REDEFINING THE TYPOLOGY OF DESERT RESIDENCES Cathleen M. Kebert
REDEFINING THE TYPOLOGY OF DESERT RESIDENCES
REDEFINING THE TYPOLOGY OF DESERT RESIDENCES
Cathleen M. Kebert | Chair: Professor Darren Petrucci | Co-Chair: Philip Horton | Spring 2017 | M.Arch Independent Thesis
2 4
Thesis Intention The Equation
6
Chronology: Sonoran Desert Residences
16 18 20 22 24 26
Case Studies Dogon Country Thatta Matmata Juwain Contemporary Examples
28 30 32 36
Antithesis The Developer Home Developer Finances Current Household Data
38 40 44
Additional Forces Climatic Forces Technology and Privacy
46 48 50 52 54
Synthesis Synthesis Approach Site: Earll Drive Site: KB Plan 1932 Suppositions
58 60 62 64 66 68 70 72 88 98 102 104 106 118
Design Proposal Introduction Thesis Antithesis Synthesis Methodology Maryvale Presently: Disconnected Low-Density Maryvale Occupancy Inventory Maryvale’s Family Energy Room Maryvale’s Construction Phasing Maryvale’s New Housing Prototypes KB Homes Presently: Disconnected High-Density KB Homes Occupancy Inventory KB Homes’ Family Energy Room Conclusion
120
Acknowledgments
122
Image References
126
Works Cited
128
Annotated Bibliography
THESIS INTENTION
Amongst the sprawling desert landscapes across our planet,
consumption primarily used to condition internal environments and provide
civilizations have emerged and initiated a constant battle of survival
power. ¹ These advances in technology initiated a spike in the production
against the relentless sun and its environment’s limited resources. At
of single family houses in the 1950s which marked the first mass-produced
the outset, some groups retreated to the shade of the mountains for
suburbs such as Levittown. Personalized amenities such as yards, privacy, a
dwellings, utilizing brush and/or earth to shade, protect, and hinder the
sense of neighborhood community, garages, and more predetermined and
transfer of heat. Water’s scarcity influenced communities to reside in
formal living room types were now granted to and expected from buying
areas close to small bodies of water or to rely on wells. These harsh,
families. Consequently, single-family developer homes have permeated across
desert environments truly shaped the way people lived.
a multitude of climates and environments, dominating the housing market.
However, with advances in technology, especially in regards to dwellings,
Driven by profit, developers limit housing choices within neighborhoods
individuals and communities neither are connected with the intricacies of their
fueling the process of constructing these cookie-cutter houses quickly and
desert climate impacting their survival nor do they allow those characteristics
economically. The rapid-pace of assembling entire neighborhoods in short
and opportunities to influence their dwelling decisions. This has resulted in
time periods negates opportunities to respond to site and climate potentials:
a deep demand for Earth’s other limited resources: within the United States,
factors such as orientation, wind patterns, and nearby resources are generally
buildings alone devour approximately one-third of the country’s energy
dismissed. Although the small percentage of homes representing custom
2|3
homes may take these factors into more consideration, these residences are
shift in climate change evident around the globe. Phoenix, for instance, is
often much more costly. Lately, the housing market is dominated by loss-of-
predicted to head towards even more drastic year-round temperatures with an
identity residences due to repetition, as well as a disregard for climate.
estimated 10 degree Fahrenheit increase by 2100—this will subject Phoenix to an environment much more symptomatic to that of Kuwait City. ²
It is essential to make humankind and its byproducts less reliant on Earth’s limited resources to extend life for future generations. Stemming from an ethical
Particular areas of interest for this research include developing strategies for
stance that the built environment ought to be more considerate and cautious of
minimizing heat gain (such as through appropriately addressing orientation),
the resources used during its lifetime, as well as how long the duration of that
incorporating passive elements or other systems for temperature control,
lifetime lasts, I firmly strive to bridge the gap between economic-driven developer
redefining and transforming expected room types, and architecturally
homes and the often costly sustainability-driven custom homes. Having lived
defining these tactics in an aesthetically pleasing manner. Additionally,
in Arizona my entire life, I am especially conscious of the meager resources
these environmental design strategies will transform a number of current
readily available in desert climates and the preciousness of those resources,
standardized aspects and features of residential housing in terms of necessity
particularly in the harshness of summer. This thesis will define a new typology
and functionality. Ultimately, this thesis strives to reconcile the gap between
for desert residences that optimizes the opportunities of the environment. It is
highly technological, sustainable residences and the developer housing
vital to develop the future typology of desert residences due to the dramatic
modules while tapping into the already exiting module of production housing.
THE EQUATION
ANTITHESIS: Market-Driven Developer Housing + THESIS: Responsive Desert Residences
living, houses are much more detached from their environment with their forms not needing to be as responsive to the climatic forces imposed upon them. This places an excessive burden on energy demands in order to maintain
=
these controlled environments. With the ability to fine-tune the ‘bubbles’ people
SYNTHESIS: Redefining the Typology of Desert Residences in a
live within, there is less of a requirement to be linked to one’s surroundings.
Competitive Market
However, this disconnect affects individuals’ health, emotions, and physical well-being.
ANTITHESIS: Market-Driven Developer Housing
-Homes are not contextual in terms of topography, orientation, and integration
The ‘market’ encompasses trends and customers or consumers. In this case,
into the more natural or existing environment. Part of this is due to developers
what people desire to be included in the spaces they reside in impacts the
striving to reach a certain density of homes in the community to maximize
square footage of future housing development, the number and size of rooms,
their profit on the land purchased. Furthermore, there is a strong disregard for
etc. Additionally, the developer has to pay close attention to the listing prices
context when a palette of models is placed almost randomly not only throughout
of properties and houses in order to appeal to a wider audience. This, in turn,
a neighborhood development, but also across several developments not even
causes developers to be keenly aware of budget and construction costs to
in the same city.
achieve desired gross profit margins. -Programmatically, the homes are not designed to be situational. The specificity The three main issues of this typology include:
of what activities occur in which rooms or locations are integrated into the
-Technology separates the users from their environment. For example, with the
design and incredibly evident in floor plans. This lack of flexibility negates the
invention of air conditioning, which is a huge amenity for comfortable desert
4|5
ability to alter lifestyle changes over the course of the year or several years.
THESIS: Responsive Desert Residences
SYNTHESIS: Redefining the Typology of Desert Residences in a Competitive Market
Desert residences respond to and take advantage of the nuances of their
Through redefining residences in the Sonoran Desert, a firmer connection
nearby surroundings in order to connect their users to the environment while
between home buyers and their environment is created while still providing
still enabling them to live comfortably. In many cases, passive cooling systems
adequate profit potential for developers is achieved. This will instill a greater
or indoor-outdoor spaces are included to emphasize the relationship people
appreciation for the desert context and climate while still including the lifestyle
have to the climate while simultaneously reducing the energy burden.
amenities they desire.
This typology address the three main issues of the antithesis through:
This new typology will incorporate:
-The technology incorporated into these desert residences responds to the
-Technology will forge interior-exterior environments based on the desert climate
intricacies of the desert and extends that environment rather than establishing
to maximize each inhabitant’s experience. Other home automation systems can
a separate bubble. Methods such as passive cooling and indoor-outdoor
help users chart their energy and water consumption usage in order to further
connections improves individuals’ health and physical well-being since a
promote a symbiotic relationship with their environment. Energy demand will be
stronger relationship with the outside environment is a priority.
targeted by relying more on passive systems for thermal control, lessening the demand for typical heating and cooling systems, which would reduce residents’
-Topography, orientation, and integration are respected and focused on in terms
electric bills.
of how the homes are placed on each site and impact existing ecosystems. Minimal disturbance of each site allows for a higher percentage of existing
-A balance between density (which maintains a developer’s financial well-being
features such as washes, flora, and fauna to remain. Likewise, three strategies
and ability to stay in business) with context (exhibiting a sensitivity towards
of manifesting energy goals include adjusting window sizes, specifying wall
the environment) will need to be achieved. Models will respond directly to
and roof thicknesses, and modifying roof overhangs for adequate shading.
orientation and different topography situations.
-Living spaces are designed to be situational or seasonal. For example, interior
-Exhibiting the different situations that can occur in flexible spaces or rooms will
rooms can be opened up to become exterior spaces in the spring or fall or
resonate with prospective home buyers allowing them to more easily adapt to
rooms may change programs to take advantage of enhanced climatic features
lifestyle changes.
such as light quality, breezes, etc.
CHRONOLOGY: SONORAN DESERT RESIDENCES
400 AD Several Tribes: Lean-To
828-1126 AD Puebloan Peoples: Pueblo Bonito
400-1300 AD Anasazi: Pithouse
~850 AD Apache: Wickiup
~450 AD Yuma: Kiich
Social/Lifestyle Technology/Amenities 6|7
Materials Innovation
1100-1450 AD Hohokam: Casa Grande
1000-1450 AD Puebloan Peoples: Taos Pueblo
1914 AD Mary Colter: Lookout Studio
1940s Outdoor Living
1950s Cookie Cutter Homes
1920s California Bungalow
1937 AD Frank Lloyd Wright: Taliesin West
1952 Ranch Style
1900 AD
Key Typology
1100-1425 AD Sinagua People (Hohokam): Montezuma Castle
1950s Relief from A/C
~1400-1525 AD DinĂŠ (Navajo): Hogan
1956 Mobile Homes
1960s Included Appliances
1954 Maryvale
1630s-1680 AD Puebloan Peoples: Pecos Mission Estancia
1900 AD
2020 AD
2020s Future Predictions
2008 Home Offices
1964 The Triad (Case Study Apartments #1)
1990s Great Rooms
2010s Building Health
1990s McMansions
2010s Courtyard Houses
2010s Micro Dwellings/Small(er) Home Movement
CHRONOLOGY: SONORAN DESERT RESIDENCES
“Before the era of abundant and inexpensive energy supplies, there were practices of architecture and planning--evolved out of necessity--that reflected an acute awareness of the climatic and topographic conditions particular to a site or region.” ³ As evidenced throughout history, represented in this horizontal timeline, early inhabitants of the Sonoran Desert relied strongly on nearby materials for construction of their homes. Many of them incorporated protection from the elements and the cooling capabilities thereof by being either somewhat subterranean or by using natural geologic features such as cliff sides. Others that did not have these opportunities often implemented a frameworklike structure covered with mud or brush. At the beginning, these homes were generally modest, single room structures.
Puebloan Peoples: Pueblo Bonito 828-1126 AD This village consisted of 800 rooms over multiple levels built with massive masonry walls, some of which were three feet thick. 8|9
Several Tribes: Lean-To These temporary structures were quickly made using readily available materials in that location. Its main purpose was to block exposure from the elements and some predators while sleeping.
Apache: Wickiup First seen approximately 850 AD Made with a fork-stick frame, this five-sided pyramid was often covered with adobe, dirt, or clay for protection.
Anasazi: Pithouse 400-1300 AD These were excavated into the earth from 1 inch to more than three feet deep, and had a flat framework roof and ladder for access.
Yuma: Kiich First seen approximately 450 AD Used as a winter shelter covered with brush and yucca fiber, theses were dug two feet into the ground to provide some insulation.
Puebloan Peoples: Taos Pueblo 1000-1450 AD This multi-story complex was made of adobe walls several feet thick, with each home containing only two rooms with connecting terraces.
Sinagua People (Hohokam): Montezuma Castle 1100-1425 AD Situated high in a natural alcove within the cliff side, this five story design was achieved with limestone chunks mortared with mud.
