ X]ggY ZU_hcfYf 3

=

=bXighf]U`]gYf]b[ aYXZ²fYf Yb UbXYb Zcfa Zcf XYhU`^Yf]b[ UZ Vm[[Yf]Yh aYX \Ybgmb h]` gUa`]b[Yf cgj" <jUX VYhmXYf Vm[[Yf]Yhg XYhU`^Yf Zcf XYh gUa`YXY ±ghYh]g_Y ]bXhfm_ 3

= :chc. 5XUa A²f_

9f XYf Yb acXg±hb]b[ aY``Ya _ibghbYf]g_ UfVY^XY c[ _caaYfW]Y`h UfVY^XY 3

++


DYf ?cfhY[UUfX DYf ?cfhY[UUfX Yf `Y_hcf d =bgh]hih Zcf 5f_]hY_hcb]g_ 8Yg][b d 5f_]hY_hg_c`Yb 5Uf\ig"

+,


?cbÐ[ifYfYh Uf_]hY_hif DYf ?cfhY[UUfX =bgh]hih Zcf 5f_]hY_hcb]g_ 8Yg][b 55

:fYah]XYbg XYg][bdfcWYggYf j]` ] gh][YbXY [fUX [²fY Vfi[ UZ g _U`Xh _cbÐ[ifYf]b[ Ã gmghYaYf UZ _cadcbYbhYf c[ Uf_]hY_hcb]g_Y gd]``YfY[`Yf XYf ai`][[²f Uh Vfi[YfbY _Ub j±fY aYXg_U! VYbXY" D 5f_]hY_hg_c`Yb 5Uf\ig UfVY^XYf j] aYX iXj]_`]b[ UZ gcZhkUfY h]` _cbÐ[ifYf]b[ UZ V XY Vm[b]b[gXY`Y c[ gUa`YXY Vm[[Yf]Yf" 8Yh Yf Yh UfVY^XY c[ Yb iXj]_`]b[ gca gh]``Yf bmY _fUj h]` Uf_]hY_hYfg Z±fX][\YXYf c[ h]` XYfYg cdZUh! hY`gY UZ g][ gY`j"

5f_]hY_hcb]g_ _cbÐ[ifYf]b[ Yf ] XYb \Y`h _cfhY iX[UjY ca gmghYa UZ X][]hU`Y Y`YaYbhYf Y``Yf Vm[[Y_`cXgYf gca Yb Vfi[Yf _Ub gUaaYbg±hhY h]` g]b Y[Yb jYfg]cb UZ Yh Vm[b]b[gY`YaYbh Y``Yf Yh Vm[[Yf]" 6U[ gmghYaYh gh f Uf_]hY_hYb XYb dfcZYgg]cbY``Y Y_gdYfh gca \Uf dfc[fUa! aYfYh XY XYg][bY`YaYbhYf iX ZfU \j]`_Y Vfi[YfYb _Ub _cbÐ[ifYfY Y``Yf XYg][bY ca aUb j]` Zcfg_Y``][Y jUf]Ub! hYf UZ Yh VYghYah dfcXi_h" 6fi[YfVY[fYVYh UbjYbXYg ] ZcfV]bXY`gY aYX _cbÐ[i! fYf]b[ aY[Yh VfYXh" 6fi[YfYb _Ub j±fY _ibXYb gca _cbÐ[ifYfYf#aYXXYg][bYf g]h _caaYbXY dUfWY`\ig Y``Yf g]b _caaYbXY `Y^`][\YX" 6fi[YfYb _Ub j±fY Uf_]hY_hYb gca UbjYbXYf UbXfY Uf_]hY_hYfg XYg][bYXY dfcXi_hYf" 8Yf g]XXYf Zcf Y_gYadY` Uf_]hY_hYf \cg JY`ZUW c[ hY[bYf j]bXiYf gca UbXfY Uf_]hY_hYf _cbÐ[ifYfYf c[ UbjYbXYf ] XYfYg Vm[b]b[Yf" 8Yf _Ub j±fY hU`Y ca gmghYa`cZhYf df±XYg][bYXY VUXYj±fY`gYf YhW"

8Yf Yf ÑYfY Zcf\c`X gca dY[Yf acX Yb iXVfYXY`gY UZ _cbÐ[ifYf]b[ gca fYXg_UV ] ZfYah]XYbg Vm[[Yf]" 9b aYXj]f_YbXY ZcfaY` Xf]j_fUZh j]` V`]jY ]bXZ²fY`gYb UZ Æ8Yh 8][]hU`Y 6m[[Yf]Æ gca hf±XYf ] _fUZh XYb %" ^U! biUf &$$+" :fU XYb XUhc g_U` U`h Vm[[Yf] '8!acXY``YfYg b f ghUhYb Yf Vm[\YffY \j]`_Yh _Ub j±fY Yh ghcfh g_f]Xh ] fYhb]b[ UZ XYh _cbÐ[ifYfYXY Vm[[Yf]" 9b aYfY \]ghcf]g_#_i`hifY`h VUgYfYh Xf]j_fUZh _Ub ÐbXYg ] Yb UbU`mgY UZ XY cjYfcfXbYXY ]bXighf]Y``Y iXj]_! `]b[ghf±_" 6c[Yb Æ7fYUh]jY AUbÆ iX[]jYh UZ =bgh]hih Zcf :fYah]XgZcfg_b]b[ dY[Yf d hfY Zcfg_Y``][Y ]bXighf]Y``Y `c[]__Yf cd ][YbbYa \]ghcf]Yb" = %,$$!hU``Yh jUf ]bXighf]U`]gYf]b[Yb _UfU_hYf]gYfYh jYX aUggYdfcXi_h]cb gca g_i``Y h]`ZfYXggh]``Y Y`YaYb! h±fY VY\cj" 8U X]ggY VY\cj jUf X±__Yh Zi`[hY XYb b±ghY `c[]_ VYhY[bYh gca Æ8fYUa GcW]YhmÆ" 8Yh jUf bi ]__Y `±b[YfY bc_ aYX Yh Zib_h]cbY`h dfcXi_h XYf g_i``Y c[g _bmhhYg Yb Xf²a Y``Yf Yb \]ghcf]Y h]` dfcXi_hYh" 8Yh \UbX`YXY ]__Y VUfY ca W][UfYhhYf aYb ca W][UfYhhYf aYX ÆH\Y ÑUjcif cZ AUf`Vcfc 7cibhfmÆ" J] Yf bi d jY^ h]` XYh Vc[Yb _U`XYf ÆH\Y 7fYUh]jY AUbÆ `c[]__Yb. 6fi[YfYb g_U` ]__Y VUfY _²VY Yh dfcXi_h aYX Yb \]ghcf]Y c[ Yb Xf²a aYb j]` c[g YZhYfgd²f[Y ]bXÑm! XY`gY d dfcXi_hYh c[ j±fY aYXXYg][bYf" ?cbÐ[ifYf]b[ \Uf j±fYh UbjYbXh ] aUb[Y f ] ]bXi! ghf]dfcXi_h]cb à c[ VfYXYf g][ bi ] gh][YbXY [fUX ]bX ] dfcXi_h]cbYb UZ WcbgiajUfYf" 8Y``!WcadihYfYb gca aUb gY`j XYg][bYf d =bhYfbYh! hYh Yf Y_gYadY` d Yh g XUbh dfcXi_h" C[ 6i]`X!U!VYUf _cbWYdhYh \jcf VUfbYh gY`j _cbÐ[ifYfYf c[ iXghmfYf g]b VUagY Yf Yh UbXYh" =bXYb Zcf V]`VfUbW\Yb \Uf XYh j±fYh _YbXh ] aUb[Y f"

+-


?cbÐ[ifYf]b[ UZ Vm[[Y_cadcbYbhYf D 5f_]hY_hg_c`Yb 5Uf\ig \Uf j] UfVY^XYh aYX _cbÐ[i! fYf]b[ d ÑYfY b]jYUiYf ] Vm[[Yf]Yh" J] \Uf ] Yh ibXYfj]gb]b[gZcf`²V VYXh ghiXYfYbXY ca Uh dfc[fUaaYfY Vm[b]b[g_cadcbYbhYf ZfU Zcfg_Y``][Y dfcXiWYbhYf g XY V`Yj dUfUaYhf]g_Y U`hg fiaaYf XY ai`][\YXYf Zcf jUf]Uh]cb gca dfcXiWYbhYb _Ub h]`VmXY" J] \Uf V`UbXh UbXYh UfVY^XYh aYX dfcXi_hYf gca <]!7cb! U`hUbYf X²fY ZfU GkYYXccfg hfUddYf c[ gUbXk]W\Y`YaYb! hYf ZfU 8U`hcb c[ 9ldUb X±_Y`YaYbhYf a"Ñ" 8Y ghiXYfYbXY \Uf XYfYZhYf hY[bYh Vc`][Zcfg`U[ \jcf XY g_i``Y UbjYbXY \]bUbXYbg _cadcbYbhYf" 8Yh ZcfY[ f d XYb a XY Uh aUb Z"Y_g" ZfU 8U`hcbg \^YaaYg]XY Xckb`cUXYf XYb ²bg_YXY hfUddY" <YfYZhYf g±hhYf aUb g]bY dUfUaYhfY Zcf hfUddYbg ghUfhfYhb]b[ \²^XY VfYXXY cgj" 7cadihYfYb [YbYfYfYf bi XYb gdYW]Ð__Y hfUddY gca aUb ]bXg±hhYf ] g]b Y`Y_hfcb]g_Y Vm[b]b[gacXY`" = Zcfg_b]b[gdfc^Y_hYh ÆDfcXi_h_cbÐ[ifYf]b[ ] Vm[[Yf]YhÆ UfVY^XYf j] aYX fiaghcfY Vm[b]b[gY`YaYbhYf" AYfY ]b! ZcfaUh]cb ÐbXYg d \hhd.##kkk"_cbÐ[Vm["X_# J] \Uf \Yf \UZh Yh ÑYf f][h gUaUfVY^XY aYX AcXi`VUX ] F]b[ghYX gca dfcXiWYfYf df±ZUVf]_YfYXY Z±fX][Y VU! XYj±fY`gYf" = XU[ ZcfY[ f j]f_gca\YXYbg dfcXi_h]cb d XYb a XY Uh Yb Uf_]hY_h YbhfYdfYb²f Y``Yf Vm[\YffY _caaYf aYX Yb g_]hgY" G [ f XY ] [Ub[ aYX Uh hY[bY _UV]bYhY[b]b[YfbY" 8Y hY[bYf gY_g hY[b]b[Yf ] &8 5ihc! 758 gca g V`]jYf gYbXh iX h]` [cX_YbXY`gY \cg Uf_]hY_! hYb Y``Yf YbhfYdfYb²fYb" B f XY Yf [cX_YbXh [ f XY ] [Ub[ aYX Uh hY[bY dfcXi_h]cbghY[b]b[YfbY h]` gh²VYf]Yh h]` Y`Y_hf]_YfYb cgj" 5`h ] U`h WU" &( hY[b]b[Yf" 8YhhY hU[Yf %( XU[Y c[ Yf g `YXYg Yb ghcf ÑUg_Y\U`g Zcf j]f_gca\Y! XYb"

