Insex - The love story book of insects by ESCALA ESTUDIO DE DISEÑO

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Insex

The love story book of insects

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Insex

The love story book of insects

Original Title: Insex © 2011 Clara M. Londono Bridge © Of this Edition:Emer Tyan 2011, Taschen Giacomo Jack Lee London, UK T: +44 8096821382 F: +44 8098694922 ISBN: 9789945429407 Register: 158347 Printed by Taschen © Cover Design: Clara M. Londono Bridge Pictures by: Emer Tyan First Edition, July 2011 Queda prohibida, salvo excepción prevista en la ley, cualquier forma de reproducción, distribución, comunicación pública y transformación de esta obra sin contar con autorización de los titulares de la propiedad intelectual. La infracción de los derechos mencionados puede ser constitutiva de delito contra la propiedad intelectual (Ley 65-00).

Insex

Clara Londo単o Bridge

Contents Introduction

Posh Insects DragonFly FireFly Mantis ButterFly LadyBug

Basic Insects Bee Grass Hopper Mosquito Beetle Ant Spider

INTRODUCTION

A few species, notably the fireflies, produce light, used as a signal in courtship, by a chemical reaction. The sexes are separate in insects, and reproduction is usually sexual, although in many insect groups eggs sometimes develop without fertilization by sperm (see parthenogenesis). In some insects, such as bees, unfertilized eggs become males and fertilized eggs females. In others, such as aphids, all-female generations are produced by parthenogenesis. Eggs are usually laid in a sheltered place; in a few insects they are retained and hatched internally. After hatching, the insect must molt periodically as it grows, since the rigid exoskeleton does not allow much expansion. A new, soft exoskeleton forms beneath the old one, and after each molt the insect undergoes a rapid expansion before its new covering hardens. The stages between molts are called instars; the final instar is the adult.

Types of Reproduction he life of the adult insect is geared primarily to reproduction. Since reproduction is sexual in almost all insects, mating must be followed by impregnation of the female and fertilization of eggs. Usually the male seeks out the female. In butterflies in which vision is important, the colour of the female in flight can attract a male of the same species. In mayflies (Ephemeroptera) and certain midges (Diptera), males dance in swarms to provide a visual attraction for females. In certain beetles (e.g., fireflies and glowworms) parts of the fat body in the female have become modified to form.

Sexual Phenomena Insect species make up more than two-thirds of all extant animal species, and most insect species use sex for reproduction, though some species are facultatively parthenogenetic. Many species have sexual dimorphism, while in others the sexes look nearly identical. Typically they have two sexes with males producing spermatozoa and females ova. The ova develop into eggs that have a covering called the chorion, which forms before internal fertilization. Insects have very diverse mating and reproductive strategies most often resulting in the male depositing spermatophore within the female, which stores the sperm until she is ready for egg fertilization. After fertilization, and the formation of a zygote, and varying degrees of development; the eggs are deposited outside the female in many species, or in some, they develop further within the female and live born offspring are produced.

Reproductive Behavior Reproduction has two distinct phases in eusocial insects. Mating occurs between female offspring that become new queens (these females are called gynes) and males (which in honey bees are called drones). Within a species, colonies typically produce gynes and males in synchrony, so that the reproductives have the opportunity to find mates from other colonies; this prevents inbreeding, which has catastrophic effects in the ants, bees and wasps. For example, in Western harvester ants, Pogonomyrmex occidentalis, the emergence of reproductives is timed to coincide with rains, which are relatively infrequent in arid western habitats. Scientists mimic the effect of rain by pouring water onto the nest; this stimulates a flight of reproductives.

Posh

Insects

28 40 10

34 16

Dragon Fly Dragonflies can hover in mid air and then rapidly accelerate their speed in the twice. Traveling at almost more 30 miles per hour in their lives.

REPRODUCTION A dragonfly undergoes incomplete metamorphosis. Female dragonflies lay eggs in or near water, often on floating or emergent plants. When laying eggs, some species will submerge themselves completely in order to lay their eggs on a suitable surface. After about two weeks, the eggs hatch and an immature dragonfly, or nymph, emerges. The nymphs are not as attractive as the adults. They have tiny wings and a large lower lip, which they use to catch their prey (often mosquito larvae). See the slideshow below of the Dragonfly metamorphosis process courtesy of Christine Gamble who captured to.

Dragonfly nymphs live in the water. As they grow, they molt (shed their skin). Nymphs of some species may take as long as three years to mature.