CHRONOLOGY: SONORAN DESERT RESIDENCES
As techniques developed, larger structures became the norm. Multi-story residences were more common by using sturdier materials less impacted by weather such as caliche, stonework, and bricks, thereby creating more permanent structures.
More variances in form are noted with the earlier structures because they were handmade. More recent ones are more orthogonal or regularized with the use of standardized materials. As single-family homes become more in demand, new amenities are introduced and become expected, such as electricity, outdoor living spaces, and indoor plumbing fixtures. Hohokam: Casa Grande 1100-1450 AD Caliche allowed for the structures to be more durable and built higher, as in the case of this four story ‘Big House.’
Mary Colter: Lookout Studio 1914 AD A home and nearby park structures around the Grand Canyon used on-site irregularly-shaped stones and filled gaps in with soil. 10 | 11
California Bungalow 1920s Kit houses and mass production houses replace individual craftsmanship. The majority of houses include electricity and a detached garage. Kitchen and living rooms are separated, and radios are the centerpiece of living rooms.
DinĂŠ (Navajo): Hogan First seen approximately between 1400 and 1525 AD These domed mounds were constructed with wood and then covered with mud and turf, consisting of a single room without any windows.
Puebloan Peoples: Pecos Mission Estancia 1630s-1680 AD These brick structures were both a corral and a house. Self-draining patios, open to the sky, are surrounded by rooms.
Frank Lloyd Wright: Taliesin West 1937 AD Many of the structures were made by framing local desert rocks and concrete into wood formwork in combination with redwood.
Outdoor Living 1940s Backyards became the outdoor living room of homes. Most homes had 3-4 bedrooms, with half of homes having a full bathroom. Attached garages began to appear.
CHRONOLOGY: SONORAN DESERT RESIDENCES
Technological innovations begin to shape the functions and requirements of homes, such as televisions redefining living spaces and air conditioning now being available in the residential market.
In particular, more recent homes have the benefit of air conditioning; these houses are much more detached from their environment with their forms not needing to be as responsive to the climatic forces imposed upon them. In addition, the structure and envelope of more recent homes have become thinner as a response to the efficient materials now at builders’ disposal.
Cookie Cutter Homes 1950s The first color TV appeared and became the center of the average home, which was 1,100 sqft and $7,354. Approximately 2 million homes were built in a single year within the US to accommodate the growing population.4
Maryvale Initiated by John F. Long and planned by Victor Gruen 1954 This was the first relative of Levittown to appear in Arizona. A house was able to be completed in six days, allowing roughly 100 families to move into this suburb 12 | 13
each week.
Mobile Homes 1956 Mobile lifestyles were sought after with the new highway systems. Ten foot wide homes titled “Mobile Homes” became an inexpensive form of housing designed to be moved, set up, and left in a location for periods of time.
Relief from A/C 1950s Mass-produced, low-cost window air conditioners made their way to residential homes in the 1950s, but it is not until the 1970s that two-thirds of homes have central air conditioning.5
Ranch Style Ralph Haver: Marlen Grove 1952 These modest, one story single family homes often have a pitched roof, shaded porch or patio, and carport area. Living rooms became multipurpose rooms with surrounding communal spaces.
Included Appliances 1960s Dishwashers, washers, dryers, refrigerators, TVs, and other major appliances were commonplace in homes. Living rooms were more private and moved to the back of the home. Garages were a dominant feature of floor plans.
The Triad (Case Study Apartments #1) Al Beadle 1964 The only Arts & Architecture Case Study program project built in Arizona featured units facing a central courtyard which were each 840 sqft and contain a living room, kitchen, bedroom, study-bedroom, and bath.
CHRONOLOGY: SONORAN DESERT RESIDENCES
Growing demands for space and specific room types escalated in recent decades, including great rooms, home offices, larger kitchens, and walk-in closets. With that, the prices also continued to inflate.
More recently, concerns for building health have entered into public discussion which is impacting the types of building materials used, increasing builder-owner communication as well as design decisions to better connect the users with nature for the associated health benefits such as comfort, air quality, and lighting.
Great Rooms 1990s This singular unified space combines the functions of several traditional room spaces (the family room, the living room, the study, etc.) They typically are at or near the center of the house and have higher ceilings.
Building Health 2010s Increased public awareness of the health impacts of buildings makes its way to all sectors, but homeowners focus on decisions that impact their health, comfort, and 14 | 15
well-being in design and construction decisions.8
Courtyard Houses 2010s This typology makes a reappearance as central courtyards with the house wrapped around it provides “air, light, privacy, security, and tranquility.�9 It is more in demand in urban environments for establishing an internal focus.
McMansions 1990s American homes were an average of 1,905 sqft with a price tag of $79,100. 6 Fireplaces returned to popularity, kitchens grew tremendously, and walk-in closets became more popular.
Home Offices 2008 The recession combined with technological advancements making telecommunication easier prompted more individuals to work from home. Even though newer homes were smaller, home office spaces were in demand.7
Micro Dwellings/Small(er) Home Movement 2010s Most new houses are smaller than the previous decade even though the costs swell to an average of $272,900. 10 Open floor plans with multipurpose living rooms become common and garages are converted.
Future Predictions 2020s Houses are three times the size of 1900’s homes. Two master bedrooms are common with other bedrooms becoming specialized storage. Water and energy conservation systems are mainstream with automated tech homes booming.
16 | 17
CASE STUDIES
CASE STUDY: DOGON COUNTRY
Location
Additionally, the doorways are often recessed with the windows being limited
Dogon Country, Mali
in size. Occasionally, some pieces of wood are integrated into the facade to
South-central Mali
establish small shading elements above windows. For circulation purposes, aside from the main, open streets, there are small, covered underground
Climate Region: warm, semi-arid Average yearly temperature: 28.1 °C (82.6 °F)
Social Aspects
Summer: average temperature 32.9 °C (91.2 °F)
Some niches on the facades of the villages’ buildings have been adopted to
Winter: coldest month is January with an average temperature of
shelter objects. Oftentimes, these buildings are owned by an individual who has
22.9°C (73.2 °F)
an altar inside (generally because they are either a twin or left-handed). These
Predominant winds: dusty and sandy winds from the northeast and east
niches serve religious purposes for the village as an offering place or shrine.
cover the cities in a fine layer of dust between December and February Average annual precipitation: 483 mm (19 inches) with most rain falling
July to September. As a result, there are recurring droughts and brushfires during the remainder of the year. Additionally, the Niger River floods.11 Geography Over 289 villages are scattered among three natural regions of this area: the sandstone plateau, escarpment, and plains. 12 Architecture’s Climatic Response Some of the buildings in the villages of Dogon typically resemble a cube-like shape with rounded edges and some courtyards in the center. Since stones were not available, the main structure was supplied by an availability of palm wood, resulting in the homes and other buildings in this area being more substantial in size. Mud bricks were utilized as the substructure with smoother mud plastered over the interior and exterior to seal the envelope.
Incorporated into the facades are pilasters, which not only aid for structural purposes, but also create self-shading facades on all sides. The thickened parts of the walls in these areas mitigate the amount of heat transfered inside and the time it would take for the heat to pass through to the interior. 18 | 19
passageways that connect some houses.
Pilasters and cantilevered wooden awnings are expressed on the facades to self-shade the residences. Additionally, the openings such as windows and doors are recessed to be in shade. Some niches are re-purposed or intentionally incorporated into facades for religious purposes.
CASE STUDY: THATTA
Location
rooms. To promote air circulation through heating up a specific room or zone,
Thatta, Pakistan
two ventilators are strategically placed, one in the kitchen with three fireplaces
Western corner of South Asia
and the other in a storage room.
Climate
In order to fine-tune the temperature to the many users’ wishes, there are
Region: tropical/subtropical
several doors and windows for each room that can regulate the flow of air
Average yearly temperature: 21.8 °C (71.2 °F)
through simply adjusting each aperture’s openness. To prevent cooler air from
Summer: average temperature 32.4 °C (90.3 °F)
escaping the compounds, the openings on the exterior perimeter made of
Winter: coldest month is January with an average temperature of
thickened mud walls, are restricted in size.
10.1°C (50.2 °F) Predominant winds: warm winds from the southwest are the strongest and most
Social Aspects
frequent. Monsoons are common starting mid-February through September.
The coolest zones in the house are located underneath these wind catchers,
Colder winds blow from the north during the winter months.
and are where family members and guests tend to socially gather. Thus, this
Average annual precipitation: 713 mm (28 inches) with most rain falling in the
thermodynamic system becomes a “theater of sociability and emotional
months of July, August, and September
warmth.” 14 The central space which doubles as a courtyard is likely to be the
13
center of activity and assembly. Geography Thatta’s topography is fairly flat until it reaches the mountains to the west. The Arabian Sea to the southwest cools summer winds. To the east, the Indus River helps the plains and farmlands surrounding it to stay fertile.
Architecture’s Climatic Response The city of Thatta has adapted their version of wind catchers to aid in cooling the spaces through natural ventilation. Many consist of three solid panels and a post, or series of posts, to stabilize the structures which are incorporated into the tallest story of the house or into the roof. The ‘cap’ of the structure is intentionally angled to help direct the cool summer winds downward into the home while blocking cold winter winds.
In many cases, including this house for twenty-two members of an extended family (see images), each wind catcher services a dedicated room or pair of 20 | 21
Main social areas and bedrooms are serviced by cooling towers; secondary service zones are adjacent. The compound takes advantage of the kitchen’s generated heat, propelling air movement via its ventilation tower.
CASE STUDY: MATMATA
Location
Architecture’s Climatic Response
Matmata, Tunisia
In order to shelter themselves from the sweltering sun and harsh dust storms,
Southern Tunisia
the people of Matmata first began digging caves. Soon, this evolved into a full housing unit with a circular, square, or rectangular courtyard in the middle dug
Climate
to a depth of around 30 to 40 feet to protect itself from the sun. Rooms were
Region: warm, semi-arid
carved around the perimeter of the courtyard and extended further into the
Average yearly temperature: 20.4 °C (68.7 °F)
earth. By sinking adjacent rooms lower than the courtyard, the room or series
Summer: average temperature 29.0 °C (84.2 °F)
of rooms would be naturally cooler. The kitchen would be a room directly off
Winter: coldest month is January with an average temperature of
of or within the courtyard in order to help ventilate the smoke and smells from
11.3°C (52.3 °F)
cooking. 16
Predominant winds: strong sandy northeastern winds with frequent dust storms Average annual precipitation: 156 mm (6.14 inches) with the majority of rain
Social Aspects
falling in October
With subterranean houses, this village is very isolated from its surroundings with
15
the only evidence of life from a distance being smoke rising from the courtyards. Geography
It is easier to accommodate a growing family within each residence because
Matmata falls within the realm of the Sahara Desert and the Jebil National Park
more rooms could be dug out for additional space.
is immediately to the southwest of this village. The area is a barren desert with little to no vegetation or topography.
22 | 23
Subterranean compounds are dug down 30’ to 40’ for shading purposes. Rooms off of the central courtyard are sunk lower than this central space for more cooling benefits; this household could easily expand by carving more rooms.
CASE STUDY: JUWAIN
Location
particular for spanning and supporting the roof. Many villages throughout the
Juwain, Afghanistan
Middle East, including Juwain, construct ribless vaults and domes exclusively
Part of the Farah Province, western Afghanistan
with mud and without any scaffolding. 18 The domed roof provides a unique opportunity if it is vented at the top: the negative pressure at the top of the
Climate
dome draws warm air from its surroundings.
