ckmy carmen ka man yuen // 2019 selected works
Dights Fall Bird Trail
To rekindle the relationship between humans and birds through the meandering journey along the river. Type
Open Space Design / Conservation
Context
Master of Landscape Architecture 2017
Location
Abbortsford, Melbourne
About
The Dights Fall area is an important urban habitat for Australia’s indigenous and Melbourne’s endemic bird population. This is especially because the site has one of the largest canopy patch sizes in the area. However, due to urbanisation and development patterns in the surrounding areas, the site is also a popular commuters path with the most common mode of transport being cycling and walking. Contrary to common belief, the absence of birds does not correlate with human presence. Instead, site investigations and observations show that it correlates with high human and vehicle traffic. As such, an interesting relationship and friction between the two becomes evident. This project investigates the relationship between birds and humans and aims to transform the park into a space where both can coexist and flourish.
analysis Context
Human Activities
Riparain Vegetation
The Dights Fall area is an important urban habitat for Australia’s indigenous and endemic bird population, especially as the site has one of the largest canopy patch size in the area. In addition to this, the site is also a popular commuters path.
The site is a common commuters route, with cycling and walking being the two main transport mode. Site visits and mapping show that the presence of birds correlates with the speed of human activities. Where activities are slow, birds tend to dwell in a space more. Vice versa, where patches are close high speed traffic, there are low bird presence.
For good bird habitats, large patch size is more important than connectivity due to birds’ ability to fly. Large interior areas provide more stable habitats for sensitive species. Unlike surrounding parks, which are mainly pastured land used for recreational activities, the subject site has one of the densest vegetation canopies and some of the largest vegetated patches in the area.
*not to scale Water Way
General Dights Fall Area
*not to scale Human Activities Hotspot
40%
Morning
60%
Pedestrian and Cyclist Movement
Bird Presence Hotspot
44%
Afternoon
36%
*not to scale Water Way
Inundation Area
Grass Areas
Vegetation Ganopy
Evening
36%
64%
Pedestrians
Cyclists
Interior Area
Edge Area
Plant Species
Feeding Type
*
Seeds
Woodland * **
plant palette
Fruits Flowers
Shrubland
**
Insects Aquatic plants and insects
Narrow path (3)
Wetland **
Leaves
1) Minimise flight interruption Before
Habitats Grassland
Grasses, reeds, and rushes
Note: - Threatened (*) Endangered(**) Critically Endangered (***)
path design
Target Bird Species
**
Water
Proposed Improvements
Pushed path (2)
Sunken path (1) 2) Increase patch size
Before
*not to scale
Existing Path Proposed Path
Proposed Improvements
3) Increase patch size
Before
Proposed Improvements
view from dights fall The bridge and path will be constructed using recycled wood from the fallen branches of native plants. The bridge’s curved bottom and weaving movement in and out of the landscape subtly references Indigenous communities’ use of canoes and low impact transportation in the past.
cross section view Raised path allows visitors to watch birds living in their habitats at eye level. The raised path also allows stormwater and rainwater to filtrate through a dense vegetation of wetland before entering the Yarra River or ground water.
Slime Mould Landform Manipulation To explore different design processes using 3DS Max and Autocad to create new landforms. Type
Design Process Exploration
Context
Master of Landscape Architecture 2017
About
Landforms can be manipulated in many ways using a variety of programmes. In Shaping the Landscape studio, the requirement was to use 3DS Max and Autocad as the only software tools to explore different landforms. In this assignment, I set a personal brief for myself, which is to take advantage of the softwares’ functions not available to other softwares. This led me to develop a landform inspired by slime mould growth during my exploration. Based on scientific research, the slime mould species, Physarium polycephalum creates efficient systems between food sources in a short span of time. Physarium polycephalum are known to form an array of network which connects themselves to food sources. However, after approximately a day, many of the routes dissolve with only the most efficient paths left behind. In one particular experiment, scientists simulated the Tokoyo underground stations by placing wheat flakes at specific locations on a petri dish. The result of the experiment was that the slime mould network created between the wheat flakes closely resembled the metro lines of Tokoyo, which was designed to maximise efficiency (Sanders 2010 and Parr 2014). Taking inspiration from this, I wanted to explore the possibility of designing landforms using scientific data or images. Therefore, I used an already established slime mould network to create a landform which theoretically creates the most efficient landform for stormwater runoff to drain into the river. Although this approach may have over simplified the research or is not scientifically accurate, this study opened up a design opportunity which 3DS Max may contribute to design processes for future projects.
PAGE I 42
explored the ‘displace’ tool using height maps. When searching for the different types of height maps on the internet, there were none which appeared to be particularly interesting or appeared to serve a particular purpose for the site. Therefore, inspiration was taken from an image and a height map was created from it instead.
landform manipulation
The customised height map was created based on a slime mold network. Based on a scientific research, the slime mould species, Physarum polycephalum creates efficient systems between food sources in a short span of time. In one particular experiment, scientists simulated the Tokoyo underground stations
Orignal
Original image of the slime mould network found online. (Image source: www.wired.com)
designed to maximise efficiency. Physarum polycephalum are known to form an array of network which connects themselves to food sources. However, after approximately a day, many of the routes dissolves with only the most efficient paths left behind (Samders 2010 and Parr 2014). The thinking process behind this manipulation is that the slime mould network found online may possibly simulate the most efficeint path for stormwater flow to reach the river. Although the image and research may be over simplified or be scientifically accurate for the site, this study aims to explore one of the opportunities which 3ds Max may contribute to different design processes.
Test 1. Reduce Saturation
Made the image black and white so the software can generate the terrain into different heights.
Test 2. Inverse
Inversed the colours so the network is darker and forms the valleys.
Test 3.Test Create One Water Collection Area
Darkened the space at the top to create a basin like space Terrain generated where water can collect. after the second step. As the top of the image was sti
collected at what looks like more like a river was opposed to a lake or ba
PAGE I 38
Test 3. Create Water Collection Area
Darkened the space at the top to create a basin like space Test One where water can collect.
Test 4. Create Platform
Whited the space at the bottom to create a higher terrain where the house can potentiall sit.
Terrain generated after the second step. As the top of the image was still in a light grey colour, the water collected at what looks like more like a river was opposed to a lake or basin.
Test 5. Modify Platform
As the part at the bottom was too light before, the terrain looked very unrealistic. Therefore, the colour was darkened to reduce the height of the landform.
Test Three Four
To generate a platform, I used the ‘paint brush’ Terrain generated after the third step. The water now collects in what ap tool in Photoshop to white out the bottom of in this model a flat platform is not available at the higher points of the the image. However, as the shade was too light, a cliff-like terrain was created (see image on the right).
PAGE I 38
Test Three Test Four
Test Five
Terrain generated after the third step. The water now collects in what appears to look like a lake or basin. However, To generate a platform, I used the ‘paint brush’ in this model a flat platform is not available at the higher points of the site to place a building on. tool in Photoshop to white out the bottom of the image. However, as the shade was too light, a cliff-like terrain was created (see image on the right).
Test Five
After adjusting the shade at the bottom to a darket grey, a more natural landform was created. The higher area is now large and flat enough to place a building on. The first image on the opposite page shows the landform with the house and ramp.
After adjusting the shade at the bottom to a darket grey, a more n now large and flat enough to place a building on. The first image o house and ramp.
PAGE I 39
Contours Plan (N
Whited the space at the bottom to create a higher terrain ill in awhere light grey the colour, house the canwater potentiall sit.
asin.
Test 5. Modify Platform
As the part at the bottom was too light before, the terrain looked very unrealistic. Therefore, the colour was darkened to reduce the height of the landform.
Landform Outcome
Test 4. Create Platform
ppears to look like a lake or basin. However, site to place a building on.
Overview
C:\Users\user\Deskto
PAGE I 39
natural landform was created. The higher area is on the opposite page shows the landform with the
PAGE I 42
NOTES
Chishiki Koten
A
B
C
D
E
F G
H
I J
K
M
L
1. THESE DRAWINGS ARE TO BE READ IN CONJUNCTION WITH LANDSCAPE TECHNICAL SPECIFICATION AND ALL OTHER RELEVANT DRAWINGS FROM CONSULTANTS. 2. DO NOT SCALE DRAWINGS; SCALES PROVIDED ARE TO A3 PAPER SIZE. 3. SPOT LEVELS TAKE PRECEDENCE OVER CONTOUR INFORMATION.
O
N
To create a piece of constructable public furniture approximately 27m3 in volume for the new University of Melbourne Student Precinct.
KEYPLAN
PV02
Type
9
9
Detail Design and Documentation 01 L401
Context
Taking into consideration of context and the analysis of the site, the project looks to create a public outdoor library at the intersection of Monash Road and Swanston Street. The intersection was chosen as it metaphorises the interaction and collision of knowledge - both between the Asian and Australian cultures and between the ‘working’ and ‘academic’ worlds. Additionally, responding to the Spirit Wall which was designed by the Japanese artist, Akio Misakagi, the idea of intersections is reinforced. In Japan, roads are rarely given names, but intersections are named for wayfinding instead. With the student precinct being built further down Swanston Street, it is important that the Monash Road intersection has its own identity. This is especially because during the closure of the Student Precinct intersection (on the other side of Sidney Myer Asia Centre), many different pop-ups emerged at the Monash Road intersection. Pop-up coffee carts, student projects, green turf, and furniture have appropriated and are exhibited in the space. As that space is less formalised and has high pedestrian traffic, it has also attracted many non-university students or staff to engage at with that space - whether it is taking a break from their walk or street marketers gathering at that intersection to talk to students.
7
FN05
FN02
FN03
FN06
8 7
FN03 FN04
FN05 FN01
6
6
5
ADD: MELBOURNE SCHOOL OF DESIGN, MASSON ROAD PARKVILLE VIC 3010
5 FN01 LT01
SIDNEY MYER ASIAN INSTITUTE 4
4
FN01
3
3
FN01
SWANSTON STREET
About
PV01
FN01
8
TEL: 000 000 000
PROJECT
CHISHIKI KOTEN THE KNOWLEDGE INTERSECTION
DRAWING PACKAGE
OUTDOOR LIBRARY
CONTRACT DOCUMENTATION
DRAWING TITLE 2
2
02 L401
Master of Landscape Architecture 2017
1 A
B
C
D
E
F G
H
I J
K
L
M
N
SETOUT PLAN
DRAWING NO. L101 SCALE 1:100 @A3 DATE 04.11.2018 O
1
LT01
FN02
FN01
FN06 知
FN04
FN05
識 交 点
FN05
FN03
FN01
01
100X100X25 INSERTS TO BE WELDED TO 25MM THICK GALVANISED MILD STEEL FIXING PLATE. PLATE TO BE FIXED BY HD GAL. INTERIOR HEX DRIVE M10 SCREWS JOINING TIMBER PIECES. 100X290X30MM INSERT TABS
FN03 FN01
FN01 PV01
50X100X30MM INSERT TABS
PV02
NORTHERN ELEVATION - FROM MONASH ROAD A-A’
100X25MM CUTOUT SLOT FOR SHELF INSERTS
THE KNOWLEDGE INTERSECTION
100X30MM CUTOUT SLOT FOR INSERTS
chishiki kōten
02
EASTERN ELEVATION - FROM MONASH ROAD B-B’
03
BOX AND SHELF ASSEMBLY DIAGRAM NOT TO SCALE
100X30MM CUTOUT SLOT FOR INSERTS
Space 8 - The Gravity Vector To investigate the possibility of urban wine making through design and prototyping an 8m high totem which eplores the eight moments identified in wine making, from harvest to tasting.
Type
1. Cultivation
2. Harvest
3. Fermentation
Prototype Installation
Context
Architectural Association Visiting School - Barcelona, 2019
4. Aging in Bottle
Association and Collaborations
Sala Ferusic, Institute for advanced architecture of Catalonia (IAAC) Roca Barcelona Gallery
5. Coupage
About
‘Space 8 - Gravity Vector’ is an 8 -day design workshop which builds on 6 years of vineyard and wine making knowledge, as it aims to explore the possibility of urban wine making. “Gravity, although sometimes little recognised today, has been one of the key sources of energy in wine making: many winieries constructed on topographical slopes take advantage of the embedded energy of a liquid travelling downards. This potential stored energy in liquids or other corps will be our force that we will attempt to use in an empirical and scientific working environment to organise the entire process of wine making along a perfect vertical axis” (Space 8, 2019). The brief of the workshop is to design and construct an 8m high totem which features all the key moments of wine making identified - cultivation , harvest, fermentation, aging in bottle, coupage, aging in barrels, logistics, and experience. As part of the workshop participants undertook site visits, took part in design and digital modelling workshops, as well as documenting, prototyping, and constructing the final installation.
Locations - Exhibitions
Video Screening and Closing Ceremony ------------ Roca Barcelona Gallery July 26th, 2019
7. Logistics
8. Experience
6. Aging in Barrels
5. Coupage
6. Aging in Barrels
7. Logistics
8. Experience
4. Aging in Bottle
3. Fermentation
2. Harvest
1. Cultivation
Frillish To create an interactive installation within a two-week intensive course through coding, prototyping, and fabrication. Type
Interactive installation
Context
Master of Landscape Architecture 2018
About
Frillish is an installation created from Tectonic Ground, a two week intensive by Melbourne School of Design in collaboration with United Make and Cube Zero. In the first week, eighteen groups of eight students explored different installation designs using arduino kits and materials of the groups’ choice (Phase One and Two). In the second week, the whole cohort came together and functioned like a single working studio. As a collective, a final design was chosen, resolved, and fabricated for the final exhibition (Phase Three). In Phase One I was involved in coding and module design; Phase Two: module design, module fabrication, team management; Phase Three: laser cutting, fabrication, module assembly, project management, and team management of the module fabrication team.
