SET - Field studies in France part 2 by CINARK - Centre for Industrialised Architecture

Tour Bois-le-Prêtre

Palais de Tokyo

Location PARIS, FRANCE

Location Paris, France

Group 1 Casper Philip Ebbesen Emil Göhns Andreas Holmøy Ilstad Sidsel Petersen Nora Ødegård

Group 2 Niels Christian Zipelius Mari Hancock Bjerknes Andreas Skytt Hvid Nicolai Daniel Christensen Thea Marvik Brg

LOGEMENTS ÉTUDIANTS & SOCIAUX Location Rue de Thionville & Rue de l’Orque, 19th arrondissement, Paris Group 3 Amanda Andresen Nathalie Wathne Nicolai Espensen Rasmus Feddersen

Field studies in France

53 habitations HLM Location Saint Nazaire, France Group 4-5 Oliver Mogensen Mathias Skjold Larsen Joachim Makholm Michelsen Johan Emil Engelbrecht Vindnæs Sarah Sonne Glatz Sara Kristine Casey Magnus Aamund Lind

Year 2017

23 logements 1&2

Transformation d’un immeuble de logements

Location Trignac, France Group 8 + 9 Tobias Jansson Magnus Henum Kasper Prochownik Marianne Ystenes Gjørtz Julie Meiland Hansen

Erling Aleksander Nybråten Marie Hvidaa Hjørnholm Mette Tange Dahl Tim Bruun

Location SAINT NAIZARE, FRANCE Group 6 + 7 LENA BARKA REBECKA PETERSEN CHRISTINE KJERRUMGAARD RASMUS SCHATTER CARL-JOHAN ROSENKÆR JULIE ZEPERNICK JENSEN TONE IDA VECHT JOHAN STENBECK OLIVER LEHRMANN

Program Settlement, Ecology & Tectonics, The Royal Danish Academy of Fine Arts School of Architecture

Ecole d’architecture de Nantes Location Nantes, France Group 10 + 11 Emil Bruun Meyer Marianne Rudkjøbing Moth Anton Xerxes Boman Agnes Garnow

Ecole D’architecture Immeuble de bureaux Nantes Location Nantes, France

Group 12 Jon Grasdal Sanna Movafagh Casper Ravn Helene Skotte Wied

Founders: Ministère de la culture et de la communication Location: Nantes, France

Mathilde Schelde Pedersen Marie Morsing Jacobsen Jonas Palmbeck Ottosen Kim Pörösei Camille Tan

Group 10 & 11: Emil Bruun Meyer Agnes Garnow Anton Xerxes Boman Marianne Rudkjøbing Moth

Transformation d’un immeuble de logements

Location SAINT NAIZARE, FRANCE Group 6 + 7 LENA BARKA REBECKA PETERSEN CHRISTINE KJERRUMGAARD RASMUS SCHATTER CARL-JOHAN ROSENKÆR JULIE ZEPERNICK JENSEN TONE IDA VECHT JOHAN STENBECK OLIVER LEHRMANN

COLOPHON Editorial & layout: Anne Beim, Erling Aleksander NybrĂĽten & Helene Skotte Wied Programme Direction: Frans Drewniak & Anne Beim Authors: Lena Barka, Rebecka Petersen, Christine Kjerrumgaard, Rasmus Schetter & Carl-Johan RosenkĂŚr Julie Zepernick Jensen, Tone Ida Vecht, Johan Stenbeck & Oliver Lehrmann Published by: The Royal Danish Academy of Fine Arts, Schools of Architecture, Design and Conservation Masters programe - Settlement, Ecology and Tectonics Institute of Architecture and Tecnology Philip de Langes Alle 10 DK- 1435 Copenhagen K Denmark ISBN: 978-87-7830-981-5

Table of Content Field studies in France

Case study A

Drawing Index

Case study B

Drawing Index

Field Studies in France In the autumn of 2017, students from the graduate program Settlement, Ecology & Tectonics (SET), at The Royal Danish Academy of Fine Arts - School of Architecture, travelled to France to study selected works by the French architects Anne Lacaton & Jean Phillip Vassal. The field studies were meant to give insights into French building culture in order to form the backdrop for critical discussions about present-day building culture in Denmark. The themes Generosity and Everyday Architecture were to be studied by looking at how Lacaton & Vassal worked with these elements in their architecture. As part of the site visits, Lacaton & Vassal arranged for us to talk to key people who had been involved in the building projects, and we also had the opportunity to talk to residents and owners. Some of the students’ work includes interviews and studies into how the users inhabit their living spaces and how their daily lives unfold. Photo registration, daylight analyses and reconstruction of building parts in scale models have added new layers to the understanding of the lived life in the architecture of Lacaton & Vassal. About this publication This publication is one out of nine booklets that together present the students’ analyses across nine buildings. Some of the building projects have been studied by two groups, and these are collected in one booklet. The nine booklets are meant to form the basis for future architectural studies at graduate level, but we also hope that the work will act as a source of inspiration for fellow architects and the soon-to-be architects, who completed this stimulating work. Generosity and everyday architecture What is meant by creating generous architecture for ordinary life? How can architecture contribute to nourishing people’s well-being, and how are the cities and buildings that we as architects envision and give architectural form to used or inhabited? These questions have been the core elements of the fieldwork and have followed the study projects throughout the year. To create architecture that aims to embody a generous gesture requires a deep understanding of how social and cultural settings form the physical framework for our daily lives and vice versa. Through detailed studies of which elements (phenomenological or physical) add to create quality in everyday life, we architects may be enabled to

construct a responsive architecture that offers better living conditions in a multitude of ways. It may be a nice spot for reading that is showered in daylight, extra space for a young or old family member or a suitable space for a social get-together. This sort of attention may contribute to distinct settings for nourishing social life that should form the core part of architectural spaces: our built environment and urban spaces. In Denmark, there is a strong tradition to focus on everyday architecture and to create architectural quality that is not only meant for pricy prestigious buildings but also for the general residential sector and social housing. It is an art to envision architectural quality and to make generous architectural spaces when you are limited by very small budgets. In this case, to be generous is about “getting more out of less”, showing benevolence and care at all levels and giving something back to the community and to the individual. Among other things, generosity appears as “something that offers more” than what was expected or what existed before. The studies Anne Lacaton & Jean Phillip Vassal often use the concept of “generosity” to describe their architectural intentions. They have a clear desire to improve the well-being of the user, especially in socially vulnerable residential areas, providing them spacious housing and optimal living qualities such as spatial flexibility or a good indoor climate. Qualities like these have been realized in spite of fairly limited budgets, and therefore the tectonic aspects of the projects have been worked with very intentionally. The students worked in 12 small groups (4–5 people), where each group was given one of Lacaton & Vassal’s projects in Paris, Nantes or Saint-Nazaire. Based on a joint research design, they prepared and conducted investigations into how the concept of generosity is reflected in the various buildings. In this way, they mapped a wide range of Lacaton & Vassal’s projects and thus provided a common basis for the following work. Also, they gained insight into Lacaton & Vassal’s special way of thinking and working with architecture. Prior to the field studies, there was two weeks of preparatory studies. While visiting the architectural sites, each group had half a day to record and investigate their construction.

Research design Based on the joint research design, the collection of knowledge from the individual site visits becomes part of the larger project concerning generosity and everyday architecture. The whole group is thus working on sub-elements that feed into an overall mapping of Lacaton & Vassal’s approach to architecture. In that sense, a collective archive is generated. The research design consists of four main elements: 1. Initial studies Generosity represented in the building environment (target groups and building typologies) - Description of the idea of the building through studies of drawing material and written sources (books, articles, websites etc.) - Also, the following questions are to be addressed: Who is the building built for and who has built it? In what way does the project include the urban and social context? Is it a project with a limited budget or what other limitations have set the framework for construction? What is the architect’s strategy to create a generous architecture? 2. Generosity represented in the tectonic process (specification of basic principles/building methods) The purpose of this part is to map and discuss how the architectural approach can be read in the construction. The analysis focuses on the tectonic aspects and how the building tells the story of its creation. What choices have the architects made to support their vision of the building and how is it reflected in the choice of materials and construction. The analysis consists of three parts: - The load-bearing structure: its structural logics and principles, its readability, material characteristics. - The facade/building envelope: its materiality, how it influences the indoor climate, daylight, ventilation and thermal conditions, the correlation of the facade and the load-bearing structure. - Installations: how do they form part of the architectural design (visible/hidden), how do they correlate to the building structures? Do they work “with or against” the architectural concept?

3. Studies on-site Generosity found in the individual residence These studies look at the architectural strategies as experienced in the very building. They fall in two parts: one focuses on the individual housing unit and the other on the common space of the building. Each group has chosen a topic they want to work with. This may be a tectonic or a social phenomenon (e.g. the importance of the material selection for the residence’s interior design). There are many options and each group develops a research design that describes how they will approach the selected themes; in other words, a statement of how to study WHAT. The core of the research design is therefore a critical discussion of why the chosen methods are relevant to the topic of investigation. There is freedom in choice of methodologies. 4. Generosity found in the common space of the building (inside and outside) As in the study of the individual housing unit, in this part, each group develops a research design based on their chosen topic. This study focuses on the shared spatial environment in addition to the individual housing unit (e.g. the garden areas, the yard and other common facilities). After the study trip, all the material has been collected and edited to be presented in these booklets, including text, photographs, drawings and other sorts of material. Altogether, we are proud to present the final outcome.

Frans Drewniak, Ulrik Stylsvig Madsen and Anne Beim

Case A / Transformation d’un immeuble de logements Intro The project is designed in a collaboration between Lacaton & Vassal and the Parisian architect Frédéric Druot. The competition was won in 2006 and built between 2014 and 2016 together with a team of French engineers. The client, Silène, is a public and regional social housing company. The building is of the type HLM (Habitation à loyer modéré – which means the apartments have a limited rent, which is possible since the project is publicly funded by the French government). The cost of the whole project is DKK 49.5 mio. (€6.6 mio), which translates to a square meter price of 7,600 DKK (approx. €1000). This includes both the renovation and construction of new apartments. Abstract The renovated building offers new flexible opportunities that are rooted in the winter gardens in terms of daylight, views in and out and improved thermal conditions. The transformation has enlarged the apartments and given the residents new spatial opportunities, which in Lacaton & Vassal’s opinion relates to “joy and comfort”. A comfort in the possibility of regulating the internal climate in the apartment with very simple systems such as sliding doors, curtains and winter gardens. The winter garden is an architectural choice that Lacaton & Vassal often use. The architects’ design and material choices give rise to the three parameters: daylight, views in and out and thermal conditions – they affect each other and are thus relative. We have investigated the project through plan, section, axonometric drawing, diagrams and field studies. We have looked at how these architectural choices and relations affect the individual apartments and the comfort of the resident. Through our model study in 1:20, we have found answers to how the three parameters affect each other in the winter garden. Problem definition Our analysis of Un transformation d’un immeuble investigates the correlation between three parameters: daylight, thermal conditions, and views in and out of the individual apartments. We look at the field of opportunities of the three parameters found in the apartments – in comparison to the restraints. Do the residents understand and use the different mechanisms for controlling the climate in their apartment?

Do they feel comfortable in regard to the three parameters? In general, we want to take a critical look at the strategies and execution of the project with a strong focus on three selected parameters: daylight, thermal conditions, and views in and out of the apartments. The load-bearing structure The existing high-rise is constructed around a reinforced concrete skeleton. Walls and slabs are prefabricated concrete elements that are lowered over a steel skeleton that defines distances between walls and slabs. The skeleton is then moved one story upwards – in principle as a sliding formwork. Since it is only the north/south walls that carry the slabs, it has been possible to create window holes from floor to ceiling in the gables of the building. The new balconies and winter gardens are constructed as a steel structure of columns and beams that carry prefabricated concrete slabs which connect to the existing structure. Polycarbonate sinus profiled sheets, galvanized steel covers, glass and textiles are used to accommodate the rough construction. Building installations The building installations of the existing building are preserved. They are conventional and not visible. The facade The construction of the facade before the transformation consisted of concrete modules and was post-insulated in 2000. After the transformation, external additions have been made that make up the new climate envelope: concrete deck and pillars, new and bigger holes in the facade to make a winter garden as an extension of the apartments. Also, plastic walls, glass doors and balconies. The starting point for the facade transformation was to improve the architectural quality of the underlying spaces. It is an approach that places the individual residence and occupant at the center and leaves the aesthetic expression of the facade, seen from the outside, a secondary role in the project. The original apartment block is located with views and good (day) lighting conditions in all directions. By opening the façade – changing it from small, typical window openings to winter gardens – with large glass sections, the existing qualities of the site can be used much better.

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In this way, the openness or transparency of early modernism reappeared in the pillar-slab principle, with the winter garden as a bid for preserving both privacy and a good indoor climate, despite the large glass surfaces. The new facades let the housing block meet the outside world through a form of “filtered transparency”. Translucent sliding doors and translucent curtains allow the individual occupant to even adjust the appearance and view, temperature and light. The double facade serves as a thermal buffer zone that can be opened for venting in the summer or closed to keep the home warm in the winter. The new outdoor areas (winter garden and balcony) add approximately 30 m2 of un-programmed area to each dwelling. The architects’ ambition is to let the new facade design create a sense of freedom throughout the home and affect the occupant’s movement patterns. Small details such as letting the winter garden go around the corner reinforce the feeling of having a great deal of space – a rare luxury in social housing. The new private outdoor area gives the individual residents space for personal development. In this way, the design of the facade is never “finished”, it is constantly developed by the decor and movements of the residents. The apartments Investigations into the daylight The studies are based on diagrams, field work and model studies. During the field studies of the Saint Nazaire HLM residential tower, a lux meter was used to measure daylight in one of the apartments. Through a model of a the building in a scale of 1:20, we have investigated the daylight according to the position of the sun and the various seasons. A generous transformation The enhanced daylight and the new spatial situations that extend the homes are two of the most important generous gestures in the transformation of the housing block. They offer new spatial qualities and add value to the building itself and the surrounding area. The transformation was a process that started from the inside out. Walls have been moved to allow daylight to flow further into the homes and bathrooms have been moved to give residents updated bathrooms with natural daylight.

The two added rooms to the homes, such as the balcony and the conservatory, give much more room for extended views and enhance the daylight in the areas facing the facades, compared to before the transformation took place. Before the transformation, the windows were too small and did not allow the residents a good view to the outside. The new rooms act as “extra” layers to the homes, where there is spatial filtering, transitions, situations, zones and depths. A restoration of the relationship between the inside and outside – between the resident and the context of the building. The same solution has been chosen with the winter garden and the balcony on the facades of the building, although the daylight conditions for the homes are somewhat different depending on their position in relation to the sun. This means that daylight has not been the motivation for the architectural choices in the transformation. The idea behind the balcony and the winter garden is primarily that the residential areas should be maximized and extended to give residents a greater sense of space and freedom in their homes. Fieldwork Analysis and assessment of the site Date and time: September 20, 2017. From 14:35 to 16:00. Saint Nazaire, France. Weather conditions: cloudy white skies, with a little sun in a few moments. 28,000 lux. The apartment that was studied in terms of daylight was located in the southeastern part of the building. Experiencing the site The housing block is located in an open landscape with a suburban atmosphere. There is quite some distance between the buildings, little vegetation and large parking areas. The building facades consist of corrugated plastic, metal constructions and glass panels which reflect the light of the sky. The lower part of the building appears more sheltered and set back in relation to the upper part of the building. The upper part of the building appears more vivid and in use, with façade panels pulled aside and with plants and furniture placed in the conservatory and on the balcony. You enter the building via new entrances that appear bright and airy.