Region: hot, semi-arid Average yearly temperature: 20.0 °C (68.0 °F)
In this case, air is channeled from the open courtyards through the larger
Summer: average temperature 33.6 °C (92.48 °F)
arched entrances and into a series of rooms with domes until the air reaches
Winter: coldest month is January with an average temperature of 7.4°C
a vent where it is released. This movement of air cools the inhabitants in the
(45.32 °F)
sequenced spaces. Although some of the domes have cutout openings at the
Predominant winds: strong monsoon north-west/northern winds occur on the
top, others project vertically into the air which can act as small wind catchers
Tibetan Plateau from December to April, with calmer winds from June to October
or chimneys.
Average annual precipitation: 80 mm (3.15 inches) with most rain falling in February (1.2 inches) 17
Social Aspects The gridded organization of the village encourages linear growth which can
Geography
respond to growing family sizes as well as larger spikes in the overall population.
The Registan Desert is located in southwestern Afghanistan and is a sandy, hilly
With intersected rows of rooms, courtyards are framed which can be shared by
desert with very little vegetation.
a single family or several families.
Architecture’s Climatic Response Few trees in the area limit the architectural methods that can be used, in
24 | 25
A series of rectilinear rooms all have domes as their roofs with several having openings at the top to draw warm air from their surroundings as a ventilation tower would. Linear growth is accommodated leaving voids acting as semi-public squares.
CONTEMPORARY EXAMPLES
With innovations, the principles involved in indigenous architecture has been less critical as the same or better results have been achieved through developing new materials. However, as the environmental and energy-related demands of buildings continue to rise, new systems, methods, and materials are being and will continue to be developed.
In many regards, wall systems and roof envelopes have been a key focus to reduce thermal conductivity to stabilize interior temperatures and heating/cooling capacity within thinner membranes.
Architectural firm Kieran Timberlake values its own research and development division as part of its practice. One method this group uses to diagnose and improve building performance as well as make it more environmentally responsive is through wireless sensor networks which provide real-time data. Additionally, their investigation of new materials and construction methods
Shading Brooks+Scarpa: Solar Umbrella House To mitigate heat transfer to the interior, shading systems are used to reflect or absorb heat. Solar panels make up a solar canopy, not only screening large portions of the house from direct exposure to the sun, but also generating energy.
have ranged in a variety of approaches which directly address reducing the environmental impact of construction. 19
Expansions on the current realm of materials and assemblies of construction are inherent to developing new systems that respond more adequately to the climate of the Sonoran Desert. Distilling part of this thesis research down into six categories will aid in distinguishing upcoming product or system unveiling as to whether they are beneficial to incorporate into the ultimately designed system. These include: shading, radiant barriers, ventilated facades, phasechange materials, thermal mass, and future research and development.
26 | 27
Phase-Change Materials ASUNM: SHADE Solar Decathlon Phase change materials can ‘trick’ the system to behave as a thermal mass system. These materials exchange energy with its surroundings in order to meet the requirements to change from solid to liquid states, or vise versa.
Radiant Barriers Typically installed in unconditioned attics These barriers have a highly reflective surface that inhibits heat transfer via thermal radiation. They are more effective in hot climates, but require an air cavity adjacent to their reflective side in order to work effectively.
Ventilated Facades Sumart DiseĂąo y Arquitectura SAS: Bloque Termodisipador BT Allowing air to pass through or behind a facade system reduces the amount of heat that can enter the building. This ceramic block has a unique angled profile that protects the brick from solar radiation and the transfer of heat.20
Thermal Mass Richärd+Bauer: Environment + Natural Resources Building II Thermal mass relates to a material’s ability to absorb and store heat, typically with a high density material like concrete or block. This can also apply to programs that act as thermal buffers, such as storage and utilities.
Research and Development It is of utmost importance for more research and development groups to investigate tackling issues related to how buildings can more effectively respond, reflect, and protect themselves from their environments.
28 | 29
ANTITHESIS
THE DEVELOPER HOME
Levittown, the first large suburban development, appeared in the early 1950s in New York, and represented the “paradigmatic postwar American suburb.” 21 Postwar, there was a high demand for housing, and William Levitt and his company Levitt & Sons capitalized on this market by limiting housing choices whereby cookie-cutter houses were constructed quickly and economically.
They created affordable, small, single-family houses targeting the middle-class which presented a new vision of American life: neighborhoods with a ‘village center’ for shopping, schools, and other
necessities. Additionally, personalized amenities were granted which included yards, privacy, garages, and more formal living room types compared to the cramped, multi-unit apartment buildings in which many of these families used to reside. As a result, there was a massive demand for Levittown-type houses, spurring similar additional housing developments. Ultimately, this became the prototype for American suburbs seen today.
The first relative of Levittown to appear in Arizona was in 1954 with the suburb of Maryvale, initiated by John F. Long and planned by Victor Gruen. Keenly aware of the economics of the development, they managed to complete a house construction every six days, moving 100 families into the neighborhood each week. A center was also designated within Maryvale which included a shopping mall, theater, hospital, post office, and “at it’s heart, a 14-acre park with a library, community center, and pool” 22 which helped break up the monotony of repetitive streets and houses. In order to attract more potential buyers, there was an initial home sales launch (right image).
30 | 31
DEVELOPER FINANCES
The front that developers portray to their clients have a tendency to mention quality construction, excellent brand partners, energy efficiency, getting/saving more of one’s money, and providing an exceptional home-buying experience. However, one of the key core values that developers share is be financially driven to obtain high profit margins.
Developer
Beazer Homes
Calatlantic Group
Region includes:
Arizona
Phoenix
California
CA Bay Area
Nevada
S. California
The developers outlined in the right chart include those that are publicly held and explicitly state which region that includes Arizona. The
information was obtained from each company’s latest Form 10-K filings with the Securities Exchange Commission showing financial results for their most
Texas
recent fiscal year. 23
Inland Empire Sacramento San Diego
Within some of the business background information, profit is clearly outlined
S CA Coastal
in their strategies: Hovnanian Enterprises states “We focus on achieving high return on invested capital” 24 while Lennar Corporation remarks that “Our homebuilding mission is focused on the profitable development of these
Region’s home sale revenues
$817,971,000
$1,355,154,000
residential communities.” 25 Gross profit % on home sales for region 21.6%
**
Key points to note include: -The average regional home sale revenues for their latest fiscal year is $829,255,000.
Gross profit % on home sales for the
17.1%
22.4%
# of homes sold
2,508
2,088
Average selling price per home
$326,100
$640,000
Change in average selling price from
9.1%
7.0%
company
-The average gross profit achieved on home sales both regionally and for these companies is 19%. -The average number of homes sold within the region by each company was 1,981 with an average price of $383,230 per home.
prior year Note ** information not available 32 | 33
# of active selling subdivisions
**
85
Hovnanian
KB Home
Enterprises
Lennar
M.D.C. Holdings
Corporation
(Richmond America)
Meritage Homes
Pulte Group
Taylor Morrison
TRI Pointe Group
Home Corporation
(Maracay Homes)
Arizona
Arizona
Arizona
Arizona
Arizona
Arizona
Arizona
Phoenix, Arizona
Texas
Nevada
Colorado
California
California
California
Sacramento, CA
Texas
Nevada
Colorado
Nevada
Bay Area, CA
New Mexico
Southern CA
Washington
Denver, Colorado
Washington
Chicago, Illinois
$823,853,000
$398,200,000
$1,191,456,000
**
18.4%
20.3%
17.5%
16.3%
2,263
$915,259,000
$325,371,000 (AZ) $1,189,921,000
$1,089,719,000
**
18.0%
15.6%
15.0%
19.7%
19.0%
23.3%
18.3%
21.1%
1,311
3,719
753 (AZ)
1,008 (AZ)
3,141
2,539
480
$363,399
$284,600
$320,000
$292,400 (AZ)
$322,800 (AZ)
$379,000
$517,000
$387,000
16.1%
5.0%
11.1%
6.3%
-2.9%
86
247 (for company)
128
32
41 (AZ)
**
-5.9%
620 (for company)
$185,645,000
**
-4.3%
2.0%
70
17
CURRENT HOUSEHOLD DATA
To better understand the associated factors single-family homes have according to their climate and amenities, it is vital to understand what portion of the housing stock are single family homes as well as their energy demands.
The U.S. Energy Information Administration provides comprehensive data summaries on energy usage nationwide. The thorough collection of data allows for several aspects of household data such as: energy usage by end use, number of rooms, average square feet, types of appliances used, etc.
The data shown is representative of information collected in 2009 by the U.S. Energy Information Administration. 26 Division Map Southern Mountain Zone (SMZ) includes: Arizona, Nevada, and New Mexico Single Family Houses Arizona: 1.5 million Southern Mountain Zone: 2.7 million
U.S.: 71.8 million 34 | 35
Energy Consumption: Household Yearly Averages
Household sites in the U.S. used 89.6 million BTUs
Suppositions Ideally, this thesis can directly impact the 1.5 million homes in Arizona. With
kWh
Household sites in the SMZ used 74.2 million BTUs
a similar climate to Nevada and New Mexico, the principles and processes are transferable to a scale of 2.7 million single-family homes. Although the applicability of this research correlates with hot-dry climates, other research
Household sites in Arizona used 65.9 million BTUs
could expand the scope of redefining single family homes to 71.8 million homes within the U.S.
Arizona households used 26% less energy in 2009 compared to the national average which may be in part due to space cooling being less energy intensive compared to space heating. Consumption by End-Use
Space Heating Appliances, Electronics, and Lighting Water Heating Air Conditioning
U.S. 41% of nation-wide energy use within residences goes towards space heating. Figures for water heating and appliances are fairly steady across the board.
Southern Mountain Zone The states of Arizona, Nevada, and New Mexico as a whole dedicate 25% of their energy to heating and 17% to air conditioning.
Arizona 25% of energy in Arizona residences is for air conditioning which is four times the national average. Space heating only consumes 15% of energy use.
CURRENT HOUSEHOLD DATA
A snapshot of what the average Arizona household contains in terms
Average Energy Expenditures
of square footage, number and type of rooms, and appliances aid the decision in site selections. By comparing the average square footages per household to other scales of references, it helps to ensure that some of the principles can be transferred to other single-family
2,024
1,892
1,959
~230 billion
7.54 billion
4.46 billion
per household
per household
total
residences.
This also provides a foundation for re-imagining how the appliances
U.S.
per household
total
total
SMZ
AZ
could work and how they could be paired with responsive climatic Average Square Footages per Household
systems.
The data shown is representative of information collected in 2009 by the U.S. Energy Information Administration. 27
1,971 sqft
1,751 sqft
1,798 sqft
U.S.
SMZ
AZ
Number of Rooms per Arizona Household
1 2 3 4 5+ Bedrooms 69% of Arizona homes have either 2 or 3 bedrooms. 36 | 37
Bathrooms 65% of Arizona homes have 2 bathrooms.
Other Rooms Other rooms could include: kitchen, living room, dining room, home office, etc.
Appliance Usage in Arizona Households
Stove 83% of Arizona households use their stoves.
Air Conditioning More than 90% of Arizona households use air conditioning, with 86% of homes having central air conditioning.
Oven 91% of Arizona households use their ovens.
Programmable Thermostats 48% of Arizona households have a programmable thermostat.