Locations - Exhibitions
Tectonic Ground 2018 ------------ The Melbourne School of Design, Melbourne February 16th, 2018 Melbourne Design Week -------- TBC, Melbourne
March 15th, 2018 - March 25th, 2018
White Night Ballarat ------------- Festival Entrance, Ballarat March 17th, 2018
some behind the scenes
Phase One // Design exploration, coding, module design, prototyping Using infrared sensors and arduino kits, the different stages of interaction described below were coded for. Stage One// If between 30cm and 300cm from a module:
- lights fades in and out - the hexagon modules pulses, as the corners flutters
PULSE : FADING OF LIGHT // MODULES FLUTTER
Stage Two// If between 30cm and 300cm from a module:
- lights fades in and out - the hexagon modules pulses, as the corners flutters
THREAT : RAPID AND RANDOM BLINKING OF LIGHTS // MODULES HALF CLOSE
Stage Three// If less than 30cm from a module for 5s or more:
- lights turn off - the hexagon module closes completely
FADE: TOUCHED LIGHT OFF // TOUCHED MODULE CLOSE UP
Stage Four// If eight modules or more close completely:
- the lights of all modules turn off and close completely - a blackout is created for ten seconds - modules open up as the system resets itself BLACKOUT: ALL LIGHTS TURN OFF // ALL MODULES CLOSE UP
MECHANISM: MECHANISM: TWISTING MECHANISM: TWISTING AND TWISTING FOLDING AND FOLDING AND FOLDING
Phase Two // Design refinement, module design, prototyping Using motion sensors, flower movements respond to the movement of people
Movement One Layer one twists anti-clockwise; layer two twists clockwise MECHANISM: MECHANISM: TWISTING MECHANISM: TWISTING AND// FOLDING TWISTING AND FOLDING AND FOLDING
Prototype and assembly
LIGHT MATTERS GROUP 2
Movement Two // Layer one closes up; layer two twists clockwise
The Garden of the Anthropocene To design and realise a relevant botanical garden in the age of the Anthropocene. Type
Theory and Installation
Context
Master of Lansdcape Architecture - TU Delft 2019
Association and Collaborations TU Delft and Delft Botanical Garden
About
Landscape Architecture ON SITE is a Master elective course offered by the Landscape Architecture Department at the Faculty of Architecture and the Built Environment of TU Delft. The course revolves around a ‘design-and-build’ project. This year, a new series is introduced – ‘The Botanical Garden of the Anthropocene’. Although many botanical gardens which emerged as a new landscape typology in the 16th century have been labelled historical heritage sites, questions about their functions and relevance in the Anthropocene have been raised. This is because in the age of the Anthropocene, human activities are the dominant influence on the earth’s climate and environment. Humans’ influence is no longer just within botanical gardens, but at every corner of the earth’s environment, thus shifting the relationship between human and nature. In response to this, the new series’ brief asks students to rethink human-nature relationships and to reinterpret what botanical gardens mean today in terms of education, research, and conservation. This elective asks students to carry out a series of learning and experimental exercise which includes attending workshops, site visits, and constructing pilot projects at the TU Delft campus.
Locations - Exhibitions Garden of the Anthropocene Launch Delft Botanical Garden June 26th, 2019
Academic Journal Publication In progress with TU Delft Professor, Bieke Cattoor
BOTANICAL GARDEN
THEORETICAL CONCEPT
Urban Development – Unintended Urban Microclimates However, through research and site visits it was noted that even beyond greenhouses and botanical gardens, humans are still manipulating or influencing plant species and the wider environment, intentionally or not. Since the 19th century, cities have rapidly grown. Urban spaces and developments have largely been created with a focus on human needs, whilst often overlooking their influence on the bigger picture of the urban environment and its ecological system. Yet, these changes in the urban landscape have significantly modified microclimates and environmental conditions. For example, large scale use of concrete and pavement has resulted in urban heat island effects in most cities. Similarly, in some cases, tall buildings in the city centre have created alleys, forming wind tunnels. These urban changes have pushed flora and fauna to evolve alongside these urban conditions or to simply vanish.
WALLED GARDEN NATURE HELD CAPTIVE
W i t h m o d i f i e d o r n e w l y i n t ro d u c e d m i c ro c l i m a t e s w i t h i n t h e Anthropocene, this has forced some species to either adapt or die off. At the same time, other species not previously in certain areas has begun to emerge as the microclimate changes. The idea of urban ecology which looks at the “interactions of organisms, built structures, and the physical environment where people are concentrated” (Foreman, 2014) becomes more prominent. It revealed that culture is not an antipode to nature but a component of it (Feldhusen, Poerschke, and Weidinger, 2016). Furthermore, both cultural diversity and biodiversity must be considered for resilient and sustainable outcomes to be possible (Alfsen, Duval, and Elmqvist, 2011). Therefore, the modern interpretation of the Botanical Garden proposed by the Pollination Project looks to remove the walls which have separated culture and nature. The modern interpretation sees botanical gardens as open gardens which identify, reveal, and even enhance existing microclimates found in the urban landscape. It acknowledges that urban landscapes are important habitats and are valuable in biodiversity conservation. By integrating the botanical garden into the urban environment, the botanical garden is not only open to human visitors but it becomes part of the wider metabolic and ecological processes of urban ecology as well. Furthermore, this encourages biodiversity conservation as species are able to adapt through co-evolution which “occurs in nature when two species are interlocked in evolutionary interactions” (Clucas and Marzluff, 2011, p.182).
Walled Garden (Nature Held Captive)
Since the emergence of ancient civilisation, the cultivation and manipulation of plants for societal use and pleasure have been present and have been translated in the form of gardens in general. Gardens were not only used to express power and wealth, but towards the 16th century, early forms of botanical gardens emerged as places where medicinal plants were studied. The gardens were grounded in scientific findings such as the use of the Linnean order to arrange plants in the 18th century. Exotic specimens were particularly valued during this period. Plants were collected and transported from different regions and retained in ‘controlled’ environments such as greenhouses for study (Krishnan and Novy, 2016). In these controlled environments, humans engineered many elements from microclimates to maintenance regimes. It was perceived that plants were completely under humans’ manipulation. In general, the establishment and composition of botanical gardens were largely a reflection of society’s perception of nature as a resource for human wealth and wellbeing, as well as the expression of men’s ability to control nature. As such, most botanical gardens have been walled and confined to controlled areas.
Towards the second half of the twentieth century, awareness and conversations were raised around the importance of biodiversity and ecology. With ecology being defined as “the branch of biology that deals with the relations of organisms to one another and to their physical surroundings” (dictionary.com, 2019), garden walls were slowly broken down as conservation efforts look to expand beyond cultivated areas. From ex-situ to in-situ conservation. Institutions became more aware and open in embracing complex and dynamic landscapes (Krishnan and Novy, 2016).
proposed concept
Inverted Greenhouse (Garden of the Microclimate)
The Walled Garden - Nature Held Captive
ideas
Inverted Greenhouse - Garden of the Microclimate
SCIENCE NATURE CONSERVATION
BOTANICAL GARDEN OF THE ANTHROPOCENE INVERSE GREENHOUSE GARDEN OF THE MICROCLIMATE
CULTURE URBAN DEVELOPMENT UNINTENDED MICRO-CLIMATE
Urban Development (Unintended Microclimate)
Taking inspiration from botanical gardens of the past, the urban environment, and the knowledge from site visits, analysis, and lecture a new interpretation of the Botanical Garden of the Anthropocene was developed. This project explores the idea of inverting the traditional approach of using greenhouses to create specific conditions for exotic plants, by revealing and highlighting existing urban microclimates instead. This creates the Garden of the Microclimates which is elaborated further in this chapter.
DESIGN CONCEPT EXPLORATION
FINAL DESIGN CONCEPT
PLANTING SCHEME
REALISED
PLANT OVERVIEW
Currently, the second slope and
The overview categorizes the used plant species per level in the gradient. Some species have been used on multiple levels, showing the flexibily of the species. Each level is accentuated with so-called ambassedor species. These being Valeriana officinalis for the dry level, Agastache foeniculum 'Blue Fortune' for the semi-dry level, Caltha palustris for the semi-moist level, Persicaria bistorta for the moist level, Iris pseudacorus for the wet level and Pontederia cordata for the aquatic level.
three out of ten filter islands have been realised over a width of two meters. The gradients consists of seven levels, going from dry on the top to wet and even aquatic at the bottom.
Agastache foeniculum Echinacea paradoxa Anthriscus sylvestris Persicaria bistorta Valeriana oďŹƒcinalis Lythrum salicaria Caltha palustris Iris pseudacorus Lysimachia nummularia Pontederia cordata 0
2
4
8m
Different ideas of gradients
1 - 30 -
2
3
4
5
6
7 Actually realised design in section
- 36 -
- 35 -
Actually realised design in plan
INTRODUCTION In front of the Mechanical, Maritime and Materials Engineering faculty and the 'Coffee & Bikes' building, an articifal pond is to be found. In general this pond has a bank of plain grass, with the exception of where the faculty touches the water. Near Coffee & Bikes, concrete steps lead visitors closer to the water. Where the banks are filled with grass, however, reeds block this possibilty. Although this seems like a nice spot for a coffee break, it is often found empty.
before The site, still untouched
after Trickling trail during the opening
- 28 -
FLOATING ISLAND DETAILS
Water distribution hose
CONCEPT - FILTER ISLANDS
CONCEPT - FILTER ISLANDS
REALISED water distribution
anti-root sheet,
anti-root sheet,
Planting pot
waterbody. The islands are technological and biological at the same time. waterbody. The islands are technological and biological at the same time. Anti-root sheet In order to emphasize this cyborg nature of the water-filtering islands, its In order to emphasize this cyborg nature of the water-filtering islands, its out filter islands have important components - the vegetation roots, a filtering sheeting andmost a important components - the vegetation roots, a filtering sheeting and a p l a sof t most i c ten
Anti-root sheet The overview categorizes the used plant species per in the gradient. Some species have been used on mul levels, showing the flexibily of the species. Each lev accentuated with so-called ambassedor species. These b Valeriana for the dry level, Agastache foenicu 11 cm dofficinalis PVC pipe 'Blue (food-grade Fortune'plastic, for the semi-dry level, Caltha palustris for will not cause harm semi-moist in 10 years)level, Persicaria bistorta for the moist level pseudacorus for the wet level and Pontederia cordata fo aquatic level.
Currently, the second slope and
11 cm d PVC pipe (food-grade plastic, will not cause harm in 10 years)
three
p l a s t i c
11 cm d PVC pipe (food-grade plastic, will not cause harm in 10 years)
pumping system - are deliberately been realised over a width of twovisible. meters. The gradients consists of seven levels, going from dry on the top to wet and even aquatic at the bottom.
Agastache foeniculum Echinacea paradoxa Anthriscus sylvestris
pumping system - are deliberately visible.
11 cm d PVC pipe (food-grade plastic, will not cause harm in 10 years)
zip tie soil
Persicaria bistorta
holes under pot for root growth
PLANT OVERVIEW
Planting pot The floating islands combine biological processes and technology The to floating islands combine biological processes and technology to improve the water quality and to increase biodiversity in and around the improve the water quality and to increase biodiversity in and around the
water distribution
zip tie soil
Water distribution hose
holes under pot for root growth
Valeriana oďŹƒcinalis Lythrum salicaria Caltha palustris Iris pseudacorus
Plastic bracing
Lysimachia nummularia
Plastic bracing
Pontederia cordata 0 - 33 -
2
4
8m
pump - 33 -
Conceptual drawing of the island
Conceptual drawing of the island
Detail of the filter island
1
exploded view of the filter island
Detail of the filter island
2
3
4
5
6
7
F u t u r e IN THE FUTURE It is assumed that there are clear differences in moist-level on the small slope, which is highlighted by the realised plant-gradient. The future will tell if this is really true. When the plants thrive on their spot, there is a possibility to plant the whole grass border in the same plantingscheme. After the initial proposal, the idea of floating islands was adopted as a pilot project for water filtration at the pond. Theoretically ten islands like the three realised are needed to filter all the water of the pond. But, the experimentation for finding out the best solution has only been started by these first islands. The islands are slightly different from each other regarding choice of species and spatial distribution of plants. The pumping and filtering system of water is undergoing constant experimentation. Through time, it can be observed if the islands function in the intended way regarding water purification and habitat creation for biodiversity. Taking the first set of learnings from this pilot scheme, a further developed design can be initiated in future.
- 34 -
The artificial water basin in front of the Faculty of Industrial Design is creating a moist micro-climate, with soil moisture levels gradually decreasing from the water’s edge to the top of the stairs. This gradient of soil moisture levels defines multiple microhabitats, which are accentuated in the design. Carefully selected plant species showcase the different microhabitat conditions, ranging from dry to semi-dry, semi-moist, moist, wet and finally aquatic as the garden climbs up the stairs. The floating islands combine biological processes and technology to improve the water quality and to increase biodiversity in and around the waterbody. In order to emphasize the cyborg nature of these water-filtering islands, being biological and technological at once, its most important components - the vegetation roots, a filtering sheeting and a pumping system - are deliberately visible.
Actually realised design in
Design Manifesto: Re-thinking Zoos
To explore and challenge the cultural relevancy of zoos today. Type
Theory / Writing
Context
Master of Landscape Architecture 2018
About
The design manifesto is written in response to a design competition initiated by ArchStorming. The design competition asks participants to challenge the traditional typologies of zoos and to reconsider what the contemporary interpretation of zoos should consist. The intention of this manifesto is to create a theoretical starting point in which the design competition can be approached from.
