Mémoire de Projet de Fin d'Etude ~ Master Thesis' Project by Clara Stewart

THE RURAL AWAKENING A new Economic Solidarity beside the Bosphorus Third Bridge.

The Valley THE Recovering VALORISING VALLEY

Clara Stewart

sommaire p.5

INTRODUCTION

p.7

1 changing cities studio

p.31

2 Istanbul discovering

In Istanbul (PFE common part)

Through Water and Waste topic

p.47

3 The northern Bosphorus Villages Changing countryside ? Sensitive approach and awareness

p.65

4 The rural awakening

A global strategy based on an economic solidarity

p.79

5 The recovering Valley

A local strategy for domestic waste management

p.97

OPENING

p.101

CONCLUSION

p.102

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Introduction

For me, these last two years have been the initiating of hindsight and questioning about my position towards the architectural world. I felt the need to find a personal approach and coherence in my work and my learning. My attraction for the landscape field, associated with urban planning gradually became more prevalent and that is what guided and keeps guiding my study choices today.

So, I chose to develop my final project within the Changing Cities studio, on one hand because it seemed to me a very complete urban approach giving much importance to the analysis and the territorial discovery before taking any action. On the other hand, its multidisciplinary and complementary team of teachers, mixing urban, architecture, landscape and social skills, had promised an open minded vision of the architectural field. Moreover my one year studying experience in Spain opened new international perspectives for me and this bilingual and multicultural working studio seemed to be a great opportunity to continue them. Finally, I had the opportunity to spend a week in Istanbul in February 2014 and this short trip stimulated my curiosity and my interests for this tumultuous mega city. This retrospective master thesis aims to highlight the way of thinking, the research and concerns which fed my work during the semester. It develops the different phases of our work, through five chapters. We will begin by the general Istanbul analysis, followed by the more specific Water and Waste issues, that brings us towards a particular territory. This one is approached in different ways (concretely in-situ and theoretically) and w e will propose global and local responses to its complexes issues. Two approaches are suggested to the reader : annotated pictures graps a quick understanding whereas the main written content provides a more detailed and indepth analysis.

Changing Cities studio In Istanbul

This chapter was written collectively by the thesis students as a tool to look back upon this semester's experience in Istanbul through a critical paper focusing on theoretical researches, the study trip, the group studio works and the individual projects in balance.

Housing

Céline

French Final Thesis

History

Diversity & Culture

Pierre

Jérémy

Fanta

Andrea

Cécile

Adèle

élodie

Eugenio

Marie

Giorgia

Maela

Antoine French Master 1

Ilgin Turkish Erasmus

Julien

Gabriela

Morgane

French Master 2

French Final Thesis

French Master 1

Malian Master 2

Peruvian Final thesis

French Master 2

Industry & Agriculture

Alice

French Master 2

Pauline

French Final Thesis

French Master 2

Heritage and Architecture

Jitka

Czech Erasmus

Marion

French Final Thesis

Kévin

French Master 2

Irish Teacher & Architect

Italian Erasmus

Argentine Teacher & Architect

Italian Erasmus

Demography & Sociology & Politics

Juliette

French Final Thesis

French Master 2

Jean-Christophe French Master 2

Lucas

Brazilian Erasmus

Jonathan

French Final Thesis

French Master 2

Marie

French Final Thesis

Peruvian Master 2

Brazilian Erasmus

Geography, geology & urbanism

Transport

Mimar Graciela

French Master 1

Commerce

Teachers

Mimar Susan

French Master 1

Cyrille

Maud

Daniele

Mathilde

Eliott

Chloé

Hippolyte

Helena

Lucie

Mimar Sinan

French Master 2

French Master 1

Italian Erasmus

French Final Thesis

French Master 2

Water, waste & energy

Sébastien

French Teacher & Landscaper

Clara

French Final Thesis

French Master 2

French Master 1

Czech Erasmus

Trombinoscope of Changing cities team

French Master 2

Turkish Pantheon of architecture

Changing Cities, studio approach

What is Changing Cities about?

Changing Cities is a studio founded five years ago, in the school of architecture of Nantes, basing its interest in the study of the vivid evolution of cities currently on. The common outcome shows a portrait of how these cities, suffering because of the fast and violent urban mutations, are struggling to move forward in a sustainable way. The past few years, the study cases were located in Ireland: Belfast, Limerick and Tallaght. This year, the study case is Istanbul, where the city is mutating extremely quickly to become one of the most influential the global cities. Indeed, in the Western part of Turkey, located between Europe and Asia, Istanbul has experienced fundamental changes through a demographic boom for the last fifty years. Today, the population is up to 14.3 million people1. Those mutations have implied social inequalities, distributing people in a constantly sprawling urban fabric. The studio's purpose is to deeply analyse the city, so to come up with various propositions according to constraints and issues observed on site. We aim at creating a new synergy within the city scope, taking into account the nowadays requirements for sustainability, meeting people's needs and placing them in the core of our new development proposals. Changing Cities is an interdisciplinary studio. Indeed, various interventions have taken place with sociologists, geologists, architects, landscape designers and former studio's students all along the semester. These figures help us through presentations to enlarge the study scope of Istanbul. Changing Cities is also a bilingual and international design studio. Indeed, our teachers, Susan Dunne (Ireland), Graciela Torre (Argentina) or Sebastien Argant (France) and the Erasmus students are from different countries. Furthermore, most of us have already spent time abroad. These various experiences enhance the sharing of knowledges and references.

How is organised the semester? During the first weeks of the semester, the 38 persons studio was organised in groups of three to four students (Erasmus, master and thesis students). Having ten groups was a way to analyse the territory through a large spectrum of subjects, meaning History, Heritage and architecture, Demography and sociology, Commerce, Industry, energy and agriculture, Water and Waste, Transport, Geography, Geology and Urbanism, Diversity and Culture and eventually Housing.

1 According to Population Data website, in 2014 the population of Istanbul Province was up to 14,350,423 inhabitants.

Photographer: Jérémy Binard ©

Meeting with Mücella Yapıcı and the artist Haydar Ozay painting a canvas about the Gezi event at the chamber of architects

This allowed us to understand Istanbul in detail, connecting each subject to another, in order to grasp the city global scale. Thanks to tools such as a common, interactive 1-1000 scale model linked to every week posters and researches, both students and teachers could discover new aspects of Istanbul and more generally of Turkey. We came up with the following question: Is Istanbul a resilient city? Resilience is defined as: “the capacity of individuals, communities, institutions, businesses and systems in a city, to survive, adapt, and grow no matter what kinds of chronic stresses and acute shocks they experience”.2 Through our observations and researches, we noticed various issues and stakes within the city. Over our propositions, we would try to answer this question as a possibility for Istanbul to bounce back and survive in a globalised system. Changing Cities is about distinguishing constraints and contrasts to hit upon and build opportunities. In October, we all went to Istanbul for two weeks to better compare our previous ideas with the city’s reality. It was a way to humanise Istanbul by understanding the culture, getting in touch with locals and starting to personally care about it. We spent most of the time on the chosen sites, trying to comprehend their dimensions. We did an intervention, a change in the landscape, a gesture to transform the place and enhance it. We also met local people from different backgrounds trying to get the gist of their everyday life, their wishes, their hopes, their regrets, their feelings. Furthermore, we also discussed with stakeholders involved in the makingprocess of Istanbul. For instance, we presented at the Chamber of Architects our first intentions for our projects and discussed the issues of Istanbul. Jean Francois Perouse3 gave a lecture at the Institut Français des Études Anatoliennes. Besides, we met people from the Municipality and from Mimar Sinan University, Fine Arts University. Returned from Istanbul, it was time to make our analysis more precise and accurate, and to articulate them to the project conception, developing strategies for future actions. We came back with various feelings that we had to handle in order to tackle the stakes of the city. They were so complex that we decided to keep the collective studio around new tools. We continued the group model and map, did conceptual works and developed a website called Meta-Istanbul4 in order to broadcast our researches. This semester is deemed as an experimental design studio. The form of presentation is free to let us the possibility to use models, videos, interventions or posters..

2 website http:// www.100resilientcities.org

3 Jean François Pérouse is the director of the Institut Français des Etudes Anatoliennes (IFEA), Lecturer in the University of Galatasaray, he is specialised in economical geography of Turkey. He currently runs lessons about the risks managements in the contemporary Turkey. 4 website http://metaistanbul.tumblr.com

Google map 2015 © Photographer: Chloé Mettrie ©

Satellite image of Istanbul

1/1000 scale model of the city center.

.Collective distant investigations: Istanbul historical overview

This second part aims at getting people onboard. The features that make Istanbul unique among the other global cities are its historical depth, its specific geographical location, its cosmopolitan population. The city was the capital of three empires, of which the heritage is still visible. It's been a crossroad for centuries, straddling the seas, a bridge between Europe and Asia through the Bosphorus. Istanbul remains the economical and cultural centre of the country, attracting people from all over the world. The understanding of the past reveals all the layers that need to be considered.

680 BC to 1453

From the Greeks to the Byzantines: emergence of a world power An ancestral commercial node

The story of Istanbul has started since the 7th century BC under the name of Byzance, when a Greek colony invested the city first hill between the Bosphorus and the Golden Horn. That specific location between an important water network and the famous Silk Road5 offered Byzance a strategic trade position. The city was mainly structured along the coastline with ports and fishing villages. Different flows of merchandise and people between China and Europe crossed the city.

