Cindy Raissa Wiyana . VSN2R . 13109
PHOTOGRAPHY
Portfolio
“A photograph is a secret about a secret.
The more it tells you the less you know.� - Diane Arbus
Ta b l e of C o n t e n t 3 History of Photography 7 Different Genres of Photography 19 Artist Research Annie Leibovitz Ansel Adams Aaron Siskind
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Pinhole Camera Photogram Point of Interest Rule of Thirds Design Elements
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Bibliography Black and White Negatives Contact Print Final Print
Line Pattern Scale Texture Form Shapes Reflection Frame Tone
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History of Photography What is the secret of the invention? What is the substance endowed with such astonishing sensibility to the rays of light, that it not only penetrates itself with them, but preserves their impression; performs at once the function of the eye and the optic nerve—the material instrument of sensation and sensation itself? Photogenic Drawing, 1839
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A Brief History of
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n the year 1839, two remarkable processes that would revolutionize our perceptions of reality were announced separately in London and Paris; both represented responses to the challenge of permanently capturing the fleeting images reflected into the camera obscura. The two systems involved the application of long-recognized optical and chemical principles, but aside from this they were only superficially related. The outcome of one process was a unique, unduplicatable, laterally reversed monochrome picture on a metal plate that was called a daguerreotype after one of its inventors, Louis Jacques Mande Daguerre. The other system produced an image on paper that was also monochromatic and tonally as well as laterally reversed—a negative. When placed in contact with anoth-
PHOTOGRAPHY
The Inventors
er chemically treated surface and exposed to sunlight, the negative image was transferred in reverse, resulting in a picture with normal spatial and tonal values. The result of this procedure was called photogenic drawing and evolved into the Calotype, or Talbotype, named after its inventor, William Henry Fox Talbot. For reasons to be examined later in the chapter, Talbot’s negativepositive process initially was less popular than Daguerre’s unique picture on metal, but it was Talbot’s system that provided the basis for all substantive developments in photography.
Louis Jacques Monde Daguerre, 1844. Daguerreotype. International Museum of Photography at George Eastman House. Rochester, N.Y.
William Henry Fox Talbot, c. 1844. Daguerreotype. Fox Talbot Museum, Lacock, England.
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History of Photography Short
Byzantine mathematician Anthemius of Tralles used a type of camera obscura in his experiments
4th ccntury BC
Ibn al-Haytham (Alhazen) (965–1040) studied the camera obscura and pinhole camera
6th century BC
Chinese philosopher, Mo Ti and Greek mathematicians, Aristotle and Euclid described a pinhole camera in 4th and 5th centuries BC
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1000
Albertus Magnus (1193/1206–80) discovered silver nitrate
Timeline
Wilhelm Homberg described how light darkened some chemicals (photochemical effect) 1694
Georges Fabricius (1516–71) discovered silver chloride
1200
1600
1568 Daniel Barbaro described a diaphragm
1800
The novel Giphantie (by the French Tiphaigne de la Roche, 1729–74) described what can be interpreted as photography
William Henry Talbot came up with the Calotype process
1840
Joseph Niepce achieves the first photographic image with the Camera Obscura8 hours exposure time
Dry plates being manufactured commercially
Adolphe Disderi develops carte-de-visite photography in Paris
1878
1854
1826
1825
1835
1839
Daguerre invented a process using silver on a copper plate called the daguerreotype, and displayed the first plate
1845
1851 Frederick Scott Archer invented the Collodian Process
1855
1865
1861
First color image by James Clerk Maxwell
1885
1884 Practical methods to sensitize silver halide film to green and then orange light were discovered by Hermann W. Vogel
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DifferentGenresof PHOTOGRAPHY 7
Fashion Photography
Fashion photography is dedicated to displaying fashion trends in fabric and otherwise, on the beautiful fashion models. Fashion photography has its own aesthetic, celebrating fashion enhanced by exotic locations and themes. In fashion photography, special emphasis was initially on ‘staging’ the shots, in natural poses at natural environment. This procedure or practice was first adopted and developed by Baron Adolf de Meyer.
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Food Photography
Food photography is a still life specialization of commercial photography, aimed at producing attractive photographs of food for use in advertisements, packaging, menus or cookbooks. Professional food photography is a collaborative effort, usually involving an art director, a photographer, a food stylist, a prop stylist and their assistants. The actual photography can take place in a studio under controlled lighting conditions, or under natural light. The light, background and setting is carefully prepared so as to present the food in an as attractive way as possible without distracting from it. The color and texture of the background is selected so as to effectively complement that of the food and to assist with its lighting.