It is possible for humans and animals to merely co-exist on planet earth, but to thrive through
a symbiotic relationship. We must break down and reassess both physical and abstract boundaries which have impaired and at times eradicated the interdependency and trust between humans and non-humans. The beauty about earth is that we do not exist in binary but through a series of complex systems and networks. As such, it is critical that we acknowledge and embrace the complexity, messiness, and interrelations of ‘us’ as earthlings in this universe. This revolution must begin with zoos, the face of our state’s, country’s, and society’s values between human and animals. Since humans have set foot on earth, the contention and relationship between humans and nature have been in constant flux. Throughout history, there have been times when humans acknowledged their dependence on the environment as evident in many indigenous myths and beliefs, but there have also been times when humans enforced their dominion over nature. The latter was heavily influenced by western-religious beliefs of the Divine. This concept persisted and have led to the predominant perception that culture and nature are mutually exclusive. This binary approach created a demarcation between humans and everything else. Yet, the fact that we ‘interpret’ nature and how we have defined ecological terms suggest otherwise. References to nature are often value laden as opposed to being purely scientific. Although we frequent terms such as sustainability, resilience, and wilderness, we often do not have a strict metric of definition. This is especially true as changing external pressures and knowledge influence our understanding of the world around us. For example, over the past few decades society’s general perception of wilderness has shifted from being negative as it connotes messiness and danger, to being positive suggesting qualities like pure and natural. This shift demonstrates that “the interpretation of wilderness as not being complex of ecosystems, but a meaningful arrangement of symbolic objects renders visible the multitude of diachronic and synchronic meanings of wild nature: the way wilderness is viewed, characterised and valued is subject to change over time” (Kinchhoff and Vincenzotti, 2014, p.444). In addition to physical nature, this labyrinthine relationship also extends to humans and animals. Animal values and societal positions are largely dependent on societal cultures including religion, culinary, and economic interests (Lee, 2005). In particular, our lifestyles and daily interactions with animals have put some species on a pedestal, whilst others have been objectified. For example, depending on one’s upbringing, cows are either seen as sacred creatures or simply as a source for steak and milk. Since its emergence, zoos have been an urban lens into the natural world. Their designs symbolise how society views and reflects on the natural world, in particular animals. Zoos, as defined by Anderson (1995, p.276) are “spaces where humans engage in cultural self-definition against a variably constructed and opposed nature. With animals as the medium, they inscribe a cultural sense of distance from that loosely defined realm that has come to be called ‘nature’”. The origins of modern zoos are said to have stemmed from French menageries developed in the 16th century. The French term is translated as “a collection of wild animals kept in captivity” (Kallipoliti, 2013) and is built for the sole purpose of entertainment and admiration (Couper, 2013). The idea of menageries gained popularity in the early
17th century as it was used by aristocrats to exude power and wealth (Kallipoliti, 2013). The ability to control and internalise nature through cages and enclosed spaces was particularly impressive. Additionally, like seen in the Royal Menagerie of Versailles created by Louis XIV, the circular layout of the cages provided a single vantage point over the animals and demanded power (Couper, 2013). Although modern zoos traced back to menageries, this perception of nature and animals was evident thousands of year before and was not uncommon. For example, strange animal burials found indicated the existence of exotic predynastic zoos in Egypt 3500 BC and Alexander the Great built one of the first zoos in Greece 300 BC (Kallipoliti, 2013). In the 18th century societal relationship with animals saw a shift as the menagerie of the Versailles migrated to Jardin des Plantes, which was part of the French National Museum of Natural History. This move was significant and emerged as part of the enlightenment era. Concepts of individuality, society, and knowledge became apparent (Kirchoff and Vincenzotti, 2014). The purpose of wildlife captivation expanded beyond entertainment and was legitimised as part of scientific research. The menagerie was no longer concentrated but spread through the gardens. It illustrated the diversity and abundance of the natural world. It provided a refuge for the industrialised city. Most importantly, the shift symbolised civic right and power as the king was over thrown and the collection was made accessible to the public (Couper, 2013). This movement was both a natural and cultural turning point as nature shifted from purely being an expression of power to being a part of science, and from being limited to aristocratic privilege to being a public right. This scientific streak spread to London, as the English felt outcompeted by the French’s advancement in knowledge. In response to this, the Zoological Society was established as the London Zoo was created during the 19th century. Unlike, the menagerie, the zoo organised its collection based on the Linnean Classification system to further legitimise their scientific superiority (Couper, 2013) and humans colonisation over the natural world. Although thematic mentions of pleasure garden and seamless harmony of the environment were presented, the systematic layout formed the predominant tone. As scientific knowledge continued to progress, society’s understanding and knowledge on the natural world took another shift. Contemporary zoos began to structure their exhibits geographically (Axelsson and May, 2008) as the idea of globalisation emerged. This shift brought landscape to the forefront as society viewed nature though a filmic lens on a stage (Axelsson and May, 2008). Taking this theatrical approach further, Hagenbeck envisioned zoos where animals admired their trainers and where animal cruelty is abandoned. He attempted to create a natural and immersed experience for visitors by hiding the physical boundary between men and nature. Hagenbeck eliminated and replaced visible bars and barriers with ditches were animals could not cross. Emphasising on the knowledge from globalisation, he also attempted to simulate animals’ natural habitats and wild landscapes through vegetation and artificial geographical forms (Couper, 2015). Integration between men and nature were created through a series of illusions and visible means (Lee,2005). The physical boundary and men’s power over nature is still present, although hidden. Here, “nature and freedom are evoked [and defined] by reference to the visitor’s experience (Axelsson and May, 2008, p. 8). Whether Hagenbeck’s vision of animal welfare manifested beyond visitors’ ignorance is unlikely. This naturalistic approach shapes majority of modern zoos. Although most zoos today brand themselves as environmental organisations, they are first and foremost cultural institutions which reflect not nature but human’s interpretation and adaptation of it. It is a mirror of “human domestication, mythologising, and aestheticizing the animal universe” (Anderson, 1995, p.276). They exist within the oxymoron of ‘captivating wild animals’. Not to mention, they rely on the cartesian rule of drawing arbitrary boundaries between humans and animals. They are very much social institutions, much like museums. In fact, according to The World Zoo Conservation Strategy (1993), the only difference between zoos and other social institutions is the fact that “zoos exhibit living specimens of wild animal species… and [this] is what gives zoos their own unique character” (Lee, 2005, p.32). The brief timeline discussed testifies that zoos are visual manifestation of humans’ interpretation of the natural world, as well as the changes and inconsistencies over time. Humans’ constant assessment of their surrounding and exerted influence on the wider environment means that there is little if any difference between culture and nature today (Feldhusen, Poerschke, and Weidinger, 2016; Martin, 2016). Yet, zoos seem to be stuck in a binary mindset, which for a long time have prevailed human existence in describing relationships (Meyer, 2011). Most of these have led to resentments, realisations, and brutal corrections. For example, the divide between female and male, indigenous people and colonisers, landscape and architecture, nature and culture, and animals and humans. Anderson (1995) drew a connection between zoos and Chinatowns by identifying that both are products of ideological concepts, cultural appropriations, and commodification’s. Will there be a day when society looks back in horror the way animals have been treated as commodities, just as women and certain indigenous cultures have been objectified in the past? This is not to say we should resent the environment beyond primordial nature as a short coming, but that the acknowledgement and understanding of this is an opportunity (Kirchoff and Vincenzotti, 2014) on how we can tap into humans’ potential to influence and determine the fate of our lives as a collective, as an ecosystem, as earthlings. First of all, culture and nature is so intertwined that it is virtually no longer definable. As such, the discussion about their relationship is obsolete (Feldhusen, Poerschke, and Weidinger, 2016). Rather than shying away from the differences, the concept of mixing accepts the idea of fusion and embraces the systematic nature of ecosystems which encourage interaction. The idea of mixing can be interpreted conceptually and spatially; and is not uncommon in landscape architecture, planning,
and architecture. In fact, it gained traction in the 1980s when mixed neighbourhoods, mixed-use buildings, and mixed-use precincts emerged in every cities as the new way to live (Feldhusen, Poerschke, and Weidinger, 2016). Stefan Robel challenges us to not perceive the country and the city as being separate entities, but that the country is simply a ‘functional component’ of the city (Feldhusen, Poerschke, and Weidinger, 2016). This draws and expands on the Garden City concept introduced by great thinkers such as Ebenezer Howard. This perception accepts and increases the constant exchange of materials or fusing. The exchange of materials can be described as a series of metabolic processes as suggested by Andrea Quednau. This term provides a more objective perspective which allows exchanges to be interpreted in more than one way. For example, some view the relationship between humans and silkworms as being symbiotic. Humans breed silkworms and in return humans collect silk for clothing and material goods. However, the relationship can also be viewed as a violent relationship as numerous silkworm paupae are killed in the process. Similarly, when viewing romantic relationships between couples, some could say they provide joy, while others may argue that prolong interaction increases the chance of arguments. Mingfang (2017) argues that the dual perspectives are not mutually exclusive but intrinsically complicated. There appears to be a tendency to shy away from conflict. However, like relationships where exchanges, collisions, and conflicts increase mutual understanding between parties (Mingfang, 2017), conflicts in a conservation and ecological context support resilience. This idea is further supported by the actor network theory which notes that humans and non-humans are to be treated on equal footing. This is because when the two agencies engage, the relationship becomes one of resistance and accommodation from both ends. “The struggle between the human and material realms in which each is interactively restructured with respect to each other” (Martin, 2016, p.50). In another word, instead of victimising the natural environment as only being able to aggressively push back or succumb to human actions, we need to acknowledge their ability to resist but also their ability to influence our actions as the human niche construction theory suggests (Martin, 2016). We must provide the ecosystem the opportunity to adapt, self-organise, and neutralise interventions thrown at them (Kersten, 2013). For example, the German cockroach (Blatella germanica) has adapted to the human-built environment so well that it can only exist in this environment now. In other cases, some cockroaches have evolved and developed behavioural aversion to glucose found in poison baits frequently used in residential apartments (Martin, 2016). Although cockroaches may not take priority in typical environmental protection and conservation, the study highlights that humans must accept that resilience and co-evolution is not a harmonious process. Instead, it is messy and contested. Between humans and animals, nature and culture, friction is inevitable but critical. However, it is important to note that there is a risk when things become ‘too mixed’. Sometimes deliberate but most times purely because of humans’ ignorance over their influence on the wider environment (Anderson, 1995). For example, the indoor biome notes that although humans intentionally separate indoor and outdoor spaces for human inhabitants, quite often these spaces have unintended effects on other species (Martin, 2016). In the case of meadows or backyards, these spaces are designed for recreational activities. Yet, vulnerable insects and amphibians may have taken accommodation in these spaces to create its own fragile, tiny ecosystem. In breaking down the binary boundaries between humans and animals to allow for fluidity between the two realms, it is also important that moderations and monitoring are provided for. This is possible through social contracts and invisible boundaries. As mentioned earlier, social constructs and ideologies have dictated the balance between men and animals. They have shown incredible power of influence, most of the times even beyond physical boundaries. “When EGO-systems meet ECO-systems, the ECO-systems usually lose” (Kersten, 2013, p.47). Therefore, it is critical that solutions are not purely technical but also diverge towards the realm of vision and value creation. Visions and values have for a long time been influenced by religions which have defined and legitimised morals, people’s sense of duties, motivations, and responsibilities on how they order their lives, with each other, and with the natural world (Northcott 1996, as cited by Mcleaod and Palmer, 2015). Many faiths have actively protected sacred species, natural sites, and landscapes. In fact, surveys show that sacred natural sites often outnumber officially protected sites and according to “participants at a UNESCO Workshop in China (UNESCO 2003)…such sites often have high conservation values and better protection than legally protected sites” (Dudley, Higgins, and, Manousiran, 2009, p.569). Concepts such as ‘sacred’ species or places install moral obligations and draw boundaries which heighten senses of responsibilities and respect (Dudley, Higgins, Manousiran, 2009). In this case, which animals require our protection and whether this decision meets the purpose of conservation and moral obligations need to be put into question. Instead of understanding these invisible powers alone, landscape architects have a moral obligation and professional duty to actively participate in these conversations. As a profession which is concerned with places that have been drenched in layers of ecology, culture, belonging, and history, landscape architects must create a shared language which speaks across these hybrid relationships (Meyer, 2011). Rather than spaces, ‘places’ which create bonds between a person and its settings must be devised. “When human subjective meanings about a location take on the hue of a ‘place’, the motivational side of human life is triggered (Bott, Cantrill, and Myers, 2003, p.104). Najafi and Shariff (2011, p.1054) elaborates on this by noting that a sense of place is important in “maintaining the quality of the environment as well as the integrity of the human life within it”. These connections can be created through symbols, soft cues, and querencia. Querencia explores the idea that humans are more inclined to seek places where they feel safe or comfortable. One research shows that
participants went as far as rejecting career advancement opportunities or avoiding hardship just to be near a certain place (Bott et al., 2003). Sacrifice for a place is one of the highest level of commitment and like Tuan’s (1974) concept of ‘rootedness’, it takes time to build up. Places can be viewed as layers of opportunities, meanings, and emotions. The denser the layers, the greater a sense of place (Bott et al., 2003). Places are powerful. Landscape architects must harness this tool in creating abstract boundaries to protect and safeguard our environment and us, earthlings. Albeit ‘place’ being a powerful tool, place creation must not follow the trajectory of the ‘Anthropocene’. Anthropocene, is a term which suggests we live in an age of our own making. It describes an epoch which began the moment the effects of human activities became irreversible and have triggered significant global impact (Martin, 2016). What the Anthropocene overlooks is that not all humans participate equally in the development and detonation of ‘human impact’, just as not all humans participate in the development and detonation of thermonuclear weapon. By nature, the distribution of natural resources is skewed. Therefore, the Anthropocene technically only applies absolution to some (Martin, 2016). As place builds on emotions and interpretations developed over time, it relies on specificity. Too often, social contracts dictated through constructs such as laws, protocols, and social codes are “too monolithic, too undifferentiated, too uniform, and – especially – normatively too strong to reflect the social, political, and economical pluralism of global society” (Kersten, 2013, p.45). This is especially true when areas or topics of concern become institutionalised. When institutionalisation is established and one does not share the same principle, one is often excluded from the conversation altogether (Kersten, 2013). Yet, there is an institutionalised culture in terms of how we respond to the environment and how humans view animals and the natural world, as evident in zoos. In response to this, it is critical that social theories do not become an all encompassing rule but begin to form a network which bridge the differences and fragmentations of society today (Kersten, 2013). As such, in addition to dissolving boundaries and encouraging mixing, it is pivotal that conservation and interaction areas between humans and animals are not arbitrarily confined or concentrated. Instead, conservation efforts and knowledge need to be dispersed and integrated into the urban fabric to ensure successful co-evolution and sense of place. By understanding and capitalising on the different forms of boundaries, boundaries do not become fixed as traditionally conceived but flexible and malleable. This is demonstrated in the idea of mixing at different scale, where something can look mixed from a far, whilst having recognisable and isolated components when viewed up close. Eduard Fuhr suggests that mixing is about a process of perception, as it looks at creating ‘indifference’ where one and the same thing can be perceived as being both united and separated (Feldhusen et al., 2016). This approach provides the opportunity for physical mixing between human and non-human species to occur, whilst ensuring elements of abstract boundaries such as mutual respect and stewardship are in place. For example, from a far, Fa Yuen Street Market in Hong Kong is considered a single entity as it fuses with the street and its surrounding activities. Collectively, a lively atmosphere is generated. On the other hand, as the scale enlarges, clear boundaries of each stall becomes apparent. General pedestrians walking down Fa Yuen Street are aware that they must not cross over to the shopping vicinity of each stall. As for shoppers, they are aware that if they would like to make a purchase they would need to stand in the tiny alleys between stalls or under the canopies of the stalls. An unsaid code. Fa Yuen Street Market demonstrates that multiple subjects can be ingested by a larger ecosystem without losing invisible boundaries (social contracts) which only becomes visible up close. Social contracts in this scenario refer to the respect of shopping boundaries and protocols. In the case of human and nonhuman species, it would be the invisible boundaries of respect, stewardship, privacy, and interdependence. For a long time, humans desperately refrain from conflict and complexity. There tends to be a sense of defensive ignorance towards complex challenges. However, to thrive beyond merely coexistence between humans and animals, as earthlings we must embrace and accept complexity. It is this acceptance which will foster a sense of modest self-understanding (Kersten, 2013) that we are all part of a much greater collective. It is possible to safeguard our planet and we are not doomed for extinction. To achieve this, we must tear down boundaries which have hindered the trust, interdependency, and potential between humans and animals. We must redefine boundaries as being physical, abstract, and malleable. They are “important to both individuals and organisations. They support prevailing belief systems and, in turn, reinforce them. They determine access, power and legitimacy… They key point is that the designator carries with it meaning that many people recognise and value” (Michael 1995 as cited by Boot et al., p.109). Zoos are dated in their purpose, values, and approach. Wildlife conservation needs to be weaved into the urban fabric. Landscape architects need to create places which trigger human motivation and establish moral obligations and stewardship. Animals need to be freed from subjugation and oppression. We must give them an opportunity to adapt and co-evolve. Divergence from physical boundaries to abstract ones is critical. This manifesto does not intend to mark an end to the conversation on humans’ relationship with animals and nature. Instead, it starts the conversation and asks society to continuously challenge presupposed typologies especially those enforced by institutions, based on constantly new knowledge, enlightenment, and our values.
Pokapu Gateway
To reconcile the different urban elements into a public space which truly reflects the special character and identity of Auckland.