The birth of a capital

During the 2nd century AD, when Byzance was part of the Roman Empire, it was built as a traditional roman city. As the peninsula was composed of seven hills, it was easily compared to Rome. New walls were built to enlarge the city, a street called the Mese was established across the peninsula. Afterword, a hippodrome, a series of churches and forums - public spaces made for social meetings, political and religious debates - were set up along this main axis. An ambitious water network was developed at the same time with the help of the Valens aqueduct. These infrastructures ran the ambitious settlement of a powerful city. Two centuries later, when Rome became too weak to efficiently control that growing territory, the Roman Empire was split into two parts. The Western Roman Empire was led by Raven, while Byzance became the capital of the Eastern

5 According to Ancient History Encyclopedia website, the Silk Road was a network of trade routes between 130BC and 1453.

550 AD Byzantine Empire under Justinian

100 AD

The historical peninsula under the Byzantine Empire Sea Hills Water network Roads Perimeter wall

1. Hagia Sophia 2. Great Palace and Hippodrome 3. Basilica Cistern 4. Valens Aqueduct 5. Harbour of Theodosius 6. Walls of Constantine 7. Walls of Theodosius The Great

Basilica Cistern

Clint Koehler, 2010, with permission

8. Galata Tower

Roman Empire. That was the beginning of the Byzantine Empire and Byzance was renamed Constantinople. During this period the architecture of the city considerably evolved. The city walls were enlarged, important buildings were developed and the water network was improved to fulfill the growing population needs. Furthermore, the water was stored in two different ways: in three open reservoirs built on high points and in underground cisterns.

From one Empire to another

During the 6th century, the Emperor Justinian led the Byzantine Empire to its apogee and built the biggest religious monument of all times: the Hagia Sophia Basilica. Soon after, the Empire started to decline mainly because of and the Arabic and Catholics invasions. Later, at the beginning of the 13th century, the fourth crusade led by the Latins determined the fall of the Empire. As a result, Catholic religion replaced the previous Orthodox beliefs and new neighbourhoods appeared on the other sides of the Golden Horn and the Bosphorus. In 1453, Mehmet II and his Ottoman troops took advantage of the Byzantine Empire vulnerability to violently obtain the domination of Constantinople.

1453 to 1923

The Ottoman Empire: 500 years to shape the image of the city The bloody transition of Constantinople from the Byzantine Empire to the Ottoman Empire marked the beginning of five centuries of transformations and innovations, which actively contributed to build the image of the city. The Ottoman Empire started in 1299 and its civilisation was one of the most important in the world. During the 15th century, it extended over three continents, from the Mediterranean sea to the northern Black sea coasts and from the Arabian Peninsula to Morocco.

Social and spatial organisations led by religion

The Ottoman Empire was a slight balance between various religions and cultures. To repopulate the city, many minorities were invited such as Turks, Greeks, Armenians, Jews. Despite this meaningful tolerance, the Sultan soon converted several churches into mosques. Among them, the immediate transformation of the Hagia Sophia Basilica manifested the influence of Islam in the renewal of the city.

1451-1481 AD Ottoman Empire under Mehmet II

1520-1566 AD Ottoman Empire under Suleiman the Magnificient

The Golden Horn under the Ottoman Empire Sea Hills Water network Roads Perimeter wall

1. Topkap脹 Palace 2. Hagia Sofia 3. Blue Mosque 4. Grand Bazaar 5. S端leymaniye K端lliye 6. Fatih K端lliye

Hagia Sophia mosque in 1854

James ROBERTSON/

7. Galata bridge

Külliyes, as an urban complex, well represented this link between religion and urbanism. They were located at the top of the city hills. They constituted an important social life support and a centrality around which an organic pattern took place, in opposition to the Hippodamian model of Byzance. The orientations and widths of the streets frequently changed and cul-de-sacs became usual.

Külliyes brought different facilities: a mosque, a hospital, a religious school, a library, a refectory, a hammam, a fountain. These water equipments were the only source of fresh water for the inhabitants’ daily life. They naturally became strategic gathering places of every Külliyes. The long covered markets named Bedesten formed others meeting points. The best exemple was the Grand Bazaar, influenced by oriental tradition of commerce.

Strategies to keep the Empire afloat

Under the reign of Suleiman the Magnificent from 1520 to 1566, The Ottoman Empire was at its peak of territorial, economic, military and cultural extension along the Mediterranean sea and the Black sea. In 1498, the discovery of the maritime route from Europe to India passing through The Cape of Good Hope, by Vasco de Gama, disrupted the privileged situation of the city and predicted the future decline of the Empire. Starting from the late 17th century, the sultans tried to maintain the old glory, adopting reforms inspired to European policies: a westernisation process occurred between 1839 and 1877, during a period called Tanzimat. It led to a process of reorganisation and modernisation based on European models. Deep social, economic and urban changes occurred during those years, hygienists and functionalists principles led to the adoption of a grid pattern mainly in those neighbourhoods devastated by suspicious fires. At the beginning of the 20th century, the Ottoman Empire faced a series of nationalist uprising from different ethnic groups in order to claim their independence. Some demands were reprimed such as the Armenians movement for civil rights which finished in massacres6 . Others groups obtained their independence following the Balkan Wars7 . All these protests accelerated the dissolution of the Empire.

6 The number of Armenian victims varies depending on the sources : 1,500,000 according to the Armenian State, between 300,000 and 800,000 according to Turkish statistics. 7 The Balkan Wars (1912 and 1913) was a coalition between Bulgaria, Serbia, Greece and Montenegro that declared the war to the Ottoman Empire.

1920 Treaty of SĂ¨vres

1923 Republic of Turkey

Henri Prost's master plan 1936-1951 Sea Roads Main planned boulevards Planned squares Planned parks

1914 to 1980 The Republic era: modernisation of Turkey

Birth of a laic Republic

Already weakened, the Ottoman Empire did not resist to the First World War. In 1920, The Treaty of Sevres proposed the division of the Empire between the Allied forces and the regional minorities. Since this partition was not approved by the Turkish, Mustafa Kemal, a former military, gathered people around nationalist ideas. He was at the head of the Independence War that led to the proclamation of the Turkish Laic Republic in 1923. Ankara was chosen as the new capital. Mustafa Kemal, called Atatürk, became its first president. He embodied the renewal of the country in rupture with the Ottoman Empire. Secularisation and modernisation policies led to the adoption of several laws: the caliphate8 was abolished in 1924, a civil code was created in 1926, the Latin alphabet was adopted in 1928, women obtained the right to vote in 1934, religious brotherhoods were evicted from educational system, and Sunday replaced the Friday holiday in 19359.

Rupture with the Ottoman urban fabric

During that period of radical transformations, most of the public finances were invested in Ankara. Istanbul, after losing its relevant diplomatic position, its administrative workers, its political and financial influence, faced a period of economical stagnation. The city was not able to maintain its expensive and over-proportionated infrastructures anymore. In response to this decline, a French urban planner, Henry Prost10 , was invited in 1936 to work on a master plan for Istanbul. According to the European tendencies, Prost imagined a city with large boulevards and public places respecting the historical layers. His master plan was not completely realised. Nonetheless, after World War II, some principles became effective thanks to the Marshall fund . Afterwards, large public places were created, such as Taksim square, which became the new European centre of Istanbul. The transformation of Hagia Sophia Mosque into a museum was an other example of the distance taken from the Ottoman Era.

After 1945: international economical and political agreements

In 1945, Atatürk’s sucessor allowed a multi-party political system. This period marked the beginning of an alliance with Western countries and in

8 The caliphate is a form of Islamic religious and political leadership.

BOZARSLAN Hamit, 9 Histoire de la Turquie contemporaine, Edition La découverte, 2006, p.33

10 Henri Prost (18741959), studied architecture and fine arts. He worked on several urban master plans for cities in Morocco and France. 11 Also called European Recovery Program, the Marshall fund was a financial help from USA to reconstruct Europe after WWII. 12 Turkey became a member of the Council of Europe in 1949. 13 The North Atlantic Treaty Organisation is an intergovernmental political and military alliance signed in 1949..

The Sulukule urban renewal

Photographer: Kristoffer_l ÂŠ insaatnoktasiÂŠ

Destruction of Sulukule, one of the oldest neighbourhood of Istanbul.

particular with Europe12. Turkey appeared as a strategic place for those countries to handle the Middle-East unstable situation. As a result, Turkey became a NATO member13 in 1951. In addition to this political entente, economical alliances were sealed facilitated by the global prosperity. For instance, Turkey became one of the OECD14 fundator members. The financial agreements led to foreign investments that notably allowed Istanbul development. The previously dominant agricultural economy was rapidly replaced by an industrial one.

21 14 Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development which improves economic and social well-being around the world.

Industrialisation process

In 1950’s, the Golden Horn became the core of the industrial activities. According to Prost’s plan, the Ottoman shipyards were replaced by textile factories, electric plants and warehouses. It remained the main production place in Istanbul until the 1980’s. Fisrt, the industrialisation process provoked the first large-scale migration wave from the East to the West. The migrants were looking for better job opportunities within the city. Istanbul population doubled in twenty years, going from 983,000 in 1950 to 2,772,000 inhabitants in 197015, penalising the investments concerning housing, public and health services, education and transportation system, which were judged non-productive. As a result, informal systems took place such as private mini-buses called dolmuş or street vendors. Moreover, shanty towns called gecekondu16 started to proliferate on public lands. Because they generated social interactions and created a strong neighborhood feeling, this informal housing could be considered as a social accomplishment, but in term of construction quality, they appeared to be weak and vulnerable. The increasing number of the inhabitants consolidated that urban pattern made of illegal settlements. They participated to the city huge expansion outside the historical walls. The construction of the First Bosphorus Bridge, in 1973, accelerated the urban sprawl, especially on a West-East axis, along the E-5 highway. The economic crisis of the 1970’s, marked by an economic dependance of foreign lenders, increased the poverty, worsened socials inequalities and enhanced the negative effects of the rapid urban growth. These difficulties led to a governemental fragmentation and to the rise of radical parties. The military interventions in 1960 and 1971 tried to re-establish a Kemalist government. Eleven governments followed one another between 1971 and 1980, trying to find sufficient measures to adjust the effects of the first oil crisis.