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Nature Photography
Nature photography refers to a wide range of photography taken outdoors and devoted to displaying natural elements such as landscapes, wildlife, plants, and close-ups of natural scenes and textures. Nature photography tends to put a stronger emphasis on the aesthetic value of the photo than other photography genres, such as photojournalism and documentary photography.
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Architectural Photography
Architectural photography at its best will convey the exprience of being in and around a built environment. Architectural photography is a specialty within the profession, requiring different tools and skills than, say, weddings or wildlife. Within the specialty are further specializations—interiors, exteriors, landscapes, aerials— that may be important to your project.
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Sports Photography
Sports photography is one of the fastest and most exciting types of photography. As with any action shot, a good sports photographer has to know his or her subject well enough to anticipate when to take pictures. Sports shooting can be one of the most daunting types of photography, even to the advanced shooter. The slightest mistake can ruin a shot. It’s also important to remember that with sports, you get a lot of chances to get a shot with great impact.
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Underwater Photography
Underwater photography is the process of taking photographs while under water. It is usually done while scuba diving, but can be done while snorkeling or swimming. Successful underwater imaging is usually done with specialized equipment and techniques. However, it offers exciting and rare photographic opportunities. Animals such as fish and marine mammals are common subjects, but photographers also pursue shipwrecks, submerged cave systems, underwater “landscapes�, and portraits of fellow divers.
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Still Life Photography
Still life photography is the depiction of inanimate subject matter, most typically a small grouping of objects. Still life photography, more so than other types of photography, such as landscape or portraiture, gives the photographer more leeway in the arrangement of design elements within a composition. Still life photography is a demanding art, one in which the photographers are expected to be able to form their work with a refined sense of lighting, coupled with compositional skills. The still life photographer makes pictures rather than takes them. Knowing where to look for propping and surfaces also is a required skill.
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Documentary Photography
Documentary photography usually refers to a popular form of photography used to chronicle significant and historical events. It is typically covered in professional photojournalism, or real life reportage, but it may also be an amateur, artistic, or academic pursuit. The photographer attempts to produce truthful, objective, and usually candid photography of a particular subject, most often pictures of people.
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Photojournalism Photography
Photojournalism is a particular form of journalism (the collecting, editing, and presenting of news material for publication or broadcast) that creates images in order to tell a news story. Photojournalism is distinguished from other close branches of photography (i.e., documentary photography, social documentary photography, street photography or celebrity photography) by complying with a rigid ethical framework which demands that the work is both honest and impartial whilst telling the story in strictly journalistic terms. Photojournalists create pictures that contribute to the news media.
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Wildlife Photography
Wildlife photography is the act of taking photographs of wildlife. Wildlife photography is regarded as one of the more challenging forms of photography. As well as needing sound technical skills, such as being able to expose correctly, wildlife photographers generally need good field craft skills. While wildlife photographs can be taken using basic equipment, successful photography of some types of wildlife requires specialist equipment, such as macro lenses for insects, long focal length lenses for birds and underwater cameras for marine life. However, since the advent of digital cameras, greater adventure travel and automated cameras, a great wildlife photograph can also be the result of being in the right place at the right time.
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Artist Research Annie Leibovitz Ansel Adams Aaron Siskind
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“I sometimes find the surface interesting. To say that the mark of a good portrait is whether you get them or get the soul - I don’t think this is possible all of the time.” – Annie Leibovitz
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Annie Leibovitz
Annie Leibovitz, considered one of America’s best portrait photographers, developed her trademark use of bold colors and poses while at Rolling Stone. She became a Chief Photographer in Rolling Stone magazine for 10 years (19731983). Known as a portrait photographer for her intimate and provocative photos, and also can penetrate to people’s soul. Her famous photograph including Mick Jagger, Whoopi Goldberg and John Lennon and Yoko Ono (shot 5 hours before Lennon’s death). Leibovitz crowned as a Living Legend from Library of Congress, America.