Type
Masterplanning / Urban Design
Context
Bachelor of Planning 2015
Location
Downtown Auckland, New Zealand
About
Pokapu Gateway is an urban design project which aims to increase public access to the waterfront by creating a gateway between Auckland’s CBD and waterfront area. Pokapu Gateway aims to provide pedestrian friendly open spaces which can act as venues for large events, a scenic route between the CBD and the waterfront, and a place where people can gather. The design process for the project was based on urban design principles and an urban morphological study which identified the site as being the convergence of three plan units. As such, the site is considered characteristically interesting as well as offering a high degree of connectivity, especially between the east-west link of Quay Street from the port through to Silo Park.
AND HISTORY
and economics, with each aspect of the built environment alluding to a past era and purpose.
MORPHOLOGICAL MORPHOLOGICAL CHANGES CHANGES
The area was not developed
with the intention of providing aders first established a trading runs beneathpedestrian Queen amenity. Street. The hrough thelarge vicissitudes of politics Tanks and scale ose. have been removed. ouses
PARNELL
1940 1940 The grid pattern remains
oreline hidden behind large areas d Harbour Board quarried Point e increased shipping. Subsequent mation in 1926 to create Viaduct
SAINT HELIERS
NEWMARKET REMUERA
MOUNT ALBERT
EPSOM
AVONDALE
This map/plan is illustrative only and all information should be independently verified on site before taking any action.Copyright Auckland Council. Boundary information from LINZ (Crown Copyright Reserved). Whilst due care has been taken, Auckland Council gives no warranty as to the accuracy and completeness of any information on this map/plan and accepts no liability for any error, omission or use of the information. Height datum: Auckland 1946.
The street pattern corresponds to the changes in the city too, with the oldest part of the city around Shortland Street characterised by small blocks and some surviving small plots from historic villa housing. The grid patterns of Britomart and -- -Amalgamation ofof lots Amalgamation The square shaped land reclamation organized streets into alots neat grid, and the Viaduct Basin remember their industrial past when the waterfront was a bustling precinct of commerce and exchange. -- -Clustering of buildings Clustering of buildings
subdivided into large orthogonal plots to establish Wynyard Quarter as a -- -Removal ofof buildings Removal buildings key industrial hub for processing raw materials. This created a fringe belt of industrial activity around the city centre, serving as the intermediary between AA waterfront shipping activity, and the commerce and exchange of the city ´ centre. Tank Farm marks the northern end of Wynyard Quarter, which is original section Figure 1: Map showing context and surrounds ofThe waterfront Figure 4 - Aerial view of Auckland isthmus with inset to s covered in tanks 12-18 m in height and between 5-40m in width4. Statistics NZ, 2013/A modern(Source: commercia -- -Creation ofof a thoroughfare Creation a thoroughfare offices. As the port 5 where warehousing industry create a buffer between the harbour and the The waterfront area for this study is defined as the ‘Auckland Harbourside’ 2013 decline , which eventuated Industrial left the areaand in need regeneration --of-Intensification of land use Intensification of land use public access to the 7 to when commercial activityCup in the centre. The cityimperative centre is now into this fringe Census Area Unit from Statistics NZ , which provides a distinguishing boundary in 1998 the Americas events forexpanding public access -- created Removal ofof buildings -Removal buildings subsequently been work within. This area was then differentiated by character and urban form intowaterfront belt in ato natural process of fringe adaptation, therefor is abars unique to the view the events, and belt generated demand andopportunity Princes Wharf was r ten distrinct plan units. how city interfaces with the harbour, while restaurantstoinmanage the area. Asthe waterfront began to regenerate, publicpreserving demand elements to accommodate ho BB character and initiated heritage that recount theunder story ofAuckland Auckland.Council for further of improvements a new agency and most notably a The waterfront has been traditionally seen as a fringe belt of the city centre, Map has Title called Waterfront Auckland to repurpose industrial sites. The agency in 2011 in time for t -- -Increase land area via reclamation Increase areabasin via reclamation since transformed North Wharf on the western sideland of the into a new -Creation of streets --BRITOMART Creation of streets TANK FARM, WYNYARD QUARTER, VIADUCT hospitality CENTRAL AND QUAY PARK precinct, withWHARVES, a greater emphasis on public open space and quality These plan units are -- -Subdivision into multi-sized lots Subdivision into multi-sized lots urban design. MARINA, VIADUCT RESIDENTIAL, AND FANSHAWE DOWNTOWN centre, harbor view -- -Intensification ofof land use Intensification land use Beach Road dema These plan units are mostly constituted of reclaimed land, with the original -- -Creation of boat docks COMMERCIAL runing perpendicu Creation ofwharf boat frontage, docks 7 These planshoreline units areindicated now characterized excellent good by FanshawebyStreet and Fort Street6. The first reclamation from Point Britom C C These plan units are built on land reclaimed from Freemans Bay outwardsdevelopment potential on former industrial sites, and an increasing public works began in 1860 when the Auckland Harbour Board replaced wooden the settlement, la between 1905 and 1930, with demand for goods storage increasing, largeinterest in the areawith as aconcrete recreation entertainment destination. wharves fill, and to create a wharf edge around the city to 8
Map Title
URBAN MORPHOLOGICAL ANALYSIS Scale @ A3 1:100000
Created: Tuesday, 25 August 2015,1:22:34 p.m.
urban morphological analysis
he grid patterns of Britomart and inct of commerce and exchange. we Street
1959 1959
This map/plan is illustrative only and all information should be independently verified on site before taking any action.Copyright Auckland Council. Boundary information from LINZ (Crown Copyright Reserved). Whilst due care has been taken, Auckland Council gives no warranty as to the accuracy and completeness of any information on this map/plan and accepts no liability for any error, omission or use of the information. Height datum: Auckland 1946.
Figure 1: Map showing context and surrounds of waterfront
Figure 4 - Aerial view of Auckland isthmus with inset to show study area boundary, derived from Statistics NZ 2013 census area unit (Source: Statistics NZ, 2013/Auckland Council GIS, 2010; edited by Yuen, 2015)
Created: Tuesday, 25 August 2015,2:45:33 p.m.
ehousing and industry create a buffer between the harbour and the al activity in the centre. The city centre is now expanding into this fringe atural process of fringe belt adaptation, there is a unique opportunity how the city interfaces Large footprint with the harbour, while preserving elements 1996 1996 er and heritage that recount warehouses for storagethe story of Auckland. This map/plan is illustrative only and all information should be independently verified on site before taking any action.Copyright Auckland Council. Boundary information from LINZ (Crown Copyright Reserved). Whilst due care has been taken, Auckland Council gives no warranty as to the accuracy and completeness of any information on this map/plan and accepts no liability for any error, omission or use of the information. Height datum: Auckland 1946.
and industrial uses
Map Title
AL WHARVES, BRITOMART AND NTOWN Created: Tuesday, 25 August 2015,2:45:33 p.m.
These plan units are shoreline indicated works began in 1860 wharves with concr accommodate the t an obstacle, which l March 1872, creatin were planned by Au designed the wharv this ensured accessi routes between the in the city.
‘lighters’ would unload goods in the area from ships berthed in the harbor.
ELLERSLIE
MOUNT WELLINGTON
offices of oreys arearound Shortland Street he city ng the main
COMMERCIAL
The most profound changes have been2: reclamations the harbour, with the original shoreline hidden behind large areas Figure Illustrationsinto showing building shapes at Wynyard Quarter Significant morphological changes identified through aerials photos from 1940 toto 2010 These plan units are built on land reclaimed from Freemans Bay outwards of docklands and wharves. The first reclamations were in the 1860s, when the Auckland Harbour Board quarried Point Significant morphological changes identified through aerials photos from 1940 2010 Britomart away to fill Commercial Bay, forging a new wharf with storage facilities to handle increased shipping. for Subsequent between 1905 and 1930, with demand goods storage increasing, large 8 CHANGES 1940 1996 2010 reclamations included the filling1959 of Freemans Bay to create Victoria Park, the Western Reclamation in 1926 toin create . TheKEY Viaduct Basin was intended sections for warehousing developed 1926Viaduct 1940 1959 1996 2010 KEY CHANGES Basin, and the Fergusson Wharf reclamations to complete the modern container port. similar to the docks along the Thames in London, where to create a basin
DEVONPORT
sections for warehousing developed in 1926 . The Viaduct Basin was intended to create a basin similar to the docks along the Thames in London, where ‘lighters’ would unload goods in the area from ships berthed in the harbor.
accommodate the thriving shipping trade1. Point Britomart was then considered an obstacle, which led to its demolition bygrid the Auckland Harbour Board in -- -Linear to street pattern Linear to grid street pattern March 1872, creating fill to reclaim Commercial Bay.footprint Further reclamations -Increase building FANSHAWE STREET COMMERCIAL -- Increase buildingWH footprint were planned by Auckland Harbour Board engineer Hamer in 19042, who -- Removal ofof buildings The square shaped land reclamation organized streets into a neat grid, and1940: The area consists Removal buildings of mainly the wharves to extend-designed into the harbor directly from the street grid, Scale @ A3 1:15000 warehouses. Like Tank Farm, subdivided into large orthogonal plots to establish Wynyard Quarter as a industrial thison ensured building design focuses functionality. accessibility of the waterfront from the city centre, providing direct D D key industrial hub for processing raw materials. This created a fringe belt of Beach Road demarcates the former shoreline along Official Bay, with the streets Buildings are not well routes between the loading of goods at the wharf, and their sale and exchange integrated with streetscapes runing perpendicular from the original shoreline on flat land that was reclaimed industrial activity around the city centre, serving as the intermediary between ininthe city. or pedestrian amenity from Point Britomart fill. To accommodate growth in shipping and the growth ofwaterfront shipping activity, and the commerce and exchange of the city mind. centre. Tank Farm marks the northern end of Wynyard Quarter, which is The original sections are large--and orthogonal, which lend themselves to the settlement, larger wharves were reclaimed and built, and the port moved Land use change -Land use change covered in tanks 12-18 m in height and between 5-40m in width4. The area was not developed modern commercial buildings, including the shopping centre and high rise
´
QUAY PARK AND THE PORT
units are mostly constituted of reclaimed land, with the original Reclaimed port to ndicated by Fanshaweaccommodate Street andincreasing Fort Street6. The first reclamation Doublewooden facing demand for import and Board replaced an in 1860 when the Auckland Harbour ea now accommodates buildings, which better exportaactivities. eith theconcrete Maritime Museum, fill, to create wharf edge around the accommodate city to users eastward to occupy Mechanics Bay where the largest wharves could be built, ffices, and restaurants. ate the thriving shipping trade1. Point Britomart was then considered wellbeing. beginning with Bledisloe Wharf in 1937 and most recently Fergusson Wharf in 2010 e, which led to its demolition by the Auckland Harbour Board in 2010 19713. BB pedestrian 2, creating fill to reclaim Commercial Bay. Further reclamations e connectivity. EE 2 ned byofAuckland Harbour Board engineer WH Hamer in 1904 , who eability the The biggest change for the port was the advent of containerization, which he . wharves to extend into the harbor directly from the street grid, AA concentrated port activity to only these largest wharves, which were reclaimed d accessibility of the waterfront from the city centre, providing direct for much larger C areas C to create container yards. The remaining land has been ween the loading of goods at the wharf, and their sale and exchange D Dyards, which grew to fill Mechanics Bay and St used for the sprawling railway FF Georges Bay, which were once used by Māori traders in colonial days1.
Industrial decline left the area in need of regeneration5, which eventuated in 1998 when the Americas Cup events created imperative for public access to the waterfront to view the events, and generated demand for bars and restaurants in the area. As waterfront began to regenerate, public demand for further improvements initiated a new agency under Auckland Council called Waterfront Auckland to repurpose industrial sites. The agency has since transformed North Wharf on the western side of the basin into a new hospitality precinct, with a greater emphasis on public open space and quality urban design.
Warehouses are mainly one to two storeys in height.
The layout of the area is in a grid pattern. More cleared space in preparation for multistorey developments.
RPHOLOGICAL CHANGES ORPHOLOGICAL CHANGES 1940 1940
1959 1959
1940 1940
1996 1996
2010 2010
KEY CHANGES KEY CHANGES
1996 1996
The grid pattern remains
1940 1940
2010: The area now accommodates attractions like the Maritime Museum, apartments, offices, and restaurants.
Reclaimed port to accommodate increasing demand for import and export activities.
Double facing buildings, which better accommodate users wellbeing.
1959 1959
2010 2010
BB
AA
AA
Figure 4: Illustrations of building shapes along Viaduct Marina
VIADUCT MARINA
1959 1959
Figure 2: Illustrations show Signifi Sig
BB
Figure 2: Illustrations showing building shapes at Wynyard Quarter Significant morphological changes identified through aerials photos from 1940 toto 2010 Significant morphological changes identified through aerials photos from 1940 2010
Warehouses to two storey
33 33 33
1959 1959
Figure 3: Illustrations of building shapes on Fanshawe Street
1940: The area consists of ma industrial warehouses. Like Tan building design focuses on func
Creation ofof a thoroughfare Modern offices-of -Creation a thoroughfare
6 storeys are These plan units are4 to now characterized by in commercial activity of the city -- -Decrease building structures Decrease in building structures built along the main centre, harbor views, and good to the rest of the city. arterial. -- connectivity Increase in containerisation
Bridge for pedestrian to increase connectivity. and permeability of the waterfront.
Modern offices of 4 to 6 storeys are built along the main arterial.
WYNYARD QU
MORPHOLOGICAL MORPHOLOGICAL CHANGES CHANGES
The area was not developed with the intention of providing pedestrian amenity.
2010: Tanks and large scale warehouses have been removed.
These plan units a infrastructure, wit 1940 1940 apartments as a s
2010: Tanks and large scale
subsequently been redeveloped accommodate new uses and public warehouses have to been removed. The grid events. pattern Princes Wharf was redeveloped for the Americas Cup events in the lateremains 1990s to accommodate hospitality businesses such as bars, restaurants, nightclubs, and most notably a hotel. Queen’s wharf to be repurposed, becoming available in 2011 in time for the Rugby -World Cup events. Increase land area viavia reclamation -Increase land area reclamation
warehouses for storage and industrial uses
integrated with streetscapes or pedestrian amenity in mind.
Farm.
2010: Tanks and large scale warehouses have been removed.