15 According to the Turkish Statistical Institute 16 Litteraly meaning built in one night

Urban sprawl over the 20th century

1900

1950

1970

1990

N 2000

Prospective urban expansion 20XX sea

Forest

Urban area

Main Roads

50km

1980 to 2014 Fast social and spatial transformations within the context of a globalised Istanbul

Neo-liberal policies and consequences in Istanbul

The 1980’s began by a third Coup d’état headed by General Kenan Evren. It followed a difficult social, political and economic period during the 1970’s. The military regime remained in place during three years. In 1983, the liberal party came into power and started reforming the city chosing to develop an economy based on services and opened the Turkish market to foreign investors. This internationally based economy was reinforced by the end of the Cold War, as Istanbul came back a strategic point for commercial trade between Europe and Asia. The main consequence of those neo-liberal policies was the decentralisation of both transportation infrastructure, commercial and industrial services shaped by the two bridges17 and the following beltways. The Central Business District shifted to the North on the Maslak-Levent axis, with the ambition of being the new financial centre of the Middle-East. Since they had become too polluted and too big to be maintained in the historical centre, factories settled on the periphery along the major roads. The concept of global city had huge impacts on the urban development of Istanbul. Firstly, Istanbul was subjected to an important population growth: the number of inhabitants jumped from 2.9 million in 1980 to 13.1 million in 201018 . Then, the separation of the production system from the living environment increased spatial fragmentation and social segregation. Finally, rapid urbanisation partially destroyed the forest, reduced the part of available agricultural lands, obstructed the river beds with backfills and polluted lakes, rivers and seas waters.19

Land as a commodity

Rapid urban growth had an impact on land values and was mainly supervised by distant governmental decisions from Ankara. Since then, land has become a commodity and urban planning is led by private investors and speculation. For instance, this period has seen the emergence of mega projects dispersed in the city, built with both lack of transparency and respect of the rules. In parallel, at the beginning of the 1980’s, the government created a fund for mass housing: the Mass Housing Authority and TOKI20 (the housing development

17 The first Bosphorus Bridge was built in 1973, the second one was accomplished in 1988. 18 The case of Beyoglu, Istanbul. Dimension of Urban Re-development, Technische Universität Berlin, Berlin Editions, January 2014, p29. 19 The land has already shown its limit, as during the Ayamama’s floods in 2009. 20 TOKI for Toplu Konut İdaresi Başkanlığı in Turkish.

Population growth over the 20th century (inhabitants) 1900: 1 125 000 1950: 983 000 1970: 2 772 000 1990: 7 620 000 2000: 10 923 000

Jitka Zambochova©

Gecekondu in the district of Şişli in Istanbul

administration of Turkey). As there was an increased demand for housing, which where crucially under-available within the city’s territory, the aims of the MHA were to provide dwellings for low- and middle-income groups and to regulate the housing sector. The organisation faced different problems and the one who benefitted those housings were more middle- and upper middle-class than the original targets.

In 2002, after the 2001 economic crisis, the AKP21 (Justice Development Party) came to power and aimed not only to privatise the state owned real estate assets, but also to reactivate the economy through construction. That led to six years (2002-2008) of reorganisation of TOKI’s powers and the administration acquired new rights. The most important of them was the right to revise planning and zoning regulations in transformation zones. In 2005, Istanbul municipality applied laws that expanded the land under its jurisdiction. That facilitated the establishment of collaboration between public and private companies and allowed urban transformation projects, with for instance the law n°5366, or «Renewal Law».

21 AKP for Adalet ve Kalkınma Partisi in Turkish. It is a social conservative political party..

Today, those newly created laws are strong alibis providing the authorities the right to undertake urban cleansing. Gentrification is one of those initiatives that occurs in renewal projects, in order to improve the security and the life conditions in districts located in the inner-city, mostly inhabited by migrants, and where there was a strong tourism potential. Urban renewal is claimed as an excuse to drive poor inhabitants out. What was a spontaneous ennoblement in the 1980’s has now become a planning tool and the previous impoverished city-centre has turned into a touristic and cultural centre.

Urban renewal leading to social transformations

That so-called urban renewal has several major effects on the urban pattern. Firstly, it increases the polarisation of the city. In fact, urban transformation projects are displacing the low-income inhabitants from the city-centre and the cleavage between populations is mainly based on an economical criteria. The city today is quite composed of strong mono-oriented areas of informal constructions, gated communities, industries, to-be transformed zones, among others. Secondly, urban renewal tends to be very specific depending on its location within the city: the neo-ottomanism is for instance one of the most important drivers of the historic peninsula, defined as the beautification of the city from its major buildings to its street vendors. By the glorification of its past, the historical city seems to become a pastiche area made only for tourists.

Photographer: Mstyslav Chernov ÂŠ

Womenâ&#x20AC;şs get involved during the Gezi events

That renewed interest for the Ottoman period is associated with an Islam coming up again in the everyday life, disregarding the various ethnic groups and languages communities22. This radicalisation partly stops the discussion about Turkey entrance in The European Union23. Land is used as a powerful tool to transform the society. The Gezi events of May 201324 show an emerging resistance fighting against an authoritarian leader and a lack of consideration of the inhabitants’ voice. Turkey experiments today several challenges. The consequences of the renewal projects are now emerging, showing social uncohesion, poverty relocation, mono-oriented functions zones among others. That fragmentation of Istanbul social and spatial landscape is one of the main stakes the city will have to face in a close future.

27 22 “A non-exhaustive selection of such groups in strictly alphabetical order: Abkhaz, Albanians, Arabs, Armenians, Bosniaks, Bulgarians, Circassians, Georgians, Greeks, Kurds, Laz, Pomaks, Roma, Tatars, Turks.” Pelin Derviş, Bülent Tanju, Uğur Tanyeli, Becoming Istanbul, an encyclopedia, Garanti Gallery, 2008, p96. 23 Turkey became an official candidate to join the European Union in 1999. Its entrance was refused seven years later. 24 The trigger of the OccupyGezy movement was the reconstruction project of military barracks instead of Gezi park. The movement started spontaneously led by a small group of ecologists but facing the violence of the sit-in repression, supporting protests and strikes took place rapidly across Turkey.

23 23

Localised case studies within the territory “The ecological limits have been surpassed. The population limits have been surpassed. The economic limits have been surpassed. If you ask me where this will lead, I’ll quote Dogan Kuban: chaos.” (Mücella Yapici, Istanbul Chamber of Architect25) Istanbul’s fast and unstoppable growth is generating two polarising visions concerning the future: the Turkish state aims to shaping Istanbul as a global city by developing large-scale transformation projects, while the ordinary citizens reclaim their currently neglected rights to the city. The fracture between the wealthiest inhabitants residing in defensible spaces26 and the low-income population living in the margins of both city and society is increasing. In this context, we decided to act on various parts of Istanbul embodying such contradictions. The means of our propositions are the explorations of new forms of stability within a more equitable and sustainable urban future.

The historical centre

Five sites that carry with them a high historical charge are located along the Golden Horn: - Galata Bridge - Tarlabasi neighbourhood - Golden Horn dockyards - Eyüp district - Following the footsteps of the Orient Express

25 ŞEHIR, Ucu Olmayan. Ekümenopolis, 1h28min39s

26 The defensible space theory was developed by the architect and urban planner Oscar Newman i n the 1970’s. He gave design guidelines to prevent crimes through neighborhood safety. In Turkey, such spaces can be assimilated as gated communities or TOKI housing areas.

The outer-city and the periphery

Three districts, which faced a too fast urbanisation since the 1980’s, are located outside the historical core: - Zeytinburnu district - Küçükçekmece district - Mahmutbey district

Istanbul fringes

Finally, a site is located on small fishing villages down the under construction third Bosphorus bridge and near the new highway. Four villages take place on both sides of the bosphorus: - Garipçe - Rumelifeneri (european side) - Poyraz - Anadolufeneri (asian side)

(Picture - left page) Istanbul map with le location of the different study case with the territory. Changing Cities Team©

The course of water causes and effects The course of water causes and effects REMOTE SOURCES

FARTHER AND FARTHER RESSOURCES WATER TREATMENT PLANT DEVELOPED

LONG WATER NETWORK SYSTEM

STORAGE IN CISTERNS AND RESERVOIRS INSIDE THE CITY RISK OF WATER CONTAMINATION

FOUTAINS

(INCLUDED IN KULUYE)

FOCAL POINT TERRITORY WITH LACKED OF FRESH WATER

URBANIZATION AROUND WATER RESSOURCES

CITY OUTSIDE THE WALL

SEVERE FLOODING URBAN PRESSURE

CLIMATE CHANGES

ARTIFICIALISATION OF THE STREAM COURSES

NEIGHBORHOOD DEVELOPMENT

INTEREST FOR GOLDEN HORN AND BOSPHORUS SHORES

DEMOGRAPHIC INCREASE

INDUSTRALIZATION AND HOUSING DECENRALIZATION SUBURBAN SPRAWLING

Istanbul discovering Through Water and Waste topic

This chapter presents a more thorough synthesis of our group analysis about the Water and Waste topic, which discusses the first orientations of our territorial approach. This research has particularly focused on water issues. However, the waste issue will gain greater importance throughout our study. I chose to develop the topic on a thematic way, completing the global chronologic retrospective of chapter 1. Each thematic call into question current issues that should be carefully considered . Water is a key element for the population and urban development process of Istanbul.

