Urban Workshop: Learning from the Nordic Experience

IDB Cities Network

COPENH AG EN & MALMÃ&#x2013; - 2019

Flickr, Photo by: Sam Morrison

U RBA N WO RKS HO P: LEAR NING FR OM TH E NOR DIC EX PER IENC E

TABLE OF CONTENT Welcome Letters IDB Cities Network Cities Background: Copenhagen Cities Background: Malmö Program Biographies CASES - Nordhavn Case Study: CPH City & Port Development Corporation Integrated Urban Development - The Case Of Western Harbor, Malmö - Public Space For All – Case Study - Case – Sustainable Transport Acknowledgments

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4 5 6 7 8 15 27 28 35 44 52 57

The Nordic Development Fund (NDF) supports climate resilient cities in Africa, Asia and Latin America. NDF is a joint finance institution of the five Nordic countries: Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway and Sweden. Nordic cities score consistently high on global urban and innovation indices and there exists a large repository of Nordic urban solutions and knowledge. Many solutions develop through public-private collaboration where public institutions in Nordic municipalities provide the operational framework for private companies to deliver the required solutions through competitive innovation. We hope that the Latin American and Caribbean cities participating in the Urban Workshop in Copenhagen and Malmö will be inspired and able to learn from the Nordic experiences and our way of working.

Aage Jorgensen, Program Manager, Nordic Development Fund

As head of the Copenhagen City Programme on Resilient and Sustainable City Solutions, I am delighted to welcome you all to Copenhagen and the “Urban Workshop: Learning from the Nordic Experience.”

Cities all over the world face some of the same challenges and cities should learn from each other’s successes and failures. The Urban Workshop includes presentations and panel discussions combined with site visits and practical experiences of Nordic city solutions. I trust that all participants will leave with inspiration and knowledge of relevant city solutions and make new contacts that could enrich future collaboration.

Lykke Leonardsen, Program Director, Resilient and Sustainable City Solutions

In Malmö, ecological, social and economic sustainability is combined. The city’s overall approach in its work with urban development has achieved great success and today Malmö is considered to be one of the world’s greenest cities. We look forward to receiving the representatives of Latin American and Caribbean cities during your visit to Malmö and hope that you will find inspiration in our models for sustainable urban development.

Lotta Hansson, Communication and Study Coordinator, City Planning Office, Malmö

U RBA N WO RKS HO P: LEAR NING FR OM TH E NOR DIC EX PER IENC E

There are strong ties between Denmark and Latin America. We have in Confederation of Danish Industry done our outmost to strengthen the relations to all of the countries in Latin America, and we believe that the “Urban Workshop: Learning from the Nordic Experience” will build upon these ties. We look forward to welcome you in the House of Industry and promise you all some inspirational days in Copenhagen.

Jens Holst-Nielsen, Director, Confederation of Danish Industry

IDB CITIES NETWORK

The IDB Network of Cities was created as part of the new Climate Change and Sustainable Development Sector within the Housing and Urban Development Division to share knowledge, lessons learned and good practices in environmental, economic and social sustainability. Currently, the Network incorporates more than 160 cities with a combined population of 160 million inhabitants, being mostly intermediate cities with a high growth rate. The Network provides support through meetings that promote innovation, good practices and exchange of knowledge between cities.

COPENH AG EN & MALMÖ - 2019

CITIES BACKGROUND

COPENHAGEN

Copenhagen is one of the leading sustainable cities and the title is very well deserved. For decades they have been committed to building a “city for people”, and has become one of the world’s healthiest, happiest, and most livable places to be. Through strategic urban planning they have created large recreational areas, pedestrian streets, a highly integrated transport system, and a sustainable bike infrastructure making the city innovative and inclusive. With a population of 1.99 million, it has been recognized amongst the top ten wealthiest cities in the world, that does not rely on natural resource extraction.

Before its success Copenhagen, experienced unemployment as high as 17.5% annual budget shortfalls. However, during the 1990’s the city’s strategic planning plans focused on people-centered planning and sustainable solutions and on creating a foundation for creative businesses. Also, during this time, they focused on public-private partnerships and developed the City & Port Corporation, which was the vehicle for the urban regeneration and economic development of the city. Currently, the city has pledged to be the first carbon-neutral capital in the world by 2025, and it has emerged as an innovator in clean, renewable energy and the metropolitan and district scale. Throughout the sessions the participants will learn about the process of each of the solutions that led to the city’s success and world-wide recognition.

U RBA N WO RKS HO P: LEAR NING FR OM TH E NOR DIC EX PER IENC E

CITIES BACKGROUND

MALMĂ&#x2013;

MalmĂś is a city of 280,000 inhabitants in the greater metropolitan area, making it the third largest city in Sweden. The city is going through a major transformation after being a declining industrial center into a green and industrial efficient city. It has won various awards in redevelopment projects which combine urban planning, energy efficient buildings, transport facilities, economic growth, waste managements, and making neighborhoods more resilient to climate change. The cities current goal is to make all cities activities climate neutral by 2020 and has a plan to ensure that the whole city runs on renewable energy by 2030. The participants will be able to visit the city and see for themselves the innovative use of renewable resources and how it is becoming a leading eco-city.

COPENH AG EN & MALMĂ&#x2013; - 2019

PROGRAM

IDB Cities Network

Sunday, May 26th HOTEL CHECK IN – Copenhagen

Monday, May 27th 8:00 – 8:30

REGISTRATION VENUE: Confederation of Danish Industry, located at the corner of H. C. Andersens Boulevard and Vesterbrogade, opposite the City Hall Square, in Copenhagen.

8:30 – 9:00

WELCOMING REMARKS - Jens Holst-Nielsen, Director, Confederation of Danish Industry - Tatiana Gallego-Lizon, Chief of Housing and Urban Division, IDB - Leena Klossner, Vice President and Acting Managing Director, NDF

9:00 – 10:30

TRANSPORT IS MORE THAN CARS Cities are on the front lines of climate action, and they are making bold commitments around climateresilient, low-carbon development pathways. Low-carbon and pedestrian friendly transport is at the heart of future investments in urban mobility systems. Copenhagen set a target to become CO2 neutral by 2025, which is a huge challenge, especially related to mobility. One of the main goals in the development plan for the city is that no more than one third of trips that start and/or stop in Copenhagen should be by car, with bikes and public transport accounting for the rest. Including pedestrians, the target is for 75% of all trips to be on foot, by bike or via public transport. To facilitate this, the City of Copenhagen is putting considerable effort into providing an integrated, efficient and green transportation network. Oslo is also moving from fossil fuel to electric transport systems. In Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC), transportation is a key element for the regional determined commitments on climate change: 14 countries in the region have established specific goals in the transport sector as mitigation strategies. The transport sector accounts for more than 20% of total regional emissions producing more emissions per unit of regional GDP in the transport sector than other countries: 30% more than the US and 80% more than all OECD countries. Moderation: Tatiana Gallego-Lizon, Chief of Housing and Urban Division, IDB Panelists: - Morten Kabell, CEO at Copenhagenize Design Co. - Paal Mork, Special Consultant, Electric Transport, Oslo City, Norway - Lykke Leonardsen, Program Director, Resilient and Sustainable City Solutions, City of Copenhagen - Thomas Sorensen, Chief Project Manager, COWI, Transport Infrastructure - George Browne, Acting Chief Town Planner, Town and Country Development Planning Office, Barbados

10:30 – 10:40

COFFEE BREAK

U RBA N WO RKS HO P: LEAR NING FR OM TH E NOR DIC EX PER IENC E

10:40 – 12:00

REVITALIZE YOUR CITY During the mid to late 1980s, Copenhagen experienced unemployment as high as 17.5% with annual budget shortfalls. Years later, there was a historic alliance between the national and local government to re-envision the city and create a large-scale plan for its urban regeneration. In 1992, they developed the Orestad Development Corporation which was a publicly owned privately managed organization. It later became the City & Port Corporation, which was the vehicle for the urban regeneration and economic development of Copenhagen without spending scarce tax revenue and with a good plan and execution. The regeneration that followed changed the city forever. The city has been recognized amongst the top ten wealthiest cities in the world by the World Bank group, being the only economy that did not rely on natural resource extraction. The successful use of the urban space in Copenhagen is a result of a process that includes policy initiatives, architect and engineering solutions, sustainable focus in construction, and civil society pressure. Through the experience of Copenhagen, the session will explore how cities can start revitalizing rundown areas and attract finance to make the project happen. While international investor interest may be low due to many perceived risks, cities themselves also face challenges with contribution of financial resources. Therefore, urban renewal projects will often be self-financed through a mix of policy change, organizational development and financial tools. Moderation: Maria Camila Uribe, Coordinator of the IDB Cities Network, IDB Panelists: - Regitze Marianne Hess, International Federation for Housing and Planning (IFHP) - Anne Kathrine Harders, Senior Project Manager, Danish Architecture Center - Jørgen Eskemose Andersen, Professor, Royal School of Architecture - Rikke Lequick Larsen, Green City Renovation Program, City of Copenhagen - Ismael Del Toro Castro, Municipal President of Guadalajara, Mexico

12:00 – 13:00

LUNCH

13:00 – 15:00

FIELD VISIT: Copenhagen No. 1 Bicycle City in the World: A Guided Tour Led by Copnehaguenize Field visit in Copenhagen to learn about planning for bicycles using best practices. With more bikes than inhabitants in Copenhagen, 375 kilometers of cycle tracks and traffic lights are coordinated to favor of cyclists during rush hour. While motorists sit in tailbacks, cyclists tend to sweep through the city. Copenhagen is building even more green routes and bridges through Copenhagen to ensure a safe and green route for cyclists while creating green spots in the cityscape. Cycle superhighways are already a reality, leading cyclists in and out of the city from as far as 15 kilometers away.

15:00 – 15:30

COFFEE BREAK

15:30 – 17:30

FIELD VISIT: Nordhavn/North Harbor Copenhagen is growing fast and there is need for new housing and transport. Nordhavn/North Harbor is transforming an old industrial area into a new sustainable neighborhood in Copenhagen. There’s going to be a walking tour of the area and a visit to the Exhibition Centre and EnergyLab Nordhavn. The project is led by Copenhagen & Port Development, a public urban development enterprise. Technical commentator: Gilberto Chona, Fiscal and Urban Development Specialist, IDB

COPENH AG EN & MALMÖ - 2019

17:30 – 18:00

RETURN TO CITY CENTRE (NØRREPORT) BY S-TRAIN

18:00 – 19:30

GREEN BUILDINGS AND RECEPTION AT DANISH INDUSTRY Introduction to environmentally responsible and resource efficient building practices followed by a reception and networking.