The biggest chang concentrated port for much larger ar used for the spraw Georges Bay, whic
MORPH MORP
with the intention of providing -- -Creation of streets Creation of streets pedestrian amenity. offices. As the port has progressively moved east under pressure to allow more -Subdivision into multi-sized lotswharves have -- Subdivision into multi-sized public access to the waterfront and to modernize operations, thelots
-- Increase in containerisation al sections are large and orthogonal, which lend themselves to E Figure 3: Illustrations of building shapes on Fanshawe Street These plan units are characterised by largeEcurrent and former port These plan units are now characterized by excellent wharf frontage, good Higherand apartments being mmercial buildings, including the shopping centre high rise FF infrastructure, with some pockets of redevelopment into office buildings and development potential on former industrial sites, and an increasing public between 4-7 floors. uct Marina the port has progressively moved east under pressure to allow more apartments as a spillover from the city centre. in the area as a(Source: recreation and entertainment destination. Figure 5050 - Key morphological changes Auckland Council, 2010; edited by by Xie,Xie, 2015) Figure - interest Key morphological changes (Source: Auckland Council, 2010; edited 2015) Figure 5: Illustrations showing morphology of plan units ess to the waterfront and to modernize operations, the wharves have tly been redeveloped to accommodate new uses and public events. VIADUCT MARINA harf was redeveloped for the Americas Cup events in the late 1990s 1940: The were mainly designed WYNYARD QUARTER INDUSTRIAL FANSHAWE STREET COMMERCIAL for industrial and shipping modate hospitality businesses such as bars, restaurants, nightclubs, 1940: The area consists of mainly activities. 1940: The area consists of mainly industrial warehouses. Like Tank Farm, industrial warehouses. Like Tank Farm, notably a hotel. Queen’s wharf to be repurposed, becoming available Some tanks are present, building design focuses on functionality. building design focuses on functionality. however there are less time for the Rugby World Cup events. Large footprint Buildings are not well when compared to Tank
units are now characterized by commercial activity of the city bor views, and good connectivity to the rest of the city.
eastward to occup beginning with Ble 19713.
CC
Higher apartments being between 4-7 floors.
Figure 5: Illustrations showi
1940: The were mainly designed for industrial and shipping activities. Large footprint
1996 1996
CC
Map Data via Arc Map 10.1 (2008) Map Data via Arc Map 10.1 (2008)
THE BIGGER PICTURE
QUEENS WHARF
Public Realm Public Realm
Public Open Space Public Open Space
Public and Green Spaces PUBLICOpen OPENSpaces SPACES AND GREEN SPACES PUBLIC OPEN SPACES AND GREEN SPACES
ET
STRE
ET
N ST
Bypassing(Vehicles) circulation area Bypassing circulation area
INDICATIVEINDICATIVE TRAFFIC RE-ROUTE TRAFFIC FROM RE-ROUTE THE FROM REMOVAL THE OF REMOVAL THE HOBSON OF THESTREET HOBSON FLYOVER STREET FLYOVER 20
30
40 Metres
20
*NOT TO SCALE. *NOT TO SCALE.
30
East Bound Traffic East Bound Traffic West Bound Traffic West Bound Traffic
40 Metres
Bypassing1:2,000 circulationarea area Bypassing circulation (Vehicles)
1:2,000
Figure 27: Current vehicular movement map UAY Figure 27:QCurrent vehicular movement map STREQ ETUA Y East BoundTraffic Traffic STREBound REET East ET
AY S T
*NOTTO TOSCALE. SCALE. *NOT 30 40
20
Metres
STRE E
T
STRE ET
T ST
ET
STRE
ERT
ALB
ETAY
TWest Bound Traffic West Bound Traffic
STRE E 20 20
*NOTTO TOSCALE. SCALE. *NOT 30 40 20 Metres
3
T30 30
30
40 40 Metres Metres
40 Metres
30 30
40 40 Metres Metres
CUS TOM
REET
T AWE S FANSH
FANSH
STRE ET TREET S E W A
ALB
20 20
ER T
ET
ET 40 40 Metres Metres
STRE
TREEET T
ET
QUA QUA Y STQ ETAY Y STQREU REU ETAY STRE S
STR E
30 30
EastBound Bound Traffic QUATraffic East Y STQ REU
STRE E
20
RESTERE TET
ALB
20 20
ALAB LEBREATRL BSLETRT AT BSR ETRE SR TTEE SRT TEERET ETET
CUS TOM
1:2,000 1:2,000
QUA Y STQ REU ETAY
80 80 Metres Metres
BSETRT
ERATL
ERATL
STRE ET STREET E W A SH FAN
40 40 Metres Metres
60 60
S STTRREEET ET
BSETRT
RESTERE TET
STREET
QUA QUA Y STREQ Y ST ETUA REQ ETUA Y Y
30 30
40 40
20
Figure 28: Vehicular movement after proposed redevelopment Figure 28: Vehicular movement after proposed redevelopment
ERT
40 Metres
ALB
HLOO HLWOO BEWRSBEHO RSOH NBOSNBSOT O SNS OR ST NTE RSRETEERETEET ETT
WE FANSHA
CUS TOM
20 20
0 10 20 0 10 20
40 Metres
ALB
ETT
SOTN RS TERE E
30
RSH OONBS
20
HLOOWBE
HLOOWBE
RSH OONBS
SOTN RS TERE E
ETT
WestBound BoundTraffic Traffic West
PROPOSED PROPOSED
ET
REQ ETU
STRE
QUA Y ST
ER T
CURRENT CURRENT
30
East Bound Traffic West Bound Traffic West Bound Traffic
(Vehicles)
INDICATIVE TRAFFIC TRAFFIC RE-ROUTE RE-ROUTE FROM FROM THE THE REMOVAL REMOVAL OF OF THE THE HOBSON HOBSON STREET STREET FLYOVER FLYOVER INDICATIVE
20
ALB
Source: Source: WaterfrontArea AreaUnit Unitvia viaNZ NZCensus Census(2013) (2013) Waterfront ActivityInformation Informationvia viaAuckland AucklandCouncil Council(2014) (2014) Activity MapData Datavia viaArc ArcMap Map10.1 10.1(2008) (2008) Map
CUS TOM
STRE E
T
ABLEBRT ERSTTR STEREET ET
CURRENT
STR E
CURRENT
2. Cycle Cyclelanes lanesare areimplemented implementedthroughout throughoutthe thewhole whole 2. West Bound Traffic project site. project site. 3. Roading Roadingmaterials materialsare aretextured texturedand anddifferent differentfrom from 3. vehicular roads at Lower Hobson Street and Quay Street vehicular roads at Lower Hobson Street and Quay Street up until the intersection of Albert Street. For example, Figure 28: Vehicular movement Figure 28: after Vehicular proposed movement redevelopment after proposed redevelopment up until the intersection of Albert Street. For example, texturedpavings pavingsisisused usedto toindicate indicate theTraffic streetsare are Bound Traffic East Bound East textured the streets sharedbetween betweencyclists, cyclists,pedestrians pedestriansand andvehicles, vehicles, shared West Bound Traffic West as opposed to using cement which are often seen onBound Traffic as opposed to using cement which are often seen on normal carriageways. East Bound normal carriageways. *NOT TO SCALE. *NOTTraffic TO SCALE.
ERT
Indicative Traffic Re-route from the
East Bound Traffic
ALB ALEBRT ERSTTR STEREET ET
East Bound Traffic
(Vehicles) (Vehicles) Pedestriansand and Cyclists(bi (bidirectional) directional) PokapuGateway Gatewayproject projectnot notonly onlyproposes proposes new public open Pedestrians Cyclists West Bound Traffic public open West Bound Traffic Pokapu aanew space, but it is also located in a way which is well connected Vehicles (two directions) space, but it is also located in a way which is well connected Vehicles (two directions) Removal of the Flyover to other other public public open Hobson spaces within withinStreet the waterfront waterfront area, Vehicles(one (onedirection) direction) to open spaces the area, Vehicles such as Silo Park and Daldy Street, and potentially Queens such as Silo Park and Daldy Street, and potentially Queens Containedcirculation circulationarea area Figure 27: Current Figure 27: Current vehicular movement mapvehicular Contained Wharf. Thenetworks networks which connect Silomovement Parkand andmap thepublic public PROPOSED PROPOSED (Pedestrians & Cyclists) Wharf. The which connect Silo Park the 0 (Pedestrians 10 20 40& Cyclists) 60 80 spacesof ofPokapū Pokapū Gateway arealready already pedestrian oriented, 0 10 20 40 60 80 Metres East Bound Traffic East Bound Traffic oriented, spaces Gateway are pedestrian Metres Containedcirculation circulationarea area 1:2,000 andQuay QuayStreet Streetwill willadopt adoptaaboulevard boulevardapproach approachto toconnect connect Contained 1:2,000 and (Vehicles) 0 10 20 40 60 0 80 10 20 40 60 80 (Vehicles) West Bound Traffic West Bound Traffic the project site to Queens Wharf and Queen Street. Metres Metres the project site to Queens Wharf and Queen Street.
ALB
Site Area
Site Area Source: Source: Waterfront Area Unit via Waterfront NZ Census Area (2013) Unit via NZ Census (2013) Activity Information viaActivity Auckland Information Council (2014) via Auckland Council (2014) 20 30 40 20 30 40 Metres Map Data via Arc MapMap 10.1 Data (2008) via Arc Map 10.1 (2008) Metres
QUA QUA Y STREE Y ST REET T
LH OO WEBRSO HOBN S SONTR STREET EE T
PrivatePropert PropertBoundary Boundary(Blocks) (Blocks) Private
LOW LOEWR EHROHB OSBOSN OSNTR STERET EET
PublicOpen OpenSpace Space Public
LH OLO H B BO W OEO WRES SHBO HRO NOSNST BOSNOSSR RTEEEETE TSRE NT RETET T
PublicRealm Realm Public
ET
OBS
WiderContext ContextMap Map Wider
STRE
Pedestrians and Cyclists (biand directional) and Cyclists Pedestrians (bi directional) Cyclists (bi directional) and Cyclists (bi directional) Pokapu Gateway project Pokapunot Gateway only proposes project not a new only public proposes opena new public openPedestriansPedestrians Vehicles (two directions) AUCKLAND Vehicles (two directions) space, but it is also space, located but in it a is way also which located is well in a way connected which is well connected AUCKLAND Vehicles (two directions) Vehicles (two directions) DOMAIN DOMAIN Vehicles(one (onedirection) direction) to other public open to other spaces public within openthe spaces waterfront within area, the waterfront area,Vehicles (one Vehicles direction) Vehicles (one direction) such as Silo ParkAs such and Daldy as in Silo Street, Park and andDaldy potentially Street, Queens andmorphological potentially Queens Containedcirculation circulationarea area shownin themap mapabove aboveand andfrom fromaaurban urbanmorphological (Pedestrians & Cyclists) AsWharf. shown the ContainedContained circulation Contained area circulation area (Pedestrians & Cyclists) Wharf. The networks which The connect networks Silo which Park connect and the public Silo Park and the public (Pedestrians & Cyclists) (Pedestrians & Cyclists) studycarried carriedout outpreviously, previously,there thereisislittle littlepublic publicopen openspaces spaces study 0 10 20 40 60 080 10 20 40 60 80 spaces of Pokapūprovided spaces Gateway of Pokapū are already Gateway pedestrian are already oriented, pedestrian oriented, Containedcirculation circulation area within the waterfront waterfront area. The only only public open open Metres Metres Contained area provided within the area. The public (Vehicles) Contained(Vehicles) circulation Contained area circulation area 1:2,000 1:2,000 and Quay Streetspace will andadopt Quay aStreet boulevard will adopt approach a boulevard to connect approach toininconnect space provided Silo Park inTank Tank Farm andDaldy DaldyStreet Street provided isisSilo Park in Farm and (Vehicles) (Vehicles) Bypassingcirculation circulationarea area Wynyard Quarter. the project site Wynyard to the Queens project Wharf site to and Queens QueenWharf Street. and Queen Street. Bypassing Quarter. (Vehicles)
40 Metres
ERT
30
STR
20
ON
40 Metres
ER H
30
LOW
20
QUEE N ST QU EENREET STRE ET
ALB ERLBT A STRE ER T STET REET
(Vehicles)
ALB
(Vehicles)
ALAB LEBRETR TSTSRTE REETE T AL
AOTEA SQUARE AOTEA SQUARE & CIVIC THEATRE & CIVIC THEATRE
Site Area
EET
Site Area
EET
Private Propert Boundary Private (Blocks) Propert Boundary (Blocks)
QUA Y ST REET QUA Y ST REET
STR
Public Open Space
The Pokapū Gateway The Pokapū Project Gateway prioritisesProject active prioritises transport active tran through several means: through several means: 1. Vehicle access1.is eliminated Vehicle access from is the eliminated proposed from open the proposed QUA QUA Y ST Y ST R R spaces. This ensures spaces. This pedestrians’ ensuresEEthat pedestrians’ of experien EEthat T Texperience walking from thewalking CBD to the fromwaterfront the CBD tois the safer waterfront and is safer more flexible. more flexible. 2. Cycle lanes are2.implemented Cycle lanes are throughout implemented the whole throughout the w project site. project site. 3. Roading materials 3. Roading are textured materials and are different textured from and different fro vehicular roads at vehicular Lower Hobson roads at Street Lower and Hobson Quay Street and Qu ThePokapū PokapūGateway GatewayProject Projectprioritises prioritisesactive activetransport transport The up until the intersection up until of the Albert intersection Street. For of Albert example, Street. For ex throughseveral severalmeans: means: through textured pavings textured is used to pavings indicate is the used streets to indicate are 1. Vehicle Vehicleaccess accessisiseliminated eliminatedfrom fromthe theproposed proposedopen open the streets 1. shared between cyclists, shared between pedestrians cyclists, and vehicles, pedestrians and vehic spaces.This Thisensures ensuresthat thatpedestrians’ pedestrians’experience experienceof of spaces. walking from the CBD to the waterfront is safer and aswalking opposed tothe using as opposed cement which to using arecement seen which onare often se from CBD to the waterfront isoften safer and moreflexible. flexible. normal carriageways. normal carriageways. East Bound Traffic more ON
Public Open Space
QUAY PARK
QUAY PARK circulation Contained area circulation area As shown in the map As shown abovein and thefrom mapaabove urbanand morphological from a urban morphologicalContained (Pedestrians & Cyclists) (Pedestrians & Cyclists) study carried out previously, study carried there out is previously, little public there open isspaces little public open spaces ALBERT PARK circulation Contained area circulation area ALBERT PARKwithin the provided provided waterfront withinarea. the waterfront The only public area.open The only public openContained (Vehicles) (Vehicles) space provided isspace Silo Park provided in Tankis Farm Silo Park andin Daldy TankStreet Farm and in Daldy Street in Bypassing circulation area Bypassing circulation area Wynyard Quarter.Wynyard Quarter.
