Dehesa Landscape
Analysing the infrastructure of Dehesa landscape
Cristina Jorge Camacho
Analysing the infrastructure of Dehesa landscape
Cristina Jorge Camacho
Analysing the infrastructure of Dehesa landscape
Cristina Jorge Camacho
ACTIVE+PASIVE HYBRIDS
SUMMARY
Soil infrastructure (dehesa). The large area of fertile red soil with green meadow islands is used in the park, gardens and green roof of Caja Badajoz’s new headquarters in Western Spain (outdoor area = 19,900 m2 + built area = 33,500 m2). Energy resources are concentrated at isolated points, providing a sustainable archipelago landscape for humans, animals and plants, where the potential for vegetation growth depends on weather conditions. At the same time, some areas are designed with minimum defined spaces for activities, and do not offer anything other than necessary infrastructural conditions.
Analysing the infrastructure of Dehesa landscape
Cristina Jorge Camacho
Analysing the infrastructure of Dehesa landscape
Cristina Jorge Camacho
ACTIVE+PASIVE HYBRIDS
SUMMARY
Micro-scale: domain archaea reference (thermoacidophiles). These species thrive in extremely acidic, hot and moist regions, such as those in and near sulphur hot springs. Other archaea types are the halophiles which thrives in extreme salty environments in soil and in water or the methanogens which can be found in swamps and marshy environments. In response to harsh conditions, rather than employing the usual solution of planting the extensive green roof of Caja Badajoz with a sedum carpet, the roof is covered with humus earth and a limestone layer and the green areas, irrigation and lighting are concentrated into islands of different sizes and scattered all over the roof.
Analysing the infrastructure of Dehesa landscape
Cristina Jorge Camacho
ACTIVE+PASIVE HYBRIDS
SUMMARY
Meso-scale: endogenous and exogenous materials (green islands and red humus-earth stripes). Firstly, the endogenous materials comprise the semi-intensive islands on the green roof, on the park and on the gardens which can be set on small mountains of earth standing 600-800 mm tall for shrubs and 1000-1200 mm for trees. Secondly, the exogenous materials are the part of the extensive limestone earth roof which can be laid on a growing medium layer of 100-150 mm. The ecosystems of a dehesa biotope cannot exist within isolated areas, but must instead be part of a larger environmental framework; an interconnected pattern of natural areas that allows plant and animal species to migrate.
Analysing the infrastructure of Dehesa landscape
Cristina Jorge Camacho
ACTIVE+PASIVE HYBRIDS
SUMMARY
Macro-scale: thermodynamic/climatic parameters (convection/ wind). Due to its close proximity to the banks of the River Guadiana and the region’s windy climate, many seeds are carried to and deposited on the green roof. Consequently, layers of humus-rich earth exist underneath the entire unpaved ground and not only under the green areas. The initial geometry of islands will change into great continents depending on the wind and the final configuration will be as complex and unpredictable as an original rural landscape.