Tuesday, May 28th 8:00 - 8:30

8:30 – 10:00

VENUE: Confederation of Danish Industry. The building is located at the corner of H. C. Andersens Boulevard and Vesterbrogade, opposite the City Hall Square, in Copenhagen. THE GREEN, INCLUSIVE, AND RESILIENT CITY The New Urban Agenda (2016) made ‘the right to the city’ a principle and long-term strategy to ensure that cities are inclusive, supportive and sustainable. One aspect of this principle is that public space is central in social interaction among all citizens. Rapid and unplanned urbanization often lead to issues such as concentrated poverty, insufficient access to basic services, and a lack of quality public spaces. Public spaces, such as parks, help enhance livability, while also building up resilience to natural disasters, reducing pollution, and enabling inclusive growth. In this session, the purpose is to give participants concrete tools, guidelines and approaches to make their cities and the public spaces inclusive and how projects have been implemented to test and promote new ideas for public spaces including residents in their design and creation, fostering local empowerment and new models of collaboration. We will learn from the successful Copenhagen example where it has been possible to develop methods and expertise in one neighbourhood that can be used in the city, making the development of public space part of the solution to problems instead of representing a luxury to be abandoned by public finances, even in times of crisis. Additionally, this session will focus on how Copenhagen local government is not the only direct provider of public space, and the existence of a greater collaborative structure where local actors come together to finance and facilitate public space programs to meet common objectives. Moderation: Lars Emil Kragh, Director, Danish Association of Architectural Firms Panelists: - Esben Neander Kristensen, Director, GEHL Architects - Christian Nyerup Nielsen, RAMBOLL, Liveable Cities Lab - Nina Moesby Bennetsen, Project Manager, Climate & Nature, Gladsaxe Municipality/ Researcher, RUC - Flemming Rafn Thomsen, Partner, Third Nature - Mario Sebastian Isgró, Secretary of Planning Infraestructure and the Environment, Mendoza Argentina

10:00 – 10:30

COFFEE BREAK

10:30 – 12:00

THE SMART CITY The environmental footprint of cities represents more than half of the global footprint today, which demonstrates the importance that cities’ role play in climate change. An answer to the substantial

U RBA N WO RKS HO P: LEAR NING FR OM TH E NOR DIC EX PER IENC E

footprint are smart city solutions that puts sustainable economic activity, energy consumption, and positive environmental impacts on top of cities’ agenda. In this session, we wish to introduce the participants to the smart city phenomena and show them concrete tools, guidelines and approaches that enables the implementation of smart city solutions. We will learn from fruitful experiences in Copenhagen, Malmö, and Helsinki. These three cities have shown successful smart solutions. The focus will be on the collaboration between the cities and the companies in creating effective smart solutions. Smart solutions in cities touch upon a wide range of areas such as waste and water management, sustainable mobility, green buildings and citizen security, among other things. The foundation for smart city solution is basic digital structures such as infrastructure, data hubs, and standards for data security and privacy. Moderation: Finn Mortensen, CEO of State of Green Panelists: - Marius Sylvestersen, Copenhagen Solutions Lab - Krekko Vanhanen, Program Director, Smart Kalasatama, Helsinki - Jakob Tvede, Investment Director for Latin America, IFU - Maja Yhden, Director, TASC-The Academy for Smarter Communities - Sergio de Sá Freitas, Deputy Mayor of Vitoria, Brazil 12:00 – 13:00

LUNCH

13:00 – 16:00

FIELD VISIT: The Green Inclusive City – Guided by Gehl Architects Kødbyen Meatpacking District- Creative and cultural hub for innovation and vibrant restaurant scene. The Meatpacking District used to be home to Copenhagen’s meat industry businesses. In recent years, it has changed into a new creative cluster with a trendy nightlife and a broad range of high-quality restaurants. Sønder Boulevard - A long, green belt with endless possibilities for activities for all ages. The boulevard today is one of Vesterbro’s most popular recreational areas and hang out spots filled with shopping and great cafés. There are playgrounds, artificial grass for ball games and a field with asphalt for biking, etc. Islands Brygge - Copenhagen’s former industrial harbor turned vibrant, urban hangout. The harbor bath, the new waterfront apartments and the pedestrian bridge are only a few of the things that have brought a vibrant life to the Copenhagen waterfront. Nordhavn - Nordhavnen, located only 4km from the city center of Copenhagen, is the largest metropolitan development project in Scandinavia in the years to come. The post-industrial harbor site will be developed over the next 40-50 years, featuring a total floor area of up to 4,000,000 m2, providing living space for 40,000 inhabitants and workspace for another 40,000 people.

18:00 – 20:00

DINNER AT BOB BISTRO: Halmtorvet 19, 1700 København, Denmark

COPENH AG EN & MALMÖ - 2019

Nordhavn

And. & Maillard

15.00

FIELD VISIT MAP Østerbro AM

GARNISONS KIRKEGÅRD EN

HOLMENS KIRKEGÅRD

Østerport Station Kastellet

ØSTRE ANLÆG ASSISTENS KIRKEGÅRD

Kalvebod Bølge

PEUKLERS BASTION

Nørrebro

Inner harbour bridge

BOTANISK HAVE

ROSENBORG SLOTSHAVE

Nørreport Station + Metro

KONGENS HAVE

Ofelia Plads

Opera

Old City Centre

ØRSTEDSPARKEN

Forum Metro Station

13.00

Frederiksberg

Nyhavn

Playhouse

Rådhus pladsen

ARSENALØEN

Krøyers Plads

Vesterport Station

Havnegade

Københavns Hovedbanegård / Central Station

Vesterbro

Carlsberg By

ENGHAVEPARKEN

Blox

Kødbyen / Meat Packing District

Christianshavns Metro Station

Kalvebod Bølger Havnebadet

Sønder Boulevard

Islands Brygge

Dybbølsbro St.

0’ Tour

Christianshavn

Black Diamond Library

TIVOLI

Holmen

Inner harbor Bridge

Kongens Nytorv Metro Station

Cykelslangen

Carlsberg Station

Krøyer Plads

Amagerbro

00 00

Havneholmen

Amagerbro Station

Islandsbrygge Havnepark

Bryggebrøen

Sluseholmen DR Byen

AMAGER FÆLLED

Sydhavnen Station

Station

Cykelslangen

May 28th Sydhavnen

2 hours guided tour Cycling Tour ‘Public Spaces’

Wednesday, May 29th 8:00 - 9:00

9:00 – 10:00

TRANSFER TO MALMÖ Train from Copenhagen Central Station to Malmö Central Station LECTURE AT MALMO CITY HALL - GENDER MAINSTREAMING Gender mainstreaming is a strategy to incorporate a gender perspective into all decisions and in the planning, implementation, monitoring and development of the activities and operations. This is a way to assure the quality of activities and workplaces, so they become gender equal and non-discriminatory.

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The target groups for the work are elected officials and employees of the City of Malmö. The goal is that the City of Malmö can ensure an equal distribution of power and resources, and to offer equivalent access to service to all citizens. During the study visit, we talk about Malmö’s gender mainstreaming work – from words to action. Speaker: Katarina Fehir, Senior Advisor on Gender Mainstreaming and Gender Equality, City of Malmo Anders Eriksson, Development Secretary, City Office, Malmo 10:00 – 11:30

FIELD VISIT: Western Harbor/Bo01 The expansion of the Western Harbor attracted considerable attention since its beginning, and it has become an international model for sustainable urban development. Its location on the waterfront, closeness to the city and its fine urban environments make the Western Harbor one of Malmö’s most attractive areas to live, work and visit. In the Western Harbor, Malmö City uses a value-based model for urban development and together with property developers they work with various sustainability models - from dialogue and knowledgebuilding, to common environmental goals and certification systems where all aspects of sustainability characterize the process from start to finish. Rainwater is diverted through above-ground gutters. The rainwater drainage system has been designed to be aesthetically pleasing, with waterfalls, ponds and various elements for buffering and purifying the water. Some of the district’s topography was designed specially to realise a natural rundown to the sea or the central canal. The green roofs help reduce the amount of rainwater to be drained. Each building is surrounded by a gutter that is part of the design of the public space. All homes have internet connections to enable quick access to water and energy consumption data. Combined with the pleasant and sustainable outdoor spaces, this helps make awareness and a pleasant life in a sustainable district possible. On a visit we follow the development in the Western Harbor from its start, from Bo01 - Sweden’s first urban area with climate-neutral energy systems, to the new generation of sustainable construction projects. Guide: Lotta Hansson , Communications Officer, City Planning Office Technical commentator: María Alejandra Perroni, Lead Water and Sanitation Engineer, IDB

12:00 – 13:00

LUNCH

13:00 – 15:00

VISIT TO ECO-CITY AUGUSTENBORG The Eco-city Augustenborg is a successful project in transforming a run-down neighborhood into an environmentally sustainable and attractive place to live. Aspects of the Eco-city Augustenborg that may be highlighted include the energy-efficient renovation work carried out on 1,600 rental apartments (89% of the housing stock in the area), the development of an integrated open storm water management system to solve local flooding problems, and the use of green roofs. Its also important to mention the active engagement of residents throughout the planning processes, especially in respect of waste management, car-pooling, recycling, and composting.

15:00 – 16:30

SUSTAINABLE BUSINESS HUB Sustainable Business Hub is a Triple Helix cluster for sustainability and cleantech. The members are clean tech companies, public sector with regional and local authorities, utilities and universities and research institutes. Their mission is to promote innovation and business development in value chains that lead to a sustainable society.

COPENH AG EN & MALMÖ - 2019

BUSINESS SWEDEN Business Sweden’s purpose is to help Swedish companies grow global sales and international companies invest and expand in Sweden. They provide strategic advice, sales execution and operational support to help companies grow their international revenues. They help companies shorten time to market, find new revenue streams, and lower risks. For international companies, they provide knowledge, experience and extensive network to identify new business opportunities and achieve an accelerated return on investment. Once international companies are settled in Sweden, they make sure they are equipped for a successful long-term presence. 17:00 – 19:00 COCKTAIL RECEPTION AT MALMÖ CITY HALL AND CLOSING REMARKS - Tatiana Gallego-Lizon, Chief of Housing and Urban Division, IDB - Katrin Stjernfeldt Jammeh, Mayor of Malmö 19:30 – 20:30 TRANSFER TO COPENHAGEN

Thurday, May 30th 14

HOTEL CHECK OUT – Copenhagen

PROGRAM METHODOLOGY Coordination of program methodology, session supervision and note-taking by: Keisgner Alfaro, Consultant, Housing and Urban Development Division, IDB Esther Rodriguez, Operations Specialist, Office of Outreach and Partnerships, IDB

U RBA N WO RKS HO P: LEAR NING FR OM TH E NOR DIC EX PER IENC E

BIOGRAPHIES Opening Remarks

Jens Holst-Nielsen, Director, Confederation of Danish Industry Mr. Nielsen is the Director of International Trade and Market Development at the Confederation of Danish Industry. Prior to this role at DI, he served as Deputy Director of International Business Development, as well as Senior Advisor to the COP15 Campaign, Senior Adviser at the Danish Energy Industries Federation, and Senior Advisor at the Danish Food and Drink Federation. His external posts include membership of the Steering Council at the Centre for Military Studies (CMS), and Membership of the Board if Danish American Business Forum (DABF). Mr. HolstNielsen holds an MSc in Agricultural Science from the University of Copenhagen, and a Diploma in Business Administration (HD), from Copenhagen Business School (CBS)

Tatiana Gallego Lizon, Chief, Housing and Urban Development, IDB Tatiana Gallego is the Division Chief for Housing and Urban Development at the Climate Change and Sustainable Development Sector of the Inter-American Development Bank (IDB). She previously worked at the Asian Development Bank (ADB) where she held various positions, including as Director of the Urban Development and Water Division of the Southeast Asian Department, where she pioneered agendas on urban climate change resilience, cross-border economic zones and corridor town development. She has also worked in the Private Sector and in Research. Gallego holds a PhD and a MEng in Environmental Engineering from Imperial College, London and a PGD in Policy Studies from the School of African and Oriental Studies.