OBS
Public Realm
Vehicles (one direction) Vehicles (one direction)
LOW ER H LO WER OBS HOOBS N ST ONREET STRE ET
Public Realm
Vehicles (two directions) Vehicles (two directions)
ER H
VICTORIA VICTORIA PARK PARK
AUCKLAND DOMAIN
LOW
AUCKLAND DOMAIN
LH OO WEBRSO HOBN S SONTR STREET EE T
the bigger picture
Wider Context Map
QUEE N
Pedestrians and Cyclists Pedestrians (bi directional) and Cyclists (bi directional)
BRITOMART BRITOMART
Wider Context Map
ALB ER
T ST
REE T
AOTEA SQUARE & CIVIC THEATRE
QUEE N
WHARF WHARF
QUAY
STRE
REE T
QUAY
Source: Source: Waterfront Area Unit via NZ Census (2013) Waterfront Area Unit via NZ Census (2013) Activity Information via Auckland Council (2014) Activity Information via Auckland Council (2014) Map Data via Arc Map 10.1 (2008) Map Data via Arc Map 10.1 (2008)
ALB ER
AOTEA SQUARE & CIVIC THEATRE
QUAY PARK
QUEENS ALBERT PARK QUEENS
ALBERT PARK
*NOTTO TOSCALE. SCALE. *NOT
40 40 Metres Metres
OBSO
QUAY PARK
30 30
LOW ER H
WYNYARD WYNYARD QUARTER QUARTER
20
40 40 Metres Metres
REE T
BRITOMART
30 30
STRE ET
20 20
Figure 26: Pedestrian movement map Figure 26: Pedestrian movement map20
40 40 Metres Metres
REE T
VICTORIA PARK
20
30 30
N ST
VICTORIA PARK
Site Area Figure 25: Map showing public connections between Site public Areaopen spaces. Figure 25: Map showing public connections between public open spaces. 20
OBSO
BRITOMART
Pedestrian and PEDESTRIAN ANDCycle CYCLERoutes ROUTES PEDESTRIAN AND CYCLE ROUTES
Private Propert Boundary (Blocks) Private Propert Boundary (Blocks)
LOW ER H
QUEENS WHARF
• Carriage ways •onCarriage Hobson Street ways on and Hobson Quay Street are and Quay Street are re-route • Carriage ways •onCarriage Hobson Street ways on and Hobson Quay Street are and Quay Street Overall, arethe current Overall, traffic theroutes current create traffic anroutes environment create an environment The traffic The is traffic expected re-route to create is expected a more to pedestrian create a more pe C CUUSSTOM T STRE The dominated. narrow, being roughly narrow, 6m.being roughly 6m. wide, being roughly wide, 26m. being roughly 26m. which is vehicle which dominated. isOM Svehicle multi-lane carriageway The multi-lane carriageway friendly CCUenvironment, friendlybyenvironment, reducing vehicular by reducing movements vehicular mo USTO TR ET M
1:1,000
MASTER PLAN
RIMA FIVE
POKAPU
0
1
GATEWAY 3
Metres 1:2,000
2
REMOVAL OF FLYOVER • Create a brighter and safer public space for pedestrians.
• Pedestrian walkways are narrow. • There is a lack of passive surveillance over the area, as shops backs onto it. • The flyover creates a dark and unattractive space for pedestrians.
40
60
80 Metres
1
SPACE FOR RESTING AND ENJOYMENT
2
PUBLIC OPEN SPACE FOR TEMPORARY ACTIVITIES 0
0
4
5
10
20
30
10 20
40
60
80 Metres
3
PEDESTRIAN-ORIENTED BOULEVARD
4
GATEWAY BETWEEN THE CBD AND WATERFRONT (PŌKAPU GATEWAY) Grass or Imitation grass
5
TRANSITION TO THE NEXT MAIN Carriageway INTERSECTION
40 Metres
1:2,000
1:1,000
CYCLE LANES • Although Tamaki Drive and Quay Street provide cycling initiatives, they are not well connected to the rest of the CBD. • Providing cycle lanes on Hobson Street allows cyclists to cycle safely between Downtown and Midtown.
PEDESTRIAN-ORIENTED BOULEVARD
CHALLENGES AND ISSUES
10 20
1:2,000
Ground Surfaces
Footpath
0
10 20
40
60
80 Metres
1:2,000
Paved Raised and paved
TREE-LINED BOULEVARD • Provide pedestrians and cyclists with shading. • Create a physical buffer between cyclists and vehicles.
5
Ground Surfaces
Design elements Cycle Lane
3
Figure 17: Master plan illustrating redesigned open spaces and street layout
Figure 23: Cross section of Hobson Street showing proposed new road layout
Raised and paved Design elements Cycle Lane
DESIGN ELEMENTS
(lined by raised barrier)
GATEWAY BETWEEN THE CBD AND WATERFRONT (POKAPU GATEWAY)
SPACE FOR RESTING AND ENOYMENT
VEGETATION CHALLENGES AND AND ISSUESTURF MATERIALS:
SCULPTURE • • The Used public open spaces aregrey currently hidden awayto make KŌRERO to soften space and more •itPlacing a landmark sculpture at the from the main arterial routes, Hobson Street and intersection can signify the importance of it. Quayattractive. Street. Therefore activities which occur within • The will reflect the character of the area legible. •the spaces Usedaretonotreduce heat island effect. through the design and materials used. • Despite the interesection of Hobson Street and Quay • The sculpture will provide functional being a point which demarcates waterfrontnative trees •Street Vegetation used will bethecoastal to reflect qualities which will encourage pedestrian and CBD, no distinct feature marks the importance of New Zealand’s identify and the waterfront context of activity. the space.
the site. • Vegetation should also be sympathetic to typologies used in Wynyard Quarter and Silo Park to reflect the FUNCTION transitional thehasspace. In addition to the sculpture’snature aesthetics,of it also several functions which enhances the amenity of the space and area.
TAHI ONE
Bi-directional Cycle Lane
POKAPU
The Korero Sculpture is a landmark located at the intersection CHALLENGES AND ISSUES of Quay Street and Hobson Street. The sculpture reflects the identity of Pokapū Gateway being a hub between • The space doesthe notdifferent retain people due to a lack plan units of downtown Aucklandof and acts as a legible landmark. pedestrian amenity such as street furniture or It also provides functions which enhance pedestrian amenity in AUCKLAND WATERFRONT CONTEXT AND HISTORY shelter. the area.
GATEWAY
differentiates between pedestrian and vehicular spaces.
• Viewing opportunities of the waterfront are not maximised, as vehicle parking spaces are currently located along the water edges. DEVONPORT
The city of Auckland was founded on waterfront in today’s city centre, where British traders first established a trading “ Kōrero means stories, conversations, and meetings in Māori. It along the Waihorotiu on the shores ofsoft Commercial Bay, and • The settlement space lacks elements as stream which now runs beneath Queen Street. The is a physical manifestation of the growth and development of the city, formed through the vicissitudes of politics signifies that the sculpture will act as awaterfront meeting point for people. and economics, with each aspect of the built environment alluding to a past era and purpose. materials used are dominated by concrete and cold Due to the many locations which the The intersection may lead to, most profound changes have been reclamations into the harbour, with the original shoreline hidden behind large areas metals. of docklands and wharves. first reclamations were in the 1860s, when the Auckland Harbour Board quarried Point whether it is Te Wero Bridge or down Quay Street to The Britomart, Britomart away to fill Commercial Bay, forging a new wharf with storage facilities to handle increased shipping. Subsequent it will form the start of a new story”. reclamations included the filling of Freemans Bay to create Victoria Park, the Western Reclamation in 1926 to create Viaduct•
POKAPU
Basin, and the Fergusson Wharf reclamations to complete the modern container port.
• The The space does not sufficiently prioritise street pattern corresponds to the changes in the city too, with the oldest part of the city around Shortland Street characterised by small blocks and some surviving small plots from historic villa housing. The grid patterns of Britomart and CONCEPT pedestrians, as vehicles can freely the and exchange. the Viaduct Basin remember their industrial past when the waterfrontmove was a bustlingwithin precinct of commerce The sculpture aims to reflect the identity of Auckland by incorporating elements which space. There are also no physical elements that symbolises the Auckland waterfront’s history, pride, natural and urban environment.
Figure 18: Native flora to coastal New Zealand, including Nikau palms Shelter (from Moosey Country Gardens, 2015 and Karmea Farm, 2015) • Pillars and sail material provides shelter for pedestrians from excesive rain, wind, or sunlight.
GATEWAY
PARNELL
1
SAINT HELIERS
NEWMARKET
REMUERA
MOUNT ALBERT
EPSOM
AVONDALE
ELLERSLIE
MOUNT WELLINGTON
Many of the design elements are temporary in nature, due to the lack of design direction given to the space previously.
RUA TWO
This map/plan is illustrative only and all information should be independently verified on site before taking any action.Copyright Auckland Council. Boundary information from LINZ (Crown Copyright Reserved). Whilst due care has been taken, Auckland Council gives no warranty as to the accuracy and completeness of any information on this map/plan and accepts no liability for any error, omission or use of the information. Height datum: Auckland 1946.
Figure 4 - Aerial view of Auckland isthmus with inset to show study area boundary, derived from Statistics NZ 2013 census area unit (Source: Statistics NZ, 2013/Auckland Council GIS, 2010; edited by Yuen, 2015)
7
7
QUAY STR
´
EET
QUEEN STR
TANK FARM, WYNYARD QUARTER, VIADUCT
The site offers a high degree of connectivity, esepcially the east-west link of Quay Street from the port through to Silo Park across Viaduct Harbour. This busy link that offers clear sightlines in each direction uses the project site as a transition point from the harbourfront environment to the city centre area, which will be developed further as a gateway point demarcating the departure and arrival between precincts. These plan units are built on land reclaimed from Freemans Bay outwards
REET
BSON
Legibility • The Kōrero Sculpture reflects activities which occur in the public open space of Pokapū Gateway through the use of lighting, especially as the open space is hidden from the main arterial roads. • Like the Sky Tower, lighting can also be used to celebrate different occassions whether it be a rugby game or a public festivity.
This map/plan is illustrative only and all information should be independently verified on site before taking any action.Copyright Auckland Council. Boundary information from LINZ (Crown Copyright Reserved). Whilst due care has been taken, Auckland Council gives no warranty as to the accuracy and completeness of any information on this map/plan and accepts no liability for any error, omission or use of the information. Height datum: Auckland 1946.
RT ST
STRE
ET
EET
EET
CENTRAL WHARVES, BRITOMART AND
direct pedestrians toward Pokapu Gateway. Created: Tuesday, 25 August 2015,2:45:33 p.m.
MARINA, VIADUCT RESIDENTIAL, AND FANSHAWE DOWNTOWN Carving 9 plan units are mostly constituted of reclaimed land, with the original COMMERCIAL • Clear sight line toThese the landmark is provided. • The three posts are designed like the tails of shoreline indicated by Fanshawe Street and Fort Street . The first reclamation works began in 1860 when the Auckland Harbour Board replaced wooden wakas. between 1905 and 1930, with demand for goods storage increasing, large wharves with concrete fill, to create a wharf edge around the city to street grid also offers direct links to Victoria Park by Fanshawe Street, and Basin was intended sections warehousing developed in nearby 1926 .toThe Viaduct • TheyThe translate history offorBritomart Auckland’s Midtown by Albertthe and Hobson Streets. and Queen Street are 6 DOWNTOWN accommodate the thriving shipping trade . Point Britomart was then considered 1 TANK FARM to create a basinthe similar towharves, the docks along the Thames in London, where the east by Quay Street, alsowhere connects central which include an7 obstacle, which led to its demolition by the Auckland Harbour Board in waterfront, being a which place the Maori CENTRAL WHARVES 2 WYNYARD QUARTER ‘lighters’ would Wharf, unloadand goods in the area from in the harbor. public spaces such as The Cloud on Queen’s hospitality offerings onships berthed March 1872, creating fill to reclaim Commercial Bay. Further reclamations arrived atWharf. on their wakas. 8 BRITOMART 3 FANSHAWE COMMERCIAL Prince’s were planned by Auckland Harbour Board engineer WH Hamer in 1904 , who The square shaped land reclamation organized streets into a neat grid, and 9 QUAYthe PARK 4 VIADUCT MARINA designed wharves to extend into the harbor directly from the street grid, • They also reflect the close relationship between subdivided into large orthogonal plots to establish Wynyard Quarter as a this ensured 10 THE PORTaccessibility of the waterfront from the city centre, providing direct 5 VIADUCT RESIDENTIAL Iwis and the waterfront. key industrial hub for processing raw materials. This created a fringe belt of routes between the loading of goods at the wharf, and their sale and exchange 8
6
1
2
industrial activity around the city centre, serving as Figure the intermediary 6: Map of project areabetween within the watefront area inwith thedifferentiated city. plan units waterfront shipping activity, and the commerce and exchange of the city
QUAY PARK AND THE PORT
Scale @ A3 1:15000
Beach Road demarcates the former shoreline along Official Bay, with the streets runing perpendicular from the original shoreline on flat land that was reclaimed from Point Britomart fill. To accommodate growth in shipping and the growth of the settlement, larger wharves were reclaimed and built, and the port moved eastward to occupy Mechanics Bay where the largest wharves could be built, beginning with Bledisloe Wharf in 1937 and most recently Fergusson Wharf in 19713. The biggest change for the port was the advent of containerization, which concentrated port activity to only these largest wharves, which were reclaimed for much larger areas to create container yards. The remaining land has been used for the sprawling railway yards, which grew to fill Mechanics Bay and St Georges Bay, which were once used by Māori traders in colonial days1.
centre. Tank Farm marks the northern end of Wynyard Quarter, which is Material The original sections are large and orthogonal, which lend themselves to These plan units are characterised by large current and former port STEPS covered in tanks 12-18 m in height and between 5-40mAND in width . HILL: modern commercial buildings, including the shopping centre and high rise • Steel and concrete materials will beVISION used to reflect the AND OBJECTIVES infrastructure, with some pockets of redevelopment into office buildings and offices. As the port has progressively moved east under pressure to allow more apartments as a spillover from the city centre. urban nature of the CBD. , which eventuated Industrial decline left the area in need of• regeneration Provide a space where people can rest and stay in public access to the waterfront and to modernize operations, the wharves have VISION OBJECTIVES in 1998 when the Americas Cup events created imperative for public access subsequently been redeveloped to accommodate new uses and public events. • Material used must be durable under the corrosive to the waterfront to view the events, and generated demand for bars and create aredeveloped landmark that embodies quality WYNYARD spaces whichQUARTER attract Wharf for the Americasthe Cup events theprovide late 1990s the area,ourasvision opposed towasrushing through it. in Topedestrians “With the unique restaurants character as a confluence of urban elements, for PrincesTo INDUSTRIAL environment of the waterfront. in the area. As waterfront began to regenerate, public demand spirit andhospitality identity ofbusinesses Aucklandsuch as bars, restaurants, transport accommodate nightclubs, and prioritises 1940: The areaactive consists of mainly this area is to reconcile the different initiated urbanaelements, intoAuckland a public space that to for further improvements new agency under Council industrial warehouses. Like Tank Farm, and most notably a hotel. Queen’s wharf viewing to be repurposed, becoming available Some tanks are present, • Raised seating also maximises the building design focuses on functionality. called Waterfront Auckland to repurpose industrial sites. The agency has however there are less truly reflects the special character and identity of Auckland.” in 2011To in create time foran theinterface Rugby World Cup events. between the city and To create a connective hub which is vibrant when compared to Tank 4
5
Meeting point • A point where people can meet up before going to an activity or attraction in another area. • No seating is provided as the place is not intended for people to sit under for a long period of time. It is encouraged that pedestrians dwell within nearby public open spaces instead.
harbour, that reconciles these elements opportunities for the waterfront. • Hill feature also act as a continuation element from Silo Park.
since transformed North Wharf on the western side of the basin into a new
with aingreater emphasis on public openthe space and quality In this vision, the sense ofhospitality arrival willprecinct, be developed creating a gateway between harbour and the city, These plan units are now characterized by commercial activity of the city urbanlarge design. with the intersection offering open spaces as a hub of activity, and an accommodating place for people centre, harbor views, and good connectivity to the rest of the city. To enhance economic activities and to gather. New open spaces will accommodate events and gatherings, while improved amenity and public units areand now characterized realm will create a vibrantThese placeplan of business social activity. by excellent wharf frontage, good business opportunities development potential on former industrial sites, and an increasing public interest in the area as a recreation and entertainment destination.