Refrigerator 74% of Arizona households use one refrigerator, 26% of homes use two or more refrigerators.
Clothes Washer 91% of Arizona households use their clothes washers.
Dishwasher 70% of Arizona households use their dishwashers.
Clothes Dryer 83% of Arizona households use their clothes dryers.
38 | 39
ADDITIONAL FORCES
CLIMATIC FORCES
Understanding Phoenix’s and Arizona’s historical and current climate
Phoenix Wind Rose N
is pertinent to determine what current trends and projected climate
35 mph
conditions the state will undergo. This helps determine the architectural
30 mph
implications which will need to be re-adapted and incorporated.
25 mph
81° - 100 °
20 mph 15 mph
American Society of Heating and Air-Conditioning Engineers standards
10 mph
were used for gathering data and determining the baselines for human
5 mph
comfort standards. 28 Additionally, studies released by the National
69° - 80° 32°-68°
W
E
Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration have established the U.S. Climate Extremes Index in order to summarize and present complex data regarding climate changes in the United States in ways that could be easily understood by nonspecialists. 29
Phoenix Temperature Range (2012 data) S 110°
Wind Snapshot
100° Winter The majority of the cold winter winds come from the east (55° to 145°) at about 15 mph. Southwesterly winds (235° to 270°) enter the site between 20 and 25 mph but are less frequent.
90° 80° 70°
Spring Strong, chilly winds come from the southeast (90° to 145°) at about 20 mph. Warmer western winds (255° to 285°) enter the site between 20 and 30 mph but are less frequent.
60° 50° 40°
Summer Winds are less active but the coolest breezes come from the east (75° to 125°).
Design High Average High Mean Average Low Design Low 40 | 41
Comfort Zones Summer Winter
DEC
NOV
OCT
SEP
AUG
JULY
JUNE
MAY
APR
FEB
JAN
20°
MAR
30°
Fall Winds are less active but the coolest breezes come from the east (55° to 125°). Warm breezes enter from the other directions between 10 and 20 mph, approximately.
Arizona Residential Energy Demand Temperature Index (REDTI)
80
5025
60
4825
4625
40
80-100 Index
Total Degree Days
5225
REDTI
100
60-79 Index 40-59 Index 20-39 Index 0-19 Index
4425
20
2015
2010
2005
2000
1995
1990
1985
1980
1975
1970
1965
1960
1955
1950
1945
1940
1935
1930
1925
1920
1915
1910
1905
1900
1900
0
1895
9-Point Average
Year Basis of Study The Residential Energy Demand Temperature Index (REDTI) is based on population weighted (based on 2000 census figures) heating and cooling degree days. It visualizes year-to-year fluctuations in the energy demand for residential heating and cooling. Energy consumption increases as the number of heating and cooling degree days increases and falls as the number of heating and cooling degree days falls (in other words, when the temperatures fall within the comfort zone). Changes in the REDTI can provide a good indication of the nation's fluctuating energy demands. The REDTI is calculated using the sum of population weighted Heating Degree Days (HDD) and Cooling Degree Days (CDD) (using 65 degrees as a base), to provide retrospective information on the impact of seasonal temperatures on residential energy demand from 1895 to the present. To simplify year-to-year comparisons, the index is scaled from 0 to 100. An index of 100 is assigned to the year with the greatest population weighted degree day average while the year with the smallest degree day average receives an index of 0.30
REDTI Supposition As the number of heating degree and cooling degree days increases, this indicates that the seasons are experiencing more extreme weather which is associated with the index number. Over the past 120 years, there has been an average REDTI index of 49.2 (approximately 4719 total degree days). As the 9-point binomial average reveals, there appears to be an upwards trend over 1895-2015 in terms of the number of total degrees days each year. However, it appears that the average over the past 25 years was around the 55 index (4775 total degree days) which is higher than the average 120 year index.
Arizona Cooling Degree Days
Cooling Degree Days in Fahrenheit (CDD)
3200
3000
3000+ CDD 2800-2999 CDD
2800 2600-2799 CDD 2400-2599 CDD
2600
2200-2399 CDD 2400
2015
2010
2005
2000
1995
1990
1985
1980
1975
1970
1965
1960
1955
1950
1945
1940
1935
1930
1925
1920
1915
1910
1905
1900
1900
2200
1895
Data Average
Year Cooling Degree Days Cooling degree days are a measure of how much (in degrees Fahrenheit), and for how many days, the outside air temperature was above 65°F. These values are commonly used for calculating the energy consumption of a building(s) in order to cool it to a comfortable level for its inhabitants.
Supposition A clear trend has occurred over the past 120 years: the yearly Arizona climate has become warmer since 1895 and summers have becoming more extreme as implied by the REDTI graph. This graph also indicates that cooling has been heavily relied on even more recently and reveals the importance of residences and other buildings providing adequate and efficient cooling systems. However, this also indicates that Arizona and potentially other hot-arid climates that are experiencing similar temperature increases will consume more energy in order to maintain acceptable comfort levels.
42 | 43
Arizona Heating Degree Days
2400+ HDD 2400 2200-2399 HDD 2200
2000-2199 HDD 1800-1999 HDD
2000
1600-1799 HDD 1800
2015
2010
2005
2000
1995
1990
1985
1980
1975
1970
1965
1960
1955
1950
1945
1940
1935
1930
1925
1920
1915
1910
1905
1900
1900
1600
Data Average
1895
Heating Degree Days in Fahrenheit (HDD)
2600
Year Heating Degree Days Heating degree days are a measure of how much (in degrees Fahrenheit), and for how many days, the outside air temperature was below 65°F. These values are commonly used for calculating the energy consumption of a building(s) in order to heat it to a comfortable level for its inhabitants.
Supposition Paired with the previous graph, this indicates that the yearly Arizona climate is becoming warmer and not experiencing both extreme summers and winters as the REDTI graph indicated. Instead, winters are becoming milder. Inhabitants have become less reliant on heat for comfort levels, yet still require this amenity. The lowest value of Heating Degree Days over the past 120 years was just above 1600 HDD.
TECHNOLOGY AND PRIVACY
“Smart,” “Connected,” and “Intelligent” homes are now tag lines seen in the market related to home automation systems. Promoted as
systems in place, increased energy savings are possible, especially when systems go into standby modes when no one is in the house.
simplifying life by increasing homes’ intelligences includes technology that controls door locks, window coverings, appliances, lighting, and
Despite access to new data, privacy issues related to these products is a global
room temperature with the tap on a smart-phone or with a voice
concern. Privacy risk and security concerns were among the top barriers to
command.
buying not only smart home devices, but also wearable fitness monitors and smartwatches for almost half (47 percent) of the 28,000 online respondents in
“Security is the number one driver for what we’re calling the smart
28 countries, including the United States. Yet, of those who either own or plan
home,” said Mitchell Klein of Boston, a veteran in the home automation
to buy such devices, 69 percent say they know that these products are capable
industry. However, the security aspect does not only address break-
of being hacked. 33
31
ins and burglar alarms; feeling safe with smoke detectors, lighting
sensors, and notifications on who is home currently all provide peace of mind
However, another downfall of these technologies is that they often cannot
to customers. This peace of mind has become more sought after as shown by
communicate with each other. Some products will connect via Wi-Fi, others by
a CEDIA report released in October of 2015 regarding the residential electronic
Bluetooth, and some through other wireless communication networks. If the
systems industry: “After seeing the gross revenues drop between 2011 and
products in a house do not all use the same means of communicating the
2012 to just over $1.2 million, companies have enjoyed three straight years of
data to a computer or smart-phone, they cannot communicate to each other.
revenue growth that is projected to top $2.5 million by the end of this year.”
Additionally, several applications then need to be monitored in order to access
32
and control all the home devices. These installations referred to in the report included video surveillance, security cameras, and alarm systems. Energy management or monitoring systems made up 27 percent of U.S. installations in 2015. With more energy monitoring
Privacy and Security Issues Of 28,000 online respondents from 28 countries, including the United States:
47% stated privacy risk and security concerns
were among the top barriers
to buying smart home devices, wearable fitness monitors or smart-watches 44 | 45
69% stated these products are capable of being hacked
Trends in Smart Home Technology Smart Thermostats Nest and other smart thermostats can be programmed to adjust the temperature when they sense you are in a certain room or zone. When no one is in the house, it shifts to standby mode yet can be adjusted remotely via a smart-phone.
Smart Smoke Detectors Birdi and others can detect smoke and carbon dioxide, as well as monitor air quality. The new sensor technology can also tell the difference between a real fire and burnt toast.
Smart Sprinkler Control Smart sprinkler controllers like Rachio Iro are programmable by computer or smart phone, but can also automatically adjust how often you water your lawn based on the season and the weather forecasts.
Smart Solar Panels Smart solar panels can be programmed to monitor performance, even turning them off in case of a weather emergency or fire. Customers also saved an average of $66 per month during the first year of owning the system.34
Smart Home Security Systems Canary is a popular all-in-one audio-video security system, complete with sirens and night vision. One of the biggest allures to these systems is that the devices can be placed around the home without requiring homes to be wired with monitoring sensors.
Smart Locks A variety of programs allow for doors to be unlocked through family member’s fingerprints, facial recognition, or through Apple technology.
Smart Lighting Systems Smart lighting dimmers and sensors provide more control over how much energy is being used, allowing for lights to be turned on and off through a smart phone.
Smart Appliances Newer, smart appliances give more control over how food is kept and prepared, making it easier to complete household chores. Some examples include coffee machines, refrigerators, overs, washers, and dryers.
46 | 47
SYNTHESIS
+
+
SYNTHESIS APPROACH
ANTITHESIS: Market-Driven Developer Housing
Two sites have been selected for re-imagining the future typologies of desert
+
residences which vary in location, square footage, room inventory, relationship
THESIS: Responsive Desert Residences
(or lack of one) to the desert, and the nearby median household incomes.
=
These factors will lead to responding to the densities through either creating
SYNTHESIS: Redefining the Typology of Desert Residences in a
extended relationships to the external environment or bracketing the home with
Competitive Market
internal courtyards. By using two typical prototypes of the Sonoran Desert, this ultimately promotes a better redefinition of the typology that could be imagined
It is vital to develop schemes and ways to better respond to the desert
across the 1.5 million single-family houses already existing within Arizona.
climate both in ways that connect the users with the intricacies of the
desert but also are more considerate of their atypically high energy usage. The
By analyzing the current characteristics, construction techniques, and material
approach for reconnecting users to their environment ties in the cultural, physical,
applications, baselines will be established for both sites in order to create
and familial benefits granted through biophilic aspects. Infusing natural daylighting,
comparable prototypes for the new desert typology. Factors to be considered
offering views to natural environments, incorporating the presence and cooling
include: glass/opening percentage, amount of exterior framing, amount of
effects of water, and harnessing some of the patterns of nature and material
interior framing, and approximating the amount of roof framing used through
properties allows for the residents of the home to gain numerous benefits.
calculating the footprint and volume of the structure. This should allow for
Personal Ethics
Developer Ethics
35
Personal Attachment to Space
Connection to Desert
Climate-Responsive
Producing a Sellable Product/Lifestyle
Profit/Budget
Serving a Large Population
Mindful of Resources
Energy Conscious
Lifetime of Construction
Economy of Materials
Construction Speed
Included Amenities
48 | 49
more feasible economics and promoting wiser use of materials within the
These methods will be based on the synthesis of two ethical categories: one, of
new designs.
a personal set of ethics that the built environment ought to be more considerate and cautious of the resources used during its lifetime, as well as how long
It is vital to ensure that these two sites are repeated floor plan layouts which
the duration of that lifetime lasts; and two, the ethics of economic-driven and
increases the beneficial impact of this thesis. With the climate being fairly
market-conscious developer homes. Both ethical stances deal with materials
consistent for these sites, the design strategies may be acutely related to one
and resources but at different points on the scale, a balance between the two
another but the tactical execution may differ slightly, such as in scale or scope.
is vital to achieve.