Leena Klossner, Vice President / Acting Managing Director , Nordic Development Fund (NDF) Leena Klossner is the Vice President and Acting Managing Director of the Nordic Development Fund (NDF). She has played a key role in designing the NDF strategy and operations in the area of climate change and development, and been closely involved in the development of innovative climate finance mechanisms for the public and private sectors in the area of both climate change adaptation and mitigation. Ms Klossner has over 25 years of work experience related to global development questions with focus on climate change during the last ten years. Prior to joining NDF in 1999, initially to work with the fund’s operations in Asia, Ms Klossner worked with private sector consulting services mainly funded by the EU globally. She has also been closely involved in development research, lectured at the Helsinki University about the EU development financing as well as published about trade relations between Finland and developing countries. Ms Klossner holds degrees in political science, international law and business administration.

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PANEL 1

Transport is more than cars

Morten Kabell, CEO at Copenhagenize Design Co. Morten Kabell is an urbanist, former politician and advocate for bikes, green transport and life-sized cities. All his adult life, he has been politically active, locally to improve the city of Copenhagen and move towards a mobility model less dependent on cars; and internationally to spread the knowledge about sustainable and resilient cities. Kabell was member of the City Council of Copenhagen for 20 years from 1998 to 2017. During the last term, he served as Mayor for Technical and Environmental Affairs, thus political responsible for urban planning, environment and climate, utilities, and smart city solutions. During Kabell’s term, the city adopted the ambitious climate adaptation plan for coping with rain water and implemented further policies towards the city’s goal of becoming carbon neutral in 2025. Kabell signed cooperation agreements with New York, Washington DC and BostonCambridge as part of these initiatives and to broaden the scope of the city cooperations. During Kabell’s term as mayor, Copenhagen set new records in cycling as a mainstream mode of transport with 62% of Copenhageners and 43% of all commuting being done on two wheels.

Paal Mork, Special Consultant, Electric Transport, Oslo City, Norway

Paal is a specialist in communications and works as advisor for electric mobility at the Agency for Urban Environment in Oslo Municipality. He holds a Master’s in communication, marketing and ethnology, and has wide experience in audience development and improving public services. His previous positions include Director of Communications at Norsk Folkemuseum and he has comprehensive international experience from the international museum organization ICOM. He has ample experience in the field of electrical vehicles, and was also one of the early adopters, driving EV since 2002.

Lykke Leonardsen, Program Director, Resilient and Sustainable City Solutions, City of Copenhagen Lykke Leonardsen has 25 years of experience from various fields of urban development – from regeneration, economic development and physical planning. Currently she is running the program for Sustainable and Resilient City Solutions in Copenhagen. The program aims at sharing Copenhagen’s results in the process of becoming carbon neutral and sustainable, and demonstrating that this is possible without losing economic growth. The program involves international collaboration with cities such as New York, Washington DC, Boston, Houston, Beijing and soon also Buenos Aires. She has been involved in the development of the adaptation programs of the city which includes the adaptation plan, the citywide cloudburst management plan and the storm surge management plan. She has also worked with the development and implementation of the Climate Action Plan of the city – aiming to become carbon neutral by 2025.

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Thomas Sorensen, Chief Project Manager, COWI, Transport Infrastructure Thomas is an associate project director with COWI – a consulting engineering company with some 7,000 employees across the world. He joined COWI in 2003, and works on infrastructure projects in the broad sense. In recent years, Thomas has workerd on road and rail projects. He is currently COWI’s project manager on a large project for Aalborg Municipality. Aalborg is the fourth largest city in Denmark, with some 215,000 inhabitants. The project involves establishment of a BRT (Bus Rapid Transit) system across Aalborg. BRT is a new way of integrating public transit in cities, and the system will be the first of its type in Denmark. The project aims to make it more attractive for citizens to choose public buses instead of cars, thereby securing a greener mode of transport. Aalborg will be redesigned to give priority to the BRT system over cars. For instance, dedicated bus lanes and bus corridors will be created, giving buses clear passage. Buses will also be prioritised over cars in intersections to make travel time as short as possible.

George Browne, Acting Chief Town Planner, Town & Country Planning Development Office Barbados Mr. George Browne is the acting Chief Town Planner in the Town and Country Development Planning Office in Barbados. Mr. Browne has spent over 30 years in the Planning Office and over those years has worked in Policy formation, Enforcement and Development Control sections. Mr. Browne has overall responsibility for the management of the office. Among his tasks are making decisions on Development Control applications, preparation of Development briefs and guides. He is currently assisting consultants in the preparation of the amendment to the National Physical Development Plan. Mr. Browne is a chartered Planner and a member of the Royal Town Planning Institute. He holds MSc in Urban Planning from Oxford Brookes University in England, Post Graduate Diploma in Urban Design from Oxford Brookes University, and BA in Geography from the University of the West Indies, Mona Campus,

PANEL 2

Revitalize your city

Maria Camila Uribe, Coordinator, IDB Cities Network Maria Camila Uribe is Principal Technical Lead of the Housing and Urban Development Division, and the Coordinator of the IDB Cities Network of the Inter-American Development Bank (IDB). Maria Camila served as Representative of the IDB in Chile, and later worked in the coordination of the Institutional Strategy of the IDB Group. Additionally, she served as Head of the Services Section for the Committees and the Executive Directors in the IDB Secretariat. Maria Camila is an economist from the Universidad de Los Andes in Colombia, where she has also completed master level courses in economics and holds a master’s degree in Public Administration from Harvard University. She has over 18 years of experience in the Colombian public sector, having served as Secretary of Planning of Bogotá, Director of Cadaster and Tax Director of the same city, advisor to the Ministry of Finance of Colombia and to the National Planning Department. Local and urban fiscal matters stand out amongst her many specializations.

COPENH AG EN & MALMÖ - 2019

Regitze Hess, Director of International Affairs, International Federation for Housing and Planning (IFHP) Regitze is an Architect MAA, from the Royal Danish Academy of Fine Arts, School of Architecture, Copenhagen (1993) and B.Eng. – Civil, McGill University, Montreal (1985). She has a long range of experience advocating for better cities and built environments through the world of philanthropy, including over a decade with Realdania, non-profits, academia & private practice; as conference organizer; curator; publisher, editor and writer including B Architectural Publisher; teacher and critic including Associate Professor with DIS – Study Abroad in Scandinavia. Director of International Affairs for the International Federation for Housing and Planning [IFHP], working with IFHP in various capacities since 2005. Now serving as IFHP key coordinator on UN initiatives, including Cochair of Habitat Professionals Forum [HPF]; IFHP representative on Global Planners Network [GPN]; IFHP liaison for World Design Summit; Design Declaration Steering Committee Member; International Union of Architects UIA 2023 World Congress Copenhagen Advisory Board. Positions of trust include: Gehl Institute Board Member; Board Member of Arkitekter Uden Græsner [Danish division of Architecture Sans Frontier] ; Advisor to CoUrban; and Advisor to ScaleDenmark

Jørgen Eskemose Andersen, Head of Human Settlements (DHS), School of Architecture, Copenhagen

Jorgen is and Architect and Town Planner specialized in urban regional planning, land land use planning and land management, public participation, training and capacity building and mobility planning. He is Project Manager for the affordable housing projects “Barrio”: A project that seeks to refine the perception of life in the slum, and break the stereotypes that are usually presented in the media, where the focus is primarily on negative aspects of the lives of the premises; and “Casa Melhoradas” a project that seeks to develop sustainable and affordable housing, aimed at using space and infrastructure more economically and initiating a more sustainable urban development in the low income urban settlements of Maputo, Mozambique, Jorgen is also course coordinator for “Shelter after Disaster”, about resilience and mitigation initiatives in disaster prone cities, specialized in case studies from Brazil, Chile, Uruguay and Copenhagen.

Rikke Lequick Larsen, Urban renewal Programme, City of Copenhagen Rikke Lequick Larsen is an urban space architect and works with Urban Area Renewals in the City of Copenhagen, which focuses on the disadvantaged areas of Copenhagen. She has previously worked at the Danish Architecture Center and various design studios. She holds degrees from both Copenhagen, London and Seattle. Rikke works at the Urban renewal Program, where she is linked to the municipality’s six area renewals, revitalizing the exposed urban areas in Copenhagen by, among other things, adding urban space qualities to the city’s “overlooked” neighborhoods. She works as an ‘internal adviser’ counselling architects and planners in the decentralized area renewals about everything from program, architectural quality to finished urban space. She is also in charge of identifying new areas and inspire and qualify the new neighborhood plans. The goal is to ‘turn around’ the disadvantaged areas – from down spiraling to up spiraling.

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Before this role, she served as Senior Project Manager at the Danish Architecture Center , where she specifically was responsible for DAC’s contribution to the Ministry of Culture’s new architecture policy “People in the center”. Rikke also taught at DIS in ‘Livability in the modern City’ where she taught American students about some of the factors that made Copenhagen the most livable city in the world.

Anne Kathrine Harders, Senior Project Manager, Danish Architecture Center

Ismael del Toro Castro, Municipal President, Government of Guadalajara Ismael Del Toro Castro has a bachelor’s in law Degree from the Center of Social Sciences and Humanities of the University of Guadalajara. As a university student he served as Secretary of Conciliation of the Federation of University Students (FEU) and as student representative before the General University Council. Upon graduating from the Bachelor of Law, he received the “Mariano Otero Recognition” for academic achievement. Throughout his professional career he has served in local governments of the state of Jalisco, these include, being General Secretary of the City Council of Tlajomulco de Zúñiga, where he later became Mayor of this municipality. He was also a Deputy and Coordinator of the parliamentary section of his political party in the state of Jalisco´s Congress. In 2018, he won the election to become Mayor of Guadalajara with 36% of the popular vote, this meant more than 10% over the second place contestant. He has collaborated in electronic and print media, such as Milenio, Radio Station DK 1250 and Local Channel 8. He is the author of the book “Movimiento Naranja: party democracy and the citizenship alternative for Jalisco”.