,$

= Zcfg_b]b[gdfc^Y_hYh \Uf j] iXj]_`Yh Yb dUfUaYhf]g_ ac! XY` UZ Yh ghUbXUfXVUXYj±fY`gY g aUb bi _Ub _cbÐ[i! fYfY g]h VUXYj±fY`gY YZhYf VYghYahY dUfUaYhfY" <YfYZhYf df]bhYg hY[b]b[YfbY X]fY_hY" <j]g Uf_]hY_hYb \Uf jU`[h hc `UadYf [YbYfYfYf gh²VYf]hY[b]b[YfbY UihcaUh]g_ hc Y`Y_hf]_Yff²f c[ X gYf \jcf XY bi Yf VYghYah h]` Uh j±fY" 8YhhY [²fYg ] Zcf\c`X h]` Yh g±h ÆÑ]gYfY[`YfÆ gca g]_fYf Uh XYf ]__Y V`]jYf Zcf aUb[Y g_ fbY Ñ]gYf" 8Yh \Y`Y hU[Yf W]f_U hc h]aYf c[ Yf g `YXYg Yb ghcf h]XgVYgdUfY`gY" 9b fYXi_h]cb ] [YbbYa`²Vgh]X ZfU i[Yf h]` h]aYf" = Yb ghiX]Ycd[UjY \Uf j] g]XYb UfVY^XYh j]XYfY aYX X]ggY VUXYj±fY`gYf g XY ] \²^YfY [fUX Yf acXi`cdVm[! [YXY c[ g j±[[YbY _Ub d`UWYfYg aYfY Zf]h" 8Yh []jYf bc[`Y \Y`h UbXfY Uf_]hY_hcb]g_Y ai`][\YXYf" ?cbÐ[ifYf]b[ UZ Vm[b]b[Yf D Vm[b]b[gb]jYUi UfVY^XYf j] gUaaYb aYX 9lbYfg HY[bYghiY 5#G ca iXj]_`]b[Yb UZ Yh hmdY\ig gca _Ub _cbÐ[ifYfYg" 8Yh _U`XYg ÆDfY[bUbh <cigYÆ c[ Yf dfY[! bUbh ] XYb ZcfghUbX Uh \igYh _Ub jc_gY" AUb _Ub Z XYh ] Yb `]``Y iX[UjY ] Yb aYX]ia iX[UjY Y``Yf ] gh²ffY iX[U! jYf" <igYh _Ub iXj]XYg cdUX c[ Vfi[YfYb ZcfaYf XYh gY`j YZhYf j]ggY UZ Uf_]hY_hYb ]bX`U[hY XYg][bfY[`Yf" J]U XY ]bXg_fYjbY XYg][bfY[`Yf _Ub _ibXYb gY`j ZcfYhU[Y j]ggY jU`[ Ub[ YbXY XYb fia`][Y X]gdcbYf]b[ c[ dfcdcfh]c! bYfY c[ d`UWYfY j]bXiYfbY ] Vm[b]b[Yb" GY ] ²jf][h \hhd.##kkk"dfY[bUbh\cigY"X_# ?cbÐ[ifYf]b[ gca `YX ] XYb g_UVYbXY dfcWYg H]` XUhc \Uf XY b±jbhY Y_gYad`Yf d _cbÐ[ifYf]b[ fYhhYh g][ acX YZZY_h]j]gYf]b[Yf ] Zcfg_Y``][Y dfcWYggYf c[ acX cdgh]``Y`gY UZ jU`[ai`][\YXYf Zcf _ibXYb#Vfi[YfYb#Vm[! \YffYb"


=

?cbÐ[ifYf]b[ _f±jYf Uf_]hY_hcb]g_ gUbg"

ai`][\YXYf p DYf ?cfhY[UUfX

= ghYXYh Zcf ib]_U j±f_Yf Yf XYh V`ch XYg][b! fY[`Yf aUb UfVY^XYf aYX

AUb _Ub g][Y Uh Æ`²gb]b[gfiaaYh \Uf j±fYh `i__YhÆ hfcXg Yh ihU` UZ jU`[VUfY _caV]bUh]cbgai`][\YXYf" = Zcf`±b[Y`gY UZ cjYbb±jbhY Y_gYad`Yf [ f iXj]_`]b! [Yb ] Zcfg_b]b[Yb bi acX iXj]_`]b[ UZ XYg][bfYXg_UVYf h]` UbjYbXY`gY ] gY`jY XYb Uf_]hY_hcb]g_ _fYUh]jY dfcWYg gbUfYfY YbX iXj]_`]b[ UZ _cbÐ[ifUhcfYf UZ VYghYahY _cadcbYbhYf" J] j]` gY Yb iXj]_`]b[ \jcf Uf_]hY_hcb]g_ _cbWYdhiXj]_`]b[ j]` [ \ bX ] \ bX aYX gcZhkUfYdfc! [fUaaYf]b[ \jcf XY Uf_]hY_hcb]g_Y ]bhYbh]cbYf c[ ÆfY[`YfÆ ]bXg_f]jYg ] gcZhkUfYb gca g ! b f dfc[fUa! aYfYh ! j]` UbjYbXYg ] XYb ZcfhgUhhY XYg][bdfcWYg" 8]ggY dfcWYXifYf gYg U``YfYXY UbjYbXh UZ ÑYfY iXYb`UbXg_Y hY[bYghiYf :cghYf ;f]ag\Uk ;Y\fm YhW" 8]ggY XYg][b! dfcWYXifYf \Uf df]a±fh j±fYh fY`UhYfYh h]` iXj]_`]b[ UZ Æ\][\!hYW\Æ Uf_]hY_hif aYb [`]XYf ] ghUX][h gh²ffY caZUb[ ]bX ] iXj]_`]b[Yb UZ XYb aYfY dfcZUbY Uf_]hY_hif c[ gcZh! kUfYiXj]_`]b["

=bXXfU[Y`gYb UZ Vfi[YfbY ] XYg][bdfcWYggYfbY `][[Yf gca Yh dcg]h]j dchYbh]U`Y \j]`_Yh d ]b[Yb a XY Yf i_YbXh Zcf ghUbXYb b f aUb h±b_Yf h]`VU[Y d hfUX]h]cbYfbY ZfU Vfi[YfXY`hU[Y`gYb ] iXj]_`]b[ UZ `Uj!h±h VYVm[[Y`gYfbY ] +$ YfbY" 6fi[YfXY`hU[Y`gY UbgYg ] XU[ cZhY Zcf Yb Zcf! XmfYbXY VYgj±f`][\YX aYb UbjYbXY`gY UZ _jU`]hUh]jY _cbÐ[ifYf]b[ghY_b]__Yf _cV`Yh aYX bm]bXighf]Y``Y Uihc! aUh]g_Y dfcXi_h]cbghY_b]__Yf VbYf bmY dYfgdY_h]jYf Zcf Yb h±h c[ fUh]cbY` X]U`c[ aY``Ya Uf_]hY_hYf UZhU! [YfbY UZ jcfY dfcXi_hYf c[ dfcXi_h]cb"

9h bmh Uf_]hY_hifgmb3 IXUfVY^XY`gYb c[ UbjYbXY`gYb UZ _cbÐ[ifYf]b[ggmghY! aYf fY^gYf Yb f±__Y gd²f[ga ` c[ iXZcfXf]b[Yf Zcf cg gca Uf_]hY_hYf" J] \Uf U``Y Yh ²bg_Y#_fUj ca ZUgh\c`XY`gY UZ \²^Ygh ai`][ Uf_]hY_hcb]g_ _jU`]hYh" 8YhhY Yf ica[±b[Y`][h c[ VY\²jYf ]__Y b²XjYbX][j]g gh ] acXg±hb]b[ h]` UbjYb! XY`gYb UZ Y`Y_hfcb]g_Y fYXg_UVYf c[ _cbÐ[ifYf]b[ggm! ghYaYf" IXZcfXf]b[Yb V`]jYf Uh iXbmhhY XY bmY j±f_h²^Yf d Yb g XUb a XY Uh XY Uf_]hY_hcb]g_Y _jU`]hYhYf ZUgh! \c`XYg gUah]X][ aYX Uh aUb cdb f XY ghcfY YZZY_h]j]! gYf]b[g[Yj]bghYf XYf `][[Yf ] UbjYbXY`gYb UZ hY_bc`c[]Yb" :cf Uh XYhhY _Ub g_Y a j] V`]jY ] ghUbX h]` _`UfYfY Uh _ibbY Zcfai`YfY \jUX XY Uf_]hY_hcb]g_Y _jU`]hYhYf Yf c[ XYfjYX _ibbY ]bXg_f]jY XYa ] gcZhkUfYb"

,%


@Y^`][\YX acXY``YfYh cd UZ dUfU! aYhf]g_Y Vm[b]b[g_cadcbYbhYf" GhiX]Ydfc^Y_h iXUfVY^XYh UZ ghiX" UfW\" AU`YbY DfcVgh

dfc^Y_h 555

,&


ai`][\YXYf p DYf ?cfhY[UUfX

dfc^Y_h 555 6fi[Yf]bhYfZUWY Zcf UbjYbXY`gY UZ 8U`hcbhfUddY IXUfVY^XYh UZ ghiX" UfW\" 8Uj]X ?^²``Yf

9_gYadY` d _cbÐ[ifYfYh dUfU! aYhf]g_ acXY` UZ 8U`hcbhfUddY" IXUfVY^XYh UZ ghiX"UfW\" 8Uj]X ?^²``Yf c[ >UWcV @Ubb["

,'


' Zcfg_Y``][Y _cbÐ[ifYf]b[Yf UZ ghUbXUfX! VUXYj±fY`gY ZfU AcXi`VUX 5#G gUaaYb! _`]ddYh ] D\chcg\cd" IXUfVY^XYh UZ B]_c`U^ ?biXgYb d\"X ghiXYfYbXY"

dfc^Y_h 555

,(


=

GcZhkUfYiXj]_`]b[Yb j]` Z²fY h]` Yh UbXYh Uf_]hY_hifgmb \jcf _cbÐ[ifYf]b[ V`]jYf aYfY YbX Yh XYg][bfYXg_UV

DfY[bUbh <cigY Yf Yh iXj]_`]b[gdfc^Y_h aYX Yh _cbÐ[ifYfYh hmdY\ig gca _Ub cdZ²fYg c[ ±bXfYg h]` hfY gh²ffY`gYf" =``ighfUh]cbYfbY j]gYf Yh Y_gYadY` d Yb VYVm[[Y`gYgd`Ub c[ Yb Vc`][acXY` aYX]ia gaU`` c[ `Uf[Y" 5f_]hY_h. 9lbYfg HY[bYghiY"

dfc^Y_h DfY[bUbh <cigY

,)


:`Yaa]b[ CjYf[UUfX :`Yaa]b[ CjYf[UUfX Yf d\X ghiXYfYbXY h]`_bmhhYh 7YbhYf Zcf =Xf±h c[ 5f_]hY_hif aYX UXfYggY d <c`aYb ] ?²VYb\Ujb