Byzantin fresh supply network

water

Contemporary fresh water supply network

ASIA

Water As an essential need

The city was found, in a rich and fertile territory, covered by several water courses and located on a strategic maritime place, at the edge of the natural port of the Golden Horn connected to the Bosphorus strait. In spite of this several advantages, the site of the future Constantinople lacked good local sources of fresh water and the water supply would be, all along the history, a major issue. During the Byzantin era, a long-distance channel was built to bring water from remote springs. A key element of this water network was the Valens Aqueduct which took part of a 215km long channel tapping the abundant springs of kavamandere and Pinarca. This long-distance channel was completed in 373, during the Valens Emperor reign (364-378) and it was extended in the early 5th c. to tap the springs of the Istranja Mountains near Vize. The whole system constituted a dentritic network and the longest water supply system of the Roman Empire. Portions of this system continued to function through the end of the Ottoman Period. The important demographic increase of the 50th c. causing water shortage and insalubrities (cholera epidemic in the 70th c.) raise consciousness about a need of an efficient freshwater managing. ISKI (the Istanbul Water and Sewerage Administration) was created in 1981, managing all the supply and treatment water chain: - At first, The network was developed according to a quantitative logic with a huge technical water supply network including 7 water surface sources (with ban) with also, on the West, the Istranka system near to the Bulgarian frontier, and on the East, two other sources whose the farthest is +/- 170 km from Istanbul region ! - Then and in parallel, the qualitative logic was taken into account with the construction of various treatment plants. However, it exists a contradiction between the ISKI ambition to enhance the sewage treatment and the routing system which is really old and badly maintained. Furthermore, the industrial sewage is not controlled and is directly released into the environment.

27 James Crow: The Infrastructure of a Great City: Earth, Walls and Water in late Antique Constantinople Ebru Boyar, Kate Fleet: A Social History of Ottoman Istanbul, Cambridge University Press, 2010

Because water from public water supply is not recommended to drink, a parallel private economy was developed to distribute bottled water.

The valens aqueduct website istanbul-city.fr

(Picture left - page) Byzantin and contemporary fresh water supply network Water and Waste teamÂŠ

WATER ADMINISTRATION SYSTEM THE TURKISH STATE Water administration centralized tending to be distributed

Fresh Water Administration System INSTITUTIONAL

EXECUTIVE

OTHERS

USERS

+ + + WATER ADMINISTRATION SYSTEM THE TURKISH STATE Water administration centralized tending to be distributed

INSTITUTIONAL

1994

EXECUTIVE

USERS

Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality

HAMIDIYE SU * OTHERS

WATER PUMPING WATERWORKS 18

RESERVES Surface water use (majority)

94% of sewage

HAMIDIYE water SU * is treated

TREATMENT 1994 STORAGE WATER 14 PURIFICATION FACTORIES

SEWAGE WATER

WATER SUPPLY Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality

22 TREATMENT FACTORIES

DAILY CONSUMPTION 2008 : 2.250.000 m3/j 2010 : 2.550.000 m3/j 2012 : 2.820.000 m3/j

1360 million m3/year

WATER RESOURCES

1 Mec

2 Bio

3 Adv

BULGARY

RESERVES LOCALISATION Istanca system

170 km

Melen river

ENVIRONNEMENT WATER PUMPING Undergroung PROTECTION

water use +/- 90 000 WATERWORKS m3/j

Farther and farther water origins (cf : cartography) QUANTITATIVE SYSTEM Surface water use (majority)

INCREASING Istanca Melen 170 DEMOGRAPHY km system river URBAN Farther and farther EXPANSION

BULGARY

RESERVES LOCALISATION

water origins (cf : cartography) QUANTITATIVE SYSTEM

INCREASING DEMOGRAPHY URBAN EXPANSION

RESERVES

IN THEORY 4 water reserves protection areas ENVIRONNEMENT Undergroung PROTECTION water use IN PRACTICE Ilegal urbanization +/- 90 000 m3/j protection areas Contamination

IN THEORY 4 water reserves protection areas

TER WA

TREATMENT STORAGE WATER

4 QUALITY DEGREES

14 Good quality PURIFICATION FACTORIES

Lightly contaminated Contaminated

94% of sewage INDUSTRIAL water is treated REJECT

WATER SUPPLY 2010

2000

1990

2020

2030

2008 : 2.250.000 m3/j 2010 : 2.550.000 m3/j 2012 : 2.820.000 m3/j

Private station network

(as a gas station)

and still domestic used !! Good quality Lightly contaminated Contaminated

TER WA

N MA

2000

1990

2010

Elmali reserve

22 TREATMENT

Private station network

2020

PRIVATE WATER SUPPLY CONCURRENT ECONOMY YEAR 2040 (independent of ISRI)

2030

PRIVATE CONNECTION +++ Private station network

Private station network

Different subscriptions PRIVATE CONNECTION +++

Different subscriptions

SEWAGE WATER

DOMESTIC REJECT

Directly released in naturalFACTORIES environment !!

WATER RESOURCES

Very contaminated

quality degree 4 and still domestic used !!

YEAR

1360 million m3/year

Very contaminated

Elmali reserve 4 QUALITY DEGREES quality degree 4

2040

DAILY CONSUMPTION

(as a gas station)

IN PRACTICE Ilegal urbanization protection areas Contamination

N MA DE

ex : Hamidiye Su*

Arise from bad water quality rumor PRIVATE WATER SUPPLY Bad smelling water CONCURRENT ECONOMY Coloraded water (independent of ISRI) (orange or brown)

WATER ex : Hamidiye Su* ECONOMICAL Arise from bad water SYSTEM PROFIT quality rumor Bad smelling water Coloraded water (orange or brown)

WATER

INDUSTRIAL REJECT

1 Mech

2 Biolog Separated 3 Adva

DOMESTIC REJECT

HUMAN AND ENVIRONMENTAL DAMAGES Directly released in natural environment !!

Separated dr

HUMAN AND ENVIRONMENTAL DAMAGES

STRATION SYSTEM

According to this fresh water managing scheme (double pages) we can say that Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality plays on both sides in water business28.

SYSTEM ISH STATE

Moreover, the “savage” urban sprawl in relation with the industrial delocalization, according to the West/east axe, is not compatible with the natural resources protection. + For OTHERS instance, some reservoirs like the Kucukcekmece Lake are not used anymore because of the urban proximity and the pollution. Furthermore,the urban development doesn’t take into account the topography : the water courses are channeled, the river beds are ignored, covered or sometime built and the river basins are waterproofed which leads to drying and floods. HAMIDIYE SU * The Ayamama’s floods in 2009 illustrate this serious issue.

zed tending to be distributed

USERS

uted

OTHERS

Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality

HAMIDIYE SU *

WATER SUPPLY 94% of sewage water is treated

TION 1360 million m3/year

SEWAGE WATER

RESOURCES D

94% of sewage water is treated

SEWAGE WATER

WATER RELEASE

22 TREATMENT FACTORIES

2020

2030

2040

YEAR

Private station network Directly released in natural PRIVATE WATER SUPPLY environment !! CONCURRENT ECONOMY (independent of ISRI)

1 Mechanical (8)

quality rumor

e from bad water quality rumor

d smelling water Coloraded water range or brown)

WATER

2 Biological (12)

superior flow

WATER RELEASE

superior flow

inferior flow

3 Advanced biology (2)

DOMESTIC REJECT Directly released in natural environment !!

RAIN WATER

inferior flow

BOSPHORUS STRAIGT

BOSPHORUS STRAIGT MARMARA

Bad smelling water Coloraded water (orange or brown)

WATER ECONOMICAL SYSTEM PROFIT

RAIN WATER Separated drain pipes

Separated drain pipes

HUMAN AND WATER RISK ENVIRONMENTAL + Wet season DAMAGES TION ATE WATER SUPPLY = HUMAN AND URRENT ECONOMY ependent of ISRI) ex : Hamidiye Su* ENVIRONMENTAL Arise from badDAMAGES water

ptions

BLACK SEA

(Picture - double page) diagram of the fresh water adminstration system. Water and Waste team©

YEAR

INDUSTRIAL REJECT

x : Hamidiye Su*

2 1

22 1 Mechanical (8) TREATMENT 2 Biological (12)DOMESTIC INDUSTRIAL FACTORIES REJECT REJECT (2) 3 Advanced biology

N MA

BLACK SEA

35 28 Indeed, the water network of ISKI (which is controlled by the metropolitan municipality) is advocated to increase the adherent’s number. But the water private economy, which concerns the metropolitan municipality interests too (with its own private society, Hamidiye Su) depends on the bad water quality rumors of this network.

WATER RISK + Wet season =

MARMARA

NATURAL PROPERTY USE

Disastrous flood September 2009, equivalent of 4 months raining for 48h !! (2.5/3m) Disastrous flood => ISKI reaction : September 2009, to make de roads wider equivalent of 4 months and stay on ground raining for 48h !! sealing logic... (2.5/3m) => ISKI reaction : to make de roads wider and stay on ground sealing logic...

In general, the actual water consideration is not sustainable. We can observe more and more limit marks of this system which is seemed to be essential to differently considerer before reaching the breakpoint…

Water as a social opportunity

Water has always been playing an important role in the social life of Istanbul, especially during the ottoman era, when the important storage system was dropped to a new logic of public fountains system. These fountains were decorative features of both outdoor public space like squares, and intimates indoor space in private dwellings. For instance, they indicated important places like the monumental Ahmet fountain which was built to indicate the entrance of the Topkapi Palace. But above all, they constituted an important social life support. Indeed, they presented the only source of fresh water for the daily life of the inhabitants, so they were meeting points of every neighborhood. Some of them, near or into the mosque squares, were used especially for ablutions before coming into the religious places. In relation with the water’s social role, a particularity of the Ottoman culture was the use of Hammam or Turkish baths. They were one of the most important axes of social life in Ottoman period and one of the first buildings erected after a conquest of urban space. As a matter of fact, going to the hammam was an essential and regular inhabitant’s activity. It was a sanitary structure but also a major political discussion theater and social place especially for women: “Hammam was like a women’s coffee shop”. According to historical sources29, there were more than 220 public hamams in Istanbul in 1570’s. In 1830’s there were about 300 public baths.