Analysing the infrastructure of Dehesa landscape
Cristina Jorge Camacho
Analysing the infrastructure of Dehesa landscape
Cristina Jorge Camacho
MICRO + MACRO SCALE
INTRODUCTION Dehesa landscape project is shown for illutrative purpose and the programme has the following fields of activities: -
The open space design in the rural park and in the urban car park connected with the riverbanK
-
The garden design in the semi-public cultural base through five courtyards of different uses
-
The green roof design related to private open space for an office tower
The landscape project deals with the analysis, design and management of park, gardens and green roof; research focusses on analysing the normal scale (humans, animals, plants, machines), micro scale (unicelular beings) and macro scale (thermodynamics parameters). At the same time, some areas are to lay out with a minimum of detailed spaces for activities, and do no offer anything, but necessary conditions; they are freely accesible for people of various ages who use them for fun. Some of these unexpected uses are: skaters in pavements areas, children in the gravel stripes between sand areas or motorbikes climbing sloping gavion walls. They are wild activities linked to previous wild wasteland. Following the main objetives of lean thinking, the notion of material can be summarized by three parameters: quality, waste and time. Analysing the infrastructure of Dehesa landscape
Cristina Jorge Camacho
MICRO + MACRO SCALE
INTRODUCTION
Islands of landscape reveal the possibility of using balanced resouces, which consist of the proper qualities and proportions of water, drainage, minerals and electricity, need to maintain growth, such as state-of-art laboratory; they provide the option of erasing the poor soil quality. Besides this laboratory, soil poverty goes hand by hand with genuine biological riches, whether by wind or by insect as a crucial link in the ecological chain. Geometric forms includes circles, ovoids and straigth lines such as nodes where lines of infrastructure converge and where activities concentrate. The original part geometry will be affected by the impacts of extreme weather events and the time of day and night; so far away of the desire to impose order such as geometry in nature which is rare, and usually temporary. For example, concentric circles are created by sand crabs after high tide on the beaches of Bali, Indonesia or by circular frog ponds. Landscapes are dynamics like the result of physical processes (such as erosion and sedimentation) and of biological processes (involving growth, blossoming and decay). It is significant the arrival of volunteer plants and the remarkably dynamic way in which plant species intercross and the role of insects and animals in such developments.
Analysing the infrastructure of Dehesa landscape
Cristina Jorge Camacho
PARKS+GARDENS+ROOF
BUILT PHASE
Dehesa landscape project is shown for illutrative purpose and the programme has the following fields of activities: -
The open space design in the rural park and in the urban car park connected with the riverbanK
-
The garden design in the semi-public cultural base through five courtyards of different uses
-
The green roof design related to private open space for an office tower
Fase de construcción. Paisaje Dehesa Caja Badajoz, 2011. Proyecto de Arquitectura: Estudio Lamela. Proyecto de Paisajismo: CJC Paisaje
Analysing the infrastructure of Dehesa landscape
Cristina Jorge Camacho
Analysing the infrastructure of Dehesa landscape
Cristina Jorge Camacho
ENDÓGENOUS MATERIALS
MATERIALS QUALITY
Should the raw materials that
Endogenous islands. The materials are holm oak, olives and cork trees, aromatics plants and acorns. The “landscape skyscrapers”
improve soil quality be
works with vertical layers which concentrate resources intead of spreading them on horizontal surfaces. Indeed, what we contemplate is
endogenous or exogenous?
an archipelago of islands of isolated trees put among scrubs and pastures. Isolates spots concentrate their energy resourses such as
Dehesa landscape project can
survival landscape for humans, animals and plants.
be read as a trinary landscape in
The geometric patterns in the landscape design, like circles, ovals and ellipses, pay a lot atention to the survival form of the Dehesa
which shade of shrub land, light
land in the western part of Spain where trees have big caponies and under their shadows many other plants and animals can live
of river bank and twilight of
because of low temperature and high humidity in contrast with outside where sun’s heat does not allow grass can grow.
meadow land share the territory more or less equally. Islands such as a cool spots inside hot areas are spreaded. In other disciplines, some economic variables are determined by models, while others are usually assumed to be determined by factors outside of the model. The former is called endogenous variables and the latter exogenous variables. The analysis how distance and area combine to regulate the balance between the endogenous and exogeneous species1. .
Plantation plan. Paisaje Dehesa Caja Badajoz, 2011.
Analysing the infrastructure of Dehesa landscape
Cristina Jorge Camacho
EXOGENOUS MATERIALS
MATERIALS QUALITY
In the project, the process is
Exogenous continents. The materials are humus-rich earth, sand and gravel among stripes of gavion walls. Due to the proximity of
reversed because of the islands
the banks and the windy weather, many seeds comes from the river Guadiana and that is the reason why there are layers of humus-rich
are owned of energy supplies
earth underneath the entire unpaved ground and not only under green areas. The inicial geometry of islands will change into great
(water, drainage, minerals and
continents depending on the wind and the final configuration will be as complex and unpredictable as original rural landscape. The
electricity). Exogenous means
intention is similar to the plan of removing tons of sand from desert areas which will leave depresions to be filled with water, where
something derived or developed
algae can be grown to provide sustainable sources of energy.
from outside the body; originating externally. Ectosymbisis os symbiosis in which the symbiont lives on the body of the host. Eukaryotes are organisms whose cells are organized into complex structures by internal membranes and cytoskeleton and the most characteristic membrane bound structure is the nucleus.