Technical Commentators

Gilberto Chona, Lead Specialist, Urban Development Economics, IDB Gilberto is an expert in the formulation and supervision of Action Plans for the intermediate cities of Central America and the Caribbean. In 2015-2017, he served as Regional Coordinator for the Emerging and Sustainable Cities Program (ESC) in the IDB’s Housing and Urban Development Division. He also formulates and oversees urban regeneration studies and investments and human settlements upgrading projects in several countries. His 27 years of experience with projects at the IDB include fiscal, institutional and operational analysis in Mexico, Central America, Panama, the Dominican Republic and, most recently, the Bahamas, Barbados, Belize, Costa Rica, Jamaica, Nicaragua, Suriname and Trinidad & Tobago. His current interests are fiscal sustainability, leveraging private urban investments, the institutional governance of cities and smart city solutions. Mr. Chona holds a degree in Urban Planning (Urbanist) from Venezuela’s Simón Bolívar University (1986) and a Master’s in City Planning from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology – MIT (1991).

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Maria Alejandra Perroni, Lead Water and Sanitation Engineer, IDB Water and Sanitation Specialist with 35 years of experience in studies, projects and works in the water and sanitation sector carried out in Angola, Bahamas, Barbados, Belize, Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Costa Rica, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Haiti, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Peru, Paraguay and Uruguay. 9 years (1983-1992) of work in OSE, the state-owned water and sanitation utility of Uruguay including, among other assignments, management of the Project Implementation Unit of programs funded by the Inter-American Development Bank (IDB) 16 years (1992-2008) working for the largest Uruguayan consulting company in Water and Sanitation (C.S.I. Ingenieros S.A), executing contracts in Uruguay, Paraguay, Brazil, Mexico, Angola. Consultancy services provided in the fields of design, advice to works supervision, evaluation of investment programs, tariff and cost studies and environmental impact assessment for water, sanitation and drainage infrastructure, as well as industrial facilities. Roles and responsibilities included project design and management of multi-disciplinary teams, direction of pre-feasibility and feasibility studies, projects and master plans of water supply, wastewater and drainage systems.

PANEL 3

The Green, Inclusive, and Resilient City

Lars Emil Kragh, Director, Danish Association of Architectural Firms

Lars Emil Kragh leads strategic projects and developments for the Danish Association of Architectural Firms. He has a vast experience in both public and private sector covering functions such as Head of Innovation and Business Development, Client Service Director, Management Consultant and Strategic Planner. Danish Association of Architectural Firms is an organization of private firms of consulting architects. Their objective is to represent commercial interests of practicing architects and to strengthen their position and improve the quality level and professionalism of Danish architectural firms. Member circulation is around 650 architectural firms, covering around 5,000 architects, landscape architects, building constructors and employees within administration, communication and IT, roughly corresponding to 80-90% coverage. One of the major strategic projects is to demonstrate and document the value creation of architecture â&#x20AC;&#x201C; in a social, environmental and economic perspective. A project which success depends on the level of agreed collaboration across the sector. Danish Association of Architectural Firms lead the project with Lars Emil Kragh and Peter Andreas Sattrup, Ph.D in Sustainable Architecture.

Esben Neander Kristensen, Director, GEHL Architects As a Director at Gehl, Esben has worked with a broad range of public and private clients, focusing on strategy, large-scale urban design and masterplanning frameworks. He is driven by curiosity about understanding and fostering good and inviting places, districts and cities. His

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work is based on both a pragmatic and idealistic approach, linking the Gehl analytical toolbox to design at all scales with a strong focus on people. Esben has been responsible for numerous projects in Europe, Latin America, North America and Australia, with more than 10 years of work experience spanning urban design, strategy, architecture and interior design.

Christian Nyerup Nielsen, Director, Climate Adaptation & Landscape, RAMBOLL Christian Nyerup Nielsen is an international leading expert in integrated planning and urban resilience projects from planning to implementation. Christian has extensive experience with management of projects in all scales of urban development and resiliency, including multifunctional and nature-based solutions in an urban context. Christian’s expertise in the field of combining urban infrastructure and climate adaptation from idea to detailed design has been developed on numerous projects on a global scale from masterplans in Copenhagen and Gothenburg to Cloudburst Pilot in New York City and Washington D.C. Christian has also managed coastal management and storm surge protection planning for US Cities, Copenhagen Metro and has provided strategic consultancy to Gothenburg, Oslo, Singapore and Megacities in Asia. Christian is Senior Director for Ramboll’s international division of Climate Change Adaptation and Landscape connecting Ramboll’s offices in Copenhagen, Malmo, Oslo, Stockholm, Hamburg, Boston, New York, Beijing, and Singapore. In parallel, Christian serves as Director of Ramboll’s Liveable Cities Lab.

21 Nina Moesby Bennetsen, PhD Fellow at the Department of People and Technology, Roskilde University Nina Moesby Bennetsen is a PhD Fellow at the Department of People and Technology, Roskilde University. She does social scientific research on sustainability in everyday life among people living in Copenhagen, and she is particularly interested in everyday life experiences of climate change. Nina holds a MSc. in Urban Studies and Geography from Roskilde University and was previously employed at the Environmental Department in Gladsaxe Municipality, a suburb North of Copenhagen. Her work in Gladsaxe included leading citizen involvement processes in climate adaptation projects and collaborating with citizens and companies in the municipality to reduce CO2 emissions. Gladsaxe is a visionary municipality with a great deal of attention given to the environment, climate awareness and CO2 reduction and the city is one of the first municipalities in Denmark to use the UN Sustainable Development Goals as a guide for the city’s strategy. With her a background in Urban Studies and Geography, Nina is engaged in creating inclusive cities through involvement of citizens’ perspectives and exploring the relations between the city and nature that calls for interdisciplinary approaches and experimental methods in the planning processes.

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Flemming Rafn Thomsen, Partner, Third Nature Flemming is a co-owner and partner at THIRD NATURE where he is responsible for the artistic development of the office’s agenda that seeks to fuse building and biology into a third hybridized relation. They call their approach humane responses to man-made problems. THIRD NATURE explores the territory between building and landscape and between the natural and the manmade. This optimistic yet challenging approach leads to innovative proposals for new building typologies and landscapes, that are developed with a deep understanding of the nature and the ecosystem, as well as the pragmatics of our cities, buildings and profession. Flemming’s key concepts are driven by the notion that a coherent and natural design creates the most powerful strategies and solutions for the city as a whole, but also adds to the sensitivity to individual spaces, places and the people.

Mario Isgró, Secretary of Planning Infrastructure and Environment of the Municipality of the City of Mendoza Mario is an Architect and Urbanist of the Faculty of Architecture and Urbanism of the Mendoza University. He has studied the evolution processes of the Autonomous City of Buenos Aires and Medellín. He specialized in the Urban Strategies Planning Program at CIDEU University in Barcelona, Spain. Mario is trained in urban development programs financed by the IDB such as the Emerging and Sustainable Cities as well as masters class of Jan Ghel. He is cofounder of Furtado-Isgró Architects office from which he exercised the private activity in planning and in different topics such as housing, commercial and industrial and basic, middle and university education. Since 2015 he has held a public function in the team of Intendant Dr. Rodolfo Suarez, focusing his activity on strategic planning and on the project and execution of public works. Form this Secretariat, participative workshops of analysis and urban integration are carried out in which municipal projects are implemented with a citizen and metropolitan view.

PANEL 4

The Smart City

Finn Mortensen, CEO, State of Green Mr. Finn Mortensen is the Executive Director of the public-private partnership State of Green since 2008. The organization works to promote solutions within the green transition to connect international and Danish stakeholders. Before taking up this position, Finn over the past 14 years has held positions as Business eEditor of Berlingske Tidende, News Editor, Desk Chief and Financial Writer at Børsen, and he has also spent 10 years working as a Politico-economic Specialist at the U.S. Embassy in Copenhagen. He holds a master’s degree in Modern Languages (French and English), attended executive leadership programs at Columbia University and Wharton Business School as well as media management programs in the U.S. and Sweden. He

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is a Co-author of the bestselling biography of Danish shipping magnate, Mærsk Mc-Kinney Møller of A.P. Moller – Maersk, in 2008, together with Thomas Larsen (the book has since appeared in English and Chinese translations).

Marius Sylvestersen, Program Manager, Copenhagen Solutions Lab Marius is Program Manager of Copenhagen Solutions Lab. He has been developing and positioning Denmark as a leading player within smart cities since the UN Climate Change Conference in Copenhagen on 2009. Marius has a background in Social Science and has published books, articles and opinion pieces on topics such as green economics, marketing of places and partnerships between the public and private sectors. Marius is responsible for program management, strategy development and partnerships at Copenhagen Solutions Lab.

Kerkko Vanhanen, Programme Director, Smart Kalasatama, Helsinki

Jakob Tvede, Investment Director for Latin America, IFU

23 Maja Yhde, COO, TASC-The Academy for Smarter Communities Maja is the COO of TASC – The Academy for Smarter Communities and is leading the development of educational design of TASC Masterclasses. Helping cities, regions and communities around the world on their digital journey to become more livable, inclusive, sustainable and efficient. Maja is also part of the Steering Committee of the Danish Smart City network. The network supports a national dialogue and matchmaking across sectors in the field. Further, Maja is a senior project manager at Gate 21 supporting smart and green cross-municipal initiatives.

Sérgio de Sá Freitas,, Deputy Mayor of Vitoria, Brazil He holds a degree in Civil Engineering from the Federal University of Espírito Santo in 2000. He worked as a manager and as an engineer in several public and private companies. He was Secretary of Housing and President of the Municipal Council of Housing of Social Interest (CMHIS), in Vitoria, from January 2005 to April 2008, February 2009 to October 2011 and January 2013 to April 2016, period in which he received four national awards:three Seals of Merit from ABC and one from Best Practices in Local Management of CAIXA. He was Deputy Mayor of Vitória from October 2011 to December 2012. Current Deputy Mayor of Vitória (2017-2020), having served as Secretary of Works and Housing and President of CMHIS.

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Gender Mainstreaming Lecture at Malmo Stad

Katarina Fehir, Senior Advisor on Gender Mainstreaming and Gender Equality, City of Malmo Katarina Fehir is a senior advisor on gender mainstreaming and gender equality with responsibility to lead and coordinate Malmö’s work within gender mainstreaming. She has represented Malmö’s work in many national and international contexts. Katarina was a member of national Advisory Board for Gender Equality; the first national conference on gender equality. The city of Malmö`s work with gender mainstreaming has been successful and we have been awarded with the first national gender equality prize. The city work with this field is used as a model for municipality for successful work on gender equality. Katarina have a master’s degree in sociology and a professional background in organizational development within the state and municipal sector. Katarina shares the opinion that gender equality is a prerequisite for a more equitable and sustainable world, something we all would serve and should contribute to. In addition to gender equality, she has also coordinated the city’s work against discrimination and is thus focused on finding a link between cross-sectoral topics.