,*


6fi[YfXf]jYbXY ]bbcjUh]cb :`Yaa]b[ CjYf[UUfX 7YbhYf Zcf =Xf±h c[ 5f_]hY_hif ?5

6fi[YfY Yf ]__Y Vfi[YfY" 8Yf _Ub iXdY[Yg Zcf! g_Y``][Y hmdYf UZ Vfi[YfY aYX \jYf XYfYg _UfU_! hYf]gh]_U c[ ai`][\YXYf Zcf Uh V]XfU[Y ]bbcjUh]jh h]` Vm[[Yf] c[ Uf_]hY_hif" AUb a XYfZcf gd²f[Y g][ ca Vfi[YfYb df" XYÐb]h]cb Yf ]bbcjUh]j à ca Vfi[YfYb ZU_h]g_ Yf ] ghUbX h]` Uh Ubg_iY`][[²fY g]bY VY\cj iXYb Uh \UjY Yh V]``YXY UZ XY ai`][Y `²gb]b[Yf" H]`VU[Y_cV`]b[Yb aY``Ya VY\cj c[ `²gb]b[Yf gUah h]`Z²fgY` UZ bm j]XYb gmbYg Uh j±fY XY \Y`h UZ[²fYbXY ]bbcjUh]cbgXf]jYbXY ZU_hcfYf ] iX! j]_`]b[Yb UZ ]bXighf]Y` Uf_]hY_hif" =bXXfU[Y`gY UZ Vfi[YfbY ] iXj]_`]b[Yb UZ Vm[[Yf] Yf ]__Y Yh bmh Z±bcaYb" AYb \jcf XYf h]X`][YfY jUf Zc_ig d XYh XYac_fUh]g_Y Y`YaYbh ] Uh ]bXXfU[Y Vfi[YfbY \Uf Zc_ig XY gYbYfY f ±bXfYh g][ h]` Vfi[YfbYg dchYbh]U`Y gca V]XfU[mXYfY h]` bmY ]bbcjUh]jY `²gb]b[Yf" = XY ÑYghY h]`! Z±`XY g_U` ]bXXfU[Y`gY UZ Vfi[YfbY ] Yh Vm[[Ydfc^Y_h Xc[ ZcfhgUh V XY V]XfU[Y h]` Uh XYf ZfYaY`g_Yg Yh gijYf±bh dfc^Y_h XYf h]`[cXYgYf ÑYgh ai`][Y VY\cj bi c[ ] ZfYah]! XYb c[ h]` Uh U``Yg Ybhig]Ugh]g_Y cdVU_b]b[ h]` dfc^Y_hYh g]_fYg" :cf Uh fYU`]gYfY X]ggY hc \cjYXa `g±hb]b[Yf a XYh ] Z²fghY ca[Ub[ UZ_`UfYg \jYa XY dchYbh]Y``Y Vfi[YfY Yf" 8YbbY cd[UjY _Ub j±fY jUbg_Y`][ XU g`ihVfi[YfbYg ]XYbh]hYh cZhY Yf i_YbXh d ghUfhh]Xgdib_hYh" :cfa `Yh aYX gY`jY Vfi[Yf]bXXfU[Y`gYb _Ub j±fY Uh iXj]_`Y dfc!

^Y_hYhg ]bX\c`X c[ \Yf ][YbbYa XYÐbYfY \j]`_Y _ca! aYbXY Vfi[YfY dfc^Y_hYh g_U` VYh^YbY" 6fi[YfbY g_U` ] g ZU`X j±fY aYX h]` Uh _cfh`±[[Y g][ gY`j c[ YjYbhiY`h dY[Y d bmY Vfi[Yf[fiddYf" 8YfZcf Yf XYh g^±`XYbh h]`! ghf±__Y`][h _ib Uh ]bXXfU[Y fYdf±gYbhUbhYf Zcf XY aYgh ZcfiXg][Y`][Y Vfi[Yf[fiddYf ] Yh dfc^Y_hg h]X`][Y iXj]_! `]b[gZUgYf" = ghYXYh _Ub XYh j±fY bmhh][h Uh ZcfYhU[Y Yb g _U`Xh ]bhYfYggYbhUbU`mgY gca Yf Yb gmghYaUh]g_ _cfh! `±[b]b[ UZ \j]`_Y ]bX]j]XYf c[ [fiddYf XYf V`]jYf Y``Yf j]` _ibbY V`]jY VYf²fh UZ XYh _caaYbXY dfc^Y_h YbhYb ] iXj]_`]b[g c[ Vm[[YZUgYb Y``Yf ] gY`jY Vfi[gZUgYb" 9h dfc^Y_hg ]bhYfYggYbhYf _Ub j±fY Vm[\YffYb ]bjYghcfYfbY ambX][\YXYfbY f X[]jYfbY bUVcYfbY g`ihVfi[YfbY a" Ñ" c[ XYf ÐbXYg Zcfg_Y``][Y aYhcXYf h]` Uh _cfh`±[[Y c[ _UhY[cf]gYfY XYa" = XYh Z²`[YbXY g±hhYg XYf \cjYXgU[Y! `][h Zc_ig d acXhU[Yfg]XYb U`hg XYb [fiddY XYf dc! hYbh]Y`h _Ub _caaY h]` Uh UbjYbXY XYb U_hiY``Y ZUW]`]hYh gca Vfi[YfY" = Zcf`±b[Y`gY UZ GhYYb BYddYfg V]XfU[ gY g]XY '' VYhfU[hYg [fiddYb UZ Vfi[YfY iX ZfU Z²`[YbXY ' _UhY[cf]Yf. 6cf[YfY Vfi[YfY c[ ZcfVfi[YfY" GUaaY dYfgcb _Ub gU[hYbg cdhf±XY ]bXYbZcf U``Y ' _UhY[cf]Yf aYb j]` ] g ZU`X jY_g`Y aY``Ya jUf]YfYbXY ]bhYfYggYf c[ V]XfU[Y aYX Zcfg_Y``][Y fYggcifWYf U`h YZhYf \j]`_Yb fc``Y \Ub ]bXhU[Yf" 6cf[YfYb 6Y[fYVYh Vcf[Yf \Uf g]XYb a]XXY`U`XYfYb j±fYh XYÐbY! fYh gca Yb dYfgcb XYf VYg]XXYf Yb f±__Y d`][hYf c[ g±f`][Y fYhh][\YXYf V`"U" h]` Uh XY`hU[Y ] Yh gUaZibXg ghmf]b[" 6cf[YfYb h]`\²fYf Yh Z±``Ygg_UV c[ \Uf fYh h]` Uh []jY g]b aYb]b[ h]`_YbXY c[ V`]jY \²fh" 6cf[YfYb j]` Vfi[Y XYbbY fYh b f \Ub Z²`Yf g][ ZcfUb`YX][Yh h]` XYh c[ \Ub j]` ] bc[`Y h]`Z±`XY mhfY g][ ] Yb _cb_fYh gU[ U`YbY Zcf

,+


ai`][\YXYf p :`Yaa]b[ CjYf[UUfX

?j±`Yf ]bXighf]U`]gYf]b[Yb XYh _ibghbYf]g_Y j±f_3 GjU! Uh aUb]ZYghYfY g]b fYh h]` aYXVYghYaaY`gY c[ ]__Y fYh d XYh gd²f[ga ` _Ub a g_Y hU[Y iX[Ub[gdib_h ] ZcfX] \Ub b²XjYbX][j]g d Zcf\ bX \Uf g±f`][Y ]bX\c`Xg! bc[`Y hf XY XYf _Ub hf±__Yg h]`VU[Y ] _ibgh\]ghcf]Yb" a±gg][Y df±ZYfYbWYf" 6cf[YfYb Yf ] bc[`Y h]`Z±`XY jU`[h G]XYb fcaUbh]__Yb \Uf aUb gYh VYghf±VY`gYf d Uh h]` Uh fYdf±gYbhYfY UbXfY c[ \Uf XYfZcf c[g Yb d`][h h]` Z²fY _ibghYb h]`VU[Y h]` `]jgdfU_g]g" C[ aUb[Y j]` bc_ g][Y Uh h±b_Y d \Y`\YXYb c[ g]_fY Uh Zcfg_Y``][Y ]bhYfYggYf Uh XYh _i`a]bYfYXY aYX a]b]aU`]gaYb c[ _cbWYdh_ib! V`]jYf h]`[cXYgYh" ghYb ] %-*$YfbY" 8Yf Yf `][Ygca Yh Z²f c[ YZhYf XYbbY = Yb ibXYfg²[Y`gY UZ Vcf[Yf]bXXfU[Y`gYb ] XY XUbg_Y dYf]cXY" @][Y[m`X][ \jUX aUb VYg_±Zh][Yf g][ aYX à ca _jUfhYf`²Zhdfc^Y_hYf ZcfYhU[Yh UZ G6= \Uf aUb _cfh`U[h aUb Yf Y_gdfYgg]cb]gh Y``Yf dcgha]b]aU`]gh à g Yf aUb Zcfg_Y``][Y ]bhYfYggYbhYf c[ XYfYg ZcfiXg±hb]b[Yf c[ b²Xh h]` Uh Zcf\c`XY g][ h]` XY dfcV`YaUh]__Yf XYf \Yf V`Yj VYj±[[fibXY Zcf Uh XY`hU[Y ] _jUfhYf`²Zh" IbXYfg²[Y`gYb gUh d gd]XgYb aYX VYghf±VY`gYfbY d Uh iXj]XY _ibgh! iXdY[Yf Yb g±f`][ [fiddY UZ ]bhYfYggYbhYf gca d Zcf! j±f_Yh h]` Uh V`]jY Yh ;YgUah_ibghkYf_ à VYghf±VY`! \ bX \Uf aUb[Y g _U`Xh fY`Uh]cbY``Y fYggcifWYf XYÐbYfYh gYfbY d Uh hchU`]gYfY Y``Yf fYXiWYfY j±f_Yh ]bXh]` aYa! gca Æj]XYb c[ YjbYf XYf g±hhYf Vcf[YfbY ] ghUbX h]` Uh VfUbYb aY``Ya _ibgh c[ `]j V`Yj cd\±jYh" U[YfY ] XYb hmdY U_h]j]hYhYf gca _jUfhYf`²Zh ]bXY\c`XYfÆ"% 8Yf Yf hmd]g_ hU`Y ca ZcfYb]b[gfYdf±gYbhUbhYf c[ dc`]! A]b]aU`]gaYb h]g_ U_h]jY XYf ] _fUZh UZ XYfYg bYhj±f_gZcfV]bXY`gYf c[ IbXYf a]b]aU`]gaYb hU`Yf aUb Zcf Z²fghY [Ub[ ca _ibgh YfZUf]b[ aYX dc`]h]g_Y dfcWYggYf _Ub XY`hU[Y \^YaaY! gca YbX Yb _ibghbYf]g_ _fYUh]j c[ dfcWYg à aUb jUbh UbXYh ] XYh dc`]h]g_Y gd]` ca fYggcifWYf ]bXÑmXY`gY" hU`Yf ca _ibgh gca dfcXi_h]cb UZ Yh j±f_ c[ ca _ibgh! CZhY aYX Zc_ig d XY aYfY cjYfcfXbYXY `]b]Yf c[ a]bXfY bYfYb gca _i`hifdfcXiWYbh" A]b]aU`]gaYb [^cfXY bYhcd aYX \YbV`]_ d XY _cb_fYhY dfc^Y_hYf" 8Yh Yf XYbbY Yb XmX iX UZ _ibghj±f_Yhg Ubcbma]hYh c[ ]bXighf]Y``Y [fiddY j] \Yf j±`[Yf Uh VYg_f]jY gca Vcf[YfY" ZfYagh]``]b[" =XYYb ] a]b]aU`]gaYb \Uf j±fYh gUh d gd]XgYb ] g±hb]b[Yb Æk\Uh mci gYY ]g k\Uh mci [YhÆ" 6fi[YfYb A]b]aU`]gaY ] g]b fYbYghY Zcfa _Ub j±fY Yb ]bXighf]! AcXg±hb]b[Yb \Yfh]` Yf XY ]bhYfYggYbhYf Zcf \jYa ÆXYh Y`h ZfYagh]``Yh _UggY _Ub j±fY jUbg_Y`][h gca _ibghbYfYb g`Yh ]__Y \Uf \UZh à c[ i]bhYfYggUbh à Uh XY`hU[Y ] bc[Yh aYX Uh [²fY" 9b g XUb _UggY j]` j±fY g i]bXVm! _jUfhYf`²ZhU_h]j]hYhYf ZcfX] XYfYg ach]jUh]cb ]__Y Yf gd]`! XYbXY Uh XYb hj]b[Yf Zc`_ h]` Uh jYbXY fm[[Yb h]` c[ ] `Yh ca ]bXÑmXY`gY gca \cg Vcf[YfYb fYX" aYb cZhYgh ghYXYh cf]YbhYfY g][ iX ] gUaZibXYh à h]` Uh fYhhY Zc_ig Yh ²bg_Y ca _cb_fYhY c[ _cbhUbhY ZcfVYXf]b[Yf ] Yb & j±_ ZfU _ibghYb c[ iX ] `]jgdfU_g]g" VYghYah \YbgYYbXYÆ" 8YbbY [fiddY U_h]jY Yf ]__Y cd! @]VYg_]bXg ^²X]g_Y aigYia ] 6Yf`]b Yf Yh hmXY`][h Y_! hU[Yh UZ XYb dc`]h]g_Y dfcWYg aYb UZ Uh V]XfU[Y h]` iX! gYadY` d c[ Uh a]b]aU`]gaYb gca \]ghcf]g_ VYj±[Y`gY j]_`]b[Yb fYU`]gYf]b[Yb UZ ]bX\c`XYh ] XY _cb_fYhY \Uf \UZh ghcf ]bXÑmXY`gY à c[g d Uf_]hY_hifYb" 9h VYg²[ ZUW]`]hYhYf" <jcf Vcf[YfbY fYdf±gYbhYfYf Yh VU[`UbX fY! ] XYh ^²X]g_Y aigYYia Yf gUah]X][ Yh VYg²[ ] a]b]aU`]g! df±gYbhYfYf Vfi[YfbY Zcfhf]bgj]g g][ gY`j" 8YfYg ]bW]hU!