Plano de pavimentos. Paisaje Dehesa Caja Badajoz, 2011. Analysing the infrastructure of Dehesa landscape
Cristina Jorge Camacho
MESO-SCALE
MATERIALS QUALITY
Ecosistemas de vegetaci贸n: rivera + dehesa + monte
The riverbank It is an approach to the riparian vegetation dynamics. The roots of riparian trees and shrubs help hold stream banks in place, preventing erosion and they also traps sediments and pollutants, helping keep the water clean. Willows were introduced to help stabilized the banks of eroding creeks: as well as they provide shade and shelter for many animals and this shade helps to stabilize water temperature. Moreover, riparian vegetation provides habitat for many land dwelling creatures such as birds and lizards to find shelter, food and water and it shields river from summer temperatures extremes. The cover of leaves and branches brings wellcome shade, ensuring that the stream temperature remains cooler in the summer and moderate in the winter ((+44C/-7潞C in Badajoz).
The meadowland It is a field where the agricultural and animal production area conditions the surroundings. Apart from the perpetual meadows, they are often conceived of as artificial or cultural habitats, since they have emerged from and continually require human intervention to persist and flourish, but they are really semi-cultural habitats because of the actions of intensive but invisible grazing by grasshopper and other insects in normal weather conditions. In summertime they are converted in desert meadow restricted by low precipitation or lack of nutrients and humus; while, in springtime, they often host a multitud of wild life, providing areas for courtship displays, nesting, gathering food or sometimes sheltering if the vegetation is high enough
The shrubland It is an urban topography with density of scrubs and small forest. Following the desert shrublands, they are characterized by plants with adaptations to the dry climate, which include small leaves to limit water loss, thorns to protect them from grazing animals, suculent leaves or stems, storage organs to store water, and long taproots to reach ground or green roof water. Shrubland species generally show a wide range of adaptation to fire, such as heavy seed production, lignotubers and fire induce germination
Analysing the infrastructure of Dehesa landscape
Cristina Jorge Camacho
MESO-SCALE
MATERIALS QUALITY
Normal scale. Humans, animals, plants and machines. Scale is in relation with the research of sense of diversity such as in mathematic fractals are any of class of complex geometric shapes that commonly exhibit the property of self-similarity and a self-similar object in one whose component parts resemble the whole. Dehesa covers 45% of the forested area in Extremadura or a total of 1,429,958 ha and it is concentrated in the Central and Southern part of the region..
Plano detalle de plantaciones por ecosistemas. Paisaje Dehesa Caja Badajoz, 2011.
Analysing the infrastructure of Dehesa landscape
Cristina Jorge Camacho
MICRO-SCALE
RECYCLING WASTE MATERIALS
Microorganismos. Protozoos + bacterias + diatomeas
¿What does the definition of waste mean in relation to wildness if this concept means the preservation of the world? Does bad weed translate the definition of waste into landscape projects? Gilles Clément identifies three kinds of spaces which he believes have the potencial to allow our biodiversity to continue to develop: délaissés or transitional spaces -formerly exploited as agricultural, industrial, urban or touristical space and it is synonymous with the notion of untended or fallow land-, réserves or undeveloped spaces -a place never exploted, whether by change, or because physically inaccesibility makes it too costly to develop-, and ensembles primaires or officially preserved natural places -land or space set aside and protected by administrative degree Protozoa. Eukaryote reference: Protozoa are usually single-celled and heterotrophic eukaryotes cointaining non-filamentous structures that belong to any of the major lineages of protist. Cilia have their body ovoid to elongate, an uniformily ciliated.