29 Ebru Boyar, Kate Fleet: A Social History of Ottoman Istanbul, Cambridge University Press, 2010

During the 19th century the sea baths became very popular. It consisted of sheltered platforms, which were situated 15 – 20 metres from the coast. There was an enclosed swimming area and large canvas was stretched around to avoid looks of the people from outside. The demand of using public hamams and fountains decreased with the improvement of the supply of households by running water in the 20th century. Nowadays, young Istanbuliotes have never been to hamam in their lives. With the spread of globalisation, new swimming pools, aquaparks and seaside resort are developing. Many of traditional hammams became rather touristic attractions with entrance fees, and they are definitely not as popular as they were several centuries before.

(Picture - left page) Ottoman Fountains of Istanbul. Solar beach, the biggest private beach of Istanbul. Le bain Turc, Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres,1862

1 Galata Bridge

Dromon

1845,1883,1870,1912,1994

Bireme 2 AtatĂźrk Bridge

1836, 1875, 1912, 1940

Ferry (tourist transport)

3 Bosphorus Bridge 1973

Trawler (comercial fishing) 4 HaliĂ§ Bridge

5 Fatih Sultan Mehmet Bridge

Vapur (public transport)

1988

6 Marmaray 2013

2 1

Ro-ro (vehicule transport)

6 Tanker

7 Golden Horn Metro Bridge

2014

8 The Bosphorus Third Bridge

In progress

Container Ship

Water as a transporting support

The city, initially centered on the historical peninsula, gradually extended, at first on the other side of the Golden Horn, and then on the Asian continent. The urban development on this particular location was direcly in relation with transporting issues of navigation and water crossing. On one hand, a maritime fleet, destined to commercial activities, travelled along the strait waters and again today, is travelling between the Black sea and the Marmara sea until the Mediterranean. The fleet changed along the time and nowadays, it adapts itself to the international need with huge commercial tankers, container-ships, cargos, and also ferries and cruise boats for touristic economy. In parallel to this international flow, a local maritim network was developed since the 19th century to link the different villages and districts, on the Bosphorus and the Golden Horn banks. We can note that the last northern villages on the bosphorus are not included in this local network. This intense traffic, more than 50 000 ships per year, makes the Bosphorus the worldâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s busiest strait. About 6.000 of them are tankers transporting the oil of the Caspian Sea. The complicated navigation conditions (violent flows and curves) increase the risk of accidents39 and water pollution. As a result, some traffic regulations were defined and eight control towers were built all along the banks. On the other hand, a succession of bridges, and also a tunnel, connected to istanbul beltways, marked the principal state of the urban growth. The first crossing was on the Golden Horn by the Galata bridge in 1845 and in 1973 was erected the first Bosphorus Bridge. Since 2013, a third bridge on the Bosphorus is being built. While the previous infrastructures came along the urban growth, the third bridgeâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s construction, that is a part of a megaproject including a motorway, a new airport and a huge canal (Kanalistanbul), fits into prospective urban development on the northern part of the strait and along the Black sea. In theory, the aim of all these structures is to limit the saturation and the accident risks. However the real stake is more about the territorial conquest and control, in relation with a urban development running on rent.

39 -26 accidents in 2004 and 42 in 2005 website http://www.afcan. org/dossiers_techniques/ tsvts_fr.html

(Picture - left page) Water as a transporting support, bridges and boats of the Bosphorus and the Golden Horn Water and Waste teamÂŠ

Water as a fertile resource The Black sea should be a former lake which opened up to the Marmara sea with the Bosphorus strait, because of glacial melt and heavy precipitations 8000 years ago40. This 32km long, 500m to 3 km large and until a depth of 80m maritime corridor, is the place of fishes seasonal migrations from the cold Black Sea to the warm Marmara sea waters. This natural phenomenon struggled the development of fishing activities which became a important Istanbul economy. But more than an economy, fishing is a leisure very apreciated by the inhabitants. As a symbole, the Galata bridge, the first bridge on the rich natural fishing reservoir of the Golden Horn, is considered as the first fishing place. Indeed, we can observe all along the bridge a continuum of fishing lines, and amateur and professional fishermen mixing with passersby and baits sailers.

40 Cette «théorie», liant bouleversements géographiques et histoire des hommes, fut proposée par deux géologues américains, Bill Ryan et Walt Pitman, en 1997. website http://sciences.blogs. liberation.fr/home/2013/04/ la-mer-noire-le-d%C3% A9luge-et-gilgamesh.html

As a result, fish is also a daily aliment. The «fish sandwish» became a typical street food and there are lots of fish and seafood restaurants in the city. However, because of overfishing, climate changes and industrial pollution, water is becoming less and less fertile and productive. Indeed, fishing facilitated by the intense use of motorboats, generates an imbalance between the resource and the consumption. Lots of species have already disappared. The government is trying to regulate the fishing activities. For instance, fishing by motorboats on summer (fish repoduction time) was forbidden few years ago. Last year, a ley was established making it compulsory to have an amateur fishing license. However, these regulations are not really respected since the fishing culture remains very important. In addition to overfishing, overpollution is also a current issue. According to an expert interviewed by Zaman, a Turkish newspaper, the Bosphorus strait is threatened by two kinds of phenomenons41. The first one is related to the water flow which comes from the Black sea and the Danube river. These two sources concentrate too much heavy industrial pollution in this thin water inlet.

41 web site http://crossworlds.fr/ regards/istanbul-sandwichs -poisson-bosphore/ (Pictures - left page) Fishing activities. Water and Waste team©

The second one is linked to the motorboat gas daily sprawled into the water which contains less and less fish. Nowadays, most fishing product is imported from other countries like Norway. Moreover, in the past, several fishermen villages were developed along the strait shores and today only a minority remains and are still living by this activity. Indeed, these historical villages have been gradually gobbled up by the growing urbanisation.

(Picture left page) The Istanbul megaprojects, The third airport, the Third bridge and the kanalistanbul Water and Waste team©

The last northern villages, such as Garipçe and Rumeli Feneri on the European side and Poyrazkök and Anadolu Feneri on the Asian side, have kept their independance facing the global city (there is a particular case for Garipçe which is considered as a protected area which prevents it from new urban development). Nevertheless, according to the previous analysis of Water as a transporting support, with the Third bridge and the new motorway construction, we wonder about the future for these villages considering this new urbanisation phase.

This previous analysis underlines that current water issues, such as fresh water depletion, waterproofing and flooding, river's death, overfishing, water pollution or the theat of last fishermen villages, are direclty linked to the globalised city and the urban sprawl phenomenon. This one is struggled by the ongoing development of transporting infrastructure megaprojects.

These differents issues are especially illustrated on the remain of a territory which are even more threatened. It is the Bosphorus Northern territory at the entrance of the Black Sea. This is one of the last natural (northern forest) and heritage ressources of Istanbul (fishermen villages) which is located at the edge of the futur Bosphorus Third bridge and the following motorway. This huge infrastructure, in addition to a violent deforestation, will forecast new big scaled flows without connections with the local territory, as well as the coming of a massive urbanisation based on the real estate-markets. What will be the dialogues between the actual fragmented urban identities? What does the specific location of the strait entrance trigger in the territorial dynamics? What about the ecological impact due to the northern forest disappearance? At this step of our work, we decided to join the Transport group to approach this "multiple stakes" territory.

(Pictures - next left page) The Bosphorus northern territory and its three scales of consideration. Northern Villages teamÂŠ (Picture- next right page) Words of local inhabitants of the Bosphorus northern villages about the Third Bridge construction. Oneline sources (Picture - next double page) Bosphorus northern territory section highlighting the scale contrast between the new infrastructure and the local fishermen villages. Northern Villages teamÂŠ

The northern Bosphorus Villages

Changing countryside ?

Sensitive approach and awareness

This chapter marks an important phase of our thought, corresponding with a concrete experience of the territory during the Istanbul trip and our territorial analysis when we returned to Nantes. This part of the work is developed and written in collaboration with the transport group . This first â&#x20AC;&#x153;initiatoryâ&#x20AC;? trip allowed us to discover the territory not only through maps and pictures but by wandering it and perceiving it. Despite having little information, we had already taken into account the split of the surrounding territory with the new highway and the trip confirmed this feeling.

(Picture - left page) The work site of the new highway erases the Belgrade Forest as a permanent mark. Northern villages teamÂŠ

Rumeli Feneri

Poyrazkรถy

Anadolu Feneri

asian side

European side

Garipรงe

Let's go to Istanbul, territorial immersion To go deeper on the territory we decided to visit three villages which we started studying previously. One of the major problems we had was the way to go there. Indeed, transport systems are very complicated for strangers and cruises for tourists did not serve these villages too far from the historical centre. But the travel we had to go there allowed us to discover the territory in different ways and was - in some ways - a preparation and a transition between the noisy and crowded centre of Istanbul and the quiet and rural landscape of the northern villages. Garipçe, the smaller one

After more than two hours and half of boats along the Bosphorus and buses, with the help of various inhabitants we succeeded to reach Garipçe. It is one of the small fishermen villages. Its population rises from 500 inhabitants in winter to around 2,000 people in summer. It is due to its restaurants and famous Turkish breakfasts. The picturesque views from the port and the historical fort also bring tourists from Istanbul each week-end. “So now you know our Saturday road!” said a friend from Istanbul. However, it turns Garipçe into an historical and protected city. This fact avoids inhabitants to build or to have extension of their existing house. Therefore the village is dying. However, we succumbed to its charm and to its inhabitants as many tourists.