,,

aYbg aigYia" aYbh Yf gca cZhYgh Uh XY Yf _caaYbXY Vfi[YfY UZ ZUW]! ?cbWYdh_ibghYb `]hYhYfbY Y``Yf Uh XY \Uf Yb g±f`][ ZU[`][ j]XYb XYf _Ub 8Yb UbXYb [fibX`±[[YbXY YfZUf]b[ Yf _cbWYdh_ibghYb" iXZc`XY g][ ] iXj]_`]b[gUfVY^XYh" 8Yb [ f XYb acXgUhhY jY^ UZ a]b]aU`]gaYb aYb gUah]! 6fi[Yf[fiddYbg gh²fghY fYggcifWY Yf g `YXYg XYb X][ \Uf XY bc[`Y _`UfY Z±``Yghf±_" hY_b]g_Y c[ ZU[`][Y j]XYb XYf Yf ]bXY\c`Xh ] [fiddYb" = =XYYb ] _cbWYdh_ibghYb Yf Uh UbU`mgYfY gY`jY _cbghfi_! _jUfhYf`²Zh jUf XYbbY j]XYb cZhY Yh b²XjYbX][h fYXg_UV h]cbYb ] _ibghVY[fYVYh" ?ibghj±f_Yh g±hhYg ]bX ] Yb Zcf Vfi[YfbY h]` Uh iXZcfXfY Vcf[Yf[fiddYbg fY`Uh]cbY``Y _cbhY_gh \jcf Uѱgb]b[Yb UZ j±f_Yh V`]jYf UZ\±b[][ fYggcifWYf ] XYb ]bhYfbY _Uad ca dc`]h]_YfbYg c[ Ya! ' UZ XYb _cb_fYhY Uf_]hY_hcb]g_Y gcW]U`Y ²_cbca]g_Y VYXga±bXYbYg [ibgh" _cbhY_gh gca j±f_Yh df±gYbhYfYg ] Zcf\c`X h]`" 8Yb aYfY fUX]_U`Y XY` UZ _cbWYdh_ibghYb [ f g_f]XhYh :cfVfi[YfYb j]XYfY jYX Uh XYaUhYf]U`]gYfY _ibghj±f_Yh c[ [²fY j±f! =bXYbZcf [fiddYb UZ Vfi[YfY ÐbXYg Yb g±f`][ ibXYf! _Yhg ]X h]` gY`jY j±f_Yh" 9``Yf aUb g±hhYf gU[Yb \Y`h d [fiddY UZ U_h]j]ghYf gca Yb[U[YfYf g][ ] Yb_Y`hgU[Yf iX gd]XgYb c[ [²f UbU`mgYb UZ _ibghYb h]` gY`jY _ibghj±f_Yh" ZfU \c`Xb]b[Yb Æ\jUX _Ub _jUfhYf`²Zh h]`VmXY a][ gca ( =XYYb Yf Uh `UXY _ibghj±f_Yh Zcfgj]bXY g XYf g`Yh ]__Y ^Y[ ]__Y _Ub Z VYXfY Y``Yf V]``][YfY fYX" UbXfY ghYXYf3Æ Yf bc[Yh j±f_VY[fYV Uh Zcf\c`XY g][ h]`" AUb a ] ghYXYh :cf XYbbY [fiddY \UbX`Yf XYh ca Uh Zcfai`YfY Yb YZhYf! [ iX ] `]jgdfU_g]g c[ hU[Y XY`" c[ \j]g X]ggY mXY`gYf gd²f[gY` YZhYf VYghYahY mXY`gYf 8YfaYX cdgh f Yb _`Ugg]g_ acXg±hb]b[ gca \Uf Yb ]__Y iXj]_`Yf g][ h]`ZfYXggh]``YbXY j]` aUb g\cddY YZhYf dUfU``Y``]hYh ] Zcf\c`XYh aY``Ya :]fYbnY! c[ JYbYX][ hfU! mXY`gYfbY Yh UbXYh ghYX" H `acX][\YXYb c[ _cadfca]g! X]h]cbYb ]bXYbZcf aU`Yf]Yh. 9f XYh UZ[²fYbXY ] _ibghYb j]``][\YXYb \cg XYbbY [fiddY Yf ]__Y g ghcf gca \cg aU`Yf]Yh gca _²X c[ ghYab]b[ à Y``Yf gca ]X c[ ghfY[" Vcf[YfbY c[ Vfi[YfbY" HY[b]b[Ybg bUhif ;YbYfY`h 9b UbXYb ]bXZU`Xgj]b_Y` h]` Zcf\c`XYh aY``Ya _ibgh c[ <j]g j] [ f `]Xh iX cjYf ibXYfg²[Y`gYb UZ _jUfhYf`²Zh _Ub ]bXighf]U`]gYf]b[ Yf gd²f[ga `Yh ca Zcf\c`XYh aY``Ya j] g][Y Uh Vcf[YfYb [YbYfY`h Yf Yb dchYbh]Y` Vfi[Yf c[ Uh X]gW]d`]bYfbY _ibgh c[ XYg][b#Uf_]hY_hif" D \j]`_Yb a XY Vfi[YfYb Yf Yb dchYbh]Y` ZcfVfi[Yf" 8Yh XYf UXg_]``Yf XYa [f]VYf XY hc ZU[[fiddYf ]bX ] \]bUbXYb \Yb\c`Xgj]g ZfU \]bUbXYb Yf XY`g XYh V]``YXY XY \Uf UZ XYfYg Y[Yb _cbhfUghYfYf \]bUbXYb3 fc``Y ] Zcf\c`X h]` Uh V]XfU[Y h]` iXj]_`]b[Yb UZ Yh dfc^Y_h 9b cd`U[h g_]``Y`]b]Y `][[Yf gY`jZ²`[Y`][ ] VY[fYVYh bmh! c[ XY`g XY fYggcifWYf XY V]XfU[Yf aYX" 6cf[YfYb gYf XYh hYj±fX] gca ^c [YfbY g_i``Y j±fY h]` ghYXY ] Uf_]hY_hifYb gca g]b d`][h c[ fYh Uh XY`hU[Y ] XYb XYac_fUh]g_Y dfcWYg aYb gca ]__Y _Ub V`]jY Yh dUfUaYhYf Zcf Yb _ibghbYf]g_ XYf ZUgh`±[[Yf XY cjYfcfXbYXY a `g±hb]b[Yf Zcf dfc! j±fX]" 9h UbXYh _UhY[cf]g_ g_Y` _ibbY j±fY hY[b]b[Yb ^Y_hYh c[ \Ubg fYggcifWYf Yf df]a±fh VUgYfYh d fY`Uh]c! gca X]gW]d`]b" 8Yf Yf bYa`][ ghcf Zcfg_Y` d \jcfXUb XY bYf c[ \Ubg j]XYb ca Uh bUj][YfY ] dfcWYggYb" <j]g