By highlighting how several strategies are addressed and interpreted allows for flexibility in future developments.
Additionally, these environmental design strategies will transform the typology of desert residences as economic forces and climatic responses fuse together
Particular areas of interest for this research include developing strategies for
to redefine many necessary and functional aspects that are typically found in
minimizing heat gain (such as through appropriately addressing orientation),
Sonoran Desert residences. Ultimately, this thesis strives to architecturally
incorporating passive elements or other systems for temperature control,
redefine future developer homes by reconciling the gap between highly
redefining and transforming typical room types, and architecturally defining
technological, sustainable residences and the current developer housing
these tactics in an aesthetically pleasing manner.
modules, while tapping into the already existing module of production housing.
Synthesized Ethics
Customized Mass Production
Climate-Responsive Lifestyle Amenities
Limiting Desert Disturbance
Economical, Available, Durable Materials
Mindfulness of Resource Input and Demand
Competitive Desert Residential Market
SITE: EARLL DRIVE
Location 6940 W. Earll Drive Phoenix, AZ 85033 Statistics 2 bedrooms / 1 bath 840 sqft ~0.15 acre lot Built 1981 Wood construction Ranch style 36
Neighborhood Statistics Median household income: $36,438 Median house or condo value: $72,932 Unemployment: 14.4% Residents below the poverty level: 18.2% 37 Selection Homebuilder John F. Long initiated the postwar suburb of Maryvale in 1954. Considered the western version of Levittown, it was a “successful mass-produced community, where one home was finished every six days and young families moved in at the rate of 100 a week into an idyllic walkable community.” 38 The home situated on this site is a repetitive floor plan seen several times within this neighborhood. Additionally, the vacant backyard depicts the typical conditions of many backyards in Maryvale. With very few recognizable features responding to climate or the desert context, as well as the neighborhood’s financial situation, this is a prime candidate for a 20% remodel keeping in mind residents’ financial limitations.
50 | 51
0’
40’
80’
160’
SITE: KB PLAN 1932
Location 2895 E Detroit Street Chandler, AZ 85225 Developer KB Homes
Statistics 3 bedrooms / 2 baths 1,932 sqft ~ 0.06 acre lot Built 2016 Wood construction 39 Neighborhood Statistics Median household income: $112,609 Median house or condo value: $271,132 Unemployment: 3.09% Residents below the poverty level: 1.83% 40
Selection A recent developer home is a key site to analyze; this house in particular is also repeated several times not only within this developed neighborhood, but also within several other KB Homes developments. Considering some of the privatized amenities that draws so many people towards living in single family dwellings, such as yards and a better sense of privacy, this development virtually does the opposite. For example, the side yard is meager because the homes are so closely spaced together concerns about privacy will arise.
52 | 53
0’
40’
80’
160’
SUPPOSITIONS
The following is a summary of the rules or found truths that will be highly considered during the design process. These principles and/ or processes are transferable into architectural articulations that accommodate or address these points:
Thesis Intention -Buildings alone devour approximately one-third of the country’s
energy consumption primarily used to condition internal environments and provide power.
The Equation -Market-driven developer homes have three main issues: -Technology separates the users from their environment -Homes are not contextual in terms of topography, orientation, and integration into the more natural or existing environment -Programmatically, the homes are not designed to be situational. -Responsive desert residences can address the three main issues of the antithesis through: -Incorporated technology responds to the intricacies of the desert and extends that environment rather than establishing a separate bubble -Topography, orientation, wind patterns, and integration are respected and focused on in terms of how the homes are placed on each site and impact existing ecosystems -Living spaces are designed to be situational and/or seasonal.
Chronology: Sonoran Desert Residences -Initial practices of architecture and planning evolved purely out of necessity and were keenly addressing climatic and topographic conditions of the area. -The more primitive structures focused greatly on aspects of shade, burrowing into the ground, or nestling into cliffs. -Mud and brush material were the most common initial natural materials that were worked with, followed by stone and timber. -Standardized materials implied more orthogonal or regularized buildings. -Technological innovations shape the programmatic functions of homes (such as the television redefining living spaces) and separate users from their environment (primarily due to air conditioning). -Material innovations result in thinner envelopes. -The great room (dining, living/family room, and sometimes the kitchen) is the most social area of the house. -Outdoor living is highly desired in Arizona. -Flexibility is desired since areas designated as bedrooms are used as home offices instead. -The future prediction for houses in the 2020s is that they will be three times the size of 1900’s homes. Two master bedrooms will be common with other bedrooms becoming specialized storage. Water and energy conservation systems are mainstream with automated tech homes booming.
54 | 55
-Growth is accommodated in a gridded manner with voids to define semi-public squares or courtyards.
Contemporary Examples -Contemporary examples of wall and roof systems were distilled down into six categories including: shading, radiant barriers, ventilated facades, phasechange materials, thermal mass, and future research and development. -As the environmental and energy-related demands of buildings continue to rise, new systems, methods, and materials are being and will continue to be developed and researched.
Case Studies Dogon Country -Self-shading facades provide comfort to ‘porches’ or the transitional zones between the public and private areas. -Recesses for shading are also adapted to be storage, display areas, or other ritual purposes.
Thatta -The spaces beneath cooling towers are the most social zones of the compound. -Air is channeled through sequenced or paired spaces and retained within the compound by thick exterior walls with minimal openings.
Matmata -Designing in section is key to building up thermal mass in the case of subterranean projects. -Bedrooms and important living spaces are sunk further into the ground to maximize the benefits of cool air sinking. -The proportions or layout of the compound is directly related to the sun and shading requirements.
Antithesis The Developer Home -Developer homes capitalize on the market by limiting housing choices and constructing cookie-cutter houses quickly and economically. -The allure of developer homes also stems from the personalized amenities included in this typology: yards, privacy, garages, great rooms, etc.
Developer Finances -Although developers portray that their core values include quality construction,
Juwain
excellent brand partners, energy efficiency, getting/saving more of one’s
-Domes or other ventilation towers rely on the negative pressure created at the
money, and providing an exceptional home-buying experience, their business
top in order to channel air through the inhabitable zones below.
strategies must focus greatly on profit margins in order to stay in business.
SUPPOSITIONS
-The average gross profit achieved by the researched companies on home sales is 19%.
Additional Forces Climatic Forces -There appears to be an upwards trend over 1895-2015 in terms of the number
Current Household Data -Arizona has 1.5 million single-family homes. With a similar climate to Nevada and New Mexico, the principles and processes are
transferable to a scale of 2.7 million single-family homes.
of total degrees days each year. -A clear trend has occurred over the past 120 years: the yearly Arizona climate has become warmer since 1895 and summers have become more extreme. -Cooling has been heavily relied on even more recently and reveals the
-Arizona households used 26% less energy in 2009 compared to the national
importance of residences and other buildings providing adequate and efficient
average which may be in part due to space cooling being less energy intensive
cooling systems. Due to the climate trending warmer, more energy is likely to
compared to space heating.
be consumed in order to maintain acceptable comfort levels.
-The average Arizona household spends on average $1,959 on energy expenditures and has 1,798 sqft. -The seven most common appliance amenities used and included in Arizona residences are: stoves, ovens, refrigerators, dishwashers, air conditioning, clothes washers, and clothes dryers.
-Winters are becoming milder; therefore, inhabitants have become less reliant on heat for comfort levels, yet still require this amenity. -Water scarcity and droughts may become more common. -Arizona is a sought-after place to live due to its mild winters.
Technology and Privacy -Security is the main reason for technological innovations that attribute to “Smart,” “Connected,” and “Intelligent” homes. -The eight trends in smart home technology include: thermostats, smoke detectors, sprinkler controls, solar panels, home security systems, locks, lighting systems, and appliances. -Energy monitoring systems help increase energy savings with standby modes. -Privacy risks attribute to 47% of survey respondents not buying smart home devices, wearable fitness monitors, or smart watches. -Only certain systems may communicate with each other, which decreases the overall efficiency of the home.
56 | 57
+ Synthesis Synthesis Approach -The approach for reconnecting users to their environment ties in the cultural, physical, and familial benefits granted through biophilic aspects. Infusing
Site: Earll Drive -This site is a repetitive floor plan seen several times within this neighborhood and has a vacant backyard which is the typical condition of many backyards in Maryvale.
natural daylighting, views to natural environments, the presence and cooling effects of water, and harnessing some of the patterns of nature and material properties allows for the residents of the home to gain numerous benefits. -The core ethics of the thesis design work is a combination of personal ethics and developer ethics and include: customized mass production; climateresponsive lifestyle amenities; limiting desert disturbance; utilizing economical, available, durable materials; being mindful of resource input and demand; and designing within a competitive desert residential market. -Ultimately, this thesis strives to architecturally redefine future developer homes by reconciling the gap between highly technological, sustainable residences and the current developer housing modules, while tapping into the already existing module of production housing.
Site: KB Plan 1932 -Despite being a developer home, this development has virtually the opposite outlook towards certain amenities: not only is the side yard is meager since the homes are so closely spaced together, but also concerns about privacy will arise.
58 | 59
DESIGN PROPOSAL
REDEFINING THE TYPOLOGY OF DESERT RESIDENCES
INTRODUCTION
Amongst the sprawling desert landscapes across our planet,
By synthesizing the core methodologies of indigenous responsive desert
civilizations have emerged and initiated a constant battle of survival
residences with current market-driven developer homes to redefine the typology
against the relentless sun and the environment’s limited resources. At
of desert residences, uniting individuals with their environment is achievable
the outset, some groups retreated to the shade of the mountains for
while integrating technologies.
dwellings, utilizing brush and/or earth to screen, protect, and hinder the transfer of heat. Water’s scarcity influenced communities to reside
Reconnecting with our external environment gains three main rewards. At the
in areas close to small bodies of water or to rely on wells. These harsh,
outset, biophilic benefits target our health and well-being, including reducing
desert environments heavily shaped the way people lived.
stress, elevating moods, and improving energy. In turn, this fosters sustainable behaviors and mindsets within individuals. As a result, this should reduce our
However, with advances in technology, especially in regards to dwellings,
dependence on and consumption of limited resources.
individuals and communities are neither connected with the intricacies of the desert climate impacting their survival nor allow those characteristics
Arizona offers a unique opportunity to have an indoor-outdoor relationship in the
and opportunities to influence their dwelling decisions. Technology allows
desert vis-à-vis the landscape. This is one of the many reasons why so many
individuals to fine tune their interior environments and lifestyles through cooling
people move to the Sonoran Desert. Consequently, Arizona’s housing stock
and heating systems, personal cars, and digital media that transports them
has skyrocketed to 1.5 million single family homes since the establishment
outside of the surrounding context. The paradox is that technology has severed
of Maryvale, the first post-war suburb in 1954 and Arizona’s equivalent of
us from our external environment, yet coupled with design, can also be the path
Levittown. These quick-to-construct homes allowed families to move in at a
that saves us.
rate of 100 per week. Maryvale developer homes were the epitome of the main
60 | 61
attraction for families purchasing houses for their swift construction, and key
the US are becoming warmer, whereupon Arizona could be one of the leading
amenities offered such as interior privacy and private yards. This offered buyers
if not the leading consumer of energy in the US. Our resources are not infinite.
the ideal homeowner image. Yet, these developers ignored amenities afforded
As temperatures continue to rise and Arizona is burdened with a climate similar
by the lots, resulting in an environmental disconnect.
to that of Kuwait, it is unwise to continue developing in this manner.