HABITAT Dragonflies are usually found around water such as lakes, ponds, streams and wetlands because their larvae, known as 'nymphs', are aquatic. Dragonflies also have the advantage of excellent eyesight. Each of their two large eyes is made up of thousands of six-sided units. Together, these smaller eyes enable a dragonfly to detect even the slightest movement. They have large optic brain lobes and 80% of their mental processes are devoted to vision and they can detect colour, ultraviolet light and polarization. To detect even the slightest movement. They have large optic brain lobes and 80% of their mental processes are devoted to vision and they can detect colour, ultraviolet light and polarization.

Fire Fly There are more than 170 different species of fireflies into at the United States of America. Here there are in the world about more than 1, 900 species in existence in the nature today

REPRODUCTION As light slips from the summer sky, an army of male fireflies awakens from its daytime slumber. One by one, the insects march up blades of grass, waiting until dusk to lift off like miniature helicopters into the night. Yet these fliers aren’t bent on military conquest; their goal is simple evolutionary survival. The fireflies we study--bioluminescent members of the genus Photinus--devote every night of their short adult lives to courtship, first broadcasting their amorous intentions with flashing light signals, then seeking to mate with responding females. Few insects are considered charismatic, but fireflies are a clear exception. All over the world their spectacular courtship displays have long delighted children and inspired poets. On long summer evenings throughout the United States countless children chase fireflies through fields and backyards. In Japan, where a broad respect for nature is both traditional and deeply felt, fireflies--hotaru--are particularly revered. School graduation ceremonies feature the song “Hotaru no Hikari,”

LARVA The firefly, also known affectionately as the “lightning bug,” is a nocturnal insect capable of emitting flashes of light. Contrary to popular thought, the firefly is not a bug or fly. The firefly belongs to the beetle family he life of the adult insect is geared primarily to reproduction. Since reproduction is sexual in almost all insects, mating must be followed by impregnation of the female and fertilization of eggs. Usually the male seeks out the female.

The larva of a firefly glows in the dark, which is very unlikely to any other beetle.

Man tis Sexual cannibalism at no is common among mantises are incaptivity, and under some circumstances may also too more be observed very specially thein in field

REPRODUCTION Sexual cannibalism is common among mantises in captivity, and under some circumstances may also be observed in the field. The female may start feeding by biting off the maleâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s head (as they do with regular prey), and if mating had begun, the maleâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s movements may become even more vigorous in its delivery of sperm. Early researchers thought that because copulatory movement is controlled by a ganglion in the abdomen, not the head, removal of the maleâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s head was a reproductive strategy by females to enhance fertilisation while obtaining sustenance. Later, this behaviour appeared to be an artifact of intrusive laboratory observation. Whether the behaviour in the field is natural, or also the result of distractions caused by the human observer, remains controversial. Mantises are highly visual organisms.

Generally, mantises are protected simply by virtue of concealment.

CAMOUFLAGE When directly threatened, many mantis species stand tall and spread their forelegs, with their wings fanning out wide. The fanning of the wings evidently makes the mantis seem larger and more threaten. With some species having bright colors and patterns on their hind wings and inner surfaces of their front legs for this purpose. If harassment persists, a mantis may then strike with its forelegs and attempt to pinch or bite. As part of the threat display, some species also may produce a hissing sound by expelling air from the abdominal very refined spiracles.

Many people plant butterfly bushes in their gardens or landscapes hoping to attract butterflies

Butter Fly 30

REPRODUCTION Within the males’ abdomen are the sperm producing organs. When the male mates, a set of “claspers” at the end of the abdomen will open and clamp down on the female’s abdomen. Butterflies mate facing in opposite directions with their abdomens attached. The penis enters the female at the same location where the eggs come out. When the male ejaculates, the semen enters a small storage pouch inside the females abdomen. After mating, the female has about 100 eggs inside her and a pouch full of the male spermatozoa. Once gravid, she will perform a kind of self-fertilization. 100 eggs in her lifetime. Some species lay their eggs gregariously (in clusters). Of the 100 or so eggs that may be laid, only 2% should be expected to survive.

MIGRATION Monarchs are especially noted for their lengthy annual migration. In North America they make massive southward migrations starting in August until the first frost. A northward migration takes place in the spring. The monarch is the only butterfly that migrates both north and south as the birds do on a regular basis. But no single individual makes the entire round trip. Female monarchs deposit eggs for the next generation during these migrations.