A slightly dark main room is the first experience when entering the apartment. Also, there is a noticeable contrast between the daylight inside the apartment and daylight on the balcony and in the winter garden. Uniform glass surfaces that are too large can create glare in the rooms behind the surface due to the differences of the luminance in the spaces. The daylight conditions of the apartment are defined by the winter garden made of large glass spaces in the full height of the room. The large glass areas are the main light source of the main room/living room. The daylight flows into the winter garden and increasingly graduates through the elongated space. However, the light does not reach far into the apartment, because the main room is relatively oblong and the daylight is filtered along the way by curtains and plastic panels. The light reflected in the apartment, which is also referred to as “reflex light” has a slightly cold color temperature, because of the material selection for the apartments such as metal, plastic and gray linoleum. The glass windows and sliding doors of the apartment provide a good view towards the partly open and suburban landscape, and there are also no buildings nearby to block the view. The flexible panels can control the view and the amount of daylight that filters into the apartment. Stories from two residents Youssef In apartment T4B on the 5th floor, Youssef – a young man – lives with his wife and their 4-year-old daughter. The apartment is in the northeastern corner of the four previously existing apartments. Since he moved in last year, he has been happy to live here. However, he had to make certain changes to thrive in the apartment. His daughter lives in the apartment’s newly established room, which is not as well insulated as the rest of the apartment. Youssef has previously worked as a craftsman, and he has re-insulated by building an additional interior partition on the inside of the conservatory/entrance hall. He has also put wall-to-wall carpets on top of the concrete floor and hung up two layers of curtains in the middle of the winter garden. He hardly uses the balcony, and the winter garden serves as storage. Youssef comes from Morocco, which shows in the furniture and interior decoration of his home. He proudly tells that he drove all the way to Morocco in a camper

to pick up all the interior decorations for the apartment. He does not complain about the amount of daylight, and he is actually happy about the visual appearance of the new extension screen for his bathroom window. Because he finds the subordinate architecture subordinate, he has created a new inner framework for the life of his family. Jacques In apartment T3C on the 8th floor, Jacques – a middleaged man – lives with his wife, a teenage daughter and their dog. The apartment is oriented towards the south and benefits from both the morning and evening sun on the balcony. The apartment is very well lit compared to Youssef’s, and there are wonderful views to the outdoor area – all the way to the coast and the Atlantic Ocean. The decor in Jacques’s apartment is more modest; however, it includes classic French elements such as red velour curtains from floor to ceiling. The floor is kept as intended by the architect, untainted uncovered concrete. The absence of blankets indicates that the orientation of the apartment and the heat of the sun give the floor a comfortable temperature. The balcony is used to dry laundry in the heat of the sunshine, while the winter garden has not yet been used but is expected to become a spot for social events. Jacques has set up the kitchen himself in addition to the original kitchen that came with the apartment. From the kitchen, you can look beyond the balcony’s protection when the curtains and sliding doors are pulled aside. He tells us that the curtains are used diligently – both for solar and visual shielding, but also for keeping warm in the winter. Not much light passes through the thermal curtains, but then they just turn on the artificial lighting, says Jacques. Both tenants proudly showcase their homes and respond calmly to our curious questions.

Drawing Index 06.01 Facade section, before

1:20

06.02 Facade section, after

1:20

06.03 Isometric section, facade 06.04 Materials 06.05 Light study, lux measures 06.06 Light study, sections 06.07 Light study in model 06.09 Thermal study, 4 seasons

Transformation dâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;un immeuble Transformation dâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;un immeuble

06.01 06.02

Architects:Architects: Lacaton etLacaton Vassal & Vassal Year: 2016Year: 2016 Facadebefore section, before transformation Facade section, transformation

1:20 1:20

Transformation d’un immeuble Transformation d’un immeuble

06.02 06.03

Architects: Lacaton Architects: Lacaton et Vassal& Vassal Year: 2016 Year: 2016 Facade after section, after transformation Facade section, transformation

1:20 1:20

Transformation d’un immeuble Transformation d’un immeuble

06.03 06.04

Architects:Architects: Lacaton etLacaton Vassal & Vassal Year: 2016Year: 2016 Isometricfacade section, facade Isometric section,

1:50

Transformation dâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;un immeuble Transformation dâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;un immeuble

06.05 06.04

Architects: Lacaton et Vassal& Vassal Architects: Lacaton Year: 2016 Year: 2016 Materials Materials

115 lux

725 lux

65 lux

135 lux

210 lux

295 lux 360 lux

1050 lux

855 lux

2550 lux

5500 lux

Hvid himmel, overskyet, glimtvis sol. Udendørs aflæsning af lux på åbent og grønt sted: 280 x 100 lux

100 200 400 800 1600 3200 6400

Tilnærmede værdier i lux

Transformation d’un immeuble Transformation d’un immeuble Architects:Architects: Lacaton etLacaton Vassal & Vassal Year: 2016Year: 2016 study, lux measures Light study,Light lux measures

06.05 06.06

FØR TRANSFORMATIONEN Illustrerende diagram over fordelingen af lys og skygge Den gamle facade havde små vinduesåbninger, og der kom ikke så meget lys ind bagerst i rummet.

EFTER TRANSFORMATIONEN Illustrerende diagram over fordelingen af lys og skygge De nye translucente rum er fulde af dagslys, men den bagerste del af lejligheden er ikke blevet ‘lysere’ som sådan. Udsynet gør at der kommer mere himmellys ind i lejligheden og udsigten giver også lejligheden en ‘luftig’ atmosfære.

VINTER Diagram over sollysets reflektioner i den østvendte bolig

Forår 15 grader EFTERÅR / FORÅR Diagram over sollysets reflektioner i den østvendte bolig

Forår 15 grader SOMMER Diagram over sollysets reflektioner i den østvendte bolig

ZONER

Balkon

Vinterhave

Bolig

Transformation d’un immeuble Transformation d’un immeuble

06.07 06.06

Architects: Lacaton et Vassal & Vassal Architects: Lacaton Year: 2016 Year: 2016 Light study, sections Light study, sections

Transformation d’un immeuble

06.08

Architects: Lacaton et Vassal Year: 2016 Light study in model, January 12.00

Transformation d’un immeuble

06.07

Architects: Lacaton & Vassal Year: 2016 Light study in model, January 12.00

FØR Forår 10 -20 grader Den gamle facade havde en tydelig opdeling mellem ude og inde. Den tynde isolering gjorde lejlighederne kolde om vinteren

Sommer 30 grader Lejlighedens dybde holder det direkte sollys ude. Facadens åbenhed muliggør udluftning, hvilket sænker temperaturen i lejligheden.

Forår 11-20 grader Vinterhaven fungerer som buffertzone og udligner temperaturen inde og ude

Forår 15 grader

Vinter 2 grader Vinterhavens og de nye værelser bliver meget kolde. Beboerne kan kun bruge den indre lejlighed

Transformation d’un immeuble Transformation d’un immeuble Architects:Architects: Lacaton etLacaton Vassal & Vassal Year: 2016Year: 2016 Thermal study, 4 seasons Thermal study, 4 seasons

06.10 06.08

Transformation dâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;un immeuble Architects: Lacaton et Vassal Year: 2016

Case B / Transformation d’un immeuble de logements Tectonic analysis The residential tower with the title Transformation d’un immeuble de logements is located in Saint-Nazaire, an industrial city located close to the Atlantic Ocean, 3 hours train ride south-west of Paris. In 2006, the housing agency Siléne held an architectural competition about the renovation and transformation of the residential tower. This competition was won by the architects Lacaton & Vassal. The renovation included a transformation of 40 existing apartments and the addition of 40 new apartments. As one of several residential towers in the area, the renovation and the addition served as an experiment, and it is the only renovation of this type. The new apartments were finished in 2014 and the renovation/transformation of the old apartments was finished in 2016. The transformation was done within a very tight budget, with an overall cost of €6.6 million, which led to an addition of costs of almost €7,000 per square meter. The renovation is a mix of ideas that Lacaton & Vassal have developed over the years – a fusion of the best ideas from new built housing and from the transformation of residential towers. This fusion sets the premise for the project and defines the significant elements in the project. The load-bearing structure The existing structure was built around 1970 and was based on a concrete tunnel formwork. This meant that removing large parts in this part of the building was impossible and only minor changes could be done in the existing structure. On the south-east and north-west sides of the old building, winter gardens and balconies have been added to the existing apartments. As a consequence of the added new large bathrooms, which are installed and take up the space of one of the old existing bedrooms, the new structure offers “one new room” for each old apartment on each floor. The new “wings” that are added to the structure – a concrete slab, steel column structure – grow from the north-east and south-west sides of the existing building. As mentioned above, the new structure holds functions spatially connected to the renovated apartments. This means that the new extra rooms can only be reached through the winter garden. The winter garden is another climatic zone – and in one example even the bathroom lies on the other side of the winter garden.

Each of the new wings contain two apartments on each floor. Because of the overall layout of the building, each wing holds different types of apartment, and similar to the old apartments they are characterized by the addition of a winter garden and a balcony. The staircase of the northern wing is the only staircase that is shared by the old and the new apartments. The residents of the apartment situated most north in the old building use this. The ground floor displayed in the following pages functions only as a space for arrival. The entire ground level of the building houses the storage rooms that belong to each apartment. The residential tower does not really offer any space for social activities, but there is room for them in the local community around it. Especially in the neighboring building, which is an activities house for the entire neighborhood, a lot of different activities are offered. Facade Our expectations Studying the facades of the building leaves an overall impression that you would feel very exposed inside the apartments because of the large amount of glass used in the facade. We anticipated a building where it was possible to observe the everyday life of the inhabitants from the outside. Another concern before leaving for Saint-Nazaire was the overall layout, which seems to cause a narrow cleft-like crack between the old and the new building. All that we managed to find out was that the shape was caused by sun orientation and to avoid to have direct view from apartment to another. This means that instead of facing each other, the apartments in the old part of the building face a closed wall. When looking at pictures of the facade before leaving for Saint-Nazaire, we were very aware of the horizontal lines that were provided by the balconies. The reality as found At first glance, the building seems very lively. The facades show how the building is inhabited and how the inhabitants use the new added spaces. It is possible from the outside to see some of the life that is unfolding inside the building, but the residents did not seem as exposed as we had expected. The balconies were decorated with flowerpots and sitting arrangements and also showed everyday life, with drying racks full of washing drying in the wind.

Drying clothes

Few layers clodsed

Living on the balcony

Plants on the balcony

Cover up

Hiding the bathroom

All layers closed

Washing down

Inside Our expectations The intentions seems very straightforward if one look at the renderings of the winter garden made from Lacaton & Vassal. The rendering show roses and a nice sunlit room, where a table and some chairs are arranged - it almost seems like an extension of the living room. The winter garden seems niceapartments, and organized, it looks like From visiting several we and recognized that the building felt quite neat and not worn. It is a relatively a place to sit and relax. Although it is a nice thought, we new renovation and extension, this may well be don’t expect it to see it like that. Wesoexpect that people the explanation. Nevertheless, in order to make the usebuilding it differently. We expect it to be more messy and less work well, the apartments need maintenance. a room or less area forcleaning storage.the Fromfora sojourn distance,and wemore observed a aresident polycarbonate facade, and this almost seems to be an the Lacaton residents.& Vassal presented in their Theobligation pictures for from

website, that shows apartments after people moved in, It was a bit surprising to discover that some of the old shows how the was winter garden and is being usedin- the presented stone facade preserved integrated building. in aInway that is very close to their intentions. This puts the one of the apartments we visited, the existing stone question howvisible the winter balcony works in facadeofwas in thegarden winter and garden. Before visiting the building, we thought of the glass facade as very reality. Is it wide enough to use it properly? Is it too cold? whena getting there,and this some did notrooms seem toare be Theexposing. balcony But seems bit narrow, a problem, since the balconies both added to the depth connected to the“protected” apartmentsthe through garden, and thereby views the to winter the inhabitants. so Getting you have to cross the outside area to get to given the closer to the facade, the horizontal lines extra Polycarbonate separates byroom. the structural elementsand werecurtains still significant, butthe the vertical and linesthe became dominant we studied the balconies wintermore gardens, and aasthermal curtain facade. The overall impression of the facade was the separates the two zones from the rest of apartments. But very “vibrant impression” you would get from the different howpersons does itinteracting work in reality, and how willand thishow affect with the balconies theythe are natural light in the apartments? creating a personal statement with the added space. We made a great discovery in regard to the thermal curtains. Large parts of the facade were closed off to heat issues, even though the temperatures in Thedue reality September when we visited were to be compared to Weweather visited conditions several apartments the building and we in summer.inMany of the apartments discovered thatoffthe garden and the room were closed by winter the thermal curtains and extra also, several of the apartments closest to the ground had their curtains were all used differently dependant on the inhabitants. An closed. overall impression from visiting different apartments, was

the use of the winter garden for storage and sojourn. A Inside big Our number of apartments used the extra square meters expectations in the gardenintentions to store an extra fridge, beveragesif Thewinter architectural seem very straightforward looks at the renderings made by Lacaton & Vassal or inone lack of space to store your drying rack. We even depicting the winter garden. The renderings show saw an apartment that chose to use the extra roomroses for and a nice sunlit room, where a table and some chairs storage, and thereby had to sleep in the living room, are in arranged – it almost seems like an extension of the living order to hear son at night. Apartments families room. Thetheir winter garden seems nice andwhere organized, and counted members, the extra it looksmore like a than place three to sit and relax. Although it is room a nice thought, we dogarden not expect to findasitalike this. bedroom. We expect across the winter was used normal that people it differently. We expect it to be messier Because of theuse extra rooms detached placement, in one and less of a room for sojourn and more or less an area of the apartments the inhabitants had started to do their for storage. own insulation of different parts, as it during winter gets quite cold. Although we didn’t anticipate people that to use The pictures created by Lacaton & Vassal are on their website the presented winter garden for living, weshow wereapartments surprised after that itpeople was have moved in. They also show howofthe garden more than expected. In general most thewinter apartments 6

had very little decoration, it almost seemed like people weren’t moved properly in yet. It felt very temporary. Both the winter garden and the balcony felt rather big; there was actually a lot of space, and generally a spacious feel about it. Though we were surprised about theisfunctionality extra room, our anticipations aboutto being usedof– the presented in a way that is very close their intentions. This raises the question of how the the low temperature of the room were confirmed. winter We garden andinhabitants balcony work them talked to few who infeltreality. it wasAre tooeach cold of to use, wide enough to use them properly? Are they too cold? andThe chose not to use the extra room for living, because balcony seems a bit narrow, and some rooms are it was too cold through winter garden the connected to to thepass apartments bythe access through theinwinter cold months thehave year.to cross the outside area to get to garden, soofyou the extra room. Polycarbonate and curtains separate the balconies winter gardens, anduse a thermal curtain Although we and hadthe hoped people would the different separates the two zones from the rest of the apartment. zones we italso But better, how does workrealized in realitythe andapartments how will thisdemands affect the a certain kind of inhabitant for the rooms to work well. It quality of the natural light in the apartments?

takes a lot of commitment and investment to live in those found kindThe of reality rooms as and to exploit its potential. Everything We visited several in theespecially building the and is very visible, and a lotapartments of the materials discovered that the winter garden and extra room were all polycarbonate andways glassdepending needs maintenance to look used in different on the inhabitants. An neat. overall impression from visiting different apartments was

the use of the winter garden for storage and sojourn. A large number of apartments used the extra square meters in the winter garden to store an extra fridge, beverages or, when lacking space, to store their drying rack.