Certain current developers’ primary business focus to maximize gross profit has
Looking back at indigenous architectural responses to climate, it is clear they
led to offering meager amenities while creating denser neighborhood pockets.
evolved purely out of necessity, keenly addressing climatic and topographic
These homes still rely on limited cookie cutter models to gain a wider customer
conditions of their area. Their solutions ranged from awnings and self-shading
base; however, this increased density raises privacy concerns, granting very
facades to cooling and ventilation towers, as well as subterranean compounds.
little environmental benefits as homes are built up to the property lines, resulting
However, the one characteristic common amongst this typology is the inclusion
in the close proximity of windows to neighbors while limiting the amount of yard
of an interior-exterior room which accommodated various functions across the
space offered. Additionally, their consideration to the environment is lacking, as
day and seasons.
evident through their heavy reliance on technology to cool interiors, a general disregard to orientation and context, and their prescriptive living arrangements.
In order to reconcile the gap between developer homes and responsive desert residences, this research has led to the concept of an environmental “Family
Sensitivity to the environment is key in order to better manage water, energy, and
Energy Room� that could be applied across several existing scales of homes
other resources. Already, Arizona residences use four times as much energy for
with their own unique context.
cooling as the average US household. Studies clearly indicate climates across
THESIS
Indigenous Desert Residences evolved purely out of necessity to address their immediate context and climate. These often included factors such as topography, orientation, and wind patterns which led to utilizing architectural devices such as self-shading facades, cooling and stack ventilation towers, and subterranean compounds.
62 | 63
Indigenous Desert Residences include an interior-exterior room shaped by support spaces. This space worked as the heart of the home and was often expressed as a centralized courtyard that was conditioned for occupancy throughout the day and seasons.
ANTITHESIS
Market-Driven Developer Homes are not contextual in terms of
Technological advances have separated us from being in-tune with the desert
topography, orientation, and integration into the more natural or
as our lifestyles, available amenities, and construction methods have changed.
existing environment which have been permitted by technological and
Key events that revolutionized the marketable desert housing typology include:
material innovations.
outdoor living, cookie cutter homes, the relief from A/C, the establishment of
Outdoor Living 1940s
Cookie Cutter Homes 1950s
Included Appliances 64 | 65 1960s
Great Rooms 1990s
Maryvale, included appliances, great rooms, and smart technology. These
The next event that should revolutionize the marketable desert housing typology
advances allow for internalized environments to be hyper-controlled.
is the Family Energy Room which synthesizes the contemporary atmosphere of the indigenous case studies while responding to current technological and material innovations.
Relief from A/C 1950s
Maryvale 1954
Synthesis Proposal:
Smart Technology 2000s
THE FAMILY ENERGY ROOM embodies the contemporary atmosphere of the indigenous case studies in response to technological and material innovations.
SYNTHESIS METHODOLOGY
The great room is the contemporary interior-exterior atmosphere of the indigenous case studies, referred to as the Family Energy Room.
The three main goals of the Family Energy Room include:
This connectivity to the threshold is how other rooms are cooled when occupied.
-Preparing households for future disruptive policy changes such as
The threshold acts as a porous and seamless framing device to the interior and
heightened water and energy restrictions.
exterior environments.
-Improving well-being through biophilic benefits such as reduced stress, elevated moods, and improved energy. -Increasing the density of suburbia without sacrificing key amenities.
Although the Family Energy Room is made up of components, it functions as a single component.
Everything that uses or produces energy is part of the thickened threshold. These
Interior and exterior environments not only reunite individuals with their desert
components become the infrastructural core walls surrounding the Family
surroundings, but also improve their well-being through infused biophilic benefits.
Energy Room which mitigate temperatures, recover energy, and incorporate new technologies.
66 | 67
68 | 69
MARYVALE PRESENTLY: DISCONNECTED LOW-DENSITY
Maryvale developer homes were the epitome of the main attraction for families purchasing houses for their swift construction and key amenities offered. Homeowners’ desires for private yards and privacy in general resulted in a low-density neighborhood that is not connected to the environment. The typical home in Maryvale, the first postwar suburb of Arizona, was approximately 900 conditioned square feet on a .16 acre lot. Despite providing outdoor space for each lot, these developers ignored amenities afforded by the lots, resulting in an environmental disconnect. Lot Statistics Lot size
Lot perimeter
6,744 sqft (~0.155 acres) 66’-4” x 101’-8” 336’
Block wall
204 lin ft = 1,224 sqft 60.7% lot perimeter
Private yard sqft
2,760 sqft (40.9% lot)
Bedrooms/bathrooms Conditioned sqft
2 bed / 1 bath 840 sqft
Total enclosed sqft
1,344 sqft
Usable sqft
1,406 sqft
Typical spans Glass/opening %
14’-15’ 8%
Exterior framing
152’-0” lin ft = 1,520 sqft (11% enclosed, 18.1% conditioned)
Interior framing
148’-0” lin ft (11% enclosed, 17.6% conditioned)
Roof framing (footprint)
1,576 sqft (117.2% enclosed)
MARYVALE OCCUPANCY INVENTORY
Occupancy usage of the rooms as well as the rooms’ resource potentials were key in determining what rooms and sources could be used to mitigate, recover, and capture energy.
Room
Kitchen
Living Room
Status Quo Use Cooking and consuming
Socializing, gathering, media
Characteristics Counters/work surface Oven Stove Microwave Refrigerator/freezer Sink Dishwasher Table Cabinets Sofa/seating Media/entertainment Ceiling fan
Master Bedroom
Sleeping (nighttime), Bed relaxing (daytime) Closet/storage
Bedroom
Sleeping (nighttime), Bed homework/office/ Closet/storage playtime (daytime)
Built-In
Frequency of Usage
* * *
Ventilation required Frequent access and use Adequate lighting required Often linked to an outdoor space and the living room
Heat generated during cooking (primarily stove and oven) linked to ventilation tower Humidity generated by dishwasher and sink use Minimize energy losses from refrigerator/freezer and oven openings
*
2-3 times a day Intermittent Intermittent Multiple times a day Multiple times a day Multiple times a day Daily Multiple times a day Multiple times a day
*
Multiple times a day Multiple times a day Seasonally
Frequent access and use Often linked to kitchen Heavy cooling demand
Seasonal room (multipurpose) High impact of biophilic benefits Cooling demand/alternatives
*
Night Intermittent throughout day
Adequate daylighting required Moderate room conditioning required
“Vampire switch” to power down certain appliances
Night Intermittent throughout day
Adequate daylighting required Moderate room conditioning required
Seasonal room (multipurpose)
*
Humidity generated by bathing Capture heat from hot water use Water recycling from sink and bathtub/shower
* *
Room Assessment
Resource Potential
Bathroom
Washing and bathing
Counter Sink Toilet Bathtub/shower
* * * *
Multiple times a day Multiple times a day Multiple times a day Once/person per day
Ventilation required Frequent access and use Heavy water demand Compact
Hallway
Circulation, artwork display
Defined by wall(s)
*
Multiple times a day
Unnecessary to be conditioned Circulation becomes exterior to for short duration of use reduce energy cooling demand
Linen/coat closets
Storage
Cabinetry/closet space
*
Intermittent
Minimal room conditioning required
Acting as a thermal buffer
Attic
Long-term storage
Enclosure between ceiling and roof Ductwork
*
Rare access
*
Restricts access
Unconditioned yet enclosed Not always necessary
Captures heat Buffers interior from external environment
Weekly Rare interaction
Unconditioned yet enclosed
Heat generated from appliances Water recycling from washer
Intermittent
Unconditioned yet enclosed
Operable door to connect room to outdoors
Laundry/Utility Appliance housing, washing and drying Garage 70| 71
Washer and dryer Hot water tank
Car parking, storage Car
The existing home’s occupancy usage is dispersed and does not take advantage of the various resource potentials such as heat generation and sources of humidity.
Heavy daytime usage (15 hours, 7am-10pm) Kitchen/Dining, and Living Room Night usage, intermittent throughout day (8 hours, 10pm-6am) Master Bedroom and Bedroom Multiple times a day (1-3 hours) Bathroom and Kitchen Intermittent (daily or weekly usage) Hallway, Linen/coat closets, Laundry/Utility and Garage
MARYVALE’S FAMILY ENERGY ROOM
The future version of Maryvale is defined by the Family Energy Room and is made up of several components that together function as a singular component. Programmatically, the rooms included in the family energy room include a bathroom, laundry/ utility room, kitchen, patio, and stack ventilation tower (which acts as the ‘engine’ of the home).
Bathroom: humidity and moisture Laundry/Utility: water collection and heat generation Kitchen: heat generation Patio: thermal comfort, biomass, shading 72 | 73
Stack Ventilation Tower: the ‘engine’
MARYVALE’S FAMILY ENERGY ROOM 74 | 75
The central living space gains many benefits from being surrounded by the thickened threshold. The patio with a mister system physically extends the room while this connection also prolongs the comfortable months the residents could be outdoors or open the house to the outdoors.
MARYVALE’S FAMILY ENERGY ROOM
Humidity and moisture are captured and released through a terracotta wall system which not only cools the bathroom and adjacent rooms, but also allows one to have sensory experiences of hearing water running through the walls as well as a visual connection to nature via the 76 | 77
monolithic walls framing the sky
MARYVALE’S FAMILY ENERGY ROOM 78 | 79
Heat generation is captured within the kitchen by its linkage to the roof system in order to increase the comfort of the room since the heat is being expelled upwards while being directly connected to the outdoor spaces.
MARYVALE’S FAMILY ENERGY ROOM 80 | 81
The roof and ventilation tower act as an engine to the home to allow hot air to be pulled through the structure and expelled through the stack tower at the top.
MARYVALE’S FAMILY ENERGY ROOM 82 | 83
During the spring and fall, the airflow follows this sequence: first,
During the summer, the house encloses itself from the exterior environment and
air is cooled via evapotranspiration by the biomass, passes over
the house becomes cooled through the radiant flooring system where cool air
the misted patio surface, and is brought into the home. As it
collects in the plenum beneath the floor panels and gradually raises through
warms up, it is brought within the cavity of the roof structure and
the panels’ perforations. As the air naturally warms, it collects in the volume
expelled upwards.
between the ceiling and the roof.
Damper Slab on grade Sand and gravel Irrigation System
Integrated photo-voltaic and solar thermal panel Fan (powered by pv cell above) Operable blackened steel louvers Metal mesh screen
Polycrystalline solar panels White elastomeric coating Foam roofing Vapor barrier and radiant barriers Spray in place foam insulation (R-60) Wood truss Quik Trak radiant ceiling Cement plaster finish LED Lighting
Pressed aluminum box gutter w/ steel grill detachable leaf guard Water storage pipes Stucco system Perforated metal Rainwater HOG water storage tank Window box for shading Double glazed window system Cast-in-place concrete Return air Built up topography Raised floor system w/ precast perforated concrete panels, underfloor A/C system Existing grade
MARYVALE’S FAMILY ENERGY ROOM
Sources of heat, such as the oven and warm, humid air from the bathroom, also tie into this sequence in order to help propel the airflow throughout the home. The integrated photo-voltaic and solar thermal panel helps power a fan to pull air through the roof cavity and out through operable blackened steel louvers (which would help isolate the house from the exterior environment during the summer by closing).