The only goal in life for an adult butterfly is to reproduce. The males look for females to inseminate. The lots of the females lay eggs.

Lady Bug

Ladybugs live into a wide variety of habitats including forests, different kinds of a grasslands, a fields, so many gardens, and in some of the cases into peoples houses

REPRODUCTION Ladybugs reproduce sexually, the male attaches to the back of the female as they present mate. Once the males sperm is inside of the female she can store it for up to three months before laying her eggs. They lay their eggs in colonies of aphids, usually containing about 200 eggs, on the bottom parts of thousands of leaves. The eggs hatch in a two to five day time period. After they hatch they feed on aphids for about two to three weeks until they are ready to enter into the pupa stage. In about a week an adult ladybug emerges from the pupa and starts its life. On average the life cycle of the ladybug last between four to six weeks long.

When you see a ladybug with faded spots you can tell it’s older because as it gets older their spots begin to fade. They have more names then just ‘ladybug’. They are also referred to as ‘ladybirds’ or ‘lady beetles’.

HABITAT Hippodamia convergens lives throughout California in a wide variety of habitats. This insect can be found in urban gardens, agricultural fields, or pristine mountain meadows. In order to breed, Hippodamia convergens needs to be in a place where there are abundant aphids, but the adults are highly adaptable and can be found eating a wide variety of other foodstuffs. This beetle has been found from the salt marshes of the San Francisco bay to the high peaks of the Sierra. I would like to find a more modern reference regarding this topic, because I feel that breakthroughs in genetic research will result in interesting revisions to the (already constantly.

Basic

Insects

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Bee

The term "queen bee" can be more generally applied to any dominant reproductive female in a colony of any eusocial bee species than the other than honey bees

REPRODUCTION When conditions are favorable for swarming, the queen will start laying eggs in queen cups. A virgin queen will develop from a fertilized egg. The young queen larva develops differently because it is more heavily fed royal jelly, a protein-rich secretion from glands on the heads of young workers. If not for being heavily fed royal jelly, the queen larva would have developed into a regular worker bee. All honey bee larvae are fed some royal jelly for the first few days after hatching but only queen larvae are fed on it exclusively. As a result of the difference in diet, the queen will develop into a sexually mature female, unlike the worker bees. Queens are raised in specially constructed queen cells. The fully constructed queen cells have a peanut-like shape and texture.

QUEEN BEE The surviving virgin queen will fly out on a sunny, warm day to a “drone congregation area” where she will mate with 12-15 drones. If the weather holds, she may return to the drone congregation area for several days until she is fully mated. Mating occurs in flight. The young queen stores sperm from multiple drones in her spermatheca. She will selectively release sperm for the remaining 2–7 years of her.

The only goal in life for an adult butterfly is to reproduce. The males look for females to inseminate. The millions of females lay eggs.

Grass In the 1998 movies A Bugâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Life, the one heroes are the members of an ant colony, and the lead of the mayority of the villain and his henchmen are called grasshoppers

Hopper 50

REPRODUCTION Grasshoppers are long and slender insects belonging to the order Orthoptera, typically exhibiting long, strong hind limbs for leaping and powerful mouth-parts for chewing. The term grasshopper is an imprecisely defined name referring most commonly to members of two Orthopteran families: The family Acrididae (“short-horned grasshoppers”) of the suborder Caelifera and the family Tettigoniidae (“longhorned grasshoppers”)

Grasshopper is an insect of the suborder Caelifera in the order Orthoptera. To distinguish it from bush.

CAMOUFLAGE Grasshoppers prefer to eat grasses, leaves and cereal crops. Some will tend to eat from a single host plant, while others will eat from a variety of sources throughout the day. Only one of the 8000 species of grasshopper will only eat a single species of plant.[2] The digestive system of insects includes a foregut (stomodaeum, the mouth region), a midgut (mesenteron), and a hindgut (proctodaeum, the anal region). The mouth is distinct due to the presence of a mandible and salivary glands. The mandible can chew food very slightly and start mechanical digestion. Salivary glands digest the food chemically, though only carbohydrates in the grasses and such they eat. The mouth leads to the muscular pharynx, and through the esophagus to the crop. some food residue as well as waste products from the malpighian tubules are.

Mosquito In the 1998â&#x20AC;&#x2122;s movies A Bugâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Lifes, in the heroes are the members of an ant colony, and the leads villain and his henchmen are in a particulary from grasshoppers life.