Bacteria. Prokaryote reference. Bacteria constitute a large domain of prokaryotic microorganism and have a number of shapes, ranging from spheres to rods and spirals, without a cell nucleus or any other membrane-bound organelles. They also live in symbiotic and parasitic relationships with plants and animals and have a few micrometres in length
Diatoms. Algae Eukaryote reference. Diatoms are unicelular and can exist as colonies in the shape of ribbons or filaments such as Fragilaria crotonensis, fans, zigzags or stars. They are producers within the food chain and are enclosed within a cell wall made of silica (hydrated silicon dioxide) called a frustule. Their cells are containing within a unique silica cell wall comprising two separate valves (or shells)
Analysing the infrastructure of Dehesa landscape
Cristina Jorge Camacho
MICRO-SCALE
RECYCLING WASTE MATERIALS
Micro scale. Microorganism. The microscopic scale is the scale of the objects smaller than those which can be easily seen without aid. In physics, the microscopic scale is sometimes considered the scale between the macroscale and the quantum regime.
Microorganismos. BELLMAN / HAUSMANN/ JANKE/ SCHNEIDER, 1994: Invertebrados y organismos unicelulares, Ediciones Blume, Barcelona.
Analysing the infrastructure of Dehesa landscape
Cristina Jorge Camacho
MACRO-SCALE
DELIVERY TIME MATERIALS
How could be delivery times on
Robert Le Ricolais said that together with life comes the problem of growth, and until now man has not been capable of making
construction sites where livings
machines that grow 6. On the other hand, it is important the principle of automorphism such as some kind of geometric assemblage of
beings (plants animals or
forms which go into one another, repeating themselves. Some microorganims such as radiolariae are highly elaborate piece of work
humans) are growing? How can
where you have a ball inside a ball inside yet another ball. Radiolariae are distinguished by the segregation of their soft anatomy into
establish these delivery times if
the central capsule, containing the endoplasm, and the surronding ectoplasm and by the siliceous, opaline skeletons of the large
every living thing has the
majority of species. In addition, Buckmister Fuller traced his observations back to the concept of evolution, esentially proposing a
capacity to transform, either by
dynamic system, a chain of consecutive reactions (such as a microorganisms chain) in which a bird, for example, modifies its habitat
choise or by necessity, over the
the moment It builds a nest, but in due course, the environment transforms the bird’s behaviour and existence, just as it has
course of its life, and whatever
transformed humans in many respects. 7 About delivery times, some thoughful approches for the future are alternated between the
evolucionary change occurs is
utilization of state-of-art technologies and no technology at all, between seeking total control of environment and abandoning all modes
passed on to the next
of control.
generation? The fundamental processes, namely dispersal, invasion, competition, adaptation, and extintion, are among the most difficult in biology to study and understand 5.