Poyrazköy, the touristic one

The second day, we chose to go on the Asian side. Usually in summer, the beach and the restaurant are full of tourists but we were the ones to visit this village on the off-season times. Despite of the travel of some fish ships, the village was peaceful. We met some inhabitants in favour for the third bridge and idolising the first minister Erdogan. Another one knew that this village will not exist anymore in few years. By loosing ourselves in the small streets we discover a peninsula with cows eating quietly and we felt at the end of the world.

Birgün bütün istanbul böyle olacak ! «Ama bugün, sadece Ruya kent !»

Geleceği İnşa Ediyoruz ! Şehri ve doğayı buluşturan rüya proje. Kentin merkezini buraya taşıyoruz. Hayat dolu boğaz manzaralı konutlar, göz kamaştıran ofisler, kaliteli markaların buluştuğu alışveriş merkezleri, kapınıza kadar gelen metrolar. Burası gece gündüz yaşayan bir kent...

TeSlIMleR BASlAMISTIR

RüYA

Gelecek GRoup

444 42 42

ruya.contact@gmail.com 42, kuyucu. kesim Sk - Beyoglu, Istanbul

www.ruyaproject.com facebook.com/ruya twitter.com/ruya

Let's go to Istanbul, territorial immersion

Rumeli Feneri, the economic one

The last village we visited was the bigger one. Its economy is based on the fishing activity with a big port at the entrance of the Black Sea. Much bigger than the others, the village seemed as peaceful as the first ones as a lonely cow crossing the main place at 8pm. We met very kind people there who welcomed us with kindness and offered us a lot, a trip in boat, a diner, stories, etc. Despite great people and amazing landscape, Rumeli Feneri has also some problematic as the waste one. A beach is turns into a wasteland for inhabitants troubling the landscape. During the trip we could not go in Anadolu Feneri, the last one village we will take into account on the study.

Intervention work in situ

Our intervention work doesn’t consist to act directly in-situ. Indeed we decided to think about the potential future of the site, according to the current urban development mechanism which is linked to the real-estate rent, simulating an ironic but not so caricatured answer… So, we went to the streets of the city center of Istanbul, pretending that we were developers which were promoting a new building project in Garipçe, one of the Bosophorus northern villages. We made leaflets and posters of this imaginary project and offered them to the people. A web page in Facebook was created too. Most of the inhabitants we could meet was enthusiatic and not surprised by the project. Some of them discovered this distant territory while others told us they could be interested to invest on it. Finally, whereas this kind of project seemed to us out of context and paradoxical, it seemed to the inhabitants something normal and common. At the end of the trip we felt both exited by great meeting and the splendid landscapes, as well as out of our depth with the politic and economic situation.

"Ils sciaient les branches qui les portaient, Et se faisaient part à grands cris de leur expérience Sur la manière de scier plus vite, et puis ils tombaient, Au milieu des craquements, dans le vide, Et ceux qui les regardaient, Hochaient la tête tout en sciant Et continuaient de scier.” Bertolt Brecht, Exil III (1934-1941)

1 A $19.5 billion society which deals with several topics such as buildings, energy, environment, natural resources development, or transportation.

(Picture - left page) Poster of the fake massive building project in Garipçe. Northern villages team©

From everywhere we can see these two gigantesque pillars

GREAT LANSCAPES

DO IT YOURSELF

Constructions hastily completed

Cosmopolitan table : Turks, Italian, French, Czech, Argentina... Food becomes the universal language !

FISHERMEN THESE INTERNATIONAL TRAVELLERS

ENCOUNTERING MYSTICAL DIMENSION We move forward, and, at the far end, the light

RURAL THEATER

A truck selling fruits and vegetables

A brand new bus stop

MODERNITY MARKS

Come back to Nantes, Territorial analysis Came back to Nantes, our first reaction was to focus on the huge infrastructure of the bridge, questioning its future through three different scenarios: We questioned the consequences of their construction in an extreme way, as well as the impact of their requalification during their construction, and the alternative if the construction had stopped.

53 1 A $19.5 billion society which deals with several topics such as buildings, energy, environment, natural resources development, or transportation.

This first step allowed us to see these megaprojects as no permanent infrastructures. However, we quicly realized that, in our position it would be very complicated to directly face this outsized project dealing with inaccessible economic and politic stakes. That's why we turned towards the question of the surrounding territory future, and in particular the future of these four northern Bosphorus villages which will find itself lined by the new highway in the South and the Black Sea in the North. . Our strategy being to fit in the territory and to act against the future impacts of the bridge instead of trying to oppose to the bridge itself. To find how we could act on the territory, the previous work had been to take time to analyse the territory in a meticulously way through databases and more sensitive and personal data.

(Picture - left page) Extract from the sensitive map we did in Istanbul. Northern villages teamÂŠ (Picture - double page) Scheme tracing our travel from Istanbul City centre to the Bosphorus Northern Villages, by boat and by bus Northern villages teamÂŠ

A strategic position being on the rim of the Black Sea, at the mouth of the Bosphorus. It is both a limit and a passage, where international flows disconnected from local issues converge. It is also at the core of geopolitical stakes such as energetic supply and pipeline networks.

Come back to Nantes, Territorial analysis

Political and environmental issues through a geographical context At the entrance of the black sea, another world Zooming out, we can see the strategic position the territory has, being on the rim of the Black Sea. Looking at the History, we can understand politic and economic relationships that countries surrounding the Black Sea have. The recognition by Turkey41 of new countries independence surrounding the Black Sea was significant to create collaboration with them. The BSEC42 was founded the November 12, 1992 in Istanbul. Several countries took part of it43 and the Black Sea became an important area with political issues. Indeed, Russia used to have a certain authority on it with gas pipeline, Blue Stream especially. To thwart the new project South Stream, the United States and the European Union decided to create a new gas pipeline Nabucco passing through Turkey. Turkey is put in a difficult position, engaged in double dealing with UE either with Russia44. A pact has made between Russia and Turkey45 allowing new political perspective46. Therefore Black Sea is a core of geopolitical stakes. What can be these relationships with the stakes of the local territory?

55 41 At the end of the soviet empire in 1991 and its dislocation, Turkey recognized several new countries independence surrounding the Black Sea such as Ukraine and Georgia. 42 Organisation of the Black Sea Economic Cooperation 43 Albania, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Bulgaria, Georgia, Greece, Moldova, Romania, Russia, Turkey and Ukraine. Several structures were created such as a commercial bank for investment projects, an inter parliamentary assembly based in Turkey and the General Affairs Council. 44 The conflict in CrimĂŠe would be prejudicial for Turkey that had to choose one side over another. 45 through the meeting on December 1st, 2014 46 Russia offers six percent discount on natural gas starting in January to pass the South Stream on Turkish lands. It should had been on its territorial waters. (Picture - right page) Map of the Black sea, main touristic and economic maritime flows Northern villages teamÂŠ

International flows are paramount whereas the Forest is eaten up by the urban sprawl. What happens exactly at the mouth of the Bosphorus?

Come back to Nantes, Territorial analysis

Political and environmental issues through a geographical context A territorial fringe, caught up by the global city Being a mouth of the Bosphorus makes the northern Bosphorus territory both a limit and a passage, where international flows converge. Around the Bosphorus, we can see their confrontation. On the one hand, there is a will to link Europe and Asia, and increase international flows such as the North/South commercial shipping flows or the future East/West highway ones. This will is illustrated by the megaprojects like the future third airport or the international highway. On the other hand, the environmental issue gets worse every day as the remnants of the Belgrade Forest - the green lung of Istanbul - eaten up by the urban sprawl, threatening the future of the entire city. Even if, international flows pass through the northern Bosphorus territory, this one remains isolated without direct connections with these flows.

(Picture - left page) Map of the Bosphorus strait, maritime flows, existing and future Istanbul beltways, urban areas and the Northern Forests. Northern villages teamÂŠ (Picture - right page) Tanker on the Bosphorus going toward the Black Sea Northern villages teamÂŠ

People need jobs, alternative resources and place which belong to them to survive in this difficult context.

Come back to Nantes, Territorial analysis

Social and economic report

The international company AECOM47 did a report on the Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) of the Third Bosphorus Bridge and Connected Motorways in 2013. From this study, a survey allows us to have some information about villages along the new highway. It concerns 22 villages including Poyraz, GaripĂ§e, Rumeli Feneri and Anadolu Feneri. This survey highlights the low income of inhabitants. Indeed, around 55% of household has between 750 and 1500 TL monthly (270-550 Euros) and the half of them has only one salary each month. The unemployment, 45.4% - especially the women one - and the presence of one retired person in almost the half of household can explain it. Moreover, the population is ageing. Indeed, one for each three persons has more than 50 years old. The survey underlines that 12.7% of inhabitants have not deed for the house where they live. Moreover 93.4% of farmers do not own the pasture where their livestock live. Concerning the access to services, there is at least one school, one grocer and one health centre in each bank. However there is neither bank nor post office in these 4 villages. We note that 88.2% have satellite whereas 78% of households have phone. Moreover, only 47.2% of households have a computer and 39.3% have internet access. The survey asked inhabitants what are the major problems of the territory and most of us said that the unemployment and the low income are the most important. Moreover, when the construction of the third bridge and the new highway began, several farmers from northern farms left their job to become builders. When the constructions will be done, what will they become? Will they keep being builders in another construction site far from their house? Will they come back to their former job? Therefore people needs jobs, alternative resources and place which belong to them to survive in this difficult context.