REPRODUCTION Mosquito-borne diseases such as dengue, malaria and lymphatic filariasis are an increasing global health problem. Dengue, along with dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF), is transmitted by the mosquito Aedes aegypti and is becoming an increasing threat in more than one hundred countries. A better understanding of the mosquitoâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s reproductive physiology could lead to novel control strategies that could complement or replace current methods of control. It has been theorized that increased reproductive effort results in a trade-off with lifespan. Such a trade-off is supported by stud.

LARVA In the mosquito Aedes aegypti the insulin/insulin growth factor I signaling (IIS) cascade is a key regulator of many physiological processes, including reproduction. Two important reproductive events, steroidogenesis in the ovary and yolk synthesis in the fat body, are regulated by the IIS cascade in mosquitoes. The signaling molecule phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) is a key inhibitor of the IIS cascade that helps modulate the activity of the IIS cascade. In Ae. aegypti, six unique splice variants of AaegPTEN were previously identified, but the role of these splice variants, particularly AaegPTEN3 and 6, were unknown.

Mosquitoes go through four stages in their life-cycle: egg, larva, pupa, and adult or imago.

Beetle

Pumping movements of the body force the air through

REPRODUCTION Species in the order Coleoptera are generally characterized by a particularly hard exoskeleton and hard forewings (elytra). This elytra separates it from most other insect species, except for a few Hemiptera species. The beetleâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s exoskeleton is made up of numerous plates called sclerites, separated by thin sutures. This design creates the armored defenses of the beetle while maintaining flexibility. The general anatomy of a beetle is quite uniform, although specific organs and appendages may vary greatly in appearance and. The internal morphology is like other insects, however some factors are unique. Such as species of diving beetles.

The nervous system in beetles contains all the types found in insects, varying between different species.

A new worker spends the first few days of its adult life caring for the queen and young. After that process it graduates to digging master on the entires

Ant 68

REPRODUCTION The life of an ant starts with an egg. If the egg is fertilized, the ant will be female; if not, it will be male. Ants are holometabolous (a specific kind of insect development which includes four life stages) and develop by complete metamorphosis, passing through larval and pupal stages before they become adults. The larval stage is particularly helpless – for instance it lacks legs entirely – and cannot care for itself. The difference between queens and workers (which are both female), and between different castes of workers when they exist, is determined by feeding in the larval stage. Food is given to the larvae by a process called 'trophallaxis' in which an ant regurgitates food previously held in its crop for communal storage. This is also how adults distribute food amongst themselves.

WORKERS The larval stage is particularly helpless – for instance it lacks legs entirely – and cannot care for itself. The difference between queens and workers (which are both female), and between different castes of workers when they exist, is determined by feeding in the larval stage. Food is given to the larvae by a process called 'trophallaxis' in which an ant regurgitates food previously held in its crop for communal storage. This is also how adults distribute food amongst themselves.

The first workers to hatch are weak and smaller than later workers, but they begin to serve the colony im mediately. They enlarge the nest, forage for food and care for the other eggs.

Spider

Spiders are found worldwide on ev ery continent except for Antarctica, and have become established in the nearly every habitat with the excep tion of air and the sea colonization. As of 2008, approximately 4,000 diferent types of spiders

REPRODUCTION Spiders (order Araneae) are air-breathing arthropods that have eight legs, and chelicerae with fangs that inject venom. They are the largest order of arachnids and rank seventh in total species diversity among all other groups of organisms.[1] Spiders are found worldwide on every continent except for Antarctica, and have become established in nearly every habitat with the exception of air and sea colonization. As of 2008, approximately 40,000 spider species, and 109 families have been recorded by taxonomists;[2] however, there has been confusion within the scientific community as to how all these families should be classified, as evidenced by the over 20 different classifications that have been proposed since 1900.

MATING Their abdomens bear appendages that have been modified into spinnerets that extrude silk from up to six types of silk glands within their abdomen. Spider webs vary widely in size, shape and the amount of sticky thread used. I t now appears that the spiral orb web may be one of the earliest forms, and spiders that produce tangled cobwebs are more abundant and diverse than orb-web spiders. Spider-like arachnids with silk-producing spigots appear in the Devonian period about 386 million years ago, but these animals apparently lacked spinnerets.

Male spiders identify themselves by a variety of complex courtship rituals to avoid being eaten by the females. Males of most species survive a few matings, limited mainly by their short life spans.