We even saw an apartment that chose to use the extra room for storage and thereby had to sleep in the living room in order to hear their son at night. In apartments where families counted more than three members, the extra room across the winter garden was used as a normal bedroom. Due to the detachment of the extra rooms, it has led the inhabitants in one of the apartments to make their own insulation of different parts, as it gets quite cold during winter. Although we did not anticipate people to use the winter garden for living, we were surprised that it was more than expected. In general, most of the apartments had very little decoration – it almost seemed like people had not yet moved in properly. It felt very temporary. Both the winter garden and the balcony felt rather big; there was actually a lot of space and generally a spacious feeling. Though we were surprised about the functionality of the extra room, our expectations about the low temperature of the room were confirmed. We talked to a few inhabitants who felt it was too cold to use. They chose not to use the extra room for living because it was too cold to pass through the winter garden in the cold months of the year. Although we had hoped that people would use the different living zones better, we also realized that the apartments demand a special kind of inhabitant for the rooms to work well. It takes a lot of commitment and investment to live in these kinds of rooms and to benefit from their potentials. Everything is very visible, and a lot of the materials, especially the polycarbonate and the glass, need regular maintenance to look neat. OUTSIDE AND COMMON SPACE Our expectations Looking at this building in pictures and drawings, we had an idea that most of the activities would be based inside the apartments. After the renovation and the addition of new apartments, where each apartment had been added with a winter garden and a big balcony, the private space has become an area with a lot of opportunities. We imagine that the inhabitants do not have the same need to go outside their apartments when they have so many private opportunities. Furthermore, it seems like the only common areas are the entrance/lobby on the ground floor. We do not expect a lot of activity in the surrounding outdoor area – especially not in the open area in front of

the building. Although we imagine there are smaller places outside for children to play or sit on the other side of the building, here the space seems more dense because of the vegetation and green areas. The reality as found When arriving at the building at 3 Rue des Ajoncs, you meet a very discrete entrance and a parking lot next to the lobby. You can enter each of the three arrival areas of the building from two sides. The outside area is very much a “transit area”, since it is not finished yet. Surprisingly, we experienced a lot more activity outside than expected. The nearby playground attracts children from the apartments in the area, which means a lot of kids running around in front of the building. Though there is more activity than expected in the area, the entrances generally do not offer people any place to stay or take a seat around the building. Since the renovation of the apartment was finished only a few years ago and the building can be characterised as fairly young, the surroundings seem very dense because of the planting. As an overall comment, much of this rather dull ground floor is due to the storage rooms of the apartments that are placed here. This space does not encourage the inhabitants to do anything together. As an excuse or explanation for this design solution, we discovered that the house just next to the residential tower has a public function, as it offers different activities for the residents of the area. FINAL COMMENT Our overall conclusion after talking to other groups from our program analysing other buildings by Lacaton & Vassal is a general comment on the potential of their housing. The layout offers a lot of possibilities to the inhabitants, but at the same time it is extremely challenging. If you have surplus energy and creativity, you can make and almost gallery/ loft-like apartment. But if you can barely find the finances to buy a new couch, the result can easily be an empty and to some extent messy apartment. Many elements in the building ended up leaving a very positive impression, but still the cleft-like gap between the old and the new north-wing is a mystery. We experienced apartments that faced the wall and thereby only had reflected daylight. Maybe this is due to cultural preferences, but it seemed like a misallocation, since the apartments furthest back of the building had very little daylight.

Apartment, south-east, 6th floor As a case study, we have picked out one apartment from our visit. This apartment was inhabited by a young family: a mom, dad, son and a dog. We had the chance to ask the mother how they used their apartment. Overall, there was not much furniture, and the winter garden was primarily used for the storage of toys (1) and the storage of assorted extras from the apartment (3). The extra room provided (4) was not used for sleeping but for storage, as the mother felt it was too far away from the room of the 3-year-old son (6). The layout of the apartment caused the parents to sleep in the living room with the TV in order to hear and attend to their son at night. We did visit other apartments of the same 2 type where the room was used as a normal bedroom, but we have highlighted this apartment because of the influence the rooms had on the way the family took over or changed the rooms.

3 6 4 2 1

Situations across different apartments As a second case, we have highlighted and drawn several pairs of situations across different apartment types that are all numbered and marked in the plan. Below and opposite, you will see how the apartments have been inhabited differently by a broad selection of occupants. You see how the extra rooms across the winter garden are being used. You also see a set of drawings showing how the winter garden is inhabited differently by two different families, in comparison to the former apartment case, where the climatic middle zone was used to store an extra fridge and toys. The last pair show a difference in the overall furnishing of the living room in two apartments. In this pair, the one is an example of the general impression we acquired from visiting the different apartments. In the other case, the story was totally different â&#x20AC;&#x201C; a story that stood out from many of the apartments we visited. Here, the man living in the apartment had taken a van to Morocco, where he1 had bought all of his furniture. Furthermore, he had also begun to insulate different parts of his apartment, for example his daughterâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s room on the other side of the winter garden, because it was too cold. 1

Drawing Index 07.01 Site plan

1:2000

07.02 Site plan

1:500

07.03 Facades

1:500

07.04 Plan

1:400

07.05 Isometric drawing 07.06 Isometric drawing 07.07 Detail existing

1:20

07.08 Detail transformation

1:20

07.09 Isometric diagrams

Transformation dâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;un dâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;un immeuble immeuble de de logement logements Transformation

03.01 07.01

Architects: Lacaton & Vassal Year: 2014, 2016 Site plan

1:2000

Transformation dâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;un immeuble de logements Transformation dâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;un immeuble de logement

07.02 03.02

Architects:Architects: Lacaton &Lacaton Vassal & Vassal Year: 2014, 2016 Year: 2014, 2016 Site plan Situationsplan

1:500

Transformation dâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;un immeuble de logements Transformation dâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;un immeuble de logement Architects:Architects: Lacaton &Lacaton Vassal & Vassal Year: 2014, 2016 Year: 2014, 2016 Facade

Facade

1:500 1:500

07.03 03.03

Transformation dâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;un immeuble de logements Transformation dâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;un immeuble de logement

07.04 03.04

Architects: Lacaton & Vassal Architects: Lacaton & Vassal Year: 2014,Year: 20162014, 2016 Plan

Plan

1:400

Transformation d’un immeuble de logements Transformation d’un immeuble de logement Architects:Architects: Lacaton &Lacaton Vassal & Vassal Year: 2014, 2016 Year: 2014, 2016 Isometric drawing, existing and addition Isometri, eksisterende & tilføjelse

07.05 03.05

Transformation dâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;un immeuble de logements Transformation dâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;un immeuble de logement

07.05 03.06

Lacaton & Vassal Architects: Architects: Lacaton & Vassal Year: 2014,Year: 20162014, 2016 Isometric drawing, structure and cores Isometri, struktur & kerner

vandtætning af stålkasser hældning inddækning vandafvisning polycarbonat vandtætning af facadebeklædning, stålkasser transluscent

dobbelt isolering

hældning

sidesporsramme og stø�eramme

nedsænket lo�+ isolering

inddækning

stålramme + brændhæmmende beklædning

vandafvisning

polycarbonat facadebeklædning, transluscent

dobbelt isolering skinner termisk gardin+ skinner normal gardin

vandtætning af

sidesporsramme stålkasser og stø�eramme

hældning

aluminiumsramme nedsænket lo�+ isolering

interiør

vinterhave

vandafvisning

dobbelt isolering

interiør skinner termisk gardin+ skinner normal gardin

gardin væg stålramme + polycarbonat brændhæmmende facadebeklædning, beklædning transluscent

vinterhave

epoxy

interiør

nedhængt lo�

præfabrikeret balkon typen cofradal 200

vinterhave stålbjælke

metalsøjle + brændhæmmende aluminiumsramme maling

epoxy

præfabrikeret balkon typen cofradal 200

præfabrikeret etageelement typen cofradal 200

nedhængt lo�

glasværn

vandtæt epoxy

epoxy

vandtæt epoxy

metalsøjle + brændhæmmende maling

rå underside element galvaniseret stål underside lakeret proﬁl + isoleret aluramme

balkon

glasværn

rå underside element galvaniseret stål underside lakeret

præfabrikeret etageelement typen cofradal 200

proﬁl + isoleret aluramme

balkon

gardin væg

rå underside element galvaniseret stål underside lakeret

aluminiumsramme

skydedøre polycarbonat

vandtæt epoxy

vinterhave

rå underside element galvaniseret stål underside lakeret

proﬁl + isoleret aluramme

skydedøre polycarbonat

glasværn

gardin væg

interiørstålbjælke nedhængt lo�

vandtæt epoxy

aluminiumsramme

termisk væg

vandafvisning

balkon

stålramme + brændhæmmende beklædning

vandafvisning

præfabrikeret etageelement typen cofradal 200

inddækning

glasværn

sidesporsramme og stø�eramme

aluminiumsramme

skinner termisk gardin+ skinner normal gardin

termisk væg

skydedøre polycarbonat

balkon

epoxy

præfabrikeret nedsænket lo�+ etageelement isolering typen cofradal 200

proﬁl + isoleret aluramme

hældning

sidesporsramme og stø�eramme

termisk væg

nedsænket lo�+ isolering

inddækning vandafvisning

gardin væg vandtætning af stålkasser polycarbonat facadebeklædning, aluminiumsramme transluscent

dobbelt isolering

skydedøre polycarbonat

stålramme + brændhæmmende beklædning

vandafvisning

skinner termisk gardin+ skinner normal gardin

termisk væg

vandafvisning

rå underside element galvaniseret stål underside lakeret præfabrikeret balkon

stålbjælke rå underside element galvaniseret stål underside lakeret

rå underside element typen cofradal 200 galvaniseret stål underside lakeret stålbjælke

nedhængt lo�

præfabrikeret balkon typen cofradal 200

aluminiumsramme aluminiumsramme metalsøjle +

brændhæmmende maling metalsøjle +

brændhæmmende maling

Transformation d’un immeuble de logements

03.07 Transformation d’un immeuble de logements 07.08 Transformation d’un immeuble de logement 03.07

Architects:Architects: LacatonArchitects: & Vassal&Lacaton Lacaton Vassal & Vassal Year: 2014, 2016 Year: 2014, 2016 Year: 2014, 2016

Detalje: nyt Detail section, existing 1:20 Detalje: nyt

stålkasser hældning inddækning vandafvisning polycarbonat facadebeklædning, transluscent

dobbelt isolering

sidesporsramme og stø�eramme

nedsænket lo�+ isolering

stålramme + brændhæmmende beklædning

vandafvisning

skinner termisk gardin+ skinner normal gardin

vandtætning af stålkasser hældning

skydedøre polycarbonat

aluminiumsramme

inddækning vandafvisning

gardin væg polycarbonat facadebeklædning, transluscent

termisk væg dobbelt isolering

interiør

Bolig

vinterhave

nedsænket lo�+ isolering

balkon

Vinterhave

sidesporsramme og stø�eramme

stålramme + brændhæmmende beklædning

vandafvisning

skinner termisk gardin+ skinner normal gardin præfabrikeret etageelement typen cofradal 200

epoxy

Glasværn

glasværn

Harpiks/resin/epoksy sammenta�

Udski�ning blødt gulv

Prefabrikerte gulv

aluminiumsramme

vandtæt epoxy Bolig

Vinterhave

gardin væg

Sidekant stø�er aluminiumsproﬁl

termisk væg

interiør proﬁl + isoleret aluramme

Uigennemtrængeligt/ vandafvisende

skydedøre polycarbonat

vinterhave

rå underside element galvaniseret stål underside lakeret

blødt gulv

balkon

præfabrikeret balkon typen cofradal 200

nedhængt lo�

Glasværn

Harpiks/resin/epoksy sammenta�

Skyggegardin

rå underside element Udski�ning galvaniseret stål underside lakeret Aluminiumsramme Prefabrikerte gulv stålbjælke

Træværk �ernes

Underside af førmalet galvaniseret stål (For at skjule elementets rå underside)

glasværn

Skydeskinner/ skodder i polycarbonat/ sinusplader i plastUigennemtrængeligt/ vandafvisende

Metal stolpe, brandhæmmende maling

præfabrikeret

aluminiumsramme

epoxy Sidekant stø�er

etageelement interiør typen cofradal 200

metalsøjle + brændhæmmende maling

vinterhavealuminiumsproﬁl Thermisk gardin

vandtæt epoxy

balkon

Underside af førmalet galvaniseret stål (For at skjule elementets rå underside)

Skyggegardin

Lægter nedrives

Skydeskinner/ skodder i polycarbonat/ sinusplader i plast

Aluminiumsramme Træværk �ernes

Gulv deponeres

proﬁl + isoleret aluramme

Metal stolpe,

rå underside element galvaniseret stål underside lakeret

rå underside element brandhæmmende maling galvaniseret stål underside lakeret

stålbjælke interiør

nedhængt lo�

vinterhave

præfabrikeret balkon typen cofradal 200

balkon

Thermisk gardin

Lægter nedrives

aluminiumsramme metalsøjle + brændhæmmende maling

Gulv deponeres

Transformation d’un immeuble de logements

Transformation d’un immeuble de logements Transformation d’un immeuble de logement

Architects: Lacaton & Vassal Architects: Lacaton & Vassal Architects: Lacaton & Vassal Year: 2014, 2016

03.07

07.04 03.08

Year: 2014,Year: 20162014, 2016

Detalje: Detalje: nyt Detail section, transformation eksisterende 1:20

1:20

New Existing

Balcony Winter garden Inside/housing

Transformation dâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;un immeuble de logements Transformation dâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;un immeuble de logement