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Ansel Adams “You don’t take a photograph, you make it.” - Ansel Adams
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Ansel Easton Adams (February 20, 1902 – April 22, 1984) was an American photographer and environmentalist, best known for his black-and-white photographs of the American West, especially in Yosemite National Park. With Fred Archer, Adams developed the Zone System as a way to determine proper exposure and adjust the contrast of the final print. The resulting clarity and depth characterized his photographs and the work of those to whom he taught the system. Adams primarily used largeformat cameras despite their size, weight, setup
time, and film cost, because their high resolution helped ensure sharpness in his images. Adams founded the Group f/64 along with fellow photographers Willard Van Dyke and Edward Weston. Adams’s photographs are reproduced on calendars, posters, and in books, making his photographs widely distributed.
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Aaron Siskind “Photography is a way of feeling, of touching, of loving. What you have caught on film is captured forever... it remembers little things, long after you have forgotten everything.� - Aaron Siskind
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Aaron Siskind (born December 4, 1903, New York, New York, U.S. died February 8, 1991, Providence, Rhode Island) was an American abstract expressionist photographer. He began his foray into photography when he received a camera for a wedding gift and began taking pictures on his honeymoon. He quickly realized the artistic potential this offered. He worked in both New York City and Chicago. Siskind’s work focuses on the details of nature and architecture. He presents them as flat surfaces to create a new image out of them, which, he claimed, stands independent of the original subject.
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Pinhole Camera A pinhole camera, also known as camera obscura, or “dark chamber�, is a simple optical imaging device in the shape of a closed box or chamber. The image in the pinhole camera is created on the basis of the rectilinear propagation of light. Each point on the surface of an illuminated object reflects rays of light in all directions. The hole lets through a certain number of these rays which continue on their course until they meet the projection plane where they produce a reverse image of the object. Thus the point is not reproduced as a point, but as a small disc, resulting in an image which is slightly out of focus. This description would suggest
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that the smaller the hole, the sharper the image. However, light is essentially a wave phenomenon and so, as soon as the dimensions of the opening are commensurable with the dimensions of the light wavelength, diffraction occurs. In other words, if the hole is too small, the image will also be out of focus. The calculations for the optimal diameter of the hole in order to achieve the sharpest possible image were first proposed by Josef Petzval and later perfected by British Nobel prizewinner Lord Rayleigh. He published the formula in his book Nature in 1891, and it is still valid today.
Diagram of a pinhole camera
Why pinhole camera images are out of focus.
Pinhole Camera CHARACTERISTIC
Advantage Disadvantage The images in the pinhole camera are rendered in ideal perspective because the process entails a central projection.
The amount of light allowed through (small aperture), which complicates and sometimes prevents entirely the photographing of moving subjects.
The infinite depth of field which, in a single photograph, allows objects to be captured with equal sharpness whether they are very close up or far away.
Exposure time is normally counted in seconds or minutes but, in bad lighting conditions, this could be hours or even days (see Determining exposure times for pinhole cameras).
The pinhole camera takes in an extremely wide angle. 27
Photogram A photogram is a photographic image made without a camera by placing objects directly onto the surface of a light-sensitive material such as photographic paper and then exposing it to light. The usual result is a negative shadow image that shows variations in tone that depends upon the transparency of the objects used. Areas of the paper that have received no light appear white; those exposed through transparent or semi-transparent objects appear grey. Some of the first photographic images made were photograms. William Henry Fox Talbot called these photogenic drawings, which he made by placing leaves and pieces of material onto sensitized paper, then left them outdoors on a sunny day to expose. This produced a dark background with a white silhouette of the object used.
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Point of Interest A point of interest, or POI, is a specific point location that someone may find useful or interesting. Each picture should have only one principal idea, topic, or center of interest to which the viewer’s eyes are attracted. Subordinate elements within the picture must support and focus attention on the principal feature so it alone is emphasized. A picture without a dominant center of interest or one with more than one dominant center of interest is puzzling to a viewer. Subsequently, the viewer becomes confused and wonders what the picture is all about. When the picture has one, and only one, dominant “point of interest,� the viewer quickly understands the picture.
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Rule of Thirds The basic principle behind the rule of thirds is to imagine breaking an image down into thirds (both horizontally and vertically) so that you have 9 parts. The theory is that if you place points of interest in the intersections or along the lines that your photo becomes more balanced and will enable a viewer of the image to interact with it more naturally. Studies have shown that when viewing images that people’s eyes usually go to one of the intersection points most naturally rather than the center of the shot – using the rule of thirds works with this natural way of viewing an image rather than working against it.