Key plan. Dehesa Caja Badajoz Landscape, 2011. Analysing the infrastructure of Dehesa landscape
Cristina Jorge Camacho
MACRO-SCALE
DELIVERY TIME MATERIALS
Macro scale. Thermodynamics parameters. The macroscale is the meteorological scale covering an area ranging from the size of a continent to the entire globe. The smallest scale of meteorogical of phenomena, called microscale, that range in size from a few centimeters to a few kilometers: net radiation, sensible heat flux, latent heat flux, ground heat storage, and fluxes of trace gases important to the atmosphere, biosphere and hydrosphere. Thermodynamics parameters in Badajoz (182m High, Latitud: 38 51’ 43” N, Length: 6 58’ 15“ O) are: Temperature (Tmax=44,8ºC/ TºMin=-7,2ºC) / Wind (VMax=153 W summer/E winter) / Precipitation (463mm/ year) / Humidity (HR Anual= 66%) Misx Microorganismos. BELLMAN / HAUSMANN/ JANKE/ SCHNEIDER, 1994: Invertebrados y organismos unicelulares, Ediciones Blume, Barcelona. Analysing the infrastructure of Dehesa landscape
Cristina Jorge Camacho
MACRO-SCALE
Dise帽o: parque + jardines + cubierta
DELIVERY TIME MATERIALS
Dehesa landscape project divides surface area in specific stripes to identfy improvement strategies evaluating thermodynamics imbalances such as improve facilities, increase biodiversity, reduced the heat island effect and the relationship between radiation, humidity and wind conditions along the year. The advances in the knowledge of energetic methodological behaviour applied to diferent forms, materials and construction techniques and the improvement in the simulation software of thermodynamic phenomena are macroscale tools useful for this kind of projects. The open-space design in rural park and urban car park In park areas, some changes can occur suddenly: discontinuities may disrupt the course of certain events, creating a complex situation whereby dynamics change take place at differents speeds, something that is often difficult for the individual observer to grasp. The rural and urban park areas are also combined with other functions: paths, playgrounds, adult games, squares, car park and helipad (actually it is a square). The car park has islands among parking places and is specifically designed to be applied on the roof of underground garages, and a stable and porous green roof system allows for vehicular access.
The garden design inside semi-public cultural base A serie of enclosed pieces of ground which represents the relationship between nature and culture has a multifunctional green roof build-up with high water retention capacity for lawns, perennials and on deeper layers of growing medium for shrubs and even trees. The passing of time can be perceived in the wider landscape, but also in every garden. The system of intensive ecological roof allows to creates a microclimate, reducing exterior temperatures and improving air quality, including thermal benefits as vegetation covering which gives additional climatic protection for spaces located underneath them. A substrate of humus and river sand is sprayed on in layers 50-100cm. Courtyard induces natural ventilation, optimises lighting and promotes energy saving. Drainage system has been designed considering the proximity of the groundwater table and the presence of sandy clay in the subsoil.
The green-roof design next to private office space Intead of planting sedum carpet in extensive green roof, as it is used to do, the green roof islands concentrate energy resources when the climate is extreme. On the green roof, there are five olive trees located on small earth mounds covered with shrubs and herbaceaus plants which have a special structural reinforcement. The selected plants are very resistant to extreme temperatures of Badajoz with 16 ud/m2 density, in tray fillers 5cm thick. The localised irrigation has an automatic drip watering system. The design of sustainable water systems such that full attention is paid to hydrological cycles and the prevention of erosion by an automatic drip in localised irrigation system. Transmittance: 0.26 W/m2. The hybris between extensive and semi-intensive green-roof is a more complex system and allows for the inclusi贸n of perennials, small shrubs and trees in pots in the plant selection. The large capacity of the drainage and water retention layer by gravel stripes located perpendicularly to the slope of the roof (10%) and the different thickers layer of growing medium facilitate the broader plant system.
Analysing the infrastructure of Dehesa landscape
Cristina Jorge Camacho
MACRO-SCALE
DELIVERY TIME MATERIALS
Dehesa landscape project is shown for illutrative purpose and the programme has the following fields of activities: -
The open space design in the rural park and in the urban car park connected with the riverbanK
-
The garden design in the semi-public cultural base through five courtyards of different uses
-
The green roof design related to private open space for an office tower
Mantainance Phase. Dehesa Caja Badajoz Landscape, 2011. Proyecto de Arquitectura: Estudio Lamela. Proyecto de Paisajismo: CJC Paisaje
Analysing the infrastructure of Dehesa landscape
Cristina Jorge Camacho
Analysing the infrastructure of Dehesa landscape
Cristina Jorge Camacho
ACTIVE+ PASIVE HYBRIDS
Materiales: calidad + desperdicios + plazos.