07.09 03.09

Architects:Architects: Lacaton &Lacaton Vassal & Vassal Year: 2014, 2016 Year: 2014, 2016 Diagram: old/new, climate zones, apartments Diagram: lejligheder, gammel/nyt, klimazoner

23 logements 1&2 Location Trignac, France Group 8 + 9 Tobias Jansson Magnus Henum Kasper Prochownik Marianne Ystenes Gjørtz Julie Meiland Hansen Erling Aleksander Nybråten Marie Hvidaa Hjørnholm Mette Tange Dahl Tim Bruun

COLOPHON Editorial & layout: Anne Beim, Erling Aleksander NybrĂĽten & Helene Skotte Wied Programme Direction: Frans Drewniak & Anne Beim Authors: Niels Christian Zipelius, Mari Hancock Bjerknes, Andreas Skytt Hvid, Nicolai Daniel Christiensen & Thea Marvik Berg Published by: The Royal Danish Academy of Fine Arts, Schools of Architecture, Design and Conservation Masters programe - Settlement, Ecology and Tectonics Institute of Architecture and Tecnology Philip de Langes Alle 10 DK- 1435 Copenhagen K Denmark ISBN: 978-87-7830-981-5

Table of Content Field studies in France

Case study - 23 Logements I

Drawing Index

Case study - 23 Logements II

Drawing Index

Frans Drewniak, Ulrik Stylsvig Madsen and Anne Beim

Case / 23 logements I Background and context The project 23 Logements is a collective housing project by Lacaton & Vassal from 2010. The housing project is located in the municipality Trignac in Saint-Nazaire. The city of Saint-Nazaire expanded during the time of industrialization because of the growth of their harbor. This resulted in construction of many small houses for the working class. These have been shown to be too small in comparison to the standards of today, and they have either been demolished or reconstructed into common family houses with a garden and a parking space. The housing project consists of 23 dwellings distributed across two buildings. One building holds three stories with 10 dwellings, while the other holds two stories and consists of 13 dwellings. The focus our study has been on the building consisting of 13 dwellings. Architectural visions and generosity Lacaton & Vassal have wished to create generous large dwellings with a good indoor climate. In order to fulfil these visions, they have used cheap materials and simple strong structures. In the housing project we have studied, the residents have been given extra outdoor space. They have a garden on the south side of the building, a winter garden (also facing south), a balcony on each side and a private garage located in the northern end of the apartments. This gives the residents an extension of their living space that reaches out into the outdoors. With both a private garden and a garage, the building offers the same qualities as the typology of houses in the surrounding area, and the large affordable apartments are much desired in contrast to the smaller housing typologies from the 19th century. Typology Each apartment stretches from the northern facade to the southern facade. This gives room for an entrance and a private garage to the north and a garden and winter garden to the south. The organization of the apartments’ plans vary from one another by having a wide ground floor and a narrow first floor and vice versa. This sort of typology gives all residents a maximum of outdoor space in the form of a garden, a winter garden, a garage and two balconies facing north and south.

Research design In this field study, we have explored the extra outdoor spaces that Lacaton & Vassal have created for the residents of the 23 Logements. This includes; gardens, winter gardens, entrance area and balconies. We will look at how the residents inhabit these extra spaces and whether the spaces contribute to the building and to the lives of the residents? In the outdoor area, people´s private furniture and belongings are exposed and create an image of how people inhabit their home. This gives us the opportunity of analyzing the residents’ inhabitation of the spaces without having access to the inside of the dwellings. We will also be examining the different sizes of winter gardens and gardens, and what effect the size has on the use of the contiguous rooms. Load-bearing structure The building is standing on precast concrete slabs and is supported by a column and beam structure. The main purpose of the beams is to support the secondfloor concrete slab, and it has no influence on the spatial program. This structure allows for housing with very “open and deep apartment plans”. The slabs are seated on diagonally placed beams made of concrete and individual concrete feet placed under the columns. The inner walls and the entire first floor are supported by a lightweight structure made of galvanized steel. The structure frames the climatized apartments and allows for ventilating air to flow between the ceiling and the roof. Twelve individual staircases connect the ground floor and first floor of the apartments. Facade and building installations The load-bearing structure of the building is capped with a roof made of thin sheets of aluminum and polycarbonate, which ensure as much daylight as possible to enter the space of the apartments. The winter gardens are covered with polycarbonate panels, whereas the apartment spaces are covered with aluminum sheets and large sections of window glass. Each apartment has a balcony that faces south and north. All balconies are connected to the building by a sliding polycarbonate door to the south and an aluminum glazed door with shutters towards the northern facade.

Climate zones The winter gardens create a building envelope with a climate zone that allows residents to use this outdoor room as a part of their indoor space most of the year. They also function as insulation of the first floor and reduce the energy consumption of the whole building. Because of the large window sections on the south facades, Lacaton & Vassal have installed aluminum-coated curtains to allow the residents to control the temperature inside the apartment. The ceiling of the winter garden is also equipped with a curtain to avoid overheating from the direct sunlight. The use of additional outdoor spaces When visiting the site, we did not have the opportunity to access the apartments and see how people inhabited their homes. Therefore, using photos and drawings we registered how the inhabitants used their extra outdoor spaces. Towards the north where Lacaton & Vassal had made room for cars to be parked inside garages and for the neighbors to meet around their entrances, the residents had inhabited this space in very different ways. All cars were parked along the facade, close to the doors, which made it almost impossible to get a full view and to study this side of the building. Trash bins were placed in front of the garage and the garage was instead added to the indoor space. On the south side of the building, the residents had inhabited the gardens and balconies in many ways. Some gardens were used as a place to keep a dog or a cat, some of them were not used at all and some were decorated with attractive roses and garden furniture.

The use of the outdoor gardens and the winter gardens reflected the size and use of the connecting room inside the apartment. For apartments where the living room was connected to the garden, the gardens were often used as an extension of the indoor space, whereas the gardens connected to the bedrooms were rarely used. The same principle occurred in the winter gardens on the first floor. If a larger living room was connected to the winter garden, it would be furnished and used as a part of the living space. The winter garden would be used as a storage room if a smaller room such as a bedroom was connected to it. The generosity of this housing project is reflected on the south side of the building, where residents have the freedom to use the extra outdoor spaces in many different ways in order to meet their personal needs.

Drawing Index 08.01 Site plan

1:2000

08.02 Exploded isometric

1:500

08.03 Climate diagram 08.04 Typology diagram 08.05 Detail isometric

1:20

08.06 Isometric section 08.07 Section 1:100 08.08 Plan drawings

1:200

08.09 Facade 1:200

23 Logements 23 logements I Architects: Architects: Lacaton Lacaton & & Vassal Vassal Year: Year: 2010 2010 Site Site plan plan

03.01 08.01

1:2000 1:2000

The inn galvaniz and allo

The sec standar The slap appartm outside

The hou Beams slap and

23 Logements 23 logements I

03.02 08.02

Architects:Architects: Lacaton &Lacaton Vassal & Vassal Year: 2010 Year: 2010 Exploded Exploded isometric isometric

1:500 1:500

The house is capped with a roof made of thin sheets of aluminium, and polycarbonate. The winthergardens are covered with polycarbonate, where as the appartments are covered with aluminium.

Isolated space

Building is of only ner walls and the roof are supportedThe by a light stucture zed steel. The structure frames climatized appartments ows ventilation to flow between seiling and the roof.

partial isolated. The ground floor is completely isolated while parts of the first floor is only covered in transparent polycarbornate.

Like the ground floor,the second level is almost glazed on 360 degrees. Each appartement has a balcony to the south. These balconies function eather as a winthergarden or storage. All balconies can be closed with a sliding polycarbonate door to the south, and a glazed door with aluminium shotters toward the northern catwalk.

Ventilation

cond level of the house is placed on a concrete slap of rised elements. The winter garden insures that air floats just under the ceiling and keeps the first floor ventilated p is penetrated by twelve individual staircases to the ments. The 13. appartements staircase is located on the on the roof of the winter garden allows fresh air to replace the warm air from the times. A window of the northeastern facade. and keeps the indoor space cool.

at all inside

The ground floor is glazed in itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s entirety, except for the northeastern corner. Each appartement have direct acces to a southern garden, and an entrreance through a northern garage.

use is supported by a column and beam structure. The sole purpuose is to support the second floor concrete d have no influence on the spatial programme.

Heat absorbtion/ release The House is standing on precast concrete slabs. The slaps are The concrete structure absorbs the heat during the day and releases the heat when it gets cold in the seated on diagonal running beams of concrete and induvidual to ensure a stabil indoor climate. concrete feat placed underevening, the columns.

23 Logements 23 logements I

03.03 08.03

Architects:Architects: Lacaton &Lacaton Vassal & Vassal Year: 2010 Year: 2010 Climate diagram Climate diagram

BALCONY 6,9 M2

BEDROOM 10,8 M2

BEDROOM 13,4 M2

BALCONY 6,9 M2 ENTRY + GARAGE 21,1 M2

BATHROOM 3,9 M2

3,3

WC 1,6 M2

BEDROOM 10,8 M2

BEDROOM 13,4 M2

Unika lägenheter Nästintill hela byggnaden består av unika lägenheter med sina egna distinktiva kvalitéer. Genom att först införa en bärande struktur som sedan delades in i olika rum kunde detta uppnås.

CLEARENCE 7,8 M2 ENTRY + GARAGE 21,1 M2

BATHROOM 3,9 M2

T4b

3,3 BATHROOM 5,1 M2

WC 1,6 M2

KITCHEN + LIVING 49,5 M2

CLEARENCE 7,8 M2

Apartment 01 107 m2 T4b

6,8

T4b

BATHROOM 5,1 M2

Ny typologi Områdets befintliga bostadstypologi översätts till en ny rymligare struktur som fortfarande innehåller rum med funktioner såsom: kök, sovrum, badrum, garage och trädgård.

Apartment 02 129 m2

KITCHEN + LIVING 49,5 M2

WINTERGARDEN 45,7 M2

BEDROOM 22,3 M2

6,8

Varierande rum För att uppnå en variation mellan rummen infördes en regel att varje vardagsrum skulle ha en glasfasad på 6-7 m och sovrum på 3 m.

T4b BALCONY WINTERGARDEN 5,6 M2 45,7 M2

BEDROOM 22,3 M2

Garden 353 m2

GARDEN 15,5 M2

BALCONY 5,6 M2

BALCONY 6,9 M2

PLAN 1 - T4b

PLAN 2 - T4b

BEDROOM 10,8 M2

Olika plan Varje lägenhet består av två plan vars storlekar varierar. Antingen är bottenplanet litet och övreplanet stort eller vice versa.

BEDROOM 13,4 M2

GARDEN 15,5 M2

BALCONY 6,9 M2 ENTRY + GARAGE 21,1 M2

BATHROOM 3,9 M2

3,3

WC 1,6 M2

BEDROOM 10,8 M2

BEDROOM 13,4 M2

Winter garden 243 m2

CLEARENCE 7,8 M2 ENTRY + GARAGE 21,1 M2

Apartment 06 114 m2

BATHROOM 3,9 M2

T4b

3,3 BATHROOM 5,1 M2

WC 1,6 M2

KITCHEN + LIVING 49,5 M2

Ny typologi Områdets befintliga bostadstypologi översätts till en ny rymligare struktur som fortfarande innehåller rum med funktioner såsom: kök, sovrum, badrum, garage och trädgård.

CLEARENCE 7,8 M2

6,8

T4b

BATHROOM 5,1 M2

KITCHEN + LIVING 49,5 M2

WINTERGARDEN 45,7 M2

BEDROOM 22,3 M2

6,8

T4b

Garage 166 m2 Varierande rum

För att uppnå en variation mellan rummen infördes en regel att varje vardagsrum skulle ha en glasfasad på 6-7 m och sovrum på 3 m. BALCONY WINTERGARDEN 5,6 M2 45,7 M2

BEDROOM 22,3 M2

GARDEN 15,5 M2 BALCONY 5,6 M2

PLAN 1 - T4b 3

GARDEN 15,5 M2

PLAN 2 - T4b

Balcony 103 m2 Olika plan

Varje lägenhet består av två plan vars storlekar varierar. Antingen är bottenplanet litet och övreplanet stort eller vice versa.

Apartment 10 79 m2

Apartment 03 114 m2

Apartment 04 128 m2

Apartment 05 128 m2

Apartment 07 92 m2

Apartment 08 88 m2

Apartment 09 88 m2

Apartment 11 65 m2

Apartment 12 46 m2

Apartment 13 60 m2

23 Logements 23 logements I

08.04 03.04

Architects:Architects: Lacaton &Lacaton Vassal & Vassal Year: 2010Year: 2010 Typology diagram Typology diagram

metal sheet Metal sheet

gutter Gutter

insulation Insultation

metal sheet

gutter

thermo curtain Thermo curtain

insulation

thermo curtain

glass Glass

glass

polycarbonate

polycarbonate Polycarbonate

thermo curtain

glass thermo curtain

glass

alu-profile

foundation

metal sheet

gutter

insulation

thermo curtain

glass

polycarbonate

Thermo curtain

thermo curtain

glass

Glass

alu-profile

foundation

Alu-profile

Foundation

23 Logements 23 logements I

08.05 03.05

Architects:Architects: Lacaton &Lacaton Vassal & Vassal Year: 2010Year: 2010 Isometric detail Isometric detail

1:201:20

23 Logements 23 logements I

03.06 08.06

Architects:Architects: Lacaton &Lacaton Vassal & Vassal Year: 2010 Year: 2010 Isometric section Isometric section

23 Logements 23 logements I

08.07 03.07

Architects:Architects: Lacaton &Lacaton Vassal & Vassal Year: 2010 Year: 2010 Section Section

1:100 1:100

Ground floor plan

First floor plan

23 Logements 23 logements I

08.08 03.08

Architects:Architects: Lacaton &Lacaton Vassal & Vassal Year: 2010 Year: 2010 Plan

Plan

1:200 1:200

10000

6500

3000

10000

6500

7000

8100

3000

8100

7000

7700

7000

7700

7000

7700

3000

5000

8000

3000

5000

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9000

8000

5000

6000

9000

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23 Logements 23 logements I

08.09 03.10

Architects:Architects: Lacaton &Lacaton Vassal & Vassal Year: 2010 Year: 2010 Facade Facade

1:200 1:200

Case / 23 logements II “It’s a matter of being generous, giving more, facilitating usage and simplifying life.” – Lacaton & Vassal Visions and reality Lacaton & Vassal have some very clear ambitions for their architecture: a manifesto for a good building. Based on this manifesto, we wanted to make an analysis of the building, 23 Logements, in which we intended to point out the qualities and the problematic elements of the building. In order to get an idea of the intentions of Lacaton & Vassal, we looked at their statements on what defines a good apartment. “A ‘good’ flat is a luxurious flat. A luxury applied to the flats of big apartment-block complexes and to the urban environment that characterises them. Yet more luxurious is a beautiful phrase. It means many things at once: yet more spacious, more sunny, more generous, more simple, more economic. Doubling the surface area of flats is a recurring theme in our search for luxury. It isn’t customary for someone, paying the same rent, to reject a flat with twice the surface area as another one, nor a flat with twice the light, twice the services or twice the freedom of use.” In this quote, the architects talk about luxury, but not luxury in the sense of expensiveness or exclusiveness. The architects talk about luxury in terms of daylight, space, free plan and a fair rent. Based on these parameters, we compared the visions of the studio with 23 Logements. Daylight The building has three climate zones: indoor, outdoor and the winter garden. The winter garden adds a lot of quality to the building because it gives you extra space and the possibility of sitting outside all year round. On the other hand, during summer the winter garden makes the house so warm that the residents need to close the curtains. This makes the apartments darker than necessary. Having apartments in two or three levels make it possible for all apartments to have facades facing at least two directions, but it also results in deep rooms where daylight is insufficient.