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Design Elements
Line Pattern Scale Texture Form Shapes Reflection Frame Tone
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Line
Line is the strongest and the most important and influential elements of design. Without line there can be no shape. Without shape there can be no form. Without form there can be no texture and there can be no pattern. Lines are powerful tools that can be used smartly to lead the viewers eyes towards the point of interest in a photograph, and alter the overall feeling and mood of an image.
Pattern
Patterns, both natural and man-made, bring a sense of visual rhythm and harmony to photographs that, like a series of repeating notes in a melody, capture the imagination. Patterns appear whenever strong graphic elements—lines, colors, shapes, or forms—repeat themselves. Patterns also reinforce the emotional appeal of their components.
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Scale Dimensional element’s defined by other elements of design-size relative to other art, its surroundings, or in relation to human size. Unusual or even unexpected scale can certainly be used as a attention grabber. Another consideration forsize and scale is to look at the elements within the creation itself. Scale is using comparison to establish the proportions or measurements of a subject.
Texture Texture refers to the surface quality or “feel” of an object - smooth, rough, soft, etc. Textures may be actual (felt with touch - tactile) or implied (suggested by the way an artist has created the work of art -visual). Texture is often emphasized in oblique lighting as it strikes the objects from one side. By exploiting textures you can bring a tactile dimension to your photographs.
Form
Form refers to the three-dimensional quality of an object, which is due in part to light, and dark areas. When light from a single direction (e.g. our sun) hits an object, part of the object is in shadow. Light and dark areas within an image provide contrast that can suggest volume.
Shapes Shapes are the result of closed lines. However shapes can be visible without lines when an artist establishes a color area or an arrangement of objects within the camera’s viewfinder. Some primary shapes include circles, squares, triangles and hexagons all of which appear in nature in some form or another. Space is defined and determined by shapes and forms. Positive space is where shapes and forms exist; negative space is the empty space around shapes and forms. For images to have a sense of balance positive and negative space can be used to counter balance each other.
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Reflection
Frame
Reflections photography is the art or technique of using reflective surfaces to capture beautiful and unique images. Common surfaces used for reflective photography are bodies of water, windows, and mirrors. Using reflective surfaces is a great way to create abstract images. Often, images created using reflections have a more artistic appeal. Although any reflective surfaces can be used, mirrors are often the less chosen because they can be very difficult to work with
Framing is another technique photographers use to direct the viewer’s attention to the primary subject of a picture. Positioned around the subject, a tree, an archway, or even people, for example, can create a frame within the picture area. Subjects enclosed by a frame become separated from the rest of the picture and are emphasized. Looking across a broad expanse of land or water at some object can make a rather dull uninteresting view. Moving back a few feet and framing the object between trees improves the composition.
Tone Tone is probably the most intangible element of composition. Tone may consist of shadings from whiteto-gray-to-black, or it may consist of darks against lights with little or no grays. The use of dark areas against light areas is a common method of adding the feeling of a third dimension to a two-dimensional black-and-white picture. The interaction of light against dark shades in varying degrees helps to set the mood of a composition. A picture consisting of dark or somber shades conveys mystery, intrigue, or sadness. When the tones are mostly light and airy, the picture portrays lightness, joy, or airiness.
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Bibliography http://www.kellyschmitt.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/12/phototimeline.jpg http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ljMbCS6HDt4 http://photo.net/history/timeline http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_photography http://www.buzzle.com/articles/fashion-photography.html http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_photography http://www.foodportfolio.com/food_photography/index.html http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nature_photography http://www.smashingapps.com/2009/03/22/50-stunning-examples-of-architecture-photography.html http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sports_photography http://www.digital-photography-school.com/introduction-to-sports-photography http://www.incrediblesnaps.com/55-excellent-photographs-of-sports http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Underwater_photography http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Still_life_photography http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Documentary_photography http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photojournalism http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildlife_photography http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/ngm/bestwildlife/wallpaper03.html http://broadcastonwax.blogspot.com/2010/09/nicole-kidman-vogue-by-annie-leibovitz.html http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_z9_DEDL3dlE/TTvHIyrlFdI/AAAAAAAAA-M/LpGq6131pVo/s1600/ nicole%2Bkidman%2B%25282%2529.jpg http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annie_Leibovitz http://www.anseladams.com/default.asp http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ansel_Adams http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aaron_Siskind http://www.pinhole.cz/en/pinholecameras/whatis.html http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photogram
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Black and White Negatives
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Contact Print
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Final Print
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