=

6fi[YfbY Yf Yb ZcfiXg±hb]b[

Vcf[YfYb gUah]X][ \Uf Yb ]bhYfYggY ] XY aYfY _cb_fYhY UgdY_hYf jYX dfc^Y_hYh c[ gY`j U[hYf Uh UbjYbXY ZUW]`]! hYhYfbY V`]jYf \Ub h]` Vfi[Yf c[ _Ub ] XYbbY fc``Y Ub! jYbXY g]b hY_b]g_Y c[ ZU[`][Y j]XYb gca fYggcifWY" <j]g XYbbY Vfi[Yf \Y`h gdYW]Ð_h Yf cdhU[Yh UZ ca \Ub _Ub Z bmhhY UZ VYghYahY XY`Y UZ ZUW]`]hYhYb V`]jYf \Ub ] \²^YfY [fUX ZcfVfi[Yf" <Ubg j][h][ghY fYggcifWY V`]jYf XU XY dYfgcb`][Y df±ZYfYbWYf XYf UZ[²f \jUX XYf g_U` h]` Zcf Uh \Ub j]` Vfi[Y bYhcd XYbbY ZUW]`]hYh" D [fibX UZ XY aUb[Y gidd`YfYbXY ]bhYfYggYf c[ Ub[fYVgj]b_`Yf _Ub XYh j±fY bmhh][h Uh ]bjc`jYfY V XY Vcf[YfY Vfi[YfY c[ ZcfVfi[YfY ] iXj]_`]b[Yb UZ Yh dfc^Y_h" = h]`fYhhY`±[[Y`gYb UZ Yb iXj]_`]b[gdfcWYg aYX Vfi[Yf]bX! XfU[Y`gY a aUb _YbXY XY Yb_Y`hYg fc``Yf c[ fYggcifWYf Zcf Uh _ibbY jifXYfY \jUX XY _Ub V]XfU[Y aYX" 8Yh _Ub gUah]X][ j±fY VYZcfXfYbXY Uh Ub]aYfY Vfi[YfbY h]` Zcf! g²[gj]g Uh ]bXhU[Y Yb UbXYb fc``Y YbX XYb XY _ca ]bX ] UfVY^XYh aYX g XY d XYb a XY cdb f VYXfY Zcfgh ! Y`gY Zcf V XY XYfYg Y[bY c[ XY UbXfY [fiddYfg j]b_`Yf c[ UfVY^XgaYhcXYf") ?Ub Vfi[YfbY h]`Z²fY j±fX]3 8Yh cjYfcfXbYXY _fUj h]` Vfi[YfXY`hU[Y`gY ] Yb iXj]_`]b[g! dfcWYg Yf Uh XYf h]`Z²fYg dfc^Y_hYh Y``Yf dfcXi_hYh j±fX]" 8Y U``YfÑYghY Vm[\YffYf c[ Vfi[YfY \Uf Yh ²bg_Y ca Uh Yh ZcfYgh YbXY Vm[[Yf] g_U` [YbYfYfY j±fX] YbhYb h]` XYb XYf \Uf ][Ub[gUh Vm[[Yf]Yh Vm[\YffYb XYb gca Vm[[Yf]Yh Yf fYhhYh ]acX Vfi[YfYb Y``Yf Yb \Y`h hfYX^Y dUfh gUaZibXYh3 " 6m[[Yf]Yh g_U` [²fY Yb Zcfg_Y`" A±b[XYb c[ UfhYb UZ h]`Z²fh j±fX] Yf Yb a `Yghc_ XYf _Ub Ub[]jY XYb [fUXiYfYXY Zcfg_Y` aY``Ya giWWYg c[ ÐUg_c ] iXj]_`]b[Yb fYU`]gYf]b[Yb c[ UbjYbXY`gYb UZ dfc^Y_hYh"

d `][Y ZcX aYX XYh gai__Y hf±

gca U``Y ^c hU[Yf \Ybgmb h]`

AYb XYh VfYXY VY[fYV j±fX] ]bXY\c`XYf bUhif`][j]g Yb aUb[Zc`X][ ibXYfg_cj UZ Zcfg_Y``][Y j±fX]ZcfaYf" J] _Ub hU`Y ca g`ihdfcXi_hYhg Vfi[gj±fX] ±ghYh]g_Y j±fX] bm\YXgj±fX] dc`]h]g_Y j±fX] c[ ²_cbca]g_Y j±fX] aYb c[g ca dfcWYggYbg gcW]U`Y j±fX] c[ XYbg XYac_fUh]g_Y `±f]b[gj±fX] Zcf V`ch Uh b±jbY bc[`Y" 6cf[YfY Vfi[YfY c[ ZcfVfi[YfY _Ub j±[hY X]ggY j±fX]Yf aY[Yh Zcfg_Y``][h c[ XYh _Ub j±fY fgU[ h]` aUb[Zc`X][\YX aYb c[g h]` _cbÑ]_h" 6cf[YfYb V]XfU[Yf jYX Uh g]_fY _cbhU_hYb h]` XYb ca! []jYbXY jYfXYb c[ XYf][YbbYa dfc^Y_hYhg [YbbYaZ²f! `][\YX" <Ub \Uf Zc_ig d XYb dc`]h]g_Y dfcWYg c[ XYh Yf cZhY XY j±fX]Yf XYf [YbYfYfYg [YbbYa gY`jY dfcWYggYb XYf \Uf \Ubg df]a±fY VYj [Yb\YX" GY`jY XY`hU[Y`gYb Yf j±fX]Zi`X Zcf \Ua c[ \Ub _Ub gUah]X][ h]`Z²fY dfc^Y_hYh j±fX] jYX Uh g]_fY Uh U``Y fY`YjUbhY ]bhYfYggYf Yf fYdf±! gYbhYfYh g dfc^Y_hYh iXj]_`Yg iX ZfU Yh \Y`\YXggmb" <Ub iXbmhhYf g]bY fY`Uh]cbY``Y fYggcifWYf h]` ZcfXY` Zcf dfc^Y_! hYh aYb \Ub iXVm[[Yf XYa gUah]X][" <Ub Z f bmY _cb! hU_hYf c[ [YbbYa[ f Yb bm XYac_fUh]g_ `±f]b[gdfcWYg gca Yf h]` [Ujb V XY Zcf \Ua gY`j c[ Zcf \Y`\YXYb"* = acXg±hb]b[ h]` Vcf[YfYbg Zc_ig d dfcWYggYb Yf Vfi[YfYbg df]a±fY a ` Zcf j±fX] _bmhhYh h]` ]bX\c`XYh UZ g`ihdfcXi_hYh" 8Yh Yf j±fX]Zi`Xh Zcf Vfi[YfYb Uh Vf]b[Y g]b j]XYb ] gd]` c[ g]_fY Uh XYbbY j]XYb ]bX`Y^fYg ] XYh Z±fX][Y dfc^Y_h" D XYb a XY cdb f Vfi[YfYb Y^Yfg_UV c[ g_UVYf XYfjYX Yb `Ub[h]Xg\c`XVUf fY`Uh]cb h]` dfc^Y_hYh gca Yf j±fX]Zi`X Zcf VY[[Y dUfhYf" 6fi[YfYb gYf XYh gca g]h UbgjUf Uh h]`Z²fY Z"Y_g" Vfi[gj±fX] c[ ±ghYh]g_ j±fX] h]` dfc^Y_hYh g XYh V`]jYf YZhYfgdif[h" :cfVfi[YfYb Z²`Yf XYf]acX ]__Y b²XjYbX][j]g Yh Ub! gjUf Zcf Uh iXj]_`Y dfc^Y_hYhg j±fX]Yf" = ZcfVfi[YfYbg ²^bY Yf XYh Zcf\c`XYh aY``Ya XY j±fX]Yf dfc^Y_hYh ]bXY\c`XYf

,-


ai`][\YXYf p :`Yaa]b[ CjYf[UUfX

c[ XY j±fX]Yf \Ub gY`j g_U` []jY UZ_U`X d Zcf Uh XY`hU[Y ] dfcWYggYb Y``Yf Vfi[Y ZUW]`]hYhYfbY XYf Yf UZ[²fYbXY" 5`hg Zcf\c`XYh aY``Ya bmhhYj±fX] c[ df]g" <j]g XYhhY Zcf\c`X j]gYf g][ ]__Y Uh j±fY UhhfU_h]jh [ f ZcfVfi[YfYb Yh UbXYh ghYX \Yb" :cfVfi[YfYb V`]jYf Yb g`U[g `U_aig df²jY d ca dfc^Y_hYhg ]bX\c`X fYbh ZU_h]g_ j]` V`]jY Vfi[h c[ XYfaYX \Uf j±fX]" =bXXfU[Y`gYb UZ Zcfg_Y``][Y hmdYf UZ Vfi[YfY g]_fYf g `YXYg ]__Y U`YbY Uh Zcfg_Y``][Y j±f! X]g_UVYbXY fYggcifWYf U_h]jYfYg aYb c[g Uh Zcfg_Y`! `][Y j±fX]Yf fYdf±gYbhYfYg" JUfYhU[Y`gYb UZ Yb iXj]_`]b[gdfcWYg \jcf U``Y X]ggY j±fX]Yf g_U` Zcf`²gYg _f±jYf Uh XYb XYf h]`fYhhY`±[[Yf dfcWYggYb _Ub gUaaYbg±hhY U_h]j]hYhYf c[ XY`dfcWYggYf XYf cd`YjYg gca aYb]b[gZm`XhY UZ \Yb\c`Xgj]g Vcf[YfYb Vfi[YfYb c[ ZcfVfi[YfYb" <jcfXUb g_U` Vfi[YfbY ]bXXfU[Yg3 B f caZUb[Yh c[ UfhYb UZ Vfi[Yf]bXXfU[Y`gY g_U` ZUgh! `±[[Yg Yf XYh UZ[²fYbXY \j]`_Y ]bhYbh]cbYf Vm[\YffYb \Uf aYX g]h dfc^Y_h" ;YbYfY`h a Yb Vm[\YffY U`h]X [²fY g][ _`Ufh ca \Ub gh f cjYfZcf Yh g _U`Xh ]ad`YaYbhUh]cbgdfc^Y_h XYf g_U` fYU`]gYfY jY`_YbXhY `²gb]b[Yf d aYfY Y``Yf a]bXfY jY`! _YbXhY VY\cj Y``Yf \Ub g_U` VYj±[Y g][ iX ] Yh ]bbcjU! h]cbgdfc^Y_h \jcf V XY Yf_YbXY`gYb UZ bmY VY\cj c[ iXj]_`]b[Yb UZ bmY `²gb]b[Yf ÐbXYf ghYX ibXYfjY^g ] dfc^Y_hiXj]_`]b[Yb"+ 9b ibXYfg²[Y`gY UZ XYac_fUh]Zcf! aYf ] XYb U`aYbY Vc`][gY_hcf iX[]jYh UZ G6= _Ub []jY cg Yh Ðb[YfdY[ ca \jcfXUb Vcf[YfYb Vfi[YfYb c[ ZcfVfi[YfYb ] _fUZh UZ XYfYg Zcfg_Y``][Y XYac_fUh]ZcfYgh]`! `]b[Yf \Uf jUf]YfYbXY ZcfiXg±hb]b[Yf Zcf Uh V]XfU[Y _cbghfi_h]jh h]` \Yb\c`Xgj]g ]ad`YaYbhUh]cbg! c[ ]bbc! jUh]cbgdfc^Y_hYf"