Spacious, free plan The apartments of the building are very spacious. They consist of two or three levels, which adds quality and creates space for a lot of different activities. As mentioned above, dividing the apartments into multiple levels creates deep, dusky spaces and results in a lot of staircases. This makes it difficult for residents to move around as well as to furnish the apartment. Alternative plans Based on our analysis of the building we tried to look at the basic structure and come up with some of our own proposals for the plan, which would deal with some of the issues mentioned yet still include the qualities. The alternative plans make use of three different strategies for optimizing the apartments. The first one tries to simplify the structure by making the apartments only one level. The spaces are generally easier to use, but the apartment in the middle becomes very dark and deep. In this solution, it is only the top floor that gets winter gardens. The second solution is the one most similar to the plans today. The apartments have a shared staircase in the middle. The apartments on the second floor are in two levels. This structure creates a shared social space for the residents while creating spaces that are easier to furnish than what is there today. In the last alternative, a shared gallery is added to the building. Just like the first solution, this plan also simplifies the spaces by making the apartments one level. This also means that only the top floor has winter gardens.

Drawing Index 09.01 Site plan

1:2000

09.02 Enviroment section 09.03 Exploded isometric drawing 09.04 Matrial map 09.05 Winter garden isometric drawing 09.06 Plan drawings

1:200

09.07 Apartment flow 09.08 Alternative plans 1

1:200

09.09 Alternative plans 2

1:200

09.10 Alternative plans 3

1:200

23 logements II

09.01

Architects: Lacaton & Vassal Year: 2010 Site plan

1:2000

03.02 Exploded isometric

03.03 Winter garden isom 03.04 Plan drawings 03.05 Plan drawings 03.06 Apartment flow

03.07 Alternative apartme

RESIDENTIAL NEIGHBORHOOD

RIVER

23 LOGEMENTS 2 PASSAGE

ROAD GARDENS

CLINIC

metric 1:200 1:200

ents

ROAD

23 LOGEMENTS 1

MEADOW

ROAD

GARDENS

23 logements II Architects: Lacaton & Vassal Year: 2010 Enviroment section

09.02

2nd FLOOR Light weight metal structure containing apartments and winter gardens.

2nd FLOOR Level of concrete slabs

1st FLOOR Simple column/beam concrete structure

1st FLOOR DĂŚk af betonelementer

GROUND FLOOR Simple column/beam concrete structure

GROUND FLOOR Foundation structure and concrete slabs

23 Logements 23 logements II Architects:Architects: Lacaton &Lacaton Vassal & Vassal Year: 2010Year: 2010 Exploded Exploded isometric isometric drawing

03.02 09.03

Thermo curtains with a reflecting surface towards the outside and a sound aborbing inside.

In the winter gardens the sun sreen is a light curtain with reflecting panels sewn on.

ng surface towards orbing inside.

Thermo curtains with a reflecting surface towards the outside and a sound absorbing inside.

The facade is made of light wheigt materials as steel and polycarbonat.

The winter facade isgardens made of light In the the wheigt sun materials as steel and polycarbonat. screen is a light curtain with reflecting panels sewn on. AFVANDING Leder regnvand væk

TAGMATERIALE Transparant polycarbonat Store mængder sollys Holder på varmen

TAGSTRUKTUR Let metalskelet Små skygger i vinterhaven

SOLAFSKÆRMNING Solgardin Indsyede, reflekterende aluminiumsstrimler

AFSKÆRMNING Translucent polycarbonat Skjuler installationer og luftudtag Lader stadig lys trænge igennem SKILLEVÆG Translucent polycarbonat Afskærmning mod naboerne Lader stadig lys trænge igennem

TERMOGARDINER Reflekterende yderside Uldisolering Mørklægning

In the winter gardens the sun sreen is a light curtain with reflecting panels sewn on.

INDRE SKYDEDØRE Skydedøre Ventilation Sammenhængende rum

VÆRN Let metal-værm Godt udsyn

The facade is made of light wheigt materia steel and polycarbonat.

Thermo curtains with a reflecting surface towards

outside and aissound absorbingof inside. The thefacade made light wheigt materials as steel and AFVANDING polycarbonat. Leder regnvand væk

YDRE SKYDEDØRE Transparant polycarbonat Ventilation Adgang til altanen

TRÆDE-FLISER Niveaufri adgang mellem altan og vinterhave Lader regnvandet passere

SOLAFSKÆRMNING Solgardin Indsyede, reflekterende aluminiumsstrimler AFVANDING Leder regnvand væk TAGMATERIALE Transparant polycarbonat Store mængder sollys Holder på varmen

TAGSTRUKTUR Let metalskelet Små skygger i vinterhaven

AFSKÆRMNING Translucent polycarbonat Skjuler installationer og luftudtag Lader stadig lys trænge igennem

TERMOGARDINER Reflekterende yderside

Uldisolering The facade is made of light wheigt materials as Mørklægning steel and polycarbonat.

SKILLEVÆG Translucent polycarbonat Afskærmning mod naboerne Logements Lader stadig lys trænge igennem

23 23 logements II Architects: Lacaton & Vassal Architects: Lacaton & Vassal Year: 2010 Year: 2010 Winter garden isometric Material map

YDRE SKYDEDØRE Transparant polycarbonat Ventilation Adgang til altanen

SOLAFSKÆRMNING Solgardin Indsyede, reflekterende alumin

03.03 09.04

SKILLEVÆG Translucent polycarbonat Afskærmning mod naboerne Lader stadig lys trænge igenne

TAGMATERIALE Transparant polycarbonat Store mængder sollys Holder på varmen

TAGSTRUKTUR Let metalskelet Små skygger i vinterhaven

AFSKÆRMNING Translucent polycarbonat Skjuler installationer og luftudtag Lader stadig lys trænge igennem

TERMOGARDINER Reflekterende yderside Uldisolering Mørklægning

INDRE SKYDEDØRE Skydedøre Ventilation Sammenhængende rum

VÆRN Let metal-værm Godt udsyn

AFVANDING Leder regnvand væk

SOLAFSKÆRMNING Solgardin Indsyede, reflekterende aluminiumsstrimler

SKILLEVÆG Translucent polycarbonat Afskærmning mod naboerne Lader stadig lys trænge igennem

YDRE SKYDEDØRE Transparant polycarbonat Ventilation Adgang til altanen

TRÆDE-FLISER Niveaufri adgang mellem altan og vinterhave Lader regnvandet passere

23 logements II Architects: Lacaton & Vassal Year: 2010 Winter garden isometric drawing

09.05

23 Logements

03.04

Architects: Lacaton & Vassal Year: 2010 First floor plan

1:200

23 Logements 23 logements II

09.06 03.05

Architects:Architects: Lacaton &Lacaton Vassal & Vassal Year: 2010 Year: 2010 Second &Floor third plans floor plans

1:200 1:200

privat vinterhave privat altan

privat hĂŚvet terrasse

privat garage

23 Logements 23 logements II Architects: Architects: Lacaton &Lacaton Vassal & Vassal Year: 2010 Year: 2010 flow ApartmentApartment flow

09.07 03.06

1 storey apartments 9 apartments Oriented towards two cardinal points Only 3 have winter gardens All with two balconies Common gallery/balcony Very deep apartments

Alternative #1: xxx

23 logements II Architects: Lacaton & Vassal Year: 2010 Alternative plans 1

09.08

Alternative #1: xxx 1 PLANS LEJLIGHEDER Coomon stairwell - 9 lejligheder 10 apartments - Alle vendt mod to verdenshjørner Oriented towards two cardinal points - Kun 3 vinterhaver 3 climatc zones - Alle mod to altaner - Fælles svalegang/altan - Meget dybe lejligheder

Alternative #2:OPGANG FÆLLES - 10 lejligheder xxx - Vendt mod to verdensjørner - 3 klimazoner

23 logements II Architects: Lacaton & Vassal Year: 2010 Alternative plans 2

09.09

Alternative #2:OPGANG FÆLLES xxx

- 10 lejligheder - Vendt mod to verdensjørner - 3 klimazoner

Gallery 12 apartments Oriented towards two cardinal point 4 apartments with 3 climatc zones All of them with balcony Common areas One pass each other’sapartments

Alternative #3:

SVALEGANG

23 logements II

23 Logements 09.10

Architects: Lacaton & Vassal Year: 2010 Alternative plans 3

Architects: Lacato Year: 2010

Ecole d’architecture de Nantes Location Nantes, France Group 10 + 11 Emil Bruun Meyer Marianne Rudkjøbing Moth Anton Xerxes Boman Agnes Garnow Mathilde Schelde Pedersen Marie Morsing Jacobsen Jonas Palmbeck Ottosen Kim Pörösei Camille Tan

COLOPHON Editorial & layout: Anne Beim, Erling Aleksander Nybråten & Helene Skotte Wied Programme Direction: Frans Drewniak & Anne Beim Authors: Emil Bruun Meyer, Marianne Rudkjøbing Moth, Anton Xerxes Boman & Agnes Garnow Mathilde Schelde Pedersen, Marie Morsing Jacobsen, Jonas Palmbeck Ottosen, Kim Pörösei & Camille Tan Published by: The Royal Danish Academy of Fine Arts, Schools of Architecture, Design and Conservation Masters programe - Settlement, Ecology and Tectonics Institute of Architecture and Tecnology Philip de Langes Alle 10 DK- 1435 Copenhagen K Denmark ISBN: 978-87-7830-981-5

Table of Content Field studies in France

Case study

Drawing Index

Site plan 11 Organisation and programme

Isometric drawings

Plan drawings

Section 18 Freedom of use

Plan drawing

Tectonics 28 Climate 32 Schools 34 Epiloque

Frans Drewniak, Ulrik Stylsvig Madsen and Anne Beim

Introduction École Nationale Supérieure d’Architecture Nantes was a result of a competition held in 2002 to replace the original school from 1972, which had become too small to house an expanded study program and a growing number of students.

Project details

Case / 23 logements I Introduction Lacaton & Vassal’s proposal doubled the project’s École Nationale d’Architecture Nantesm2. was the surface area Supérieure from 12,500 to 26,000 The result of a competition held in 2002 to replace the original argument was to create an open production space school from 1972, which had become too small to house as a key principle, as well as providing a framework an study program and a growing number of thatexpanded could identify the building in three ways: students. the structure, the university complex, and as an extension of the city. Lacaton & Vassal’s proposal doubled the project’s surface area from 12,500 to 26,000 m2. The argument was to The new school houses approximately 1,000 create an open “production space” as a key principle, students is designed to be open to theidentify public as well asand providing a framework that could through it’sin adaptable facade the building three ways:and the multifunctional structure, the university together with an exterior ramp. Lacaton & Vassal’s complex and as an extension of the city. holistic approach to the design of the school is seen as anew social, economic, and sustainable The school houses approximately 1,000production students of extra space attono cost. The through translation and is designed beadditional open to the public its adaptable andbudget multifunctional facade together with an of minimum to a maximum area constitutes exterior ramp. Lacaton & Vassal’s holistic approach to the as a radical method that challenges the standards design of the school is seen a social, economic and on which architecture and as sustainability are based. sustainable production of extra space at no additional cost. The translation of “minimum budget to a maximum area” constitutes a radical method that challenges the standards on which architecture and sustainability are based.

Location Project year Client Type Architects Design team

Nantes, France 2009 Ministry of Culture and Communication Education Lacaton & Vassal Anne Lacaton, Jean-Philippe Vassal Project details Florian De Pous, Frédéric Hérard, Julien Location Nantes, France Callot, Lisa S. Colinet, and Isidora Meier Project year 2009 Building Setec Bâtiment (concrete structure and Client team Ministry of Culture and Communication technical systems, energy concept) Type Education Architects Lacaton Vassal CESMA&(steel structure) Design team Anne Lacaton, Jean-Philippe Vassal E.2.I (construction cost consultant) Florian De Pous, Frédéric Hérard, Julien Jourdan (acoustics) Callot, Lisa S. Colinet, and Isidora Meier Vulcanéo (fire safety consultant)

Building team Setec Bâtiment (concrete structure and technical systems, energy concept) Budget €17,75 million net (val. 2008) CESMA (steel structure) Site 5.260,0 m2 E.2.I (construction cost consultant) Program brief 12.500,0(acoustics) m2 Jourdan Vulcanéo (fire safety consultant) Area

15.150,0 m2 basic program

Budget €17.75 net space (val. 2008) 4.430,0million m2 extra Site 5,260 m2 5.305,0 m2 accessible outside terraces Program brief 12,500 m2 26.000,0 m2 in total

Area

15,150 m2 basic program 4,430 m2 extra space 5,305 m2 accessible outside terraces 26,000 m2 in total

C L d i t T N 3 h B i a s a W t t t n e p r s t u t

Model 1:2000 Context

Located in the northwest region of France, Nantes Context developed into the nation’s sixth largest city as an industrial port in thein19th due toregion its proximity to the Atlantic Located thecentury Northwest of France, Nantes Ocean and the River Loire. developed into the nation’s sixth largest city as an industrial port in the 19th century due to is proximity The site chosen for the school is located on Île de Nantes, to the Atlantic Ocean and the River Loire. right in the city center. The island measures 337 ha, The siteit considerably chosen for larger the school locatedcity oncenter Île de making than theishistorical Nantes, right in the city center. The island measures of Nantes. 337 ha, making it considerably larger than the Because ofcity its central the island was identified as historical centerlocation, of Nantes. a prime location for urban development, and island city officials Because of its central location the was launched a major redevelopment scheme in 2001. Île de identified as a prime location for urban development Nantes was then re-zoned as a mixed-use neighborhood. and city officals launched a major redevelopment scheme 2001.connecting Île de Nantes was then With eightinbridges the mainland to therezoned island, as mixed-use neighborhood. theasite is easily accessible from the city center by foot and bicycle, by publicconnecting transportationthe from mainland the suburbs.to With eight orbridges The immediate neighborhood provides a heterogeneous the island, the site is easily accessible from environment, comprised wastelands, the city center by footof and bicycle unbuilt or by plots, public re-appropriated warehouses, as well as new residential transportation from the suburbs. The immediate neighborhood provides a heterogeneous environment, comprised of wastelands, unbuilt

developments and cultural and public spaces with different civic amenities. Located on the banks of the river Embodying qualities its immediate Loire, the site the benefits from anofunusual adjacency context, to large openschool spacesbecomes as well as an to the dense city center. Lacaton the urban oeuvre: dense in its & Vassal decided to take full advantage of these two land use, adaptable and unpredictible in it openqualities, leaving no part of the site unbuilt and pushing ended structure, and sustainable in its resiliency. the facades of the school to their outermost limits. The younger and more creative population acts as a catalyst the center’s economy context, and cultural Embodying thetoqualities of its immediate the development, also diversifying school becomes while an “urban oeuvre”: dense in itsits landpublic use, programmes amenities. adaptable and and unpredictable in its open-ended structure and Lacaton sustainable its resilience. The young that creative For & in Vassal it was imperative the population acts as a catalyst for the center’s economy material of the ground should be of the same urban and cultural also diversifying its public texture asdevelopment, the street,while dissolving the threshold programs and amenities. between the institution and the city, which often undermines building’s ability to that function as a For Lacaton & aVassal, it was imperative the material public space. should be of the same urban texture as of the ground the street, erasing the threshold between the institution and the city, which often undermines a building’s ability to function as a public space.