Anders Eriksson, Development secretary, City Office

Anders Eriksson is a senior advisor on gender mainstreaming and gender equality with a solid background in business development within public organization. Anders has a degree of master’s in social work and has since 2002 worked in Malmö city, with business development and follow-up in areas such as labor market, integration and adult education. Anders also has experience from working with the European Social Fund, the European Refugee Fund, transnational work and project management, and has also worked in the field of procurement. Since 2011, Anders is the coordinator for the city of Malmö’s work with gender mainstreaming. The city’s work with gender mainstreaming has been successful and the city was awarded with the first national gender equality prize. The city has participated as a model municipality in a project on successful work on gender equality. Foremost the city’s work has led to several improvements for those who Malmö provides services to. Anders has also participated in the Advisory Board for Gender Equality; the first national conference on gender equality and have held workshops on gender mainstreaming for a number of international visits.

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Technical notes prepared by

Keisgner E. Alfaro, Consultant, Housing and Urban Development Division, IDB Keisgner E. Alfaro is a consultant in the Housing and Urban Development Division where he is part of the IDB Cities Network team, supporting the structuring and development of dissemination programs, knowledge transfer activities, cooperation programs and capacity building activities for member cities. He joined the IDB in 2015 in the dissemination and knowledge product management team of the Emerging and Sustainable Cities Initiative (ESCI). Before joining the IDB, he worked in the Trade and Economic Development section of the Organization of American States (OAS) to develop institutional capacity building programs for the development of public policies in the area of SMEs and commerce. Prior to this, he was a research analyst for the development of strategies to facilitate access to credit for SMEs at the Miami-based consulting firm Econlex Corp., which specializes in the private sector development in emerging markets. Keisgner holds a bachelor’s degree (B.Sc) in Economics from The Pennsylvania State University, a Master’s in Business Administration (MBA) from George Mason University and is certified in Budget and Corporate Finance from Georgetown University. Keisgner is a Venezuelan citizen and has lived in Bolivia, Peru, Guatemala and Argentina.

Bertha Briceño Angarita, Lead Specialist, Knowledge and Learning Division, IDB Bertha is a lead specialist in Knowledge, Innovation and Communications Sector of the IDB, where she supports the development of methodologies and knowledge management tools for operational and executing teams. As an official of multilateral organizations, she has worked in Latin America, Asia and Africa. As an official of the government of Colombia, she worked in the Central Bank and in the Planning Department. He holds a master’s degree in international development from Harvard University.

Maria Camila Ariza, Consultant, Housing and Urban Development Division, IDB María Camila Ariza is a consultant in the Housing and Urban Development Division at the InterAmerican Development Bank (IADB), working for knowledge product management, Citizen Monitoring Systems and gender equality in cities as part of the IDB Cities Network team. María Camila joined the IADB in 2010 to support the Competitiveness and Local Development Cluster at the Multilateral Investment Fund (MIF). Then she worked at the Inter-American Institute for Economic and Social Development of the IADB in the coordination and development of knowledge products for Subnational Governments in Economic Development and Public-Private Relations. In 2013, she was part of the Fiscal and Municipal Management Division and in 2014 she was part of the team of the Emerging and Sustainable Cities Initiative (ESCI) at the IADB. She previously worked for the Organization of American States (OAS)and the National Planning Department (DNP) of Colombia. María Camila is an economist from Universidad de Los Andes,

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holds a Masterâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s degree in Sustainable Management from the American University School of Business, a Masterâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Degree in Gender and Equity in Development from the UVIC - Universitat Central de Catalunya, and a certificate in Project Management from Georgetown University.

Program Methodology

Esther Rodriguez, Operations Specialist, Office of Strategic Partnerships, IDB Esther began her professional career in Southeast Asia, where she worked at the Commercial Office of Spain in Bangkok (Thailand), advising small and medium-sized companies interested in entering the markets of the region. She continued her career at the World Bank, at the regional office in Bangkok, where she developed and implemented strategic projects in Cambodia, Laos and Thailand. Two years later, she joined the Corporate Strategy Group at the World Bank headquarters in Washington, DC. After completing her MBA, she worked at Afi finance consultancy, where she worked on projects related to housing finance, microfinance, mobile banking and payment methods in Spain and Latin America. At the European Office of the Inter-American Development Bank (IDB), she works closely with the private sector to develop strategic alliances that benefit Latin America and the Caribbean. Esther Rodriguez has a degree in Business Administration and Law from the Universidad Pontificia Comillas (ICADE) (Spain) and an MBA from Harvard Business School (USA).

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IDB Cities Network

CASES

Nordhavn Case Study: CPH City & Port Development Corporation - Integrated Urban Development The Case Of Western Harbor, Malmö Public Space For All – Case Study Case – Sustainable Transport

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NORDHAVN CASE STUDY: CPH City & Port Development Corporation - Integrated Urban Development

LATINAMERICAN CONTEXT

Currently, urban planning in LAC offers a perspective of fragmented cities in their expressions and tendencies. The conception of city in the region has evolved from a notion of unity to a perception of fragmentation, of contrasts and unequal realities, with divided spheres instead of integrated urban systems that in some cases have settlement networks and promote polarization and socioeconomic segregation. This reality, together with the impact of cities on the environment, invites an important reflection on the concepts of urban development and sustainability and reveals a new role for government as a regulator of society. In this sense, the rate of urbanization in the region has caused common challenges such as vulnerability to climate change, risk and disaster management, integral urban

development, and fiscal management, governance and transparency that cities must face in the coming years. Although the concept of integrated urban development is not new, in order to improve urban living conditions by balancing social, environmental and economic development, intersectoral solutions must be considered that involve relevant actors of the city and promote coordination between the different levels of government and the development of equitable territory. Therefore solutions to urban problems require an understanding of the medium and long-term development objectives, which must be developed jointly within an integrated negotiation and planning process.

THE NORDHAVN CASE Copenhagen is often recognized as one of the best cities in the world to live. Itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s a city where growth and prosperity go hand in hand, but there are also challenges: Growth results in the need to create space for more people, more jobs and more mobility. It is estimated that population will grow 18% by 2025, equivalent to 100,000 new residents. Efficient mobility is one of the main requirements for a city to be attractive and is a critical element to benefit both residents and businesses. But the growing rate of

displacement in the region is putting pressure on the traffic system. The new district of Nordhavn will provide some of the answers to these challenges. The development of Nordhavn will help to counteract the tendency to increase the levels of displacement in the region, through the creation of new homes and work centers. This will allow people to travel by bicycle or travel by train to centrally located workplaces.

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THE ROLE OF THE CPH CITY & PORT DEVELOPMENT CPH City & Port Development is the owner of the land in question and has the task of detonating and implementing the development of the project in close cooperation with the city of Copenhagen. The task of the city of Copenhagen as a planning authority is to prepare the necessary planning bases to facilitate the development of the project. In this sense CPH City & Port Development is an urban development company established by national legislation and is jointly owned by the City of Copenhagen (95%) and the Danish state (5%).

The development of new districts is a complex process in planning and development. The new district will provide the framework for the life and future work of many people. All this will happen while the city is constantly changing. Therefore, the goal of CPH City & Port Development is to create urban areas that are at the forefront of social development trends and that are sustainable in the long term. This means establishing urban areas that are modern and in line with municipal planning, as well as with the commercial strategy of CPH City & Port Development.

THE NORDHAVN PROJECT Upon completion, Nordhavn will house 40,000 residents and an equal number of workers. The new district of the city will be built on the historic part of Copenhagen. The old industrial zone will be transformed into a dense and compact urban district with houses and offices, located on docks and piers and surrounded by canals, water basins and open sea. The first phase will take place in the neighborhood of Århusgade. The area contains 165,000 m² of residential space and 140,000 m² of commercial space. The first residents and employees began to inhabit the area in 2014.

The sales process has been very fast, but there are still opportunities available. New local plans in other areas of Nordhavn offer options for residential and commercial buildings. In order to create more space for the development of Copenhagen, CPH City & Port Development is expanding Nordhavn on 100 hectares over the next 10 to 20 years. This project is being developed to, among other things, create space for a 1,100-meter-long dock.

Flickr, Photo by: Peter Kirkeskov Rasmussen

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THE DEVELOPMENT PLAN The development plan is based on the current structure of the district which is divided into independent islets. As a distinctive feature of the development plan, several existing buildings and local environments that contribute to the distinctive identity for the Århusgade district will be preserved. It is also sought that existing buildings support some clear references to the history and cultural heritage of the port and highlight the uniqueness of the area.

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VARIETY OF URBAN SPACES: The development plan is designed with a special focus on public spaces. The plan includes a network of plazas, parks, walks and spaces on the street, each of which offers something unique. Urban spaces are connected through a process through which street-level activities help strengthen urban life. The intention is to establish public functions in the main corners and in certain streets. This is to ensure that the district has a lively business environment and areas for rest and recreation. By also preserving existing buildings and features, a fertile environment for complex urban life can be created.

COMPACT DEVELOPMENT: The development plan has a dense urban structure and contains relatively small plots. Most buildings have three to six floors, with only a few large buildings. Plots of relatively small and fragmented buildings give the neighborhood a diverse character and will promote a city with a “human scale”.

A VIBRANT NEIGHBORHOOD FACING THE SEA: The development plan includes public access promenades along all the docks and the possibility of building a swimming pool in the port, sports marina and facilities for rowing and kayaking, for example. By placing residential and commercial buildings next to the docks, one of the key assets of the city of Copenhagen is enhanced by taking the city to the water.

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COMBINATION OF DIFFERENT SIZES AND TYPES OF BUILDINGS: The commercial buildings that are preserved should, together with the large silos and the new areas of buildings of different sizes, give the neighborhood a more varied composition than is typical in other neighborhoods of Copenhagen. The buildings are intended to appear as a complex, small-scale neighborhood.

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A HIGH-QUALITY PUBLIC TRANSPORT ROUTE THROUGH THE WESTERN PART: The main public transport service for Nordhavn will be finally provided by establishing a public transport link and bicycle lanes. The district is also served by a local train at the Nordhavn station and by buses. The bus service is planned to operate mainly along a bus corridor located in ‘the green circuit’.

EFFICIENT AND ENVIRONMENTAL TRANSPORT SOLUTIONS: Vehicle traffic is planned prioritizing vulnerable road users. Nordhavn is planned as a district with a traffic distribution of at least 1/3 cyclist, 1/3 public transport and 1/3 vehicular. Nordhavn also looks like a “5-minute neighborhood”. This means that there should be no more than five minutes on foot from public transport. The traffic structure is designed so that pedestrians, cyclists and public transport can move as quickly and easily as possible, making their routes shorter than for cars.

THE PLANNED ROAD NETWORK IN NORDHAVN IS LOCATED ALONG THE EXISTING ROUTES. The grid of tiered streets will develop further, which will result in a reduced speed for cars. Traffic on individual islands, except in the streets of the islets, will occur in terms that favor pedestrians and cyclists and in accordance with the principles for urban street recreation.

Flickr, Photo by: Thomas Hartmann

The parking spaces will be placed in a central location, while a smaller portion will be located at street level. Pedestrian walks will be established along the edges of all the piers and will be accessible to all. These pedestrian routes will adjust to all types of traffic and may contain both “flexible zones” and recreational areas. Public spaces have a variety of different functions and, therefore, are planned according to different needs of use.