FANSHAWE STREET COMMERCIAL 1940: The area consists of mainly industrial warehouses. Like Tank Farm, building design focuses on functionality. Buildings are not well integrated with streetscapes or pedestrian amenity in mind.
Scale @ A3 1:100000
Figure 1: Map showing context and surrounds of waterfront
URBAN MORPHOLOGICAL ANALYSIS 4
Sail material where warehousing and industry create a buffer between the harbour and the The waterfront area for this study is defined as the ‘Auckland 2 Harbourside’ 2013 PROJECT SITE , which provides a distinguishing boundary to commercial activity in the centre. The city centre is now expanding into this fringe Census Area Unit Statistics NZ • Symbolises Auckland’s pride in from being the City of The project site was chosenwork for itswithin. uniqueThis character as the confluence of urbanby character and urban form into area was then differentiated belt in a natural process of fringe7belt adaptation, there is a unique opportunity Sail. elements, centred on the intersection of Hobson Street and Quay Street, which also ten distrinct plan units. to manage how6the city interfaces with the harbour, while preserving elements marks the intersection of three plan units – Viaduct Marina, Downtown, and the LEGIBILITY: of 5character and heritage that recount the story of Auckland. • Reflects the natural environment in the areathe interface Central Wharves. This site offers the unique opportunity of managing 8 The awaterfront hasfrom been traditionally between elements,to andthe creating sense of place their combination.seen as a fringe belt of the3city centre, Title being closed water. 10 • The row of trees on the left and seating onMapthe right FANSHA WE STR
´
Map Title
Created: Tuesday, 25 August 2015,1:22:34 p.m.
This intersection forms the focal point of the project as: • it is the transition point between the waterfront and CBD • it marks the intersection of four plan units • it is the congruent point of two main domian artierial within the CBD, Quay Street and Hobson Street.
LOWE R HO
4
Bi-directional Cycle Lane
Paved
Figure 22: Illustration of Lower Hobson Street after proposed redvelopment, showing wide sidewalks and new trees
1
(lined by raised barrier)
Carriageway
ACTIVE STREET FRONTAGE • Enhanced pedestrian amenity can improve pedestrian activity, which can in turn encourage businesses Bus lanes and walkways that are to provide entrances on Hobson shaded and separated from vehicular traffic Street. • This can create a more vibrant environment.
ALBE
design elements
Grass or Imitation grass Footpath
Farm. Warehouses are mainly one to two storeys in height.
The layout of the area is in a grid pattern. 2010: Tanks and large scale warehouses have been removed.
More cleared space in preparation for multistorey developments.
MINIMUM GARDEN RE
MINIMUM GARDEN REQUI
Sunbury
Broadmeadows Melton Caroline Springs
Sunbury
Heidelberg Footscray
Werribee
Melton
Ringwood
Broadmeadows
Caulfield
Caroline Springs
Dandenong
Heidelberg Footscray
Ringwood Frankston
Minimum Garden Area
Werribee
Caulfield
Legend
Dandenong
Urban
Gener
Neigh
To investigate whether the new minimum garden area provisions improve the quantity and quality of private open spaces in neighbourhoods.
Resid
Regio
Zones influenced by Minimum Garden Requirement
5km Frankston
Type
Research / Policy Analysis
Context
Tract Consultants - Research Internship 2017
Zones influenced by Minimum Garden Requirement
Location
Melbourne, Victoria
About I was one of three research candidates selected to conduct a study on minimum garden areas for Tract Consultants. The research exploreed the implications of the ‘minimum garden area’ provisions which was introduced as part of the VC110 Amendment in early 2017. Some of the research work carried out include literature review, site visits, policy analysis, office presentations, and design prototyping. The intention of the research is to study the implications of the minimum garden area and to come up with a design matrix which can facilitate Tract staff with their projects.
5km
Lots applicable to Minimum Garden Requirement
MINIMUM GARDEN AREA REQUIREMENT
CONSTRAINTS
MINIMUM 1M DIMENSION
Lots applicable to Minimum Garden Requirement
UNC RUL <400M
LACK OF QUALITATIVE REQUIREMENT
MINIMUM GARDEN MATRIX
CREATING ECOLOGICAL VALUE FROM A ‘MINIMUM
Maribyrnong River
Yarra Flats & Warringal Parklands
Royal Park
Craigieburn Conservation Reserve
Studley & Yarra Bend Park Altona Coastal Park
Werribee River
Botanic Gardens
Dandenong Valley Parklands
Dandenong Ranges National Park
Mordialloc Creek
Maribyrnong River
Royal Park
Werribee River
GENERIC GARDEN LAYOUT
Studley & Yarra Bend Park
Lysterfield Park
Altona Coastal Park
FRONT YARD
MAX. MAX. MAX. DIMENSION GARDEN DIMENSION DIMENSION Dandenong Valley Dandenong RangesGARDENGARDEN AT 25%AT GARDEN AREA 25% GARDEN AREA AREA Parklands National Park AT 25% GARDEN
Botanic Gardens
n Growth Boundary
Urban Growth Boundary Watercourse
dential Growth Zone
High Valued Habitat
onal Victoria
PARK
WINTER 32x15m
ERE PDE
25% Garden Area 400-500m²
30x8m
32x15m
MAX.
AT 25% GARDEN AREA
30x8m LINE OF SETBACK LINE OFLINE SETBACK OF SETBACK
71 ELLESMERE PDE, ROSANNA
RE PDE
71 ELLESME 40x15m
<400m² LINE OF SETBACK
<400m² GARDEN DIMENSION
ELLISTON ESTATE, ROSANNA
71 ELLESM 40x15m
WINTER PARK, DONCASTER
PARK
24% Garden Area
FRONT YARD
71 ELLESMERE PDE, 2-SIDE GARDEN ROSANNA
WINTER PARK, DONCASTER
24% Garden Area
FRONT+BACK YARD
Legend
ral Residential Zone
WINTER 32x15m
INTERIA, BURWOOD
GENERIC GARDEN LAYOUT
LINE OF SETBACK
hbourhood Residential Zone
INTERIA, BURWOOD
CASE STUDY SITES
LINE OF SETBACK LINE OFLINE SETBACK OF SETBACK
DETATCHED TYPE TERRACE TYPE 4-SIDE GARDEN
TOWNHOUSE TYPE GARDEN AREA 3-SIDE GARDEN
CASE STUDY SITES
MAX. GARDEN DIMENSION AT 25% GARDEN AREA
Yarra Flats & Warringal Parklands
Jells Park
Cranbourne Gardens
2-SIDE GARDEN
LINE OF SETBACK
Warrandyte State Park
Darebin Creek
Kororoit Creek
25%
TYPOLOGY
Warrandyte State Park
Darebin Creek Kororoit Creek
TERRACE TYPE
GARDEN AREA
ESCENT
Craigieburn Conservation Reserve
25%
YAN CR A 25 MU INTERI 30x8m
TYPOLOGY
CREATING ECOLOGICALMINIMUM VALUE FROM A ‘MINIMUM GARDEN‘ GARDEN MATRIX ESCENT
IREMENT INFLUENCE
YAN CR A 25 MU INTERI 30x8m
EQUIREMENT INFLUENCE
35% Garden Area >650m²
40x15m
53x15m
30% Garden Area 501-650m²
32x15m
3-SIDE GARDEN
ELLISTON ESTATE, ROSANNA
30% Garden Area 501-650m²
25% Garden Area 400-500m²
TOWNHOUSE TYPE
35% Garden Area >650m²
40x15m
53x15m
Regional Victoria
Broadmeadows
Melton
Neighbourhood Residential Zone
Caroline Springs
Heidelberg Footscray
Regional Victoria
5km
Werribee
Ringwood
High Valued Habitat Distribution Map Caulfield
5km
LINE OF SETBACK DETATCHED
Frankston
Legend
Dwelling Density of NRZ & GRZ Zones
Urban Growth Boundary
METROPOLITAN MAP 1-540 541-1230 ECOLOGICAL CONNECTIONS & SITES 1231-2090
2091-4160 4161-7830 7831-31168 Sunbury
Residential Density Map
5km
Urban Growth Boundary
THEREFORE, 20% OF LOT IS GUARANTEED TO BE VEGETATED
Watercourse
High Valued Habitat
LINE LINE OF OF SETBACK SETBACK
INTERIOR YARD
COURTYARD COURTYARD
Melton
Ringwood
Caulfield
EXPLORED IDEAS MINIMISE FENCES
S
Dandenong
MINIMISE GARDEN SIDES
Frankston
HIGHER HABITAT CONNECTIVITY
MAXIMISE PERVIOUS SURFACES
CLEAR LE FOR M2 AREA
MAXIMISE PATCH SIZE
LOT BOUNDARIES
Heidelberg
NATURAL BORDERS BETWEEN LOTS CREATE LARGER HABITAT AREAS
HIGH, NON-POROUS FENCES DEFINE LOT BOUNDARIES AND LIMIT VEGETATION GROWTH & SIZE.
Residential Density Map ZONES OF TRANSITIONS between two adjacent habitats
MAXIMISE BIODIVERSITY
Elliston Estate, CASE RosanSTUDY na & Murundaka Cohousing, Heidelberg Heights
LINE OF SETBACK
COUNCIL
SMALLEST TREE SPECIES FROM INDIVIDUAL COUNCIL NATIVE PLANT GUIDE
SMALLEST TREE SIZE (HXW)
1-540
1231-2090
INDIVIDUAL (GoldenFROM Wattle) COUNCIL NATIVE PLANT GUIDE
SMALLEST TREE FORM
Number of residential dwellings
3
Acacia mearnsii (Black Wattle)
24% Garden Area <400m²
7.30
PLANTED BORDERS BETWEEN LOTS, SHARED SPACES, OPEN FRONTAGES 3 ONTO PUBLIC PARKS CAN ENHANCE THE ECOLOGICAL VALUE OF GARDENS.
Projected % population increase OVERSHADOWING (2011-2031)
HOWEVER, CREATES AREAS OF POOR VEGETATION QUALITY Number of Projected %
Publuc Open 7.30 48346 Space Ha per residential 1000 population dwellings
4m x 3m
7m x 4m
Acacia mearnsii (Black Wattle)
9.10
4
7m x 4m
25% Garden Area 400-500m²
48346
43538
9.10
30% Garden Area 501-650m² 4 30% Garden Area
30x19m 501-650m²
(Silver Banksia)
23x12m 22x19m Federation Retirement Moreland Banksia marginata Vermont Park, Vermont Village, Glenroy Whitehorse (Silver Banksia) LINE LINE OF OF SETBACK SETBACK South & Interia, Burwood
2091-4160
Publuc Open Space Ha per 1000 population
THEREFORE, 20% OF LOT IS GUARANTEED
ARE OF PLANTS HENCE HABITAT SIZE.
Village, Glenroy
541-1230
SMALLEST TREE FORM
TO BE Banyule COUNCILAcacia pycnantha 4m x 3m SMALLEST TREEVEGETATED SPECIES SMALLEST TREE SIZE (HXW) SITES
GENERIC Dwelling Density of 24% Garden Area 25% Garden Area GARDEN NRZ & GRZ Zones 23x12m <400m² 22x19m 400-500m² Federation Retirement Banksia marginata 5m x 4m LAYOUT Moreland
Urban Growth Boundary
5km
‘‘The site area covered by pervious surfaces should be at least, If no minimum area is specified in a schedule to the zone, 20% of the site.’’
Elliston Estate, Rosan- Banyule Acacia pycnantha na & (Golden Wattle) LOW FENCES, HEDGES OR COMBINING LINE LINE OF OF SETBACK SETBACK Murundaka Cohousing, Heidelberg Heights GARDEN SPACES INCREASES THE GROWTH
GENERIC GARDEN LAYOUT
15.69 population increase (2011-2031) 15.69
17.04
30x19m
5m x 4m4
43538
17.04
35% Garden Area >650m² 35% Garden Area
30x25m >650m²
3.30
30x25m
3.30
4.10
53x31m
64315
53x31m
64315
62256
37.48
37.48
19.68
5
LINE OF LINE SETBACK 7831-31168 OF SETBACK
EDGE EFFECT
CLAUSE 54.03-4
IMPERMEABLE SURFACES
Winter Park, Doncaster Manningham LINE OF LINE SETBACK OF SETBACK
4161-7830
5km
<5%
Winter Park, Doncaster Manningham
Legend
MAXIMISE VEGETATION GROWTH
LINE OF SETBACK
COURTYARD
LINE LINE OF OF SETBACK SETBACK
CASE STUDY SITES
Footscray
QUALITY GARDEN AREAS WITH ACCESS TO LIGHT AND HEALTHY VEGETATION IS GREATLY LIMITED.
LINE OF SETBACK LINE OFLINE SETBACK OF SETBACK
COURTYARD
5km
Werribee
HOWEVER, OVERSHADOWING CREATES AREAS OF POOR VEGETATION QUALITY
5km
Broadmeadows
Caroline Springs
FRONT+SIDE+BACK YARD
INTERIOR YARD DETATCHED
Regional Victoria
5km
Dandenong
MAX. MAX. MAX. GARDENGARDEN DIMENSION GARDEN DIMENSION DIMENSION AT 25% GARDEN AT 25%AT GARDEN AREA 25% GARDEN AREA AREA
FRONT+SIDE YARD
Legend
General Residential Zone
Residential Growth Zone
IMPERMEABLE SURFACES
FRONT+BACK YARD
‘‘The site area covered by pervious surfaces should be at least, If no minimum area is specified YARD in a schedule to the zone, 20% ofFRONT+SIDE+BACK the site.’’