Method Research design This project is a study of Lacaton & Vassal’s practice with the main theme of generosity and everyday life. The method is a broad analysis investigating different aspects of generosity from various perspectives. The preparatory work focused on the preconditions of the project as well as ‘designing’ the method, that was tested on site in Nantes. Research design This study of & ‘Free Vassal’suse practice looks are at the ‘Freedom of Lacaton use’ and of space’ two main theme of generosity and everyday life. The method main phrases, which are central in the vision of the is a diverse analysis investigating different aspects of Architecture school.– The 12,500 sqm space that was generosity from various perspectives. The preparatory offered original given programme work hasbeyond focused the on the preconditions of the project was as a huge gesture by the architects that follows well as “designing” the method that was tested on-sitetheir in manifesto about ‘Freedom of use’. This freedom is Nantes. the base of the everyday life at the school and the “Freedom and “Free structure of is use” framing this. use of space” are two main phrases that are central in the vision of the architecture school. 12,500 m2 space that was offered beyond Use of The freedom the original given program was a huge gesture by the In our prewho studies seen of many photographs architects, followwe theirhad manifesto “Freedom of use”. picturing the variety of activities in the unprogrammed This freedom is the basis of the daily life at the school, spaces. We wanted investigate and the structure acts as atoframe for this. exactly how these were used compared to the programmed Use of freedom spaces. To obtain a varied outcome we developed In our preparatory studies, we looked at many photographs a questionnaire as a basis of interviewing students, picturing the variety of activities in the un-programmed spaces. We wanted to investigate exactly how these were

employees and the public. We also registered the usage ourselves. The fieldwork resulted in both a text and a drawing describing the use. Framing the freedom In the continuation of conversations about ‘Freedom of use’ questions came up: What does this vision of freedom require from the architecture and how has influenced the structural systems? The used this compared to the programmed spaces. To obtain a varied outcome, we developed a questionnaire approach to the program is very generous, yet the as a basis for interviewing students, employees and the structure made out of cheap standard elements public. We this also generosity. registered the usage ourselves. is framing The second part ofThe the fieldwork resulted in both a text and a drawing describing research the use. design is a tectonic analysis investigating construction, installations and climatic conditions. The fieldwork consisted in measurements, climate Framing the freedom registrations and observations. work outcome In continued conversations about The “Freedom of use”, questions came up, such as: “What does this vision of consists of physical models that studies this freedom require from the architecture and how has this ‘framing’ as well as diagrams and text. influenced the structural systems?” The approach to the program is very generous, yet the structure made out of cheap standard construction elements is framing this generosity. The second part of the research design is a tectonic analysis investigating construction, installations and climatic conditions. The fieldwork consisted of measurements, climate registrations and observations. Physical models that studied the “framing”, as well as diagrams and text was the outcome of the work.

e a

m n w e e s e g . e e s

Drawing Index 10/11.01 Siteplan 10/11.02 Isometric

1:1000

10/11.03 Isometric

1:1000

10/11.04 Ground floor + mez. plan

1:500

10/11.05 Section A

1:400

10/11.06 Section B

1.400

10/11.07 Ground floor plan

1:200

300 300

Ecole dâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;architecture de Nantes Architects: Lacaton & Vassal Year: 2009 Site plan

10/11.01

Generosity as a design vision The Architecture School of Nantes is an example of a curious, provocative and inspiring complex, that is generous in many ways. Its openness to interaction and unpredictable spacious programmes are seen in the use of programmed and unprogrammed spaces.

The school consists of a robust concrete post-andslab structure with three floor plates at 9, 16, and 25 meters above ground level. A continuous ramp on the west and southwest facade connects the plates to the school’s ground and rooftop, combining the exterior circulation system with a series of balconies and terraces with acces to the big unprogrammed interior spaces. The ramp is approximately 120 meters long and has an incline of 5 to 7 percent. Wide enough to accommodate industrial use, the structure withramp threeworks floor plates 16 and 25 of meters size of the as a 9, continuation the above ground level. A continuous ramp on the west and urban street. southwest facade connects the plates to the school’s ground floor and rooftop, combining the exterior circulation In between the concrete floor plates is a light steel system with a series of balconies and terraces that give structure redivides the height ofspaces. the main access to that the large un-programmed interior The levels. The steel structure accommodates specific ramp is approximately 120 meters long and has an incline programs on allenough three concrete levels. industrial use, of 5–7%. Wide to accommodate the size of the ramp works as a continuation of the urban street. Floor-to-ceiling glass sliding doors divides these two types of space establishing an unobstructed In between the concrete floor plates is a light steel visual relationship among spaces inside the structure that re-divides the height of the main levels. The school. The building’s polycarbonate facade gives steel structure accommodates specific programs on all athree blurred visual boundary between the school and concrete levels. its immediate surroundings. Floor-to-ceiling glass sliding doors divide these two types of space, establishing an undisturbed visual relationship across spaces inside the school. The building’s polycarbonate facade gives a blurred visual boundary between the school and its immediate surroundings.

Organisation & programme The programmed spaces accounts for 15,000 m2 and consist of classrooms, research facilities, Generosity a designadministrative vision workshops, as library, offices etc. Nantes Architecture School exemplifies a curious, Separated by floor-to-ceiling glass doors, these provocative and inspiring complex that is generous in programs can ’spill out’ into the unprogrammed many ways. Its openness to interaction and unpredictable spaces, programs whose can generic area can be spacious be foundsurface in the use of programmed adjusted through the extension of the building. The and un-programmed spaces. unprogrammed spaces adds 5,000 m2 of enclosed exterior spaces,spaces plus another 6,000 m2 m2 exterior The programmed amount to 15,000 and consist classrooms, research facilities, workshops, terracesof and balconies. library, administrative offices, etc. Separated by floor-toceiling doors, these can “spill into the In theglass design we seeprograms two main focalout” points for un-programmed spaces, whose generic surface area can creating generosity: be adjusted through the extension of the building. The un1. the unprogrammed (double-high) programmed spaces add spaces 5,000 m2 of enclosed exterior 2.adaptability and 6,000 multifunctionality in different spaces, plus another m2 of exterior terraces and construction performances balconies. In the design, we see two main focal points for creating generosity: 1. the un-programmed spaces (double-height) 2. adaptability and multifunctionality in different construction performances The school consists of a robust concrete post-and-slab

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Freedom of use

Everyday architecture We are all different as individuals and we all cope with different situations in different ways. Nantes Architecture School aims to provide a framework for an experimental study life, in which the students themselves can create their possibilities and Everyday architecture Our as intent of thisand research studywith is to Welimitations. are all different individuals we all cope evaluate the performance of the building and how different situations in different ways. Nantes Architecture School aims toreflect provide a framework an experimental the users upon this. By for doing so, we hope study life in which the students themselves can negative create to receive a varied result of positive and their possibilities and limitations. Our intentions with this feedback. research study are to evaluate the performance of the building and how thelife users upon this. Bystudent doing so, The everyday as reflect an architecture can weunfold hope toinreceive a varied result of positive and negative every thinkable and desired way with the feedback. possibility to adapt to current demands and needs in various rooms. For students this become a very The architecture students can unfold their everyday study asset: and desired way. The various rooms life valuable in every thinkable

can easily be adapted to current demands and needs. are this very luckya very to valuable be students here. For”We students, becomes asset: Compared to many other French architecture schools, provides working “We are very this lucky school to be students here.good Compared to facilities and a lot of toolsschools, and machines that many other French architecture this school provides facilities a lot of tools and many good otherworking schools can’t and afford.” machines that many other schools can’t afford.” Informal transition areas such as big exhibition halls Informal transition suchwhich as large exhibition halls and and ramps areareas places provides untraditional ramps arespaces. places that untraditional study spaces. study Weprovide wanted to look deeper into the Wefeeling wantedoftoeveryday look deeper into the feeling of everydaythe life circulation throughout life circulation throughout the various floors, the result of various floors, the result of intertwining all the intertwining all the features of a school’s life (e.g. parking, features of a school’s life replied: e.g. parking, teaching, teaching, learning). One student learning. One student replied: “Everyone that I know uses the interior stairs, especially ”Everyone I know the interior stairs, if one would justthat get from A to uses B. It somehow feels more especially if one wouldorjust getthan from to out B. It natural to just take the stairs, the lift, to A walk feels take the andsomehow take the long waymore down.natural Unless, to it’s just nice weather outside andoryou actually want to to have walkand outside.” stairs, the lift, than walka out take the long way down. Unless its nice weather outside Unfortunately, terror threats tougher and you actually want tohave haveprompted a walk outside.” security measures for many public buildings in France, including Nantes terror Architecture According to Unfortunately, threats School. have prompted tougher students (in our interviews), this has made the interaction security controls among many public buildings in with the public more difficult, and the school is no longer France, including Nantes Architecture School. being used to its full potential. According to students (in our interviews) this has made the interaction with the public more difficult, “The public has no liberty to enter and experience the and theit’sschool is no being used building... weird to havelonger a public space thattoisits notfull potential. really public because of the political climate.” (student) public finding has no libertyrestrictions to enter We”The had difficulties the specific sat and in motion, but now the the building... gate and theit’s ramp closes experience weird toaround have a 8pm. public space, which it not really public because of the political climate”. (student) We had difficulties finding the specific restrictions

now closes around 8pm. Although exterior movement and much of the public spaces are restricted after a certain time, there is still a lot of free, open spaces for the students, teachers and spectators roam around. Butpublic big Although exterior movementto and many of the spaces may result after to acoustic issues, spaces are restricted a certain time, theresuch are stillasa disrupting the students’ daily work when not using lot of free, open spaces for the students, teachers and visitors roam around. Butpointed large spaces may the freetospace. A student out that theresult noisein acoustic issues, such as disrupting the students’ daily is concentrated on the ground floor: work when not using the free space. A student pointed out that of theus noise concentrated on the ground ”Most areisused to the ground floorfloor: noise because that is where the workshop, canteen “Mostvending of us are used to the ground because that and machines are. floor Andnoise almost all the is where the workshop, canteen and vending machines students hang out here. So the noise does not are. And almost all the students hang out here. So the bother me.” noise does not bother me.” Although theyfound found a general acceptance the Although they a general acceptance of the of ground ground floor we still if this had floor noise, wenoise, still wonder if thiswonder has affected the usean of effect on spaces: use of the open spaces; the open ”The open spaces are good for presentations “The open spaces are good for presentations because of the acoustics, that the audience can easily because of meaning the acoustics, meaning that hear the the ones that while the another describes audience canpresent,” easily hear onesstudent that present”, itwhile in another way: “It feels like we are in the streets, not another student describes it in another like in a closed space, because you hear cars, people, everything from inside the building.”

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Freedom of use? The opinion about the success of the school depends on who you ask. The teachers seem to have the most Photo: Emil Meyer difficulties using the alternative spaces. Referring to, for instance, the transformed parking lot that became a way: ”it feels arelow in the streets, notmuch like in working studio,like this we meant ceiling height, not a closed space, youand hear cars, people, natural light, manybecause visible pipes installations and loud ventilation. The room isthe verybuilding”. open and big and it is everything from inside only divided by transparent plastic hangings, resulting in an uncomfortable Freedom of use?working environment for the teachers. However, the students seem to be more open to the way The opinion about the success of the school of working here and elsewhere on the school.

depends on who you ask. The teachers seem to The have the most the alternative concept of free difficulty space is a using generous thought, yet it isn’t as free as one think. Thethe architects have spaces. Referring to might for instance, transformed put some on the actual usage of thethis spaces, parking lot restrictions that became a working studio; meant such as minimal to no furniture, e.g. the roof, which is low ceiling height, not much natural light, many completely empty when no events are being held. A visible pipes and installations and loud ventilations. master student comments: The room is very open and big and only divided by “We transparent plastic hangings, resulting seldom use the open spaces to socialize. First ofin all, an uncomfortable working teacher. there is not much furnitureenvironment here for us to sitfor on.the Secondly, it’s uncomfortable and cold to sit on concrete floor.” Although, the students seem to be more open to the way of working here and elsewhere on the school. This is supported by other students, who perceive the extra spaces meant for artworks, exhibitions, presentations, The concept of free space is a generous thought, public installations, shows, etc.

yet it isn’t as free as one might think. The architects have put some restrictions to the actual usage of

We believe that Lacaton & Vassal have hit the nail on the head with the design intention of this school. Our argument must be found in who it is designed for; the primary users of the school, i.e. the architecture students.

This is supported byway other students, all perceive The architects accept the of working as an that expression spaceswork. mainThis useexact for artworks, exhibitions ofthe theirextra architectural mode of creative work is very differentpublic from other studies. Common for etc. all presentations, installations, shows, creative studies is the need to experiment and build in 1:1 in We orderbelieve to see thethat full scale. These & sorts of experiments Lacaton Vassal have hit the demand big and open spaces. The school allows these spot with the design intention of this school. Ou things to take place within the building complex due to the argument must be This found in that whoit isit possible is designed innovative design method. proves primary users of the architec tofor: turn the a minimum budget project into school, maximumthe spatial potential through innovation and rethinking design. students.

ToThe be generous withaccept space, as & Vassal haveas par architects theLacaton way of working been with this school, demands a certain type of user. A of their architectural work as an expression. This type of user that understands the qualities and possibilities way of creative very different ofexact big open spaces, a type ofworking user thatismanages to use from other Common fora all studies and makestudies. the spaces their own, typecreative of user that finds is the need to experiment and build in 1:1 in order to see freedom in the building complex.

it in full scale - this demands big and open spaces The school allows these things to find place within the complex, due to the innovative design method This proves that it is possible to turn a minimum budget project into a maximum potential through innovation and rethinking design.