CONNECTIONS TO MOBILIZE BY BICYCLE: The development of Nordhavn seeks to ensure that all are pedestrians during at least some part of their visit. Car traffic is designed to favor pedestrians and cyclists in order to guarantee the conditions for people with disabilities in terms of safety, protection and accessibility. In addition, the start of the green loop’ will serve as a common link for bicycles, pedestrians and public transport for the entire Nordhavn area.

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RESULTS AND LESSONS LEARNED CPH City & Port Development has efficiently managed the regeneration of Nordhavn, and through these strategies it shows how the public benefit of the activities has been maximized:

LAND SALE PLAN: CPH City & Port Development prioritizes development projects to manage the supply and demand of land and maximize long-term revenue. This operational flexibility allowed them to cope with political pressure during the 2008-2009 recession when property prices fell. During that period, the Copenhagen municipal government demanded that they reduce land prices to increase sales and for that reason the only potential buyers were pension funds with enough capital to cope with the crisis. However, the managers of CPH City & Port Development relied on the eventual recovery of the market and did not reduce prices, and by 2014 sales had increase.

CPH City & Port Development is expected to generate continuous revenue over the next decade from the development of new city-wide proposals as well as the redevelopment of publicly owned land. Under their current business model, the economic approach is to avoid paying their debts through the direct sale of land. Due to the massive infrastructure improvements that are being made, CPH City & Port Development has learned that project benefits are maximized when property sales

are managed once the area is fully developed and while resources are optimized through financial mechanisms as lease agreements and joint ventures.

DEVELOPMENT OF THE CITY OF THE UNITED NATIONS: CPH City & Port Development has developed and rented properties in collaboration with private developers such as the case of the City of the United Nations where the risks are considered minimal given that the tenant of the building is the Danish State, which in turn rents it to the United Nations. With such a high credit rating, the loans have very favorable rates and, by operating as a private company, these loans are guaranteed to rent in the private market. CPH City & Port Development obtained almost $ 37.5 million from the development of the property, which it then sold to two large Danish pension funds. CPH City & Port Development maintained an 8.5% stake in the property at the insistence of pension funds, which consider CPH City & Port Development as a reliable partner that can ensure the financial future of joint operations.

Flickr, Photo by: tagois

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SUSTAINABLE SOCIAL HOUSING: Buildings in Nordhavn must comply with national and local laws that dictate sustainability measures. All of Nordhavn’s development fits the great vision of Copenhagen to become the first capital city to be carbon neutral by 2025. The building of the City of the United Nations is the most sustainable building in Scandinavia and received the green building award from the European Commission in 2012. The green certification not only specifies standards for energy consumption, but also guarantees that the materials are obtained locally, the insulation of the building is adequate, the construction process is carried out correctly in terms of reduction of accidents and adequate working conditions (lighting, temperature, etc.), and employee satisfaction is high. The local government also requires that at least 25% of the homes in the new districts of the city be guaranteed affordable housing for low-income residents. To achieve this, CPH City & Port Development granted a property developer a substantial discount on the price of land and put them in contact with a social housing company so that, once the buildings are built, the social housing company take over the management of the apartments and receive a subsidy for their administration from the national and local governments.

DISTRIBUTION OF BENEFITS: CPH City & Port Development created an intelligent benefit sharing mechanism where it receives part of the increase in property value generated by the introduction of a metro station. This includes that in

all sale agreements there is a clause that requires the buyer to pay an additional fee to the purchase price provided that a subway station is established near the property. The agreements specifically require buyers to pay this additional fee per square meter for a period of 60 years after the establishment of the metro station within a 50-meter radius of the property. This special clause is executed at the time of selling the land and the property since the corporation does not necessarily know exactly when a metro station will be established.

ORGANIZATION STRUCTURE AND JOINT PROJECTS: CPH City & Port Development has a relatively flat organizational structure that facilitates agility and efficiency in the rendering of accounts and decisionmaking. All employees are no more than two levels of senior management, and most departments operate independently, answering directly to the Executive Director. Many projects are developed through private and public partners, which allows CPH City & Port Development to operate with only 113 employees. By operating as a private entity, CPH City & Port Development is not subject to public sector regulations, such as bids, the prohibition of subsidiaries and salary frames for employees. In fact, a crucial part of the reason why CPH City & Port Development is able to maintain a small and narrow organization despite the supervision of massive urban development projects is because it routinely participates in joint ventures with partners. Every time CPH City & Port Development creates a joint venture, decision making, and the power of operations are delegated even further away from the corporation’s board of directors.

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REFERENCES:

- COBE, Sleth, Polyform, and Ramboll. “Nordhavnen - International Role Model for Sustainable Urban Development.” Ramboll. Accessed January 2019. https://ramboll. com/projects/rdk/nordhavn. - Katz, Bruce, and Luise Noring. “The Copenhagen City and Port Development Corporation: A Model for Regenerating Cities.” The Brookings Institution. Accessed January 2019. https://www.brookings.edu/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/csi_20170601_copenhagen_ port_paper.pdf. - Morandini, Anita. “Integrated Urbanism.” NSW Architects Registration Board. 2018. https:// www.architects.nsw.gov.au/download/BHTS/Integrated Urbanism_AnitaMorandini.pdf - “NORDHAVN.” BY&HAVN. Accessed January 2019. http://www.byoghavn.dk/english/ development/districts-uk/district-nordhavnen-uk.aspx. - “Nordhavn.” COBE. Accessed January 2019. http://www.cobe.dk/project/nordhavn#0. - “North Harbour.” SLETH. Accessed January 2019. http://www.sleth.dk/portfolio/ northharbour/.

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THE CASE OF WESTERN HARBOR, MALMÖ HISTORICAL BACKGROUND The city of Malmö is the third largestin Sweden and the capital of the state of Skåne. The city houses approximately 300,000inhabitants, and more than 725,000 in its metropolitan area. Malmö, like the rest of southern Sweden, has an oceanic climate, moderate compared to other locations of similar latitude, mainly due to Gulf currents. The city lies at the eastern end of

the Öresund Bridge, a long road and a railway-tunnel bridge that extends to Copenhagen, Denmark. The municipality of Malmö is divided into five districts, which administer the preschool centers, the public schools, the care of the elderly and the culture and recreation funds.

Flickr, Photo by: Jacek Kadaj

This case illustrates how urban recovery guided by a successful planning process managed to turn a damaged area of a port into a catalyst for urban renewal and sustainable development. The IDB policy framework emphasizes the importance of multisectoral work and comprehensive planning of urban programs and policies, understanding cities as the basis for sustainable and productive development in the

region. It also notes that the lack of comprehensive planning, together with insufficient investment in infrastructure, contribute to the proliferation of informal neighborhoods. Although neighborhood improvement programs are corrective, they do not replace good planning, since their cost is three to seven times greater than that of formal urbanization (IDB, 2016).

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36 THE URBAN DEVELOPMENT CHALLENGE AND HOW IT WAS ADDRESSED At the end of the 90s, the city of Malmö began a very important recovery after an industrial decline that caused the loss of employment for a significant part of its inhabitants which led to a deteriorated economy as a result of the Swedish financial crisis. Historically, the economy of the port revolved around the shipping industry. Later, the zone housed the SAAB auto industry, which retired in 1996 and sold its land to the city. Decades of industrial use and the intrusion of seawater left a legacy of contaminated soil. In 1998, the city began the recovery of the area with the construction of the University of Malmö, which currently serves more than 24,000students. The recovery was also in part due to the development of the Öresund railway-tunnel bridge, completed in 2000, and to the successful management of its authorities. In 1996, Malmö was selected to organize the national housing exhibition, as a result of winning a competition with seven other major cities. The idea of organizing a housing exhibition was driven by the need to stimulate investment and construction in the city. A housing exhibition had the potential to attract additional funds and interests from the developers and hopefully, make them more interested in investing in the city. The organization of the exhibition was launched in 1998 with the name of “Bo01 - City of Tomorrow”. This was how the area called Bo01, built for the exhibition that took place in 2001, served as an incentive for the construction of a nucleus of buildings and villas that made up the new urban district of the city. The vision was to create efficient sustainable systems for an attractive and well-located compact city, which would serve as a model

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for future urban development. A series of subsequent urban developments have attracted the attention of the international community and have positioned Malmö as an example of sustainable urban development. These include a successful planning model, soil recovery, open-water rainwater management, and solid waste management, which are summarized below.

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A) URBAN PLANNING AND MASTER PLAN

The authorities controlled the recovery process from the beginning, with empowerment, goal setting and, a careful planning process. A renowned architect and planner was hired, who conceived a holistic vision balancing technology with social environmentalism, and used a mechanism of “creative dialogue” to transmit it to city officials, departments and developers. Through a series of meetings and presentations, the participants developed the “Quality Program”, which established the standards and requirements for the area. The dialogue sessions ratified and refined the philosophy and objectives of the project, and mainly, they were an opportunity of mutual learning for the city, the project planners and the developers; which, although intensive in time, would be reflected later in faster approvals for the plans proposed by the developers. The comprehensive physical planning is a fundamental process of sustainable development and the master plan for Western Harbor sets the context for Bo01. A slightly distorted network was created for the entire western port, establishing the vehicular and nonmotorized transport system. In general, the perimeter buildings form most of the master plan, while the smaller buildings and spaces in the interior establish a more human scale within Bo01 with a consideration of the internal microclimate that extends through the creation of large enclosed courtyards which are both residential and of mixed use. 26

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architecture companies and 20 development companies (Malmö City, 2006) met to create the great diversity of the neighborhood. This contrasts with many multifamily projects in which the repetition of the same building design results in a monotonous living environment.

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The master plan for Bo01 was designed primarily around two water elements from north to south. The first of these elements is the promenade, or “Standpromenaden”, which runs along the western edge. The walk is intended to be a public service for both residents of Bo01 and those of Malmö in general. A promenade allows guests to experience the wind and the sounds of the sea. The second water feature is the canal park, or “Kanalparken”, which runs parallel to the seafront, near the eastern edge of the site. This element is a canal with gardens designed to complement the urban character of the promenade. The overcrowding of buildings is another important aspect of the master plan and plays an important role with respect to the two elements of water. Larger, six-story buildings are aligned on the seafront to the west. These structures are high enough to serve as a backdrop for the promenade and protect them from the blowing west wind, thus protecting the housing blocks in the center of Bo01.

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B) SOIL RECOVERY, ECOLOGY AND GREEN AREAS

A large zone of Bo01 was contaminated with hydrocarbons, and before the construction large industrial areas that had different degrees of contamination had to be evaluated. As part of the recovery, the contaminated soils were removed and treated. This process included new types of risk assessments and tests of different techniques that resulted in improved routines and knowledge in relation to the management of slightly contaminated soils. The purchase of land and the decontamination of the soil to prepare it for the new development, instead of developing other sites with agricultural value or habitat, represents an achievement of substantial sustainability. This process was financed by the Swedish government.