Insulation values exceed the requirement in order to protect the home from heat quickly transferring to the interior. In addition, this also prepares the residence for intense, unpredictable temperature increases, as well as future policy changes and restrictions as it relates to energy usage.
84 | 85
Integrated photo-voltaic and solar thermal panel Fan (powered by pv cell above) Operable blackened steel louvers Metal mesh screen
White elastomeric coating Foam roofing Vapor barrier and radiant barriers Spray in place foam insulation (R-60) Wood truss Double glazed skylight Quik Trak radiant ceiling Retractable fabric scrim Pressed aluminum box gutter w/ steel grill detachable leaf guard Water storage pipes
Terracotta block w/ water circulating pipes Raised floor system w/ precast perforated concrete panels, underfloor A/C system Existing grade Slab on grade Sand and gravel
MARYVALE’S FAMILY ENERGY ROOM
The Potential of Maryvale:
Lot size: 5,109 sqft (0.12 acres)
Reconnection through Extension
(-1635 sqft, -0.04 acres, -24.2%)
All together, the Family Energy Room reconnects users to their environment through extended landscapes, such as the backyard and sky seen through the bathroom skylight, while giving a new form to this new desert typology.
New Lot Statistics Private yard sqft
2,470 sqft (-290 sqft)
Conditioned sqft
957 sqft (+117 sqft)
Total enclosed sqft
1,260 sqft (-84 sqft)
Usable sqft Typical spans
86 | 87
1,735 sqft (+329 sqft) 10’-26’
Glass/opening %
356 sqft=19.4% (+234 sqft=+11.4%)
Exterior framing
193’-6” lin ft (+41’-6”)
Interior framing
74’-3” lin ft (-73’-9”)
Roof framing (footprint)
1,340 sqft (-236 sqft)
MARYVALE’S CONSTRUCTION PHASING An expedited construction timeline is granted by technological and material innovations, integrations, and accommodations.
Combining traditional methods with customized sources of mass production improves the economy of construction. The targeted systems for this include the roof, wall, and floor systems.
88 | 89
Footings and Foundation 90 | 91
Columns
Traditional Framing
Wall Sheathing
Wall Insulation 92 | 93
Wall Finishes
Floor System (w/ HVAC and misters)
Water Storage (WaterHOGs)
Roof System (trusses, sheathing, elastomeric coating, solar) 94 | 95
Solar Chimney
Site Regrading
96 | 97
MARYVALE’S NEW HOUSING PROTOTYPES
The existing development is incredibly disconnected from its environment in part due to its lot size and lack of integration into the desert’s patterns.
Orientation plays a key role and can affect the future version of Maryvale by increasing the density be around 24% (approximately 0.12 acres/lot), providing landscaped buffers between homes and re-evaluating current setbacks while accommodating for future family growth.
North
West 98 | 99
East
Future Maryvale Development Guidelines: -Proposed 25’ landscape buffers between lots for environmental enhancement and privacy buffers -Interior atmospheres reduce the need for yards -Reduce front yard setback to 15’ for main house -Reduce front yard setback to 18’ for garage South
-Maintain narrower lot width of 65’-6” or less (minimizes required amount of utilities)
MARYVALE’S NEW HOUSING PROTOTYPES
Orientation and lifestyle choices can also define the articulation of the roof, such as in regards to solar energy production, natural daylighting, and stack ventilation tower sizes (which can relate to homes that are likely to be expanded upon).
North
West 100 | 101
East
South
102 | 103
KB HOMES PRESENTLY: DISCONNECTED HIGH-DENSITY
A recent developer that is finishing up the last few homes in a Chandler neighborhood is KB Homes. These homes are twice as large compared to Maryvale homes, but the lots range from meager .06 acre to .1 acre lots which are largely a result of maximizing profits for the developer.
Lot Statistics Lot size
Lot perimeter
2,438 sqft (~0.06 acre) 46’-0” x 53’-0” 198’
Block wall
65 lin ft = 390 sqft 32.8% lot perimeter
Private yard sqft
802 sqft (32.8% lot)
Bedrooms/bathrooms
3 bed / 2.5 bath
Conditioned sqft
1,932 sqft
Total enclosed sqft
2,358 sqft
Usable sqft
2,437 sqft
Typical spans Glass/opening %
10’, 15’, 20’, 26’ 7.4%
Exterior framing
319’-2” lin ft = 3,380 sqft (13.5% enclosed, 16.5% conditioned)
Interior framing
269’-3” lin ft (11.4% enclosed, 13.9% conditioned)
Roof framing (footprint)
1,385.9 sqft (58.8% enclosed)
KB HOMES OCCUPANCY INVENTORY Room Kitchen/ Dining
Taking the same approach to analyzing Maryvale, the occupancy usage of the KB Homes model is dissected to determine how the rooms are used as well as what resource potentials are latent in each room. Status Quo Use Cooking and consuming
Characteristics Counters/work surface Oven Stove Microwave Refrigerator/freezer Sink Dishwasher Table Cabinets
Living Room
Socializing, gathering, media
Sofa/seating Media/entertainment Ceiling fan
Loft
Socializing, gathering, media
Informal seating and play space Media/entertainment
Master Bedroom
Sleeping (nighttime), Bed relaxing (daytime) Closet/storage
Bedrooms
Sleeping (nighttime), homework/office/ playtime (daytime) Washing and bathing
Built-In
Frequency of Usage
* * *
Ventilation required Frequent access and use Adequate lighting required Often linked to an outdoor space and the living room
Heat generated during cooking (primarily stove and oven) linked to ventilation tower Humidity generated by dishwasher and sink use Minimize energy losses from refrigerator/freezer and oven openings
*
2-3 times a day Intermittent Intermittent Multiple times a day Multiple times a day Multiple times a day Daily Multiple times a day Multiple times a day
*
Multiple times a day Multiple times a day Seasonally
Frequent access and use Often linked to kitchen Heavy cooling demand
Seasonal room (multipurpose) High impact of biophilic benefits Cooling demand/alternatives
Multiple times a day
Seasonal room (multipurpose) Connections to other rooms and exterior spaces
* *
Room Assessment
Resource Potential
*
Multiple times a day
Frequent access and use Often linked to staircase Heavy cooling demand
*
Night Intermittent throughout day
Adequate daylighting required Moderate room conditioning required
“Vampire switch� to power down certain appliances
Adequate daylighting required Moderate room conditioning required Ventilation required Frequent access and use Heavy water demand Compact
Seasonal room (multipurpose)
Bed Closet/storage
*
Counter Sink Toilet Bathtub/shower
* * * *
Night Intermittent throughout day Multiple times a day Multiple times a day Multiple times a day Once/person per day
Hallway/Stairs Circulation, artwork display
Defined by wall(s) and stair structure
*
Multiple times a day
Unnecessary to be conditioned Circulation becomes exterior to reduce energy cooling demand for short duration of use
Linen/coat closets
Storage
Cabinetry/closet space
*
Intermittent
Minimal room conditioning required
Acting as a thermal buffer
Garage
Car parking, storage Car
Intermittent
Unconditioned yet enclosed
Operable door to connect room to outdoors
Attic
Long-term storage
*
Rare access
Unconditioned yet enclosed Not always necessary
*
Restricts access
Captures heat Buffers interior from external environment
Weekly Rare interaction
Infrequent access
Heat generated from appliances Water recycling from washer
Infrequent Infrequent Infrequent
Ventilation required Water demand Compact
Humidity generated by bathing Capture heat from hot water use Water recycling from sink
Bathroom
Enclosure between ceiling and roof Ductwork
Laundry/Utility Appliance housing, washing and drying
Washer and dryer Hot water tank
Powder Bathroom
Counter Sink Toilet
104 | 105
Washing for guests
* * *
Humidity generated by bathing Capture heat from hot water use Water recycling from sink and bathtub/shower
Heavy daytime usage (15 hours, 7am-10pm) Kitchen/Dining, Living Room, and Loft Night usage, intermittent throughout day (8 hours, 10pm-6am) Master Bedroom and Bedrooms Multiple times a day (1-3 hours) Bathroom and Kitchen Intermittent (daily usage) Hallway/Stairs, Linen/coat closets, and Garage Infrequent (weekly usage) Laundry/Utility and Powder Bathroom
2
This existing home’s occupancy usage also is dispersed and does not take advantage of the various resource potentials such as heat generation and sources of humidity.
1
KB HOMES’ FAMILY ENERGY ROOM 106 | 107
The same programs make up the KB Homes’ Family Energy Room
Bathroom: humidity and moisture
(bathrooms, laundry/utility room, kitchen, and stack ventilation
Laundry/Utility: water collection and heat generation
tower) as Maryvale’s new typology, but reconnection to nature
Kitchen: heat generation
and the desert is achieved through internal courtyards.
Courtyards: evapotranspiration, biomass, shading Stack Ventilation Tower: the ‘engine’
2
1
KB HOMES’ FAMILY ENERGY ROOM 108 | 109
The living room is bracketed by courtyard spaces for constant views of nature while providing comfort to parents who can safely watch their children experience and play in the front and side courtyards.
KB HOMES’ FAMILY ENERGY ROOM 110 | 111
A garden off of the kitchen allows the space to fill with natural daylight and promotes sustainable behaviors, such as food growing, composting, etc.
KB HOMES’ FAMILY ENERGY ROOM 112 | 113
As a meditative space, the bathrooms each feature a monolithic space with moisture-transferring terracotta walls that focus the residents’ sight on a small courtyard filled with desert vegetation.
KB HOMES’ FAMILY ENERGY ROOM 114 | 115
Lastly, circulation between the two floors is shifted outdoors to decrease energy usage while granting a protected and direct experience with nature.
KB HOMES’ FAMILY ENERGY ROOM
The Potential of KB Homes: Reconnection through Internal Courtyards All of the rooms of the new KB Homes residential typology allow users to gain biophilic benefits from the courtyards that bracket the home and the Family Energy Room while not only maintaining the original density of the neighborhood, but also still including
New Lot Statistics Lot size
2,862 sqft (+424 sqft)
Private yard sqft Conditioned sqft
1,155 sqft (+351 sqft) 1,1882 sqft (-50 sqft)
Total enclosed sqft
2,475 sqft (+171 sqft)
Usable sqft
3,385 sqft (+948 sqft)
Typical spans
key amenities homeowners desire.
Glass/opening %
806 sqft=18% (+556 sqft=+10.6%)
Exterior framing
433’-9” lin ft (+114’-7”)
Interior framing
155’-6” lin ft (-133’-9”)
Roof framing (footprint)
116 | 117
2
10’, 12’, 16’, 30’
1,416.5 sqft (+30.6 sqft)
1
Average lot size: 2,862 sqft (0.07 acres) (Original density maintained)
CONCLUSION
The Family Energy Room is the contemporary atmosphere of these indigenous case studies, including its typology of utilizing a thickened threshold to mitigate temperatures. This new desert residence typology also incorporates new technologies and energy recovery systems into this threshold. Interior and exterior environments not only reunite individuals with their desert surroundings, but also improve their wellbeing through infused biophilic benefits.
118 | 119
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Firstly, I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my thesis chair, Professor Darren Petrucci, for his continuous support in my studies and both the research and design work for my Masters of Architecture independent study. His patience, motivation, and immense knowledge was instrumental in pushing me further along in the design process and helping to articulate the argument effectively.