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Ecole Dâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;architecture

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Architects: Lacaton & Vassal Year: 2009 Ground floor plan Group 10/11

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Ecole dâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;architecture de Nantes Architects: Lacaton & Vassal Year: 2009 Ground floor plan

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10/11.07

The load bearing structure We stand in front of a considerable pressure on our natural ecosystem caused by the constant industry development. It is important to be critical to the act of building and how it deploys our available resources. The Nantes School of Architecture is an example of how crossed-disciplinary research come together to secure the future life of architecture.

Tectonics

The school’s load bearing structure consists of The load-bearing structure Oura natural ecosystems are with put under considerable column-beam system a primary concrete pressure, caused by the unceasing development structure and a secondary steel structure. in The industry. It is important to be critical of the act of building constructing challenge at the Architectural School andin Nantes was to find a building system that allowed how it deploys the available resources. The Nantes School of Architecture is an example of how crossthe maximum of usetofor 1,000 disciplinary researchfreedom comes together secure thestudents future and their professors. Working with prefabricated life of architecture. building systems Lacaton & Vassal constructed a structure industrial strength: Theconcrete-and-post school’s load-bearing structure of consists of a columnA construction was structure installedand with beam system with asystem primary that concrete a a secondary steelcapacity structure.in The challenge very high an construction old industrial building. at The the architecture school in Nantes was to a system is based on a grid of 11 x 11find meters building system that allowed the maximum freedom of supporting concrete floor planes with a load-bearing usecapacity for 1,000 Working of 1students ton per and m2 -their 2,5 professors. times the standard. with prefabricated building systems, Lacaton & Vassal constructed a concrete-and-post structure of industrial The load bearing structure is built a minimum strength: A construction system that was with installed with a concrete, but with building. maximum capacity, veryuse highof capacity in an old industrial The system surface and in order to adapt to the is based on aarea grid of 11 height x 11 meters supporting concrete floor planes programmes with a load-bearing 1 ton per m2 various and capacity needs ofofthe school and – 2.5 times the standard. furthermore ensure the needs of future generations. The load-bearing structure is built with a minimum use of concrete but with maximum capacity, surface area and height in order to adapt to the various programs and needs of the school and furthermore to ensure the needs of future generations.

The secondary structure is made of steel and is installed between the concrete floor slabs. This is a light structure that can be easily assembled or disassembled to accommodate different programmes on all three levels of the school, creating new floors or mezzanines for new programmes, such as classrooms, offices etc. By using the column-beam system in and concrete and The secondary structure is made of steel is installed between the concrete floor slabs. It is a lightweight steel, it was possible to achieve various ceiling structure that+9, can be +16 easilymeters assembled or ground disassembled heights of and above level, to accommodate different programs on all three floor ending with the roof 25 meters above ground level. levels of the school, creating new floors or mezzanines for new programs, such as classrooms, offices, etc. The concrete ramp, with a total length of 120 meters, is connecting the plans all the way from the ground By using the column-beam system in concrete and steel, floor to the rooftop, combining the exterior it was possible to achieve various ceiling heightsrooms of +9 with+16 a series of balconies and ending terraces and meters above ground level, with running the roof 25 meters ground level. along the above west and southwest facades. The concrete ramp, with a total length of 120 meters, Installations connects the plans all the way runs from the ground floorthe to The installation systems throughout the rooftop, combining the exterior rooms with a series complex on the primary concrete structure: of balconies and terraces running along the west and columns, beams, and floor slabs. Using the primary southwest facades. concrete structure for installations it gives a result of flexibility to the secondary steel structure, which Building installations can easily assembled and run disassembled for The building be installation systems throughout the building complex freedom fixed to the concretemoving structure: the maximum of primary use without or columns, beams and floor slabs. Using the primary replacing any main installations. concrete structure for building installations results in flexibility of the secondary steel structure. This can easily be assembled and disassembled for the maximum freedom of use without moving or replacing any main building installations.

Photo: Camille Tan

T c o a W o

1 p s 2 p 3 a

T i d

“ t fl i a i i c

The school’s installations with architectural of steel The and school’s is building installations dealdeals with architectural concepts such as transparency, visibility, or slabs. This concepts such as transparency, visibility and a mixand of a mix of possibilities. It is is designed to ’absorb changes sily assembled possibilities. It is designed to “absorb changes and date different and resolve constraints with ease’ in its structure. resolve constraints with ease” in its structure. We saw this We saw this elasticity demonstrated on three of the school, “elasticity” demonstrated on three occasions: occasions: nes for new ffices etc. 1: During construction process, a parking lot was 1: (told by a teacher) that during construction transformed into studio to a teacher); n concrete and process, a spaces parking (according lot was transformed into studio 2: After the school was built, a new facility with 3D printing various ceiling spaces; laser cutting wastheadded; e groundand level, 2: after school being built a new facility with 3D 3: Once only a snack without kitchen became a printing andbar laser cuttingawas added; e ground level. canteen serving 300 only meals a day.bar without a kitchen became 3: Once a snack a canteen, serving 300 meals a day. h of 120 meters, om the This groundmaximum freedom and way of working with systems freedom seem to and sometimes its with This maximum way of have working exterior building rooms installation disadvantages, as a master student points out: installation systems seem to sometimes have its rraces running es. disadvantages, as a master student points out:

“Lacaton and Vassal are not always concise with their pragmatic approach. Like for instance the flooring, which is the element in this in order to with hroughout themost expensive “Lacaton and Vassal are building; not always concise achieve a consistent and clean surface,Like power ete structure: their pragmatic approach. for sockets instance the flooring, which is the most expensive element ing the primary were not included in the flooring. This makes it extremely in this we building; in rely order achieve a consistent gives ainconvenient result when students ontoa lot of computers and clean surface, power sockets were not tructure, which and gadgets.”

assembled for out moving or

included in the flooring. This makes it extremely inconvenient when we students rely on a lot of computer and gadgets.”

Model: 1:200

Model 1:50

The facade and its climatic conditions We wanted to feel and see the selected facade materials and technical solutions come together in a casual and non-intimidating appearance that was welcoming to the public from both afar and up close.

Sum Wh and pan fully cros This sch

Climate

Lacaton & Vassal works with porosity between what facade and its as climatic conditions is inside and The what is outside, mentioned earlier. We wanted to feel and see the selected facade Their work and withitsarchitectural concepts such as The facade climatic conditions materials and technical solutions come together We wanted to feel and see the selected materials transparency, visibility and a mix offacade climate zones that in a casual and non-intimidating appearance and technical solutions come together in a casual andand up are key elements. We believe thatpublic the polycarbonate was welcoming to the from both afar non-intimidating appearance that was welcoming to the facade creates inspiring experiences for the user of close. public from both afar and up close. this school because it allows the school to transform & Vassal air works with porosity between into a range Lacaton of semi-open decks, breaking the what Lacaton & Vassal workand with “porosity” between what isearlier. is inside what is outside, as mentioned convention ofTheir education as internal earlier. and insular work with architectural concepts such as inside and what is outside, asan mentioned Their activity. transparency, visibility and as a mix of climate zones work with architectural concepts such transparency, are key elements. We believe the polycarbonate visibility and a mix of climate zones are keythat elements. We facade creates inspiring experiences forlight the user of ”It’s nice have abundant view and natural believe thattothe polycarbonate facade creates inspiring school because it allows the school to transform all day long, but also thebecause possibility of experiences forthis the users ofhaving this school it allows into a range of semi-open air decks, breaking the schoolup to ’walls’ transform into a range of be semi-open-air opening that may usually closed in the of education as an internal and insular decks, breakingconvention the convention of education as an internal a traditional school. It’s nice for us students to activity. and insular activity. be able to have a glimpse of what is happening outside while having space inside, but light ”It’s nice to our haveown abundant view and natural “It’s nice to have abundant views andhaving natural the lightpossibility all day all day long, but also also public spaces on top of the school as well of long, but also having the ofmay opening up be ‘walls’ opening uppossibility ’walls’ that usually closed in as around, like ramp.” that may usually bethe closed in a traditional school. It’s nice

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for us studentsbetoable be able to have a glimpse of is what is to have a glimpse of what happening The indooroutside climate of the school, together with the but happening while having ourour own space inside, outside while having own space inside, work mechanism of the facade, is highly influenced but also publicalso spaces onspaces top of on thetop school well as public of theasschool as well as around, like the ramp.” around, like the ramp.” by the season and weather, as well as night and day. The floor-to-ceiling polycarbonate clad facade The indoor oftogether thebetween school, with the The indooraclimate ofvisual the climate school, withtogether the provides blurred boundary the work user mechanism ofwork mechanism of the facade, is highly influenced the facade, is highly influenced by theit of the school surroundings. Furthermore byand the its season andnight weather, as well asfloornight and season and weather, as well as and day. The also serves as a greenhouse by absorbing the solar day. The floor-to-ceiling polycarbonate clad facade to-ceiling polycarbonate-clad facade provides a blurred heat and minimizes heat between thebetween internal provides a blurred visual the user visual boundary between theloss user ofboundary the school and its of the school and exterior. its surroundings. Furthermore it programmed rooms and the surroundings. Furthermore, it also serves as a greenhouse also serves as a greenhouse by absorbing the solar by absorbing heat the solar heat and minimizing heat loss and minimizes heat loss between the internal Model 1:50 between the internal programmed rooms the exterior. programmed rooms and the and exterior. Model 1:50

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Summer, day When the temperature in Nantes is between 20 and 32 degrees during the day, the polycarbonate Summer, day panels are left open. By leaving the facade panels When the temperature in Nantes is between 20 and 32°C fully open on the four facades, there is a natural during the day, the polycarbonate panels are open.school. By cross-ventilation throughout the left whole leaving the This facade panels fully open on the four facades, creates a comfortable temperature within the there is a natural cross-ventilation the whole school’s unprogrammed throughout spaces.

school. This creates a comfortable temperature within the The load-bearing concrete structure will absorb school’s un-programmed spaces. heat during thestructure day, which means heat that during it can be The load-bearing concrete will absorb easily overheated. The natural cross ventilation the day, which means that it can easily be overheated. The helps to avoid this exact problem. natural cross-ventilation helps to avoid this exact problem. MechanicalMechanical ventilation ensures a comfortable ventilation ensures temperature a comfortable in the interior rooms, such as classrooms, auditoriums, temperature in the interior rooms, such as library, toilets, etc. The temperature in these interior spaces classrooms, auditoriums, library, toilets etc. The is approximately 20°C both day and night, all year round. temperature in these interior spaces is approximately

Summer, day and night

DAY -10 - 5°C

20°C

NIGHT -20 - -5°C

20°C 20°C 20°C

20 degrees both day and night, all year round.

Summer, night Summer, night the facade panels remain open During the summer period, During the summer period the facade panels remain at night. Air currents refresh the interior spaces during the open at night. Air currents refresh the interior night and cool down the school’s concrete structure even spaces during the night and cool down the school’s further. concrete structure even further. Winter, day The un-programmed spaces, which are non-isolated common spaces, absorb the solar heat through the Winter, day and thereby maintaining a 10°C polycarbonate facade The unprogrammed which are non-isolated difference between inside andspaces, outside. In these areas, common spaces, absorb the solar heat through the gas radiators are installed in the ceiling that can be polycarbonate facade and thereby maintaining a switched on10asdegree required to ensure a comfortable indoor difference between inside and outside. temperatureIninthese case the outdoor temperature too low.in the areas gas radiators are is installed ceiling, which can be switched on as required to

In the eventsecure of strong winds from the north, the north a comfortable indoor temperature in case the outdoor temperature is too low. while the facade’s polycarbonate panels are closed, south facade’s polycarbonate panels remain open, In theair event strong winds from theschool. north, the preventing cold fromofflowing through the Thenorth facade’s polycarbonate panels are closed, while the same method is used in the case of strong winds from south-facade polycarbonate panels remain open, the south, where the south facade closes and the north preventing flow of cold air throughout the school. facade remains open. method is used in case of strong winds The same from the south, where the south-facade closes and Winter, night the north-facade remains open.

In the classrooms, auditoriums, library, toilets, etc., Winter, electric radiators arenight installed to keep the temperature at In the theclock. classrooms, library, toilets 20°C around The gas auditoriums, radiators are shut down etc. electric radiators are installed to keep the at night in the semi-climatized spaces.

temperature at 20 degrees around the clock. The gas radiators are shut down at night in the semi climatizes spaces.

20°C

Winter, day and night

DAY -10 - 5°C

20°C

NIGHT -20 - -5°C

20°C 20°C 20°C 20°C

Schools

are built after the millennium, indica discourse of framing education. Conte is again very different, yet both projects unprogrammed space, an openness t public and less hierarchy by mixing t users of the building.

Throughout this study, the difference between programmed and un-programmed spaces has been emphasized as one of the core characteristics of this project. The choice of leaving that much space un-programmed makes this project distinctive compared to other institutions – especially architecture schools. Looking at five examples of French architecture schools built within the last 100 years, there is a clear architectural evolution. Despite their different contexts and sites, the schools in Lyon, Bordeaux and Paris-Belleville have some organizational similarities. These three schools are highly programmed, with a clear division of programs. Furthermore, the hierarchy between students, administration and teachers is very separated. The schools in Nantes and Strasbourg, which are built after the millennium, indicate a new discourse in how to frame the education. Context and size are again very different, yet both projects offer more un-programmed space, an openness towards the public and less hierarchy by mixing the different users of the building.