-$

6cf[YfYb U[YfYf g `YXYg \^YaaYjUbh ] XYh G6=, ibXYf! g²[Y`gYb _U`XYf Yh VYghmfY`gYgXYac_fUh] " 8YbbY XY! ac_fUh]ZcfYgh]``]b[ Vm[[Yf d Yh df]bW]d ca XY`Y[Uh]cb UZ _cadYhYbWY h]` VYghYahY fYdf±gYbhUbhYf" = _fUZh UZ Uh XY`Y[UhYb fYdf±gYbhYfYf UbXfY Yf XY \c`Xb]b[Yf c[ j±fX]Yf \Ub fYdf±gYbhYfYf ZUgh`U[h Y_gc[Ybh Xjg d Zcf\ bX c[ iXYb Zcf XY`hU[Y`gYb ] dfc^Y_hYhg a²XYf kcf_g\cdg a"a" = acXg±hb]b[ \Yfh]` gYf Vfi[YfYb g][ gca U_h²f ] Yh XY`hU[Y`gYgXYac_fUh] XYf Vm[[Yf d df]bW]ddYh ca Uh XYb XYf XY`hU[Yf \Uf aUbXUh h]` Uh \UbX`Y c[ VYg`ihhY d Y[Yb \ bX" <Ubg j±fX]Yf c[ df±ZYfYbWYf ZUgh`±[[Yg YbXc[Ybh Xjg [YbbYa X]U`c[ aYX UbXfY ibXYfjY^g ] dfc^Y_hiXj]_`]b[g!dfcWYggYb" 9bXY`][ Yf ZcfVfi[YfYb fYdf±gYbhUbh Zcf Yh g _U`Xh gidYfaUf_YXgXYac_fUh] gca Yf cf]YbhYfYh acX aUf! _YXYh" 8Yb XYf _²VYf VYghYaaYf" :cfVfi[YfYb a²XYf cd aYX bc[`Y ZcfiXVYghYahY Y_gc[YbY df±ZYfYbWYf c[ gYf ca XY _Ub h]`ZfYXggh]``Yg ]bXYbZcf dfc^Y_hYh" <j]g Vm[\YffYb ²bg_Yf Uh [YbbYaZ²fY Yh ]ad`YaYb! hUh]cbgdfc^Y_h Yf \Ubg Y[bY df±ZYfYbWYf cjYfjY^YbXY Y_gc[YbY c[ VYghmfY`gYgXYac_fUh]Yh Yf ] g ZU`X iXa±f! _Yh h]` Uh ZcfYhU[Y Yb dc`]h]g_ df]cf]hYf]b[ ]bXYbZcf _YbXhY VY\cj c[ `²gb]b[Yf" :cfVfi[YfYb _Ub c[g V]! XfU[Y jYX Uh d dY[Y \j]`_Y _YbXhY `²gb]b[Yf \Ub ZcfY! hf±__Yf aYbg Vfi[YfYbg j]XYb ]__Y f][h][ _caaYf ] gd]`" <j]g Vm[\YffYb XYf]acX ²bg_Yf Uh [YbbYaZ²fY Yh ]bbcjUh]cbgdfc^Y_h Yf \Ubg Y[bY df±ZYfYbWYf cjYfjY! ^YbXY YbXc[YbY c[ \Ub \Uf XYfZcf aYfY bmhhY UZ Yh XY`hU[Y`gYgXYac_fUh] aYX gUaUfVY^XgdUfhbYfY gca Vfi[YfYb XYf _Ub iXj]_`Y df±ZYfYbWYf c[ `²gb]b[Yf \Yb UX jY^Yb" 6fi[YfYb \Uf d [fibX UZ g]b V]bX]b[ h]` g`ih!


Hc _cb_fYhY Y_gYad`Yf d Vfi[YfbYg fc``Yf 9h UZ[²fYbXY gd²f[ga ` Yf \j]`_Yb fY`Uh]cb dfc^Y_hYh \Uf h]` Vfi[YfbY c[ ca[]jY`gYfbY3 6`]jYf ZUW]`]hYhYb gh]``Yh h]` f X][\YX Zcf Yb UZ[f±bgYh [fiddY UZ Vfi[YfY Y``Yf iXVmXYg Vfi! [Yb d Yh VYbh aUf_YX \jcf ZUW]`]hYhYb g_U` _cb_iffYfY aYX UbXfY `][bYbXY ZUW]`]hYhYf3 8ca]W]`Yh. = Yh Xca]W]`Vm[[Yf] V`]jYf XY bmY ZUW]`]hYhYf gh]``Yh h]` f X][\YX Zcf XY UbgUhhY gca XYfZcf ] iXj]_`]b[gdfcWYggYb j]` cdhf±XY gca Vfi[YfY" 6fi[YfbY j]` g²[Y Uh g_UZZY g][ Y^Yfg_UV c[ Vfi[Y XYfYg j]XYb ca Y[bY UfVY^Xgfih]bYf c[ _caaib]_Uh]cbgfY`Uh]cbYf h]` Uh d j]f_Y dfc^Y_hYh ] Yb fYhb]b[ XYf Yf [ibgh][ Zcf XYfYg ZfYah]X][Y j]f_Y" 8U U``Y ²bg_Yf ]__Y b²XjYb! X][j]g _Ub ZcfYbYg c[ `YXY`gYb ] Vm[\YffYfc``Yb a g_Y ]__Y j]` ]a²XY_caaY ]bX]j]XiY``Y ²bg_Yf _Ub XYf cdgh Yb g]hiUh]cb \jcf Yb_Y`hY Vfi[YfY cjYf[ f h]` Uh j±fY ZcfVfi[YfY ]XYh XY gd²f[Yf g][ gY`j ca XY j]` Zcf`UXY j]f_gca\YXYb b f XY ]__Y _Ub Z XYfYg ²bg_Yf h]` Uf! VY^Xgd`UXgYb cdZm`Xh" G_c`Yb. <j]g j] hU[Yf Y_gYad`Yh aYX Yb bm g_c`Y j]` XYbbY hfUX]h]cbY`h V`]jY UbgYh gca Yb cZZYbh`][ ZUW]`]hYh gca gh]``Yg h]` f X][\YX Zcf V²fb ] Yh VYghYah caf XY" <Yf _Ub XYh V XY j±fY Vcf! [YfY XYf \Uf Yb U`aYb ]bhYfYggY ] XY cZZYbh`][Y ]bgh]hih]cbYf c[ `c_U`Y Zcf±`XfY h]` _ca! aYbXY g_c`YV²fb Vfi[YfY XYf g_U` ]bjc`jYfYg ] iXj]_`]b[gdfcWYggYb" AYb ] Yb g]hiUh]cb aYX Zf]h g_c`YjU`[ _cb_iffYfYf g_c`Yb d`iXgY`][ ca Y`YjYfbYg [ibgh aYX Yb f±__Y UbXfY g_c`Yf c[ gY`jY XYb Zmg]g_Y fUaaY V`]jYf Yb UZ ÑYfY _cb_iffYbWYdUfUaYhfY" 8YfZcf _Ub XYh V`]jY fY`YjUbh Uh ]bXXfU[Y V XY Vcf[YfY XYf \Uf Yb aYb]b[ ca \j]`_Y hmdYf g_c`Yf XYf V²f j±fY ] _caaibYb c[ fYdf±gYbhUh]jY Zcf±`XfY ZfU \Y`Y _caaibYb ZcfVfi[YfY gca _Ub Zcfh±``Y \jUX XYf g_U` h]` Zcf Uh XY j]` j±`[Y Uh g±hhY XYfYg V²fb ] bYhcd XYbbY g_c`Y" 6fi! [Yf]bXXfU[Y`gYb \UbX`Yf bi a]bXfY ca Uh UZX±__Y XY `c_U`Y ai`][\YXYf c[ aYfY ca U_h]jh Uh iXj]_`Y g±f`][Y _UfU_hYf]gh]_U gca XYbbY g_c`Y _Ub gUhgY d Zcf Uh h]`ZfYXggh]``Y VY! ghYahY ZcfVfi[YfYg df±ZYfYbWYf"

-%


=

6cf[YfY Vfi[YfY c[ ZcfVfi[YfY _Ub j±[hY j±fX]Yf aY[Yh Zcfg_Y``][h \j]`_Yh _Ub g_UVY V XY aUb[Zc`X][\YX c[ _cbÑ]_hYf

6fi[YfhmdY

6CF;9F

6FI;9F

:CF6FI;9F

8YÐbYfYh UZ

FYhh][\YXYf

5_h]j]hYhYf

:cfVfi[

Df]a±fY fYggcifWYf

FY`Uh]cbY``Y

:U[`][ j]XYb

Df±ZYfYbWYf

Df]a±fY j±fX]Yf

<Y`\YX

6fi[gj±fX]

J±fX] # Df]g

Df]a±f ach]jUh]cb

8Y`hU[Y`gY

6YXfY g`ihdfcXi_h Bmg[Yff][\YX

6Y`²bb]b[

BYhj±f_

9^Yfg_UV

Cdh]aU`h ]bX_²V

Df]a±f U_h]j]hYh

:cf\UbX`Y

6]XfU[Y

JifXYfY

:c_ig d

DfcWYggYf

:UW]`]hYhYf

JUfYf

5bgjUf`][ Zcf

<Y`\YXYb

G`ihdfcXi_hYh

=__Y UbgjUf`][

8Yac_fUh]ZcfYgh]``]b[

6YghmfY`gY

8Y`hU[Y`gY

GidYfaUf_YX

:±``Yg_UVgZcfYgh]``]b[

GaU`

6fYX

=b[Yb

HUVY` %" 6cf[YfYbg Vfi[YfYbg c[ ZcfVfi[YfYbg _UfU_hYf]gh]_U CjYf[UUfX :`Yaa]b[ &$$* aYX ]bgd]fUh]cb ZfU >YbgYb ?]f_Y[UUfX c[ DYXYfgYb %--- "

-&


=

;fUXYb UZ YZhYfgdif[h ]bbcjUh]cb Yf

ai`][\YXYf p :`Yaa]b[ CjYf[UUfX

UZ[²fYbXY Zcf \j]`_Y hmdYf UZ Vfi[YfY c[ XYac_fUh]ZcfaYf XYf g_U` U_h]jYfYg

dfcXi_hYh ] acXg±hb]b[ h]` ZcfVfi[YfYb Yh ]bW]hUaYbh h]` jYX\c`XYbXY Uh Vf]b[Y g]b j]XYb ] gd]` c[ XY`hU[Y ] XYh `Ub[Y gY^Y iXj]_`]b[gZcf`²V" 6cf[YfYb V²f bUhif`][j]g c[g XY`hU[Y aYb Yf ]__Y g VYj±[Y`][ ] Yb ZfYaUXg_f]! XYbXY ]bbcjUh]cbgdfcWYg XU \Ub \Y`Y h]XYb g_U` _cbgi`! hYfY g]h VU[`UbX" ;YbYfY`h Yf gd²f[ga `Yh ca \j]`_Yb [fUX UZ ]bbcjUh]cb XYf YZhYfgd²f[Yg U`hg UZ[²fYbXY Zcf \j]`_Y hmdYf UZ Vfi[YfY c[ XYac_fUh]ZcfaYf XYf V²f U_h]jYfYg ] Yh U_hi! Y`h dfc^Y_h" 8Yf ÐbXYg bUhif`][j]g V`UbX]b[gZcfaYf aY`! `Ya ]ad`YaYbhUh]cbg! c[ ]bbcjUh]cbgdfc^Y_hYf c[ aUb a XYfZcf ] XYb _cb_fYhY g]hiUh]cb cjYfjY^Y b²^Y \j]`_Y hmdYf UZ Vfi[YfY c[ dfcWYggYf XYf dUggYf h]` XY Yb_Y`hY XY`Y UZ dfc^Y_hYh" ?Ub Vfi[YfbY Xf]jY ]bbcjUh]cb3 6Y[fYVYh Vfi[YfXfYjYb ]bbcjUh]cb Yf d XYh gYbYghY V`YjYh dfcacjYfYh U_h]jh UZ X]jYfgY a]b]ghYf]Yf c[ Yf! \jYfjg c[ Vm[[YghmfY`gYb \Uf gYbYgh _bmhhYh VY[fYVYh h]` Vm[[Yf]Yh ] Yb ghUhigfUddcfh" - GhfUhY[]Yb ca Uh [²fY ]bbcjUh]cbYb h]` Yh UZ[²fYbXY UgdY_h jYX Vfi[Yf]bXXfU! [Y`gYb \Uf ] Z²fghY ca[Ub[ iXa²bhYh g][ ] Yb cjYfZ²fgY` UZ jY`Xc_iaYbhYfYXY df]bW]ddYf ZfU dfcXi_h]cbg]bXi! ghf]Yb h]` Vm[[Yf]Yh" 8YbbY X]fY_hY cjYfZ²fgY` \Uf ]a]X`Yf! h]X XYb VY[f±bgb]b[ Uh XYh ghcfh gYh iXY`i__YbXY Yf ZcfVfi[Yf hmdYb XYf Zc_igYfYg d c[ \YfjYX ibXYf_YbXYf aUb Vcf[YfYbg c[ Vfi[YfYbg VYhmXb]b[" 9f\jYfjg! c[ 6m[[YghmfY`gYbg ghUhigfUddcfh [²f YbXj]XYfY cda±f_! gca d Uh c[g XYb U`aYbY ZcfVfi[Yfg ]bbcjUh]jY dc! hYbh]U`Yf Yf VY[f±bgYXY"%$ BYhcd ]bXYb Zcf iXj]_`]b[Yb UZ ]bXighf]dfcXi_hYf \Uf `YXYbXY dfcXi_h]cbgj]f_gca\Y! XYf c[ XYg][bÐfaUYf ] XY gYbYfY f YfZUfYh Uh ]bbcjUh]jY