I cannot thank my co-chair, Professor Philip Horton, enough for being so instrumental in both my undergraduate and graduate education.
Without his guidance, encouragement, and telling-it-like-it-is, I would not have embraced the challenges as eagerly. His feedback was key in refining the construction and material applications as well as critiquing the drawings.
Besides my chairs, I would like to thank the professors and guest critiques for their insightful comments and inquiring questions which helped to widen my perspective on both research and design aspects.
To my parents, Jim and Nancy Kebert, I owe them both the world. Their unfailing support and continuous encouragement throughout my years of study helped keep me grounded and focused on the ultimate goals of my education. Also, a special thanks goes to my mother for being my proofreader, my father for recording his voice for the thesis video (so it did not sound like a mouse!), and to my youngest brother, Patrick, for his hours spent speedily editing the video right before the final presentation.
I am incredibly thankful for my grad school buddy Dane Lemma for his constant enthusiasm and keeping us both laughing for the past several years as well as aiding me in the woodshop to complete my final model.
120 | 121
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“8 Smart Home Technology Trends That Can Save You Money GoodLife Realty.” GoodLife Realty. Accessed November 13, 2016. http://www.goodlifeteam.com/8-smart-home-technology-trends-thatcan-save-you-money/.
35
Browning, William, Catherine Ryan, and Joseph Clancy. “14 Patterns of Biophilic Design.” Terrapin Bright Green. September 12, 2014. Accessed January 31, 2017. https://www.terrapinbrightgreen.com/ reports/14-patterns/.
36
“6940 W Earll Dr, Phoenix, AZ 85033 MLS #5500554” Zillow. Accessed October 9, 2016. http://www.zillow.com/ homedetails/6940-W-Earll-Dr-Phoenix-AZ-85033/7468596_zpid/.
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39
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ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY
“6740 N Silver Mountain Road, Paradise Valley, AZ, 85253 - MLS# 4999819.” Estately. Accessed October 9, 2016. http://www.estately.com/listings/ info/6740-n-silver-mountain-road. Provides statistics and images for the Paradise Valley site selection. Associated links also provide county data which list construction type, square footages, zoning, etc. “6940 W Earll Dr, Phoenix, AZ 85033 MLS #5500554” Zillow. Accessed October 9, 2016. http://www.zillow.com/homedetails/6940-W-Earll-Dr-PhoenixAZ-85033/7468596_zpid/. Provides statistics and images for the Maryvale site selection. Associated links also provide county data which list construction type, square footages, zoning, etc. “8 Smart Home Technology Trends That Can Save You Money - GoodLife Realty.” GoodLife Realty. Accessed November 13, 2016. http://www.goodlifeteam. com/8-smart-home-technology-trends-that-can-save-you-money/. This article clearly outlines trends that were predicted to be seen in smart homes in 2016 as well as what specific products are most associated with the related categories (such as home security systems, smart thermostats, etc.) “About ASHRAE.” ASHRAE. Accessed November 12, 2016. https://ashrae.org/about-ashrae. ASHRAE is a foremost source for information regarding the arts and sciences of heating, ventilating, air conditioning and refrigerating. It focuses on human comfort levels and other ways to serve humanity and promote a sustainable world. The standards for human comfort levels and obtaining climate data for Phoenix was used in conjunction with the Climate Consultant program. Blom, Huib. Dogon: Images & Traditions. S.l.: Momentum, 2010. Swiss photographer Huib Blom sheds light on a multitude of characteristics--including architecture, religion, social organization, and sculptures--of the Dogon people in Mali through photographs and written text. The approximately seventeen distinct areas all are represented in this book while relating and comparing the villages’ or groups’ characteristics to the country as a whole. Bourgeois, Jean-Louis, Carollee Pelos, and Basil Davidson. Spectacular Vernacular: The Adobe Tradition. New York: Aperture Foundation, 1989. Portrays the variety, methods, and efficiency of traditional adobe or mud architecture in West Africa, Southwest Asia, and the American Southwest. Scales of the town to entrances and households as well as constructions methods are all discussed and further documented with photographs. Burnette, Wendell. Dialogues in Space: Wendell Burnette Architects. Edited by Oscar Riera Ojeda. S.l.: Oscar Riera Ojeda Pub, 2016. Present the process and ideas of Wendell Burnette Architects from a selection of work through text, photographs, and drawings. The main aspects of the book that were looked at for this research include the information on Maryvale and the thought process behind the Desert Courtyard House. Browning, William, Catherine Ryan, and Joseph Clancy. “14 Patterns of Biophilic Design.” Terrapin Bright Green. September 12, 2014. Accessed January 31, 2017. https://www.terrapinbrightgreen.com/reports/14-patterns/. The “14 Patterns of Biophilic Design” define different relationships humans have with nature through the built environment. These tools are articulated in comprehensive charts that relate design opportunities, strategies, consideration, to ultimate benefits (such as health and well-being). “CEDIA Press Releases.” CEDIA. October 15, 2015. Accessed November 13, 2016. http://www.cedia.net/about/press-room/pressreleases/2015/10/15/974c4354-bca2-6dce-99bc-ff000074d734. This press coverage from 2015 covers the CEDIA’s Size and Scope of the Residential Electronic Systems Industry Survey in order to outline how that market is doing and what trends have occurred over the past several years. Center for Climate and Energy Solutions. “Buildings and Emissions: Making the Connection.” Accessed January 23, 2016. http://www.c2es.org/technology/ overview/buildings. Breaks down the percentage that buildings, industry, and transportation share of the US primary energy consumption. More in-depth analysis is provided for buildings in terms of what factors affect building-related emissions, what percentages sources consume energy within households, what the potentials and obstacles are to climate-friendly buildings, and how policy changes can improve buildings.
“Cliff of Bandiagara (Land of the Dogons).” UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Accessed October 9, 2016. http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/516/. Descriptions, maps, and photographs of Dogon Country were specifically accessed for one of the case studies. This provided more insight on the geography of the place and some of their architectural characteristics through photographs and text. 128 | 129
“Climate Data for Cities Worldwide.” Climate-Data.org. Accessed October 4, 2016. http://en.climate-data.org/. Provides key information for various cities around the world. Key information pertinent to the case studies included average temperatures, predicted rainfall, and predominant winds. “Climate Monitoring.” National Centers for Environmental Information (NCEI) Formerly Known as National Climatic Data Center (NCDC). Accessed November 12, 2016. http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/climate-monitoring/. The National Centers for Environmental Information (NCEI) houses archives of oceanic, atmospheric, and geophysical data. Data relating to Phoenix was accessed for creating climate trend charts and graphs. Golany, Gideon. Earth-sheltered Habitat: History, Architecture, and Urban Design. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1983. Discusses subterranean structures as housing and settlements specific to the regions they work best in: very warm and dry, very cold and dry, and temperate zones. Unconventional solutions that address heating or cooling concerns are presented through concepts of subterranean housing, passive energy, natural ventilation, and evaporative cooling. Hales, Peter Bacon. “Levittown: Documents of an Ideal American Suburb.” Accessed October 9, 2016. http://websupport1.citytech.cuny.edu/faculty/ pcatapano/US2/US Documents/Levittown Documents of an Ideal American Suburb.pdf. History of Levittown: what it represented, how it was initiated, and its impact both on the people living in that town as well as how it impacted future neighborhood development. Includes several historic photographs. Jayson, Sharon. “Home, Smart Home: Trends in Residential Technology.” Bluebonnet Electric Cooperative. May 24, 2016. Accessed November 13, 2016. https://www.bluebonnetelectric.coop/Community/News/articles/2016/Magazine-Stories/HOME,-SMART-HOME-Trends-in-residential-technology. This article covers what trends relating to smart technology in homes have been evident as well as what some of the positive and negative aspects the public associates with these products. Loubes, Jean-Paul. Archi Troglo. Roquevaire, France: Parenthèses, 1984. Diagrams and documents key characteristics of underground cave architecture from around the world. Some sections are broken up by climate or by region to highlight the differences in construction planning and execution through a variety of forms and combinations. “NASDAQ’s Homepage for Retail Investors.” NASDAQ.com. Accessed November 19, 2016. http://www.nasdaq.com/. Contains financial reports for several publicly held housing developers in Arizona and the southwest region. Some of the data released in these reports include revenue over the past year, profit margin percentages, and number of houses sold in the last year. “Phoenix, Arizona (AZ) Income Map, Earnings Map, and Wages Data.” City-Data.com. Accessed October 9, 2016. http://www.city-data.com/income/ income-Phoenix-Arizona.html. Provides statistics of median household income, median house or condo value, percent of unemployment, residents below the poverty level, etc. A map is provided in which specific blocks of neighborhoods can be isolated to update the data. “Plan 1932.” KB Home. Accessed October 10, 2016. http://www.kbhome.com/new-homes-phoenix/la-ventilla/plan-1932#planDetails. Provides statistics and images for the Chandler site selection. Lists square footages, room types, a description, etc. Also includes a few pictures of the development and the interior. Price, V. B., and Baker H. Morrow. Canyon Gardens: The Ancient Pueblo Landscapes of the American Southwest. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 2006. Ancient and modern Puebloan site designs are analyzed, including the landscape and the built work. Some of the building techniques are discussed as well as some of the decisions made in site design. Overall, this book was helpful for adding to the Sonoran Desert residential timeline as it is focused on projects in the southwest. Sanford, Trent Elwood. The Architecture of the Southwest: Indian, Spanish, American. New York: Norton, 1950. An overview of architecture found in the southwest, primarily in Arizona, California, New Mexico, and Texas. Both architecture from Native American tribes and Spanish explorers in the 20th century are included.
ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY 130 |
Srinivasan, Ravi, and Kiel Moe. The Hierarchy of Energy in Architecture Energy Analysis. New York: Routledge, 2015. This book discusses the implications of thermodynamics into architecture. Additionally, the quantities and qualities of energy have previously been constrained by the linear concepts and methodology so this book aims to bring these aspects to the forefront of discussion. Not only does it express how architects can deal with energy, but it also discusses applications, case studies, and exposure to the system boundaries. Stern, Ray. “Hot Take: Phoenix Summer Temps Could Approach Kuwait City’s by 2100.” Phoenix New Times, July 22, 2016. Retrieved from http://www. phoenixnewtimes.com. Describes the predictions for Phoenix’s future summer temperatures as well as what implications that could cause. It also compares how these changes relate to other trends predicted for other US cities. Record temperatures for Phoenix are provided and associated with what may be attributed to these numbers, such as the heat-island effect. “U.S. Energy Information Administration - EIA - Independent Statistics and Analysis.” U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA). Accessed October 29, 2016. http://www.eia.gov/state/?sid=az. The U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA) collects, analyzes, and disseminates independent and impartial energy information to promote sound policymaking, efficient markets, and public understanding of energy and its interaction with the economy and the environment. They provide a wide range of information including energy production, demand, prices as well as other special reports with household factors and census values. “Weather Matmata.” Meteoblue. Accessed October 8, 2016. https://www.meteoblue.com/en/weather/forecast/week/matmata_tunisia_246381. Provides information for Matmata, Tunisia for the case study including average temperatures, predicted rainfall, and predominant winds.
REDEFINING THE TYPOLOGY OF DESERT RESIDENCES Cathleen M. Kebert
REDEFINING THE TYPOLOGY OF DESERT RESIDENCES