Photo: C. Paul & A. Sauvage: ‘Les Coulilsses D’un

1906 The École 1906 d’Architecure de Lyon is organized National School Of Architecture along a corridor leading from the entrance to the 1968 De Lyon administration in the de half-circular hall. The inner École d’Architecture Bordeaux is conceptually The École d'Architecure de Lyon is organized street is crossed by the organized like school in Lyon. Theconnecting first thing you alongthe an inner street footbridges protected by a canopy leading to the semicircular hall of the administration meet whenthe you enter the building is the administration workshops articulated framework and the double and crossed by footbridges connecting the workshops to the articulated framework the double facade ensures and maintenance. They are and placed along a corridor facade ensures transparency. Administration and transparency. On the ground floor, the vaulted volumes of that leads an area student workshops studios areto very segregated both and the classrooms arewhere opposed tothe the lightness ofphysically the workshops. are located form wise. on each side of the corridor. Detached from the main building are smaller administration facilities and housing units. 1968 The École1968 d’Architecure de Bordeaux is 1969/refurbished in 2009 National School Of Architecture conceptually organized like the school in Lyon. The De Bordeaux École d’Architecture de Paris-Belleville is in the city first thing you meet when you enter the building is center as a The block of seven buildings with three inner École d'Architecure de Bordeaux is organized administration and maintainance. Theyso the are placed thingschool you meet when you enter theentrances, building is the courtyards. first The has two one on administration and maintainers facilities. along a corridor that leads to an area where the Boulevard de la placed Villette the other on the small They are along aand small corridor that leads to an area student workshops are located on where the workshop for landscape architects andeach architects side of Rue Burnouf. The site is an example of the French are located on each side for the corridor. the corridor. Detached from main building are Detached from the main are late smaller administration rationalist architecture ofbuilding thethe 19th century. facilities and housingfacilities facilities. smaller administration and housing units. The classrooms, workshops and auditoriums are cramped together due to the small plot, leaving no 1969 room for public space. The École d’Architecure de Paris-Bellevlle is in1987 the city centre as a block of seven buildings 1969 École d’Architecture de Lyon is organized with three inner courtyards. National School Of Architecture The school has two De Paris-Belleville along a corridor leading from the to the entrances, one on Boulevard de entrance la Villette and administration in the half-circular hall. The inner the other onThethe small Rue Burnouf. The sitestreet is an École d'Architecure de Paris-Bellevlle is very much part of the city onfootbridges its L-shaped plot, theconnecting school (corridor)ofisthe crossed byrationalist example French ofthe the had two entrances, one on Boulevard dearchitecture la Villette and workshops, the articulated structure and the double the other on the small Rue Burnouf. Its seven buildings late 19th century. The classrooms, workshops and surrounded three courtyards; the site is a fine example facade ensure transparency. Administration and ofare the French rationalist architecture of the late auditoriums cramped together do to the small 19th century. The classrooms, workshops and auditoriums studios are very segregated bothspace. physically and form plot leaving nocramped room fordopublic are together to the small plot leaving no room wise. for public space at the school. 2008 2009 The École d’Architecure de Natnes is challenging École d’Architecture de Nantes is challenging the the concept unprogrammed public space– -both both concept of of un-programmed public space inside the school and outside. It consists of a robust inside the 2008 school and outside. It consists of a concrete post-and-slab structure with three floor robust concrete post-and-slab structure with three National School Of Architecture De Nantes plates at 9, 16, and 25and meters above above groundground level. A floor plates at 9, 16, 25 meters continuous public ramp on the west and southwest The École d'Architecure de Natnes consists level. A continuous public ramp onof a the west and robust concrete post-and-slab structure with three facade are connecting the ground and theand rooftop, southwest facade connect the the floor plates at 9, 16, and 25 meters above ground ground level. A continuous rampcirculation on the west and southwest combining the exterior systemsystem with a rooftop, combining the exterior circulation facade connects the plates to the school’s ground with a of series balconies with accessto series balconies andtheand terraces with access andof rooftop, combining exteriorterraces circulation system with a series of balconies and terraces with access to to large un-programmed interior spaces that make big unprogrammed interior spaces, that is 1/4 of the big unprogrammed interior spaces. up a quarter of the total number of square meters . the total sqm. All programmed spaces are a mix of All programmed spaces are a mix of functions on the functions on the different levels. different levels. 2014 2014 2014 School National Of Architecture De Strasbourg School Of Architecture Strasbourg National School Strasbourg of Architecture consists of twoThe School De consists of two-story blocks stacked on story blocks stacked onde Natnes top consists of each other. The The ÉcoleThe d'Architecure of top of each other. lower block cantilevers over the lower blocktwo-story cantilevers over aeach transparent ground blocks stacked on top of other. transparent ground floor plinth, while the uppermost lower block cantilevers over the transparent, floor plinth, The while the uppermost block steps back, ground floor plinth, while the uppermost block block stepsthe back, providing thevolume maximum volume steps back, providing volume the maximumwithin providing maximum the constraints within the constraints set byby the planning within the planning constraints set planning regulations. set by regulations. Theregulations. facade consists of a The hierarchy of The hierarchi of programmes iscloaks dissolved each aluminum that programs issemi-transparent dissolved on skin each floor. The on facade the glazed “boxes”. floor. The facade is very transparent and connects is very transparent and connects the school to its the school to its suroundings. surroundings.

Epilogue For or against? The debate that arose during the competition of Nantes Architecture School was highly outspoken due to its untraditional approach to school typology. Although widely published in international journals, the school appears as one of the noteworthy buildings of French architecture of its decade. Nevertheless, the definition of “noteworthy” may be an accumulative term for “different” or “innovative” rather than “successful”. Much of Lacaton & Vassal’s work is based on economy, modesty and the “found beauty of environments”. Their work conveys an architectural language that embraces interventions in a generous and simple way, which aims to change the standard. That is why many of these projects act as pilot projects, illustrating unusual, economical construction methods and innovative design. The high ambitions of Nantes Architecture School were carried out with a tight economic budget which may have affected the apparent effortlessness to surrender itself to comfort and beauty. Their enthusiasm for “relational aesthetics” have resulted in challenging indoor climate and poor acoustic environments in the school. Although much of the budget has resulted in some negative outcome, the project of “the school” has always been – and still is – a vehicle to spread a vision of architecture. Today, the notion of learning is undergoing a massive transition from classical “top-down” systems to more free and interdisciplinary ways of learning. The Nantes School of Architecture is known worldwide as a project that offers a new framework and a new pedagogical tool of acquiring knowledge.

During our fieldwork, we asked students how their physical surroundings have influenced the design of their own architecture and everyday life. It was evident that the architecture of their school encouraged the majority to experiment in various scales and engage with other students, simply because the space allows for it. Furthermore, the openness of the school towards interdisciplinary collaboration gives a more collective learning. The transparency inside the school and also towards the street gives the students a sense of being in constant contact with the immediate surroundings that are present in their everyday lives in a very generous way. All these qualities are framed by a structure that is left to let something unexpected happen, which is a simple way of describing how their manifesto “Freedom of use” has transformed into a physical manifestation in this project.

“The Nantes school is also a manifesto for space”

during ol, was proach hed in one of ture of may be vative’

(ANNE LACATON)

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School which ssness Their have ustical

ted to school’ ium to notion n from ee and School wn for a new

s how r own evident uraged es and se the enness ves a within ve the ct with sent in these t to let simple dom of Photo: C. Paul & A. Sauvage: ‘Les Coulilsses D’une architecture’ p. 16-17

Immeuble de bureaux Location Nantes, France Group 12 Jon Grasdal Sanna Movafagh Casper Ravn Helene Skotte Wied

COLOPHON Editorial & layout: Anne Beim, Erling Aleksander NybrĂĽten & Helene Skotte Wied Programme Direction: Frans Drewniak & Anne Beim Authors: Jon Grasdal, Sanna Movafagh, Casper Ravn & Helene Skotte Wied Published by: The Royal Danish Academy of Fine Arts, Schools of Architecture, Design and Conservation Masters programe - Settlement, Ecology and Tectonics Institute of Architecture and Tecnology Philip de Langes Alle 10 DK- 1435 Copenhagen K Denmark ISBN: 978-87-7830-981-5

Table of Content Field studies in France

Case study

Drawing Index

Site plan

Isometric drawing

Plan drawings

Sections 14 Isometric 16 Detail sections

Photos 22

Frans Drewniak, Ulrik Stylsvig Madsen and Anne Beim

Case / Immeuble de bureaux Background and context The building was commissioned by SCI Cardiff to be built as an office space with the purpose of renting it out to different businesses. The building was completed in 2002 and came to approximately 5,300 DKK per square meter, significantly lower than what is considered normal for this type of building. Today, the ground floor to the third floor is rented by BNP Bank, leaving the fourth floor vacant. The office building resides in the region of Bas-Chantenay in Nantes; a city with an esteemed history, industry and a remarkable environment, namely “The quarry of Misery”, “The Promontory of Saint Anne”, “The Park of the Oblates” and “The site of the Crucy hold”. With its rich identity, Bas-Chantenay is located appealingly close to the city center and is an area full of contrasts and mixes. The area has been under constant development over the past few years and attains a strong character of a well composed area, being home to offices, shops, housing and industry. The greatest challenge for the continued development of Bas-Chantenay is securing a balance between the present and future use of the area, ensuring a continued harmony and complexity. The immediate surroundings of the building play a large role in its placement and character. The heavily trafficked fourlane Boulevard de Cardiff to the south, with its tall trees and the dense park behind the old railway tracks to the north, creates a framework for the site. The “character of the site” is something Lacaton & Vassal have been particularly interested in and inspired by in terms of determining the geometry of the building. The building is centrally located on the site, leaving space free on all sides for parking and greenery. Hereby, the building makes a generous and humble footprint that invites people to interact with the free spaces and allows them to park their cars close to the building. As the architects themselves say: “Architects work with movement. Architects don’t just build buildings, they build a relationship with a site” Immeuble de bureaux The building structure is composed primarily of metal with floors cast in concrete. This gives an exceedingly “sturdy air” about it, whilst the classic juxtaposition of fragile glass cladding the building absorbs and reflects its surroundings. The pillars that run vertically up though the building get smaller as they rise, giving an illusion of great

height despite the low ceiling height. All these elements have a dominant offering to the viewer as one stands on the outside and looks upon it. A facade made of glass allows for an honest building, not hiding itself away from the natural surroundings, secluding the often somewhat clandestine goings-on of banks. For the user on the inside, there is an opportunity to feel available and present in the world outside, providing ample daylight for them. When the sunlight becomes too much, a light meter activates motorized sun shields over the entirety of the facade and heating and cooling systems are positioned so as to allow for a wide variety of layouts. A seemingly comfortable environment for the user. Tectonic character The office building sits a step back from the heavily trafficked main road, stretching from the center of Nantes to Bas-Chantenay, creating a pleasant green forum. It contrasts itself drastically to other office buildings in the area in material and proportion. The glass cladding reflects the tall trees that surround it, creating a porosity in nature; a place with room to exist whilst still complementing the environment. It is a location and a characteristic that seem to accept future change. Within the building, there is a central core running vertically throughout the whole building. Between this and the entrance on either side of the building, the building can be divided by each floor or divided vertically. This allows for an extremely adaptable topology, where the building ends up reflecting itself on a central plane. Users can then either inhabit one whole floor or one “tower”. Partition walls on each floor can be mounted depending on the wishes of the inhabitants, which in this case have been placed primarily towards north and south. The architects wanted to create an open-plan solution, taking advantage of the free and open plan. Especially with the glass facade, the open plan becomes more apparent, creating a visual contact with the city, allowing sunlight to fall in and for nature to be a part of the experience of the building. However, in contradiction to the expression of the building, when one asks the users of the building, they seem to express discomfort with the indoor climate. The users experience it to be either too hot or too cold; a

problem that is apparent for most people when asked. Another issue for the users were the balconies that sprawl elegantly across the facade. The architect’s intention was to extend the life and spatial feeling of the floors from the inside to the outside world. However, the users expressed a lack of use and some not being used at all due to the seemingly poor condition of the construction. Generosity and the everyday architecture “There is a general misunderstanding about what an architect does. Do they build things out of metal, steel, concrete, wood, and glass or are they building spaces, situations, and places for living? Those I would say are the architect’s real material. When we see Mies van der Rohe’s Farnsworth House (1951), we don’t see the steel beams and floor plates. It’s a building about the relationship between climate conditions, different levels of intimacy, degrees of privacy, the condition of living in a green landscape, and so on.” (032c, ISSUE #23 — WINTER 2012/2013, 130141, https://032c.com/2013/ o-architects-where-art-thou-game-changer-lacatonvassal/)

Users of the building have a 360° view over the park, the trees and the city, while receiving an abundance of light in return. With the glass facade, the user can experience firsthand the four seasons of the year, giving a soft sharing of internal and external spaces, spatial liberation and freedom whilst being inside. This building may not necessarily be a perfectly functioning piece of art, but that is not what the architects Lacaton & Vassal have attempted. They have been dubbed as “real architects”, as they are not creating buildings of concrete, steel and glass for show. Lacaton & Vassal are creating spaces – spaces for people to live, work and play in. Their designs may not always feel like they are entirely compatible with their surroundings, but they are not designing for the city they are in at present, they are designing for what the city can be. Having an optimistic view with a lack of ego and no point to prove, Lacaton & Vassal are not creating architecture for the elite, but for the everyday users.

Despite the building’s downfalls, its cost is half the average price of other comparative office buildings in Europe, with a lot more outdoor space and a lower price per square meter. It gives the user the opportunity to modulate the office to their own requirements and the opportunity for a large array of different types of companies.

Drawing Index 12.01 Site plan

1:2000

12.02 Isometric drawing 02.03 Ground floor plan

1:200

02.04 Original plan

1:200

02.05 Floor plans

1:400

12.06 Section 12.07 Isometric drawing 12.08 Detail section

1:20

12.09 Detail section

1:50

Immeuble de bureaux Architects: Lacaton & Vassal Year: 2002 Site plan

1:2000

12.01

Immeuble de bureaux Office building

12.02 12.02

Architects: Lacaton Lacaton && Vassal Vassal Architects: Year: 2002 2002 Year: Isometric drawing Isometric drawing

Udhæng

Parkering

Indgang

Støberi

Beplantning

Hegn Indkørsel Vejtræer

BOULEVARD DE CARDIFF

GAMLE JERNBANESPOR

Beplantning

Indgang

Parkering

Gourmet Supermarked

IndkĂ¸rsel

Immeuble de bureaux Office building Architects: Lacaton & Vassal Year: 2002 Ground floor

12.03

Architects: Lacaton & Vassal 12.03 Year: 2002 Ground floor 1:200

1:200

Oprindelig plan

Immeuble de bureaux Office building

12.04 12.04

Architects: & Vassal Vassal Architects: Lacaton Lacaton & Year: 2002 Year: 2002 Basis floorplan Basis floorplan

1:200

1. sals plan

2. sals plan

3. sals plan

4. sals plan

Office building Immeuble de bureaux

12.05 12.05

Architects: Architects: Lacaton Lacaton&&Vassal Vassal Year: Year:2002 2002 Current Current floorplans floorplans

1:400 1:400

GAMLE JERNBANESPOR

Beplantning

Indgang

Parkering

Gourmet Supermarked Beplantning

Indkørsel Vejtræer

VARD DE CARDIFF

12.06 12.03 12.06

Officebuilding building Office Immeuble de bureaux Architects:Lacaton Lacaton& & Vassal Architects: Vassal Architects: Lacaton & Vassal Year:2002 2002 Year: Year: 2002 Perspective Ground floor section Perspective section

1:200 1:200

1317

Office building Architects: Lacaton & Vassal Year: 2002 Isometric

12.06

GAMLE JERNBANESPOR

Beplantning

Indgang

Parkering

Gourmet Supermarked Beplantning

Indkørsel Vejtræer

VARD DE CARDIFF

Office building Immeuble de bureaux

12.03 12.08

Architects: Vassal Architects:Lacaton Lacaton& & Vassal Year: Year:2002 2002 Ground Sectionfloor

1:200 1:20

urmet permarked

Office building Office building Immeuble de bureaux Architects: Lacaton & Vassal Architects: Vassal Year: 2002 Lacaton Architects: Lacaton& & Vassal Year: 2002 Year: 2002 Section Ground floor section 1:200 Perspective

12.06 12.03 12.06 1:50 1:200

Facadeelementer Facade elements

OphOld/mĂ¸desteder Meeting places

Bygningen i forhold til omgivelserne The context