47 AECOM. Prepared by Brian A Cuthbert PhD, reviewed and approved by Neslihan Artar AYbar. Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) of the Third Bosphorus Bridge and Connected Motorways. August 2, 2013. 364 pages.

48 A $19.5 billion society which deals with several topics such as buildings, energy, environment, natural resources development, or transportation.

(Picture - left page) Wood house falling into ruins in Rumeli Feneri. Northern villages teamÂŠ

An interface between the land and the sea, which can be seen as one of the economic cores. Its topography bears the marks of the geological activity of the region; being a wide natural zone. It is partly wild and partly cultivated, divided between remains of forest areas and agricultural fields.

Come back to Nantes, Territorial analysis

A territory shaped by its heritages...

However the territory has also natural resources besides the hospital nature of its inhabitants. Its first distinctive feature is to be an interface between the land and the sea, which can be seen as one of the economic cores of the area. The topography and the geology shape the land to design valleys and peaks creating an untouched territory. Valleys used to receive rivers, dried up today. These valleys are the cradle of the villages and of the local dynamics. It is partly wild and partly cultivated, divided between remains of old forest areas. However these areas are fragmented and are under pressure by the future coming of the city. The territory is also divided between agricultural fields and cultivated forest, organized around the existing villages. For this project we will focus on the three villages we visited, Rumeli Feneri, in the North West, Poyrazköy, in the South East and Garipçe, on the European side. We will also take into account Anadolu Feneri, on the opposite bank of Rumeli Feneri. How the heritage and the resources of the villages could be protected ? (Picture - left page) Map of the Bosphorus northern territory, natural landscape typologies. Northern villages team© (Pictures - right page) Northern Forest along the road to the Bosphorus Northern villages, View Point on the Rumeli Feneri harbor and its lighthouse, Cliff-hugging houses in Garipçe. Northern villages team©

These 4 historical villages developed from military bases protecting the mouth of the Bosphorus These vulnerability and contrast of development find a true example in the megaproject of the Third bridge. Left on the wayside of global development, they are andangered by arrival of the megalopolis.

Come back to Nantes, Territorial analysis

...But endangered by its future These historical fisherman villages developed from military bases protecting the mouth of the Bosphorus. They are representative of a rural, local economy, left on the wayside of global development, vulnerable and endangered by the arrival of the megalopolis and the leading politicians’ decisions. These vulnerability and contrast of development find a perfect example in the new megaproject, launched five years ago, of a new bridge over the Bosphorus. Presented as a solution to Istanbul traffic problems, it was above all conceived to fuel the city’s urban sprawl all along the strait to the Black Sea. So now, this gigantic infrastructure – which has a totally different scale with the northern villages - heralds the arrival of the city to them, which may well disappear under it. How to develop local flows and interests next to an oversized transport infrastructure?

(Picture - left page) Map of the Bosphorus northern territory, the four villages and the lanscape rupture of the future motorway. Northern villages team© (Picture - right page) Garipçe, a fishermen village under the shadow of the third bridge. Northern villages team©

How to give (back) to these villages the strength to survive, a reason to exist and resist as the megalopolis arrives?

the rural awakening

A global strategy based on economic solidarity

In response to this problematic, our idea is based on from the principle that there is strength in unity. In fact, in order to strengthen and sustain an endangered territory, we aim to develop solidarity between these harbor polarities. It would be achieved by the creation of a circle of activities, spread over the land, throughout different landscapes, linking the villages and making them complementary. By combining their resources and expertise, they would achieve sustainable legitimacy in order to last over time by asserting their identity on the global territory. This economic issue is related to an important environmental challenge. According to our meeting with Jean François Pérouse at the Institut Français des Etudes Anatoliennes in Istanbul, it seems very clear to us that nowadays, the environmental concerns are absolutely not taken into account : « Il existe une véritable cécité sur la dimension sociale et environnementale » « L’émergence d’un marché vert… plus économique qu’écologique. » « Il n’y a pas de mot turc pour dire « territoire ». Jean François Pérouse, conference in the IFEA, October 23, 2014

However, securing the future of this rural land chich goes hand in hand with the preservation of the forest and the crop lands, are just as vital for the future of the great Istanbul as for the future of this area. The focus will be on the transformation of a fragmented territory into a connected one.

The touristic places around the highway and the Millau brisge had an increase in their attractiveness thanks to several events organised during the construction. Along the A75, six cities decided to form a more visible urban group encouraging encourage travelers to leave the motorway for a lunchtime break or a week-end visit.

The future impact of the third bridge on the villages The Viaduc of Millau study case

In order to imagine what can happen in the territory with the arrival of the megaprojects we look at a recent similar example. We chose the Viaduct of Millau as study case. A report48 studied the impact on the economy of the region. First the impact on the tourism was more important than expected. Indeed, the visits to the tourist office increased by more than 350 per cent between 2001 and 2006. A place to inform inhabitants and tourists on the new infrastructure was permanently settled due to intense visiting (4,000 visits per peak day).

49 A75 et Viaduc de Millau Leur impact sur l'ĂŠconomie aveyronnaise, CCI Aveyron, 2010. Online http://www. aveyron.cci.fr/wp-content/ uploads/2010/10/A75-etviaduc3.pdf

However, at the beginning the city of Millau had difficulties to properly welcome all visitors (lack of restaurants and hostels). Others touristic places around the highway had an increase in their attractiveness thanks to several events organised during the construction. The reputation decreased at the end of the construction but tourism actors go together to maintain this attractiveness. Communities and socio-professional actors created an association to avoid the anarchic settlement of companies along the highway by creating two areas where they could settle with low property cost and a pleasant working environment. Moreover, in order to foster participation among local actors, one per cent of the cost of each kilometre is given to local actors for touristic and economic improvement of the territory. The new service areas are managed by head of local economies. The interchanges allow some municipality to open up. An interesting example of this new infrastructure profit is the case of Les Perles vertes : They are six cities next to the motorway which decided to form a more visible urban group increasing their touristic potential. They encourage travelers to leave the motorway for a lunchtime break or a week-end visit.

(Picture - left page) The Viaduct of Millau, France. Website http:// www.ru-fr.com

A strong touristic potential in a natural environment which could be increased as well as erased by the city arrival.

The future impact of the third bridge on the villages The Viaduc of Millau study case

In our case, the distance between the villages and the first interchange will be around 10 kilometers. In the northern Bosphorus villages inhabitants have already started taking advantage of the situation. Some fishermen use to take tourists by boat to the foot of the third bridge to take pictures. We had a similar experience with Ali, a young generous fisherman. However, the situation of these fishermen villages is jeopardized and threatened by the pressing approach of the city on the territory, questionning the future of these existing isolated urban areas.

(Picture - left page) The harbour and the beach of PoyrazkĂśy, asian side The former military fort of Rumeli Feneri became a touristic site, The Rumeli Feneri valley and its polluted water stream, european side Northern villages teamÂŠ (Pictures - right page) The Third Bridge pillar of the European side from the fishermen boat Improvised touristic cruise by fishermen boat, with Ali. Northern villages teamÂŠ

The historical heritage of the villages especially the forts are places visited by local tourists. Tourism can be promoted, as well as the existing fishing activity that supports the local population. In this rural territory, fertile valleys allow for food-producing farming.

Dispersed economies coming from the territory In order to develop the local economy and empower people, we will take advantage of the numerous resources of the territory. We were able to get to know these resources during our stay in Istanbul while trying to collect clues in the features of the site, each of them being a source for our project. First of all, an obvious one is the historical heritage of the villages: the lighthouses and especially the forts are places visited by local tourists. They are points in common for these former military villages and mark their identity. They have a great potential and are symbols of these villages potentialities. Tourism is a part of the local economy especially seaside leisure on summer time. The calm atmosphere and the rural environment of the villages, contrasting with the close city of Istanbul, have become attractive for inhabitants and curious foreigners. The distance, literally and figuratively, between this northern territory and the city center plays an important role in the appreciation of this contrast. The villages have to maintain the difference and this distance to keep having this economy. Finally, this rural territory fertile valleys allow food-producing farming. According to the survey presented above, we know that the inhabitants who grow crops do it both for their own consumption and for commercial activity on the market. During the trip, we discovered some former and precarious gardening which are still been cultivated. These existing activity potentials can be supported, completed and developed, on one hand, to enhance inhabitants' living resources such as food and water, and on the other hand, to improve their ability to adapte according to seaons and future events. This reactivation of the local economy also has the objective to reduce unemployment and ageing issues of these villages by offering new jobs. The economic solidarity can be the element to empower these 4 villages.

(Picture - left page) Map of the Bosphorus northern territory, the 4 former military forts, the 2 lighhouse, the beaches and the fertile valley. Northern villages teamÂŠ

A whole circle of exchanges is organised in 5 poles for each of the 3 cycles..

An economic solidarity A circular economy In the facts, our action would take the shape of an economic solidarity, and more precisely of a circular economy linking fishing, farming and tourism activities. Starting from the activities already existing, our project aims at reactivating them, with the creation of a whole circle of exchanges organised in five poles : production, storage, distribution, consumption and recycling, for each of the three cycles: water, fishing and agriculture.

A principle spreading on the territory These cycles developed in parallel, are mixed and run as chain reactions : First the fish caught in the Black Sea or Bosphorus is stored in the harbour, which is also an exchange spot, where the ÂŤ market boats Âť restocks, before he distributes it on local markets in all the villages. Inhabitants, after having consumed these goods, bring the waste by boat to recycling infrastructures where it is turned into fertiliser. This one allocated to the villages, and carried up the valley, to be used in the inland fields. The crops are then stored in farms, brought to the harbours and likewise fishing products, traded in an exchange place distributed, eaten and recycled. They end up as organic waste or food for livestock which drink the water collected in cisterns. This water is also used to irrigate the fields; it finishes its cycle by passing through a phytopurification process before being drained away to the sea.