RESUME
An important role in sustaining bio-diversity is played by nature reserves scattered like islands over an agricultural landscape. In relation with lean construction and urbanism, Toyota System Production (TPS) defines Lean such as an operational strategy oriented toward achieving the shortest possible cycle time by eliminating waste; in other words, pull versus push, where pull is simply providing a product or service only when asked for by the customer and push means a product is produced and then sold to a customer. 1. 
The quality of material
In relation to the material management system: Lean landscaping talks about the use of proven material management system and visual aids by adding signs and by organizating tools and equipment on the projects. The qualities in lean urbanism are: sort, store, shine, standarize, sustain. The heterogeneous materiality of the project assures a cycle system; one could be sort, shine and standarize and the other, store and sustain.
Firstly, the endogenous materials are the part of semi-intensive islands green-roof which can be set on a small mountains of certainly 600-800 mm for shrubs until an altitude of aproximately 1000-1200 mm for trees; secondarily, the exogenous materials are the part of the extensive limestone earth roof which can be set on a growing medium layer of approximately 100-150 mm where a low weight and low maintenance cost are stipulated. Ecosystems cannot exist within isolated areas, but must instead be part of a larger environmental framework, an interconnected pattern of natural areas that allows plant and animal especies to migrate 8. Existing nature islands are therefore being expanded, and new ones laid out and connected by corridors of varying width such as stripes of humus-rich earth.
Analysing the infrastructure of Dehesa landscape
Cristina Jorge Camacho
ACTIVE+ PASIVE HYBRIDS
Materiales: calidad + desperdicios + plazos.
RESUME
2. The waste materials: In the lean lanscaping the waste elements are: motion, transporting, overproduction, inventory, waiting, overprocessing and defects. If we consider time in relation with movement and growth, seed movement coming from the river are transported by the wind as well as travelling plants, worms, insects or humans passing through and germinate wherever bare ground welcomes them into the park, the garden or the green roof; and this approach relativises the notions of plants and weeds. When a tree grows and cover with shadows the soil behind it creates an island of green.
At the begining the shape of the island was predeterminated but as the times goes, this form blurring its contours in the natural process and takes shape not only on a drawing plan, but on the site; supporting a weed network such as a fabric or structure of cords and wires that cross at regular intervals and are knotted or fixed at the crossing 9.
Analysing the infrastructure of Dehesa landscape
Cristina Jorge Camacho
ACTIVE+ PASIVE HYBRIDS
Materiales: calidad + desperdicios + plazos.
RESUME
3. The delivery times of materials. Referring to lean construction, long term decision making are long term improvements even at the expense of the short gains could be made using easier or less expensive decisions; create continuous flow in every process such as systems need to be linked together to allow comunication and elimination of the waste in the overall system by embracing technology and by using proven technology to improve communication. In the same way as Zero Energy Building (ZEB) creates a heterogeneous indoor environment in the office space, for example, where it would be acceptable to have differences in the quality of workplace space and ambiente space environment; the green-roof it would be a heterogeneous place where it is possible to use the concept of artificial ground and the idea of enjoying environmentally-friendly space that, over time, reflect the changing nature outside in relation with seasons is beneficial. To make a hybrid of passive and active techniques is difficult, but more precise and advance control technology makes this possible The delivery time is strongly linked to the maintenance time, whose by means of an archipielago of islands such as a dentritic structure together with the proved management, the protection and expansion of island configuration versus continent landscape. Should not only help improve biological diversity, but also maintain a humidity level below the layer of leaves, branches and weeds from the changing seasons. The system is like the immune system’s first line of defense. Analysing the proximity of Guadiana river in the project, the hidrographic network is dentritic too, where water flows on a seasonal basis through the watersheds of the river.
Analysing the infrastructure of Dehesa landscape
Cristina Jorge Camacho
Analysing the infrastructure of Dehesa landscape
Cristina Jorge Camacho
Analysing the infrastructure of Dehesa landscape
Cristina Jorge Camacho
Dehesa Landscape
Analysing the infrastructure of Dehesa landscape
Cristina Jorge Camacho