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Additionally, two programs for the sustainability of green spaces were adopted: The Green Space Factor and the Green Score System. The Green Space Factor is an innovation of the City of Berlin in 1994, The Green Space Factor (GSF) is an innovative and flexible urban planning tool which aims at improving green infrastructure in private open spaces.โ ฏThe Green Scoring System is a program to ensure that developers incorporate measures of sustainability of biodiversity. In Malmรถ, they agreed to incorporate at least 10 of the 35 green dot options within each new urban development area. As an example, the options for this score include, for example, a bird house for each apartment, rustic gardens in the courtyards, walls with vines, a pond for every 54 square feet of cemented area in the yards, buildings with green roofs, among others. As a result, considerable improvements in the biodiversity of Bo01 have been reported. The shallow waters in the strait near Bo01 are biologically rich, partly due to the dense vegetation of seagrasses, which could have caused great environmental damage with the filling of the piers. For this reason, the city and residents have incorporated activities to recover the ecological habitat, and this has been verified with a monitoring system for the species in the area.

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C) STORMWATER MANAGEMENT

The Bo01 zone does not suffer from common problems such as channel flooding and downstream water erosion because it is on the edge of the Oresund Strait. However, drainage of water away from buildings and the quality of water entering the strait are relevant. Because of its location, it is easier to manage rainwater, collect and distribute it to the sea, and return a portion for recreational use. The rainwater system was developed on an open surface. Most of the rainwater is collected in two main channels and redirected towards the sea in north and south directions. The rainwater of the housing area is collected in gutters along the streets, which lead to the main salt water channels. The entire drainage system is designed in an open and interactive way, accompanied by gravel and strips of vegetation, which act as border and protection for the residential area. In this way, water is filtered and evaporated in small quantities, before reaching the built area. In some areas the design and the edge of the canal imitate natural morphology. In addition, the water from the roofs and the streets is carried through channels open to small ponds (wet basins), for storage and for irrigation of gardens, for further infiltration. Throughout the system, small ponds abound, planted with wetland vegetation to obtain a filtering effect on the water. Infiltration is also achieved in the western area of â&#x20AC;&#x2039;â&#x20AC;&#x2039;buildings covered with permeable surfaces to slow down and reduce the amount of water before entering the canal system. The passable surfaces of cars or bicycles are made with permeable, porous pavements, while non-passable surfaces are made of gravel. There are also other permeable surfaces, such as recreational areas and parks, covered with soil and grass for better water filtration.

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The open channel system, besides serving as rainwater management it simultaneously adds an aesthetic value to the area.

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D) SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT

The management of organic solid waste starts from the crushing in the residence, and is collected in underground vaults, from where they are pumped to an anaerobic digestion chamber. The mixture is used to create biogas (methane), which is extracted for use in public buses or to generate heat and electricity. Similarly, non-organic waste is deposited in vacuum tubes located in residential yards or inside buildings. The waste is sent to a central facility where it is recycled or incinerated to contribute to the district heating system (City of Malmö, 2006).

RESULTS AND LESSONS LEARNED Designed with attractive views overlooking the sea, the Bo01 area has served as a base to attract the urban middle class. Bo01 is considered a model of urban recovery that has been constantly studied and cited as a model for other countries. In this case, the following lessons stand out: The national housing exhibition functioned as a catalyst mechanism for the renovation process of the port area. The strategy of competing and making the national housing exhibition “Bo01 - City of Tomorrow” took place in the area, proved successful as a marketing tool for the city and as a mechanism to attract investors and developers. Hosting the largest European housing fair

was a risky bet, and required a careful and innovative planning process, which was materialized through aspects such as the Creative Dialogues, the developers’ association, and the Quality Program. An integral vision led by a visionary urban planner was key. In the end, the success of the strategy made the site of the exhibition become the new urban heart of the old port area.

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The integration of important aspects of sustainability such as quality architecture, landscaping, and attention to socio-environmental issues were important factors behind the achievements of Bo01. For example, an adequate population density was achieved, with more than half of the area dedicated to open spaces, demonstrating that a compact urban space should not diminish the quality of life of the residents. The open water rainwater management system showed how planning and attention to detail can resolve functional, safety and aesthetic aspects that are considered risky in these systems. The incorporation of the green elements (green space factor and scoring

REFERENCES:

system) in the individual construction projects also proved to be effective and were adopted concepts in the rest of Malmรถ and in other cities. The gradual development of the project has served to adopt responses to some emerging challenges and revisions to correct problems that have arisen. For example, in response to some criticisms, the development of the Flagghusen area increased the parking capacity; adjusted the methods of calculating energy use, and increased density to reduce the value of housing and rents, in the face of criticism that public funds were financing residences for wealthy people.

- Austin, Gary & Dean Austin, Gary. (2013). Case Study and Sustainability Assessment of Bo01, Malmรถ, Sweden. Journal of Green Building. 8(3): 34-50. - Uli Development Case Studies (2004). Bo01, Malmรถ, Sweden. - Sustainable Urban Drainage (SUD) in Malmรถ, Sweden URL: http://www.nataliapantelidou. com/default.aspx?lang=en-GB&page=2&newsid=12

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PUBLIC SPACE FOR ALL – CASE STUDY THE IMPORTANCE OF PUBLIC SPACE FOR ALL Copenhagen is considered one of the cities with the highest standards of quality of life. The Municipality has an Office responsible for promoting the public life of the city where the human dimension and social conditions are its main priorities. Starting in 1960, public strategies and policies around people’s welfare and quality of life began to be integrated into local governments and institutionalized at different levels. It was a movement promoted by the famous architect and professor Jan Gehl that sought to rescue the basic human needs for interaction, inclusion and intimacy that were forgotten during the urbanization process leading to the creation of high-rise buildings, industrial estates and elevated roads.

This theory has proved to be important in the evolution of Copenhagen as the city for the people and through the methodology proposed by Gehl. The city is constantly in the process of measuring, evaluating and creating new objectives seeking to evaluate its performance in order to refine and adjust them, incorporating values and the perspective of people at all levels. This process has made Copenhagen an inclusive city that involves all citizens in the formulation of public policies, seeking to respond to their needs in an intelligent and open manner, and also fostering a culture of participation in which everyone is involved with the growth of the city.

According to the United Nations Program for Human Settlements (The Global Campaign for Good Urban Governance, 2000), inclusive cities are the “space where all people, regardless of their economic condition, gender, age, ethnicity or religion, can participate productively in all the opportunities that cities offer.” In this sense, it’s important to understand that cities have social, economic and cultural aspects that are intertwined with the daily lives of citizens and, at the same time, it’s in through these aspects, along with the physical space of the city, that urban challenges are tackled to achieve inclusion in all dimensions. The development of inclusive public spaces allows for a healthy public life where planned and spontaneous social interactions can occur on all platforms like bus stops, parks, fairs, urban plazas, outdoor concerts and around public facilities. All the public spaces of the city should seek to unite the entire population and create and support opportunities for individual well-being, inviting to stimulate citizens through creativity and achieving an important role in the promotion of equitable, healthy and committed communities. In this sense, the planning, design, and development of public spaces must be a process that is embedded with fundamental principles that guarantee the inclusion of citizens.

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The methodology developed by Gehl Architects provides a framework of approximately 158 indicators to guarantee the design and valuation of public space projects, as a tool to facilitate change and to look beyond the physical space, according to four principles:

The context, which seeks to recognize the current situation of the community seeking the knowledge behind their experiences and existing conditions

The process, where it is essential to support inclusion in shaping the public space through an increase in civic trust, participation and social cohesion

The design and programming of public spaces for equity that seek to improve quality, access, security, and invite diversity

Sustainability, through fostering social resilience and the capacity of local communities to participate in changes in the long term, guaranteeing the stability of implementation

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A) ISLANDS BRYGGE HARBOR BATH

During the last 40 years, Copenhagen has been considered as an urban laboratory example for the rest of the cities of the world where its initiatives and strategies have been focused on the development of public space. Currently the concept of “Street” in the city is the space where all the inhabitants live and interact with each other through different activities and rhythms, understanding that this is a space that responds to the needs of all.

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One of the cityâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s most recent challenges has been to channel the flow of public life to the port and to build a maritime highway as another type of public square. During the last 16 years, Copenhagen has built facilities that allow people to swim directly in the water of the port, starting with a decade of efforts to clean the water of the area, strategies for the diversion of wastewater, the construction of overflow barriers, the creation of underground water storage tanks and the daily monitoring of water quality. After this process, the adaptation of the spaces began so that citizens could enjoy and access the water that is no longer contaminated. In this process of transforming an industrial port and a traffic junction to be the cultural and social center of the city, the bath of Islands Brygge Harbor Bath became an architectural icon of Copenhagen. This development has happened in addition other projects such as the Fisketorvet, Kalvebod Waves and Sluseholmen baths, which are all within a distance of two miles within a city of just over 600,000 inhabitants, offering citizens different swimming experiences with a port urban landscape surrounded by piers, cliffs , playgrounds, childrenâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s pools, platforms to jump into the water, and areas to rest and enjoy the area.

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B) VESTERBRO AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF SĂ&#x2DC;NDER BOULVARD

Vesterbro is a district of Copenhagen to the west of the center of the city that is densely built with narrow streets and small squares. Its limits are marked by the railway lines of the central train station and by a line of lakes that mark the west side of the city center. Previously Vesterbo was known as a working-class district, not only for the railroad but also for the food markets that promoted the development of commerce and surrounding restaurants. In the eighteenth century, Vesterbo only had a small number of houses along the roads. Military defense was the main reason: The development of buildings in the area beyond the walls and the ditch of water as a defense of the city was not allowed. However, during the second half of the nineteenth century, as the city grew, this area was one of the first areas that developed outside the city walls with new houses, apartment buildings, shops and churches built on both sides.

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In the 20th century, Vesterbro had an unfavorable social reputation due to the rise of prostitution and the sale and consumption of drugs. Partly due to the fact that there were densely populated and low-quality housing, and also because of its proximity to the central train station, where the emergence of the red district of large cities was common. Although this situation could have promoted large-scale demolition and massive redevelopment, particularly in the period of the city’s growth in the 1950s and 1960s, planners made the decision to retain and restore Vesterbro’s buildings and restrict the demolition of the worst properties, combined with a significant improvement in the streets and squares that sought to reduce traffic and create new open and green areas. After a period of urban decline between 1970 and 1980, since the 1990s, Copenhagen found itself in a strategic phase of urban renewal (Bisgaard 2010). In this period, the development of public space played an important role not only in the center of the city, but also in the revitalization of residential neighborhoods and, more recently, in the remodeling of postindustrial areas. In fact, Copenhagen was one of the first cities to establish a public space defense regime with the urban space action plan of 2006, which led to the city being named the most livable city in the world in 2008, despite the fact that a financial crisis had hit Denmark with serious consequences for public finances. Despite this, Copenhagen maintained a proactive policy of urban development and made large public investments during the years of crisis, specifically in the design, construction and maintenance of urban public space.