dfcXi_hYf _ib _Ub iXj]_`Yg ] gUaUfVY^XY aYX g _U`XhY `YUX igYfg Y``Yf Y_ghfYaY ZcfVfi[YfY gca g²[Yf U_h]jh YZhYf bmY j±fX]Yf ] dfcXi_hYfbY" :±bcaYbYh V`Yj VY! g_fYjYh U``YfYXY ] %-*& UZ 9jYfYhh Fc[Yfg%% gca d j]ghY Uh _ib ca_f]b[ &") UZ VYZc`_b]b[Yb Yf g _U`XhY ]b! bcjUhcfYf XYf iXj]_`Yf bmY `²gb]b[Yf c[ ia]XXY`VUfh _Ub gY j±fX]Yb UZ X]ggY" 8Yb ZfUbg_!UaYf]_Ubg_Y Ð`cgcZ FYb ;]fUfX \Uf aYX g]b hYcf] ca 8Yh A]aYh]g_Y 6Y[±f fYXY[^cfh Zcf Uh XY ÑYghY aYbbYg_Yf Z²fgh Yf ] ghUbX h]` Uh h]``±[[Y cV^Y_hYf j±fX] b f UbXfY ] ZcfjY^Yb \Uf iXdY[Yh XYa gca j±fX]! Zi`XY"%& J±fX]Yf _bmhhYh h]` dfcXi_hYf c[ cV^Y_hYf gYf U`hg iX h]` Uh j±fY fY`Uh]jh ghUh]g_Y \cg XY ÑYghY Vfi[YfY c[ XYh Yf ]Z²`[Y dfcXi_h]cbg]bXighf]Ybg YfZUf]b[Yf Yb aY[Yh `]``Y [fiddY UZ Zcf! Vfi[YfY XYf Yf fY`YjUbhY Uh ]bXXfU[Y ] ^U[hYb d ]bbcjUh]jY `²gb]b[Yf" Gd²f[ga `Yh Yf ca Yh Vm[[Ydfc^Y_h XYf Yf ]bX`Y^fYh ] Yb `c_U` XYac_fUh]g_ _cbhY_gh _Ub `YjY aYX Uh g Z ]bXXfU[Yg ] iXj]_`]b[Yb UZ j±fX]Yf c[ `²gb]b[Yf3 9``Yf Yf XYf ] Yb g]hiUh]cb \jcf Vfi[YfbY ]__Y V`ch Yf hmd]g_Y ZcfVfi[YfY gca jYX Yb aUggYdfcXiWYfYh jUfY aYb c[g _cb_fYhY `c_U`Y Vfi[YfY ai`][\YX Zcf Uh j±fX]Yf c[ `²gb]b[Yf _Ub iXj]_`Yg [YbbYa Yb aYfY _c``Y_h]j ]bX! gUhg3 J] \Uf h]X`][YfY VYf²fh XYb ai`][Y gUaaYb\±b[ aY`! `Ya XY Zcfg_Y``][Y hmdYf ]bhYfYggYbhYfg fYggcifWYf XYfYg j]XYb c[ XYfYg j±fX]Yf" 6cf[YfYb Vfi[Yf df]a±fh g]b fY`Uh]cbY``Y j]XYb h]` Uh ZcfZ²`[Y dfcWYggiY``Y c[ fY`Uh]c! bY``Y j±fX]Yf" <Ubg j]XYb ca dc`]h]g_Y gd]` \Uf cZhY Yb _UfU_hYf UZ hUjg j]XYb XYf Yf gj±f Uh XY`Y aYX UbXfY" 6fi[YfYb aYX XYb ZU[`][Y j]XYb \Uf Zc_ig d Uh dfc! ^Y_hYh Z f j±fX] jYX _cb_fYh Uh UZgdY^`Y XYb j]XYb \Ub

-'


=

6fi[YfbY Xf]jYf ]__Y ]bbcjUh]cbYb ZfYaUX jYX V`ch Uh h]`_YbXY[]jY XYfYg df±ZYfYbWYf ]bXYbZcf ] ZcfjY^Yb _YbXhY `²gb]b[Yf

`][[Yf ]bXY aYX" <Ubg j]XYb _Ub V XY j±fY hUjg c[ Y_gd`]W]h ia]XXY`VUfh h]`[±b[Y`][ Zcf UbXfY " :cfVfi[YfYb gYf dfc^Y_hYh gca j±fX]Zi`Xh \j]g XYh UZgdY^`Yf \Ubg df±ZYfYbWYf" Df±ZYfYbWYfbY VUgYfYf g][ cZhY d ZcfVfi[YfYbg dYfgcb`][Y hUjgY j]XYb" 8Y j±fX]Yf gca XY Zcfg_Y``][Y hmdYf Vfi[YfY ZcfZ²`[Yf ] dfc^Y_hiXj]_`]b[Yb UZgdY^`Yf g `YXYg XYb j]XYb XY \Uf" 9b j][h][ ZcfiXg±hb]b[ Zcf Uh Vfi[YfbY _Ub ZfYaaY c[ UWWYdhYfY bmY ]bbcjUh]jY ]X Yf c[ j±fX]Yf gmbYg XYfZcf Uh j±fY Uh XYb j]XYb XYf XUbbYf [fibX`U[Yh Zcf XYfYg ach]jUh]cb c[ df±ZYfYbWYf Z²fgh V`]jYf iXj]XYh c[ ZcfbmYh" AUb _Ub g Uh g][Y ]__Y _c[Y bm giddY d [Ua`Y VYb " 9jYfYhh Fc[Yfg ibXYfVm[[YXY XYbbY hYgY jYX Uh d j]gY Uh ZU[`][ j]XYb ca Yh VYghYah YabY ²[Yf gUbX! gmb`][\YXYb Zcf Uh aUb iXj]_`Yf g][ h]` ]bbcjUhcf ]bXYb Zcf XYhhY YabY" 6cf[YfYb _Ub Z"Y_g" iXbmhhY bm j]XYb ca \jcfXUb dc`]h]g_Y dfcWYggYf U`hYfbUh]jh _Ub Zcf`²VY h]` Uh ]j±f_! g±hhY Yb bm dfcWYgghfi_hif XYf VbYf ai`][\YX Zcf Uh \Y`h UbXfY hmdYf UZ `²gb]b[Yf _Ub ZfYa_caaY c[ V`]jY VY\UbX`Yh dc`]h]g_" 6fi[YfYb _Ub iXbmhhY bm ZU[`][ c[ ZU_hiY` j]XYb ca \jUX XYf hY_b]g_ Yf ai`][h h]` Uh iXj]_`Y c[ UWWYdhYfY UbXfY `²gb]b[Yf YbX XYa \Ub h]X`][YfY \Uf gYh iXZ²fh" :cfVfi[YfYb _Ub iXbmhhY bm j]XYb ca \j]`_Yh iXViX XYf ZU_h]g_ ÐbXYg d aUf_YXYh h]` Uh XUbbY \Y`h bmY df±ZYfYbWYf" <j]g Vcf[YfYb Vfi[YfYb c[ ZcfVfi[YfYb g_U` gUaUf! VY^XY ] Yb ]bbcjUh]cbgdfcWYg _f±jYf XYh gUah]X][ Uh XYb j]XYb XYf h]``±[[Yg VYhmXb]b[ \Uf Yb Y_gd`]W]h _UfU_! hYf g XYb _Ub XY`Yg UZ U``Y" 8Yh VYhmXYf V XY Uh Vcf[Y! fYb a hmXY`][[²fY g]b hUjgY j]XYb ca Uh U[YfY ] gmghY!

-(

aYfbY Uh ZcfVfi[YfYb a ZfYa`±[[Y VU[[fibXYb Zcf g]bY df±ZYfYbWYf c[ Uh bm j]XYb XYf h]`Z²fYg iXYZfU c[g Yf U`aYbh Zcfgh Y`][" D XYb a XY _Ub XYf g_UVYg VUg]g Zcf Yb caZUhhYbXY iXjY_g`]b[ UZ j]XYb gca _Ub fYgi`! hYfY ] XYb ZfYaUXg_f]XYbXY YbXc[YbY j±fX]XUbbY`gY XYf Yf Yb ZcfiXg±hb]b[ Zcf U``Y ]bbcjUh]cbgdfc^Y_hYf" <Yf h]` g]Xgh a j] g ][Yb hf±__Y XY ²jf][Y U_h²fYf ] dfc^Y_hiXj]_`]b[Yb ]bX ] aUbY[Yb" :cf XYh Yf bUhif`][j]g UZ[²fYbXY Uh g jY` Vm[\YffYb gca XY dfcZYgg]cbY``Y f X[]jYfY c[g XY`Yf XYb Z±``Yg j]XYb c[ XY`hU[Yf ] iX! j]_`]b[gdfcWYggYb" F X[]jYfbY _Ub ] bc[`Y h]`Z±`XY V`]jY VYXh ca Uh Vf]b[Y bm j]XYb ]bX ] _fYXgYb c[ XYh j]` ] g ZU`X j±fY UZ[²fYbXY Uh XYh g_Yf Zcfh`²VYbXY g XUb! bY`gYb UZ bmY df±ZYfYbWYf \c`XYg ] _cbghUbh VYj±[Y`gY c[ ]__Y ZfmgYg ] ZUgh` ghY dcg]h]cbYf" 8Yh Yf YggYbh]Y`h Uh XYf cdfYh\c`XYg Yb UfVY^XgXY`]b[ aY``Ya f X[]jYfbY c[ Vfi[YfbY g Vfi[YfbY ]bgd]fYfYf c[ df]cf]hYfYf aYbg f X[]jYfbY df±gYbhYfYf ai`][\YXYf c[ g_UVYf `²gb]b[g! Zcfg`U[" D XYb a XY ibX[ f f X[]jYfbY Uh V`]jY XciV`Y hU`_Yfg ]XYh XYh Yf UZ_`UfYh Uh V]XfU[YbY ZfU Vfi[YfbY ]__Y VYgh f ] Z±fX][Y _fUj c[ `²gb]b[Yf aYb Ubj]gb]b[Yf d fYhb]b[Yf c[ ]bhYbh]cbYf gca f X[]jYfYb Vfi[Yf gca [fibX`U[ Zcf _cb_fYhY Zcfg`U[ XYf ][Yb _Ub jifXYfYg UZ Vfi[YfbY" 6fi[YfbY Xf]jYf ]__Y ]bbcjUh]cbYb ZfYaUX jYX V`ch Uh h]`_YbXY[]jY XYfYg df±ZYfYbWYf ]bXYbZcf XY `²g! b]b[Yf gca ] ZcfjY^Yb Yf _YbXhY" 8Y Yf b²Xh h]` Uh ]bX[ ] Yb X]U`c[ aYX f X[]jYfbY \jcf `²gb]b[gZcfg`U[ Z²fYf h]` Yf_YbXY`gY UZ bmY VY\cj c[ YZhYfgd²f[gY` YZhYf \Y`h bmY `²gb]b[Yf" 8Yh Yf VYZcfXfYbXY Zcf XYbbY ]hYfUh]jY dfcWYg \j]g U``Y U_h²fYf `²VYbXY cdVm[[Yf Yb \²^ [fUX UZ Z±``Yg VU[[fibXgj]XYb"%' Bm j]XYb _Ub ] g ZU`X Xf]jY Vfi[YfbY ZfYa acX UWWYdh UZ ]bbcjUh]jY `²gb]b[Yf"