4
Sunbury
Urban Growth Boundary
<5%
FRONT+SIDE YARD
CLAUSE 54.03-4
Lysterfield Park
7
METROPOLITAN MAP ECOLOGICAL CONNECTIONS & SITES
Legend
LINE OF SETBACK LINE OFLINE SETBACK OF SETBACK
Jells Park
5km
Vermont Park, Vermont Whitehorse South & Interia, Burwood
4
4.10 5
Cranbourne Gardens
4
Mordialloc Creek
5km
7
5km
SURFACE PERMEABILITY
High Valued Habitat Distribution Map
SURFACE PERMEABILITY
5km
62256
19.68
CREATING ECOLOGICAL VALUE FROM A ‘MINIMUM GARDEN‘ TYPOLOGY
NFLUENCE
Craigieburn Conservation Reserve
Warrandyte State Park
Darebin Creek Kororoit Creek
Maribyrnong River
Yarra Flats & Warringal Parklands
Royal Park
25%
TERRACE TYPE
GARDEN AREA
2-SIDE GARDEN
TOWNHOUSE TYPE 3-SIDE GARDEN
TYPOLOGY SCENARIOS
DETATCHED TYPE
30%
4-SIDE GARDEN
2
TOWNHOUSE 19x30m Lot 501-650m2 Minimum Garden Requirement: 30%
TYPOLOGY SCENARIOS
LINE OF SETBACK
Studley & Yarra Bend Park Altona Coastal Park
Werribee River
Botanic Gardens
Dandenong Valley Parklands
Dandenong Ranges National Park
30%
MAX. GARDEN DIMENSION AT 25% GARDEN AREA LINE OF SETBACK LINE OFLINE SETBACK OF SETBACK
Mordialloc Creek
Cranbourne Gardens
TOWNHOUSE 19x30m Lot
Jells Park Lysterfield Park
501-650m2 Minimum Gard
MAX. MAX. MAX. GARDENGARDEN DIMENSION GARDEN DIMENSION DIMENSION AT 25% GARDEN AT 25%AT GARDEN AREA 25% GARDEN AREA AREA
LINE OF SETBACK Legend Urban Growth Boundary Watercourse High Valued Habitat Regional Victoria
2091-4160 4161-7830
LINE OF SETBACK
5km
5km
Lot Boundary
LINE LINE OF OF SETBACK SETBACK
7831-31168
ial Density Map
Lot Boundary
1231-2090
Garden/Habitat Patch
Park Boundary
541-1230
Lot Boundary
1-540
Lot Boundary
Dwelling Density of NRZ & GRZ Zones
Urban Growth Boundary
Lot Boundary
Legend
LINE OF SETBACK
Park Boundary
Frankston
LINE LINE OF OF SETBACK SETBACK
Lot Boundary
Dandenong
QUALITY GARDEN AREAS WITH ACCESS TO LIGHT AND HEALTHY VEGETATION IS GREATLY LIMITED.
Lot Boundary
Ringwood
Caulfield
Werribee
HOWEVER, OVERSHADOWING CREATES AREAS OF POOR VEGETATION QUALITY
Lot Boundary
Footscray
THEREFORE, 20% OF LOT IS GUARANTEED TO BE VEGETATED
Lot Boundary
Heidelberg
‘‘The site area covered by pervious surfaces should be at least, If no minimum area is specified in a schedule to the zone, 20% of the site.’’
Lot Boundary
Caroline Springs
IMPERMEABLE SURFACES
Lot Boundary
Broadmeadows
ton
<5%
CLAUSE 54.03-4
Lot Boundary
Sunbury
study samples
CTIONS & SITES
LINE OF SETBACK LINE OFLINE SETBACK OF SETBACK
5km
Lot Boundary
5km
SURFACE PERMEABILITY
ued Habitat Distribution Map
Garden/Habita
LOT BOUNDARIES
Garden/Habitat Patch
EXPLORED IDEAS
MINIMISE FENCES
MINIMISE GARDEN SIDES
HIGHER HABITAT CONNECTIVITY
MAXIMISE PERVIOUS SURFACES MAXIMISE PATCH SIZE
NATURAL BORDERS BETWEEN LOTS CREATE LARGER HABITAT AREAS
HIGH, NON-POROUS FENCES DEFINE LOT BOUNDARIES AND LIMIT VEGETATION GROWTH & SIZE.
LINE OF LINE SETBACK OF SETBACK
between two adjacent habitats
PLANTED BORDERS BETWEEN LOTS, SHARED SPACES, OPEN FRONTAGES ONTO PUBLIC PARKS CAN ENHANCE THE ECOLOGICAL VALUE OF GARDENS.
VEGETATION PROTECTION OVERLAY BUFFER
VEGETATION PROTECTION OVERLAY BUFFER
WATERCOURSE VEGETATION PROTECTION OVERLAY BUFFER
VEGETATION PROTECTION OVERLAY BUFFER
LINE OF LINE SETBACK OF SETBACK
ZONES OF TRANSITIONS
LOW FENCES, HEDGES OR COMBINING GARDEN SPACES INCREASES THE GROWTH ARE OF PLANTS HENCE HABITAT SIZE.
WATERCOURSE
MAXIMISE VEGETATION GROWTH
MAXIMISE BIODIVERSITY
W
35%
30%
TERRACE HOUSE 26x30m Lot
TERRACE HOUSE 53X15m Lot
COURTYARD 26x30m Lot
COURTYARD 53x15m Lot
DETACHED HOUSE 19x30m Lot
<400m2 No Minimum Garden Requirement Specified
>650m2 Minimum Garden Requirement: 35%
>650m2 Minimum Garden Requirement: 35%
>650m2 Minimum Garden Requirement: 35%
>650m2 Minimum Garden Requirement: 35%
501-650m2 Minimum Garden Requirement: 30%
Total Garden Area: 18077.04m2
Garden/Habitat Patch
Each Street Block: 18 Lots Within Perimeter: Total 120 Lots Each Street Block: 18 Lots 2 Total Garden 35945.26m Within Perimeter: Area: Total 120 Lots Garden/Habitat Patch
Total Garden Area: 35945.26m2
400m
Lot Boundary
Lot Boundary
Lot Boundary Lot Boundary
Garden/Habitat Patch
Each Street Block: 12 Lots Within Perimeter: Total 120 Lots Each Street Block: 12 Lots 2 Total Garden Within Perimeter: Total 120 Lots Area: 22206.98m
Garden/Habitat Patch
Total Garden Area: 22206.98m2
400m
400m
400m
400m
400m
400m
Park Boundary
Lot Boundary
Lot Boundary
Garden/Habitat Patch
Lot Boundary
Lot Boundary
Lot Boundary
Lot Boundary
Lot Boundary
Park Boundary
Lot Boundary Lot Boundary
Park Boundary
501-650m2 Minimum Garden Requirement: 30%
Lot Boundary
DETACHED HOUSE 19x30m Lot
>650m2 Minimum Garden Requirement: 35%
Lot Boundary
COURTYARD 53x15m Lot
>650m2 Minimum Garden Requirement: 35%
Park Boundary
COURTYARD 26x30m Lot
>650m2 Minimum Garden Requirement: 35%
DENSITY
DENSITY
DENSITY
PATCH SIZE
PATCH SIZE
PATCH SIZE
400m
Garden/Habitat Patch
30%
>650m2 Minimum Garden Requirement: 35%
Garden/Habitat Patch
Each Street Block: 24 Lots Within Perimeter: Total 250 Lots Each Street Block: 24 Lots 2 Total Garden Area: 18077.04m Within Perimeter: Total 250 Lots
35%
TERRACE HOUSE 26x30m Lot
Lot Boundary
Lot Boundary
Lot Boundary
Park Boundary
at Patch
35%
TERRACE HOUSE 53X15m Lot
Lot Boundary
35%
Lot Boundary
Park Boundary Lot Boundary
Lot Boundary
Lot Boundary
Lot Boundary
Lot Boundary
Lot Boundary
<400m2 No Minimum Garden Requirement Specified
Lot Boundary
Lot Boundary
Lot Boundary
den Requirement: 30%
35%
TERRACE HOUSE 8x30m Lot
Park Boundary
35%
TERRACE HOUSE 8x30m Lot
24%
Lot Boundary
35%
Park Boundary
S
35%
Lot Boundary
24%
Professional Practice // Planning Type
Professional practice
Context
Government; Consultancy
About
I have two years of planning experience in Auckland, New Zealand. Within the two years, I have worked in both the public and private sector. Below is an overview of my planning experience: - Engaging and consulting stakeholders, communities, and regulatory bodies - Identifying consenting requirements and preparing planning assessments - Preparing resource consent applications - Processing resource consent applications on behalf of Auckland Council
Transport Infrastructure
I was part of the Safe Roads Alliance which consisted of the New Zealand Transport Agency and four other infrastructure consultancies. The Alliance looked at delivering safety and efficiency improvements to New Zealand’s state highway network. In this role, I worked in both the consultation and planning space. Services provided include: - Preparing communication and engagement plans; - Organising and preparing materials for consultation events; - Consulting and engaging stakeholders through meetings and open days; - Preparing social and environmental screening documents; - Preparing planning constraints memo; and - Participating in the multi-criteria analysis process.
Stormwater Infrastructure
I was a member of the stormwater team which provides resource management and services to the Auckland Council Healthy Waters Department. Projects range from stormwater pipe installation to network discharge consents. Services provided include: - Preparing preliminary planning assessments; - Reviewing technical reports; - Attending site visits where necessary; - Preparing Stormwater Network Discharge Consent applications.
Land-Use Development
I provided planning advice on a range of land development projects. She provided preliminary planning assessments, prepared due diligence reports, developed consenting strategies for clients, and communicated with Council during planning processes. The clients of projects which she was involved with include: - Napier and Blakely - Ministry of Business, Innovation, and Employment - Winery/ restaurant owner
Council Experience
I was part of the Resource Consent Processing panel for Auckland Council. I processed a variety of consents on behalf of the Council including land development and land use applications. Services provided include: - Assessing applications; - Coordinating input from appropriate experts; - Liaising with applicants; - Preparing officers report.
Policy
I assisted with the comparative analysis of submissions and the Independent Hearing Panel’s decision in relation to the Proposed Auckland Unitary Plan on behalf of Housing New Zealand (HZNC). This was done by comparing HZNC’s submission points and the Independent Hearings Panel recommended version of the Auckland Unitary Plan. The purpose of this research was to identify HZNC’s cope to make appeals to the Plan where relevant or necessary.
r Rd Wintou
Joyce Adams Pl in
Trig g
Rd
Rd
Pukekohe
a
t)
ou
g and tion into walkin cycling facilit ns longer term pla hs on new pedestrian pat and access to • Shared cycling, toand improve safety uts abo nd rou as new growth are ween Drury portunities bet op g sin pas w • Ne and Oira.
at u
ft
the road bet
iga • Ongoing invest integrate into ies that could
Kumeu (east)
Note: This map is not to scale and the turn around bay locations are yet to be confirmed.
a Drury to Paerat e and middle of rs along the sid Rd and Paerata • Safety barriewe en Great South
State highway Local roads Railway line
s and Bycroft Rd Whangapouri at wh on s ue • Work contin will be made improvements n tio ec rs te in is th at
imauku
ft
(le /l e
Paerata
grades
Intersection up
k
• Roundabout
Brigham Creek to W a
?
Foster Rd
• Roundabout
d Blackbridge R intersection upgrade
Where will I turn aro und
Burberry Rd y • Right turn ba Jesmond Rd y • Right turn ba (developer to construct)
Coopers Cree
s along • Safety barrier dle id m d an e sid the of the road
r
Intersection upgrades
• Roundabout
Glenbrook to Paerata
sD
M
Glenbrook Rd intersection upgrade
Roundabout
Oira Rd intersection upgrade
Flexible median safe ty barrier
Drury
ield
State highway
fe west bound • Remove unsa ssing lane pa e) oh (Pukek st bound • Extend the ea lane g in ss (city) pa ook Rd between Glenbr Rd and Blackbridge
• Roundabout
Waim Statio auku n Rd
Rd
Waimauku (west)
• Four lanes s along the • Safety barrier e of the road dl id m d an e sid ng • Bridge wideni
d to Blackbridge R lane Glenbrook Rd changes
riw ai R d
Clo ver f
Local roads
d
d Great South R intersection upgrade
Drury to Oira
Turnaround bay can accommodate large vehicles (ie larg er than buses) All turnaround bays are suitable for vehicle s, including buses.
klan A uc
s t n e m e v o r p m i d e r r e f Pre
Mu
tory Fac
ta
Drury to Paera
Professional Practice // Landscape Architecture and Urban Design Type
Professional practice
Context
Design Studio
About
I am currently practising as a Graduate Landscape Architect at ASPECT Studios in Melbourne. Below is an overview of my landscape architecture and urban design experience: - Testing and producing design through modelling and parametric softwares including Rhino and Grasshopper - Producing townplanning reports - Providing masterplanning advice and working on masterplans with consultant team - Documenting projects for different phases from concept to detail design
Masterplanning
Since joining the team I have worked on several masterplanning projects for landmark sites in Victoria. In these projects, I have developed skills in coordinating materials between different consultants and providing landscape/ urban design advice and materials to the wider project team. Tasks include: - Attending site visits and design workshops - Preparing illustrative masterplan for reports - Preparing diagrams and plans to explain and narrate design concepts
3D and Parametric Modelling
I have used 3d modelling and parametric modelling to not only test the forms of design but to integrate them into the process of concept design. With clear design principles and project values, parametric design can be a great asset in providing more accurate and flexible modelling. In particular, where design needs to be altered, parametric modelling was used to create a more efficient process to accomodate changes throughout different project stages. Examples of tasks which I have conducted in this area include: - Writing grasshopper scripts for different project needs - Modelling play structure from sketches in concept design to detail design and testing forms based on different construction and safety parameters - Modelling and testing different design options for an indoor landscape installation
Townplanning Report
Produce a lansdcape architecture townplanning report, where tasks include: - Analysing site and any relevant planning reports - Providing preliminary plant and material palettes - Producing sections and plans to address townplanning and urban design concerns - Providing landscape advice and design solutions to clients
Documentation
I assisted documentation for projects at different phases from Schematic Design to Detail Design. This includes producing CAD plans, sections, and elevations.
ts
lemen
rison o f key e
oject
ina pr
t kild a mar
PORT P HILLIP S
Stage 1 - Dry store
CITY O F
ter g n o l New
9
REDEvELOPMENT CONC asANe mEPlTePL
rina project
CITY OF PORT PHILLIP St kilda ma
To he lp un d have been erstand so m prepa • Re red th e of the k strict ey at sho ed fe w the changes nced • Pu to chang a blic o reas e in t the site, a pen s he pe pace rcent series of d • Gr age o iagra een s ms f: pace • Bu ilt for m
Compa
24
16
a n i r a M a d l i K t S e t a d p u t c e j o r p
7. End of Trip Facility (EOT) 8. Community Venue above
6. Member’s Amenities
5. Riva Re-development
4. Civic Heart
3. Public Amenities
2. Skydive Melbourne
2
and Retail
EOT
LAND uSES 1. Marine Parade Hospitality
11
10
1
– STAgE 1
55 m² 135 m²
75 m² NLA
1900 m² NLA
100 m² 2620 m²
100 m² NLA
AREA 550 m² NLA
6 7/8 5
3
4
rd (AVCG)
Total commercial and reta il floor Area
11. Foreshore Promenade 12. BP Service Station
10. Dry Stack
9. Kiosk and Boat Hire 9. Aus Volunteer Coast Gua
LAND uSES 9. Boat Service Centre
12
180 m² NLA 3745m² NLA
200 m² 4670 m²
60 m² NLA
AREA 880 m² NLA
where to find me carmen ka man yuen
landscape architecture ; urban planning ; urban design email: contact.carmenyuen@gmail.com tel: (+61) 432 637 333 linkedin: https://www.linkedin.com/in/ckmy issuu:https://issuu.com/ckmy/
ckmy
carmen ka man yuen landscape architecture