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In 2010 the ‘Kickstart Copenhagen’ initiative was launched to “invest in the crisis”. At the same time the Budget for public construction works was raised to continue developing an attractive and growing city; the objective was to create employment opportunities, promote the life of the city focused on people and establishing the development of public space with three main objectives: (i) more urban life, (ii) more hikes and (iii)) more people that stay longer (Copenhagen City 2009, p.2).

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Currently Vesterbro has become one of the most popular areas to live thanks to its streets and buildings. The area is not only more attractive, but also incorporates new businesses and cafes, bars and restaurants. One of the main recent changes that have taken place in the city is the transformation of Sønder Boulvard Street into a new recreational park with better facilities for cyclists and pedestrians, close to subway stations and surrounded by playgrounds, green areas and flower gardens around small squares.

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This project is one of the city’s many urban proposals in response to public policies that seek to contribute to the development of sustainable, healthy and safe cities. Its main objective is to provide an urban park with tree roads that improve the environmental conditions of the city, reduce vehicle traffic, and rescue pedestrian areas and recreational spaces. It seeks to increase the use of public space by citizens, sustainable mobility on foot or by bicycle, and the interaction of all segments of the population, giving a greater sense of security within the city.

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C) COPENHAGEN THE MOST HABITABLE CITY IN THE WORLD

Although traditionally public space is conceived as a public good, in the case of Copenhagen a series of public-private development models for public spaces have been carried out in terms of project organization, financing and ownership. Most of the high-profile public spaces of the city were initiated by the municipality as public projects, but were developed in conjunction with private foundations that have played a decisive role in the programming and design of these spaces. Lokale-og Anlægsfonden, for example, which was established by Danish sports organizations, has been at the forefront in the provision of recreational spaces for activities, fitness and play. In those places, greater attention has been given to “establishing the place” through the development of public spaces that encourage greater public life. In Copenhagen, progress towards better public spaces is demonstrated by an increase in both the facilities and the use of public spaces. Permits to be outdoors increased by more than 100% in inner and central neighborhoods and the number of outdoor events increased between 34 and 80%, depending on the district. This has represented an improvement in the general quality of urban life with attractive public spaces, greater and better possibilities for leisure activities, as well as outdoor urban furniture throughout the city increasing the number of people using public spaces. The city tries to achieve a balance between public spaces for the entire population and spaces for more specific uses, as well as the need to include marginalized groups in the public space program. The approach deliberately recognizes the multifunctionality of space and that the encounter with “the other” is a quality in itself. Therefore, the city promotes public spaces that not only attract the population in general, but also allocate space for more specific uses. Funding organizations such as Lokale og Anlægsfonden support the design of public spaces that promote a more active daily life through facilities for football, games, fitness, basketball, skating, parkour and other activities. In contrast, there are cases of groups of organized citizens that have been allowed to adopt sections of public spaces such as semi-private urban gardens with exclusive access for adult activities such as bars.

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Another important feature of Copenhagen is the effort to involve citizens in the creation of new public spaces. Renewal initiatives seek to develop neighborhood plans and strategies that promote dialogue with residents and neighborhood associations. In the port, for example, temporary projects have been implemented as a way to test and promote new ideas for public spaces and a tool to include residents in their design and creation, fostering local empowerment and new models of collaboration. The political ambition of the Copenhagen community strategy aims to promote greater local commitment and democratic processes, but also to achieve greater citizen responsibility in public spaces. Although it is not explicitly stated in the strategy, there is a goal to reduce the cost of maintenance by attracting more attention from citizens.

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The focus of public space in Copenhagen has resulted in understanding the importance of people as the central axis of the city, making the development of public space part of the solution to problems instead of representing a luxury to be abandoned by public finances, even in times of crisis. Additionally, this has also been achieved because local government is not the only direct provider of public space, and the existence of a greater collaborative structure where local actors come together to finance and facilitate public space programs to meet common objectives.

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CASE – SUSTAINABLE TRANSPORT Considering the rapid growth process of cities, mobility has become one of the main challenges for public administrations. Currently, transport represents about 1/5 of the world’s energy demand and 1/4 of the CO2 emissions related to energy. Pollution, traffic and noise are considered some of the challenges that have driven the development of innovative solutions and the integration of public, private, civil society and academia to improve citizen mobility

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A) COPENHAGEN: THE CITY OF THE BICYCLE

Within these new, greener and more flexible transport models, the bicycle is considered as an alternative for economic mobility that helps mitigate greenhouse gas emissions, reduce energy consumption and make better use of road space. Additionally, as part of the positive externalities of the bicycle, the highest level of citizens’ quality of life is highlighted by promoting their physical health and environmental awareness, achieving an impact on both the individual and collective welfare. In 1910, Copenhagen inaugurated its first bicycle lane. Since then, most of the lane network and infrastructure dedicated to this means of transport has been developed during the last 25 years. Currently, all metro and bus stations have parking for bicycles and the city has extensive signage for cyclists. The center of Copenhagen has a greater number of bicycles than citizens: 520,000 inhabitants and 560,000 bicycles and it is expected that by 2025 the city will become the first capital in the world with neutral carbon dioxide emissions. As of 1962, parking in 18 town squares has been eliminated to give space to more life in the city. The expansion of the system of car-free spaces in the city has had some great advantages: Residents have had time to develop a completely new urban culture,

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discover and develop new opportunities; car owners have had time to get used to the idea of not driving and parking in the city center, and using public transport and bicycle; as a result, people have had time to change their habits and patterns of mobilization Gradual investments in bicycle infrastructure have been made over the years. Investments have resulted in a steady increase in the number of cyclists since the 1970s. New initiatives in the city seek to maintain and improve the use of bicycles. Green lanes have been established for the exclusive use of cyclists, creating an ecological environment for the city. The main routes have been established to “green waves” to synchronize the flow bicycles with traffic lights so that the cyclists maintain an average speed of 20 km per hour.

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However, the success of bicycles creates new challenges, mainly from the increase in congestion in bicycle lanes. This challenge has been addressed in recent years through extensions in the lanes and roads; this has in turn resulted in the arrival of cargo bicycles. Freight bicycles are present in at least 6% of all households in Copenhagen and are used to transport goods and children. 25% of all families in Copenhagen with two children have a cargo bicycle. The long-term goal of the city of Copenhagen is that 50% of the population would travel by bicycle.

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During 2009, the Danish Cycling Embassy was founded with the aim of facilitating access to technical knowledge, helping to promote a cycling culture in cities around the world as the main means of transport for inhabitants. Members of the Danish Cycling Embassy are a network of representatives from the private, public and civil society sectors representing the cutting edge in all areas related to cycling, from urban planning for bicycles and friendly cities, to the creation of synergies between cycling and public transport, the construction of safe infrastructure, and the development of successful campaigns and municipal policies that motivate people of all ages to use the bicycle in the city. Currently Copenhagen is one of the cities in the world known for the use of the bicycle as the main means of transport for its inhabitants as well as tourists. According to a report from 2017 about nine out of 10 Danes have a bicycle for their mobility needs, and only four out of 10 have a car. Annually, in Copenhagen, inhabitants travel by bicycle about 1.2 million km, which is equivalent to two round trips to the moon, while only covering 660,000 km by metro.

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B) THE CASE OF LATIN AMERICA

In Latin America there are many examples of how this means of transport has transformed cities and communities in a positive way. According to the Biciciudades study developed by the IDB during 2013 in 19 LAC cities, Bogotรก is the capital in Latin American with the most road infrastructure for bicycles with a total of up to 376 kilometers of lanes exclusively for cyclists. Montevideo, on the other hand, has 11.3 kilometers of permanent cycle path and about 2.5 kilometers of recreational bike paths. Currently, as part of sustainability and equity policies, there are several cities in Latin America that have implemented programs or campaigns to promote this means of transport through public bicycles and thus offer greater access to all citizens and

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increase bicycle travel in the city. Guadalajara has an average of 212.000bicycle trips per day, Rio de Janeiro around 217.000, Mexico City 433.000, and Santiago de Chile is close to 510.000trips per day. Other cities such as Mexico or Buenos Aires have become bike friendly cities not only because of the development of infrastructure but also due to investment in innovative furniture, pedagogical strategies for citizens, and security policies on both roads and parking lots. Despite the efforts that some local governments and civil society groups have made to promote the bicycle as a means of transportation, in most cities in Latin America there are still many challenges facing the road infrastructure and the demand for the bicycle on the part of the citizens. In cities such as Asunciรณn, only 5% of the population use bicycles as regular transportation, and in other cities such as Bogotรก, Barranquilla, Mexico City and Montevideo the figure is approximately between 2% and 3% of the population. In this sense, it is necessary for governments to improve incentives and policies for the use of public and sustainable transport such as the bicycles. Increased signage, training on traffic rules, road planning that integrate the public system of the city with bicycle lanes, are some of the factors necessary to increase and improve the service. Additionally, awareness-raising among the inhabitants that highlights improvements in citizen security could reduce the obstacles and negative externalities of why a limited number of inhabitants use the bicycle as their usual means of transportation.

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C) ELECTRIC TRANSPORTATION AS A SUSTAINABLE ALTERNATIVE

Another sustainable transport model being implemented which seeks to reduce the adverse environmental effects of noise and diminished air quality is the electric transport system. This alternative to fuel also represents a more economical solution with an efficiency of approximately 90% by requiring less energy to perform the same work as traditional engines. Since 1983, in Copenhagen, electric transport is exempt from vehicle registration tax (VRT) and there are approximately 400 electric cars in the city. In addition, the local government is seeking to encourage more users and service providers by promoting the development of infrastructure, charging stations and the offer of free parking. The city is also working on the developing standards and legislation so that the city of Copenhagen can offer concessions to both car manufacturers and service providers that can contribute to creating a public infrastructure for this transportation system and that in the long term can ensure large-scale deployment in the city. Considering the challenges of both infrastructure and climate, the city of Copenhagen is cooperating with other municipalities and companies both nationally and internationally. Within the European Union the city is participating in three projects with the aim of promoting electric vehicles and developing a common European cargo infrastructure, and a project with the aim of promoting hydrogen cars. In addition, Copenhagen is part of the C40 network that works to reduce greenhouse gas emissions.

URBAN WORKSHOP In the Urban Workshop, participants will have the opportunity to take a guided bicycle tour through the city of Copenhagen and learn how to approach cycling in relation to sustainable mobility and climate objectives, infrastructure design and road safety, multimodal transport among others. The tour will also discuss some of the education tools and promotion that the success of cycling culture has achieved in Danish cities and how citizen participation is an integral part of urban renewal and development.

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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

EDITORS Housing and Urban Development Division

IDB CITIES NETWORK TEAM: Maria Camila Uribe, Coordinator Keisgner Enrique Alfaro, Consultant Maria Camila Quintero, Consultant Maria Camila Ariza, Consultant Tomas Gonzalez Ginestet, Consultant

DESIGN Lulo Lab

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