ai`][\YXYf p :`Yaa]b[ CjYf[UUfX

BchYf

%

Bcfj][ @UfgYb >UWcV &$$% 6cf[YfXY`hU[Y`gY ] _jUfhYf`²Zh d" ," 6m c[ 6m[ 8c_iaYbhUh]cb $$," GhUhYbg 6m[[YZcfg_b]b[g]bgh]hih & =V]X d , ' Bcfj][ @UfgYb >UWcV &$$% 6cf[YfXY`hU[Y`gY ] _jUfhYf`²Zh d" &+" 6m c[ 6m[ 8c_iaYbhUh]cb $$," GhUhYbg 6m[[YZcfg_b]b[g]bgh]hih ( =V]X d" %' ) CjYf[UUfX :`Yaa]b[ &$$+ 8Yh ]bbcjUh]jY dfc! [fUa WUgY ;YbhcZhY ?caaYbXY D\8 UZ\UbX`]b[" = iXj]_`]b[Yb UZ _cb_iffYbWYdfc[fUaaYh h]` Yb bm ai`h]Zib_h]cbY` GdcfhgdUf_ ] ;YbhcZhY VUX f X[]j! b]b[ghYUaYh XYf jUfYhc[ dfc[fUag_f]jb]b[Yb Yb f±__Y iXjU`[hY ZcfYb]b[gfYdf±gYbhUbhYf ca Uh Zcf! ai`YfY XYfYg j]g]cbYf Zcf XYh bmY Ub`±[ XY`g gca Vcf[Yf ] VmYb XY`g gca aYX`Ya UZ Yb ZcfYb]b[ Vfi! [Yf c[ YbXY`][ gca U`aYb Zcf Vfi[Yf" 8Y ÑYghY VY! \c`Xh ZcfYb]b[g_Ug_YhhYb d ] U``Y VYgjUfY`gYfbY aYbg XYf j]ghY g][ Zcfg_Y``][UfhYXY ]bhYfYggYf \cg Yb_Y`hY UZ\±b[][ UZ \j]`_Yb _Ug_Yh XY hc[ d " * Bcfj][ @UfgYb >UWcV &$$% 6cf[YfXY`hU[Y`gY ] _jUfhYf`²Zh 6m c[ 6m[ 8c_iaYbhUh]cb $$," GhUhYbg 6m[[YZcfg_b]b[g]bgh]hih" d" ,""5Z _jUfhYf`²Zh ibXYfg²[Y`gYb ZfYa[ f XYh Uh g±f`][h ] dfc^Y_hYf \jcf ghmf]b[Yb UZ dfc^Y_hYfbY V`Yj iXj]_`Yh giWWYgg]jh UZ XY`hU[YfbY gY`j jUf XYf hU`Y ca Æj][h][Y YfZUf]b[Yf aYX `c_U` XYac_fUh]iXj]_`]b[Æ" + 9b[kU`` AUhg &$$% =ad`YaYbhUh]cb Y``Yf ]bbcjU! h]cb ] @YXUfg_UdYhg c`]_Y g_YdbUXYf!YlYad`Yh <U`! `UbXg g GhiXYbh`]hhYfUhif GjYf][Y"

,

>YbgYb @" ?]f_Y[UUfX C" DYXYfgYb 8" C" %--- " 6YVcYfXYac_fUh] c[ ZcfjU`hb]b[ ] XYb U`aYbY Vc`][! gY_hcf. =XYU`Yf c[ dfU_g]g G6=!fUddcfh '&& " <²fg! \c`a. GhUhYbg 6m[[YZcfg_b]b[g]bgh]hih" 9f\jYfjg! c[ 6m[[YghmfY`gYb &$$* " 6fi[YfVY\cj c[ Vfi[YfXfYjYb ]bbcjUh]cb ] Vm[[Yf]Yh à Yb ghUhig! fUddcfh" IXUfVY^XYh UZ 8Ubg_ 5f_]hY_hif 7YbhYf %$

=V]X d" %, Fc[Yfg 9jYfYhh %--) 8]ZZig]cb cZ =bbcjUh]cbg (" iX[UjY %" iX[UjY %-*& H\Y :fYY DfYgg" BYk Mcf_" %& ;]fUfX FYb %--+ H\Y ;]fUfX FYUXYf H\Y 7fcgg! fcUX DiV`]g\]b[ 7cadUbm %' 8Uj]XgYb AUf]U ?Y]b]W_Y &$$* " kkk"ZcfbmX]b\U`"X_ 7YbhYf Zcf =Xf±h c[ 5f_]hY_hif ?ibghU_UXYa]Yhg 5f_]! hY_hg_c`Y" Gca Yh U_hiY`h Y_gYadY` d Uh cdXUhYfYh j]XYb gh]``Yg h]` f X][\YX Zcf f X[]jYfY Vm[\YffYf Vcf[YfY Vfi[YfY c[ ZcfVfi[YfY _Ub b±jbYg XYh ]bhYf! U_h]jY g]hY kkk"ZcfbmX]b\U`"X_ \jcf ghfi_hifYfYh j]! XYb _Ub g²[Yg UZ ]bhYfYggYbhYf XYf ]bX[ f ] dfc^Y_hYf ] ZcfV]bXY`gY aYX cd[fUXYf]b[ UZ Y_g]ghYfYbXY XUbg_Y ]Xf±hgZUW]`]hYhYf" %%

-)


@]hhYfUhif c[ `]b_g

kkk"aUgg!Wighca]nUh]cb"XY 8Yb hmg_Y :fUb_ D]``Yfg \^YaaYg]XY ca AUgg 7ighca]nUh]cb 7ighcaYf =bhY[fUh]cb CdYb =bbcjUh]cb" 9lWY``YbWY 6m 8Yg][b. HfUbgZcfa]b[ Kcf_d`UWY UbX Kcf_ DfUWh]WY <cf[Yb Hif]X <">cfcZZ A]W\UY` @"DcfhYf K]``]Ua @"GW\ b 8cbU`X 5" %--FYU`]gYf]b[ UZ J]g]cb &$&$ iX_Ugh &$$* " <c`Xb]b[Yf c[ Zcfg`U[ ZfU %% X]U`c[a²XYf aYX Vm[[YgY_hcfYb" B]Y`g <U`Xcf 6YfhY`gYb 9fbgh >Ub XY D`UWY <UbgYb G6] 6fi[YfVY\cj c[ Vfi[YfXfYjYb ]bbcjUh]cb ] Vm[[Yf]Yh à Yb ghUhigfUddcfh 8Ubg_ 5f_]hY_hif 7YbhYf Zcf 9f\jYfjg! c[ 6m[[YghmfY`gYb Udf]` &$$* 8Yg][bdfcWYg c[ Vfi[Yf_fUj &$$( :cfg_b]b[gfUddcfh 5bbY 6Y]a c[ BUhU`]Y Acgg]b G6] 6cf[YfXY`hU[Y`gY ] _jUfhYf`²Zh &$$% >UWcV Bcfj][ @UfgYb Zcfg_b]b[gfUddcfh G6] 7=6 FYdcfh diV`" &,$ JU`iY h\fci[\ XYg][b 7=6 FchhYfXUa &$$& 6fUbXh >" %--, =bbcjUh]cb cW\ XYg][b hYcf] cW\ dfU_h]_" GhcW_\c`a. ?H< Æ6fi[YfYbg X]aYbg]cbÆ 8Ubg_ 8Yg][b &#&$$%" ?²VYb\Ujb" AUXgYb 6" &$$& AUgg 7ighca]nUh]cb à ZfU j]g]cb h]` giWWYg. DfcXi_h]cbg[i]XYb" ')" f[Ub[" G]` b A" &$$$ ÆG}`^ j}fXY ]bhY h]X Æ 6m[[]bXighf]b )#&$$$ g" &&Ã&( GUibXYfg K" G" %--- :fca HUghY hc >iX[YaYbh <UfjUfX 8Yg][b AU[Un]bY" Jc`" +"

-*



CINARK sætter fokus

CINARK sætter fokus

Industriel Arkitektur

Det Kongelige Danske Kunstakademi Kunstakademiets Arkitektskole

brugerinddragelse

CINARK Center for Industriel Arkitektur Kunstakademiets Arkitektskole Philip de Langes Allé 10 1435 København K T 3268 6000, F 3268 6236 cinark@karch.dk www.cinark.dk

Om CINARK CINARK (Center for Industriel Arkitektur) er oprettet under Institut for Teknologi ved Kunstakademiets Arkitektskole. Målet med centeret er at styrke skolens, uddannelsens og fagets forståelse og udnyttelse af det arkitektoniske potentiale der ligger i det industrialiserede byggeri og i den design- og videnbaserede byggeindustri. Med CINARK vil Kunstakademiets Arkitektskole udvikle og skærpe de arkitektfaglige kompetencer som indgår i byggeriets industrielle tilblivelsesproces. Industriel Arkitektur defineres her i bred forstand, lige fra udvikling af komponenter, byggesystemer og processer til det endelige bygningsværk, og diskussionen af dets arkitektoniske og samfundsmæssige værdi. Overordnet har CINARK til opgave at indkredse, analysere, og fremhæve de særlige begreber, væsenstræk, metoder, processer og produkter, som kendetegner fagområdet Industriel Arkitektur, med henblik på at afklare grundlæggende forhold såvel som at pege på aktuelle problemstillinger og udviklingspotentialer.

Brugerinddragelse

CINARK varetager specifikke forsknings- og undervisningsmæssige opgaver som sigter mod, at arkitektonisk kvalitet bliver udviklet og videreført i et nutidigt, innovativt, industrialiseret byggeri. Vores ønske er, etablere en åben – men også nuanceret kritisk diskussion af de forhold, som indvirker på de arkitektoniske muligheder i en industrialiseret kontekst.


Turn static files into dynamic content formats.

Create a flipbook
Issuu converts static files into: digital portfolios, online yearbooks, online catalogs, digital photo albums and more. Sign up and create your flipbook.