(Picture - left page) Diagram of the 3 cycles of circular economy, running in parallel. Northern villages teamÂŠ

Wind

STORAGE

PRODUCTION Farmer

Pasture You're crossing an amazing territory. Let's stop here!

FARM

Field

Gravel, sand, clay, peat, coal

PRODUCTION Inhabitant CONSUMPTION

Sandstone, shale and limestone interbedded with la va s an d pyroclastic rocks

ATTRACTIVITY

INTERNATIONAL TOURISTS

TOURISTS FROM ISTANBUL

EMPLOYMENT KNOWLEDGE AWARNESS

TERRITORY AWARNESS

DIFFUSION

LOCAL INHABITANTS

TOURISTS FROM ISTANBUL

HOUSING

S W

General view of our principle that enables the activation of a whole territory around

LEGEND Water Agriculture Fishing Megaprojects Existing context Local inhabitant Tourist

Future highway

Old bed river

Billboard

Peak

Pathway

Pasture

Agriculture as a job

Barn & Milking task

Warehouse

Self Tasting and consumption agriculture Education

Public space

Housing

Tem Workspace ho

House

CISTERN Wind

PRODUCTION Farmer

Pasture You're crossing an amazing territory. Let's stop here!

Gravel, sand, clay, peat, coal

STORAGE FARM

Field

PRODUCTION Inhabitant CONSUMPTION

Sandstone, shale and limestone interbedded with la va s an d pyroclastic rocks

ATTRACTIVITY

INTERNATIONAL TOURISTS

TERRITORY AWARNESS

DIFFUSION

LEGEND Water Agriculture

TOURISTS FROM ISTANBUL

EMPLOYMENT KNOWLEDGE AWARNESS

LOCAL INHABITANTS

HOUSING

SEA WO

An economic solidarity This detailed scenario provides a general view of our principle, developed throughout the landscape. Indeed, the fact to consider the natural and urban landscape, its morphology and its property, allows us to define the right program on the right place. This enables the activation of a whole territory around centralities and resulting in exchanges in the Bosphorus harbours.

Public space

Housing

Temporary Workspace house Exchange center

Public space

Leisure

Fishing activity

Valorizing center

Maritime transport

Market

Education center

Housing

Public space

Phytofiltration

Agriculture as a job

Peak

PRODUCTION WATERING THROUGH

DISTRIBUTION STORAGE

DISTRIBUTION CONSUMPTION

WAREHOUSE

RECYCLING

Wind

EXCHANGE

GATE FOR TRAVEL

+ Jobs + Education + Economy

MARKET

HOUSING TANK

HOUSING

SEASONAL WORKERS

HOUSING

GATED COMMUNITITES

FISHING

TOURISTS FROM ISTANBUL

FOOD SOLD TO OTHER VILLAGES

FIELD TANK

TRANSFORMATION TRANSPORT

CONTAINER

Crusher

Valley

Repairer

LOCAL INHABITANTS

CISTERN

TOURISTS FROM ISTANBUL

FISH WASTE FROM ISTANBUL PORTS

TOURISTS FROM ISTANBUL INHABITANTS

FERTILIZER SOLD TO OTHER FARMERS NON USED ITEMS

CLEAN WATER SENT TO THE BOSPHORUS

Rumeli Feneri

Garipรงe

Water is stored on the heights. It irrigates new fields. These new fields are organized around farms. The ports become exchange spots connected through the creation of a new shuttle boat.

An economic solidarity The application on the territory This schematic vision finds its application on the territory. Water is stored on the heights and irrigates new fields organized around collective farms. The harbours become exchange spots interconnected through the creation of a new shuttle boat dedicated to these villages. It transports goods as well as people over the sea. As for the land, new paths are created to join the centralities and promote a â&#x20AC;&#x153;greenâ&#x20AC;? tourism completing the existing seaside one. In order to legitimate the presence of all villages into the network, we take special features of each and improve them. Then the network of economic solidarity with complementary villages becomes more complete To go deeper into the process, we will develop more precisely different parts of the circular economy on two sites : GaripĂ§e and Rumeli Feneri.

The waste managing, directly related to healthy nutrition stakes, seems to be an important issue to consider in Rumeli Feneri as well as in the whole Istanbul city. .

the recovering valley

A local strategy for waste management

According to the global strategy on the large territory we further take a close look at two steps of this circular economic scheme, in relationship with two particular sites. While Marie, Chloé and Cyrille focused on the distribution step with the aim of reactivating the dying village of Garipçe, Maud and I decided to develop more precisely the recycling issues on the site of Rumeli Feneri, the biggest village which has a real lack in waste management. In parallel, Hippolyte chose to deal with the Shuttle Boat which makes the link between the four villages and between the village community and the larger Istanbul territory.

(Picture - left page) A cow rummaging through dumpsters, Rumeli Feneri, 2014. Sébastien Argant© (Picture - right page) Extract of the territorial strategy section, The recycling step. Northern villages team©

landscapes crossing We decided especially to develop the issue of waste management in the territory of Rumeli Feneri, the last Bosphorus village on the European side, at the entrance of the Black Sea. It is the biggest and the most economically developed Northern Bosphorus village. It is organised along a valley crossing 3 landscape typologies : Close to the sea, there is the urban area, which is defined by a historic and vernacular centre, down connected to a fishing port and a ship yard. Moreover, a new closed residential neighbourhood in the Northwest, characterised by rich houses, has been recently developed. This different building pattern is the sign of a new urban development contrasting with local lifestyle and architecture. Inland, there is the agricultural area characterised by wooded countryside, mainly composed of orchards and pastures. Few dispersed farms are connected by small roads. Further, there is the forest. Along the valley, trees seem to be recently planted and some areas have been deforested.

The Garbage dump Beach During our stay in Istanbul, one specific site caught our attention: the beach at the end of the valley, which is used as a garbage dump by the villagers, and which demonstrates the waste issue of Rumeli Feneri. Nevertheless, there is an outstanding point of view from this beach over the Rumeli lighthouse and the remain of its former military fort. And also, this site has a strategic central position in the village since it links the inland to the sea.

This site also highlights a deep contradiction in inhabitant's behaviours. Indeed, they are used to dispose a huge amount of waste in the environment which pollutes the soil even if they are highly dependent on local food production. On the other hand, the inhabitants also tend to spontaneously collect, reuse or recycle objects found in the surroundings. On a similar topic, it is interesting to mention that harbours are rich sources of material to recycle, fishing nets for example.

A beforehand strategy Based on those observations, our strategy is to take action upstream at the sources of the problem. That isto say: working upstream the valley and against inhabitant's problematic habits. The project is developed on three strategic sites. Those were chosen because they are connected by main roads and they are in contact with all three landscape components previously mentioned.

Three bifunctional halts The project aims to collect and treat the domestic waste produced by the four villages. The waste is brought by boat to the harbour of Rumeli Feneri, and then carried to the corresponding treatment centre through a valley peripheral road circuit. (In black on the map) According to its type, waste is allocated to the three main Halts along the valley, each of them in relationship with different environments. In these Halts programs of waste treatment and recovery are developed in parallel, combined with leisure activities for local inhabitants and tourists. These bifuctional programs offer new equipments while raising awareness.

into the urban context

The Second Life Factory First of all, there is The Second Life Factory. Settled down the valley, this site is a connexion point between the sea, the inland and the village. This is a sharing platform where people can either dispose or collect items. The idea is also to enable the appropriation of the place by the inhabitants since they can make it evolve in function of their needs. Indeed, the structure is modular and can be modified.

The fertile Farm

into the agricultural context

A bit upper in the valley, we find The fertile Farm, in an agricultural territory. This site is situated between a pedestrian path and the main road. It is a pedagogical place where a short circuit of organic waste reuse has been established. Waste is collected at the farm where is is composted and further partially used to grow a public garden. A kitchen as well as a picnic area are available to the public which enable part of the food to be locally eaten. Taking a picnic is actually a local custom. On a larger scale, this site also plays an economic role since compost and food are sold for use outside the site.

The forest research center into the forest context

Again a bit upper in the valley, we reach a forest zone wher is built a Forest Research Center. The site is settled on a deforested area and has three main roles. First, it is a center for sustainable exploitation of the forest. Second, it is a storage place for waste reusable in construction activities. Lastly, it is a research labratory for forest protection. This place is also pedagogical since it can welcome public and classes.

basin

the path along the stream Hand-made water pavilons

Drinking Trough

All along the way up the valley, the scale of the concerns and issues addressed increases, from a very local initiative to a center key for the whole area around Istanbul. The last site up the valley is strategically located to embrace a more global action. Indeed, it is very close to a university, connected to the surrounding villages through the harbours and to Instanbul by the main road.

fountain

The goal of the full initiative is also to foster an alternative and authentic form of tourism. In fact, a touristic path connects all three sites with a set of handmade pavillons to punctate the walk.

Hotel & Canteen

workspace

Garipçe, a place to exchange

Denïz başaran The Multifunctional Shuttle Boat

the meeting point

OPENING

Expansion of the economic solidarity network Garipçe, a Place to Exchange The Recovery Valley is one local action among others which focus on different parts of the four villages Circular Economy. Indeed, in parallel, the “distribution phase” is developed particularly in the main place of Garipçe which is turned into a Place to Exchange, defined as a converging platform between agriculture, fishing and tourism. This place is composed of an exchange center, a Hostel Canteen as well as a Workspace which are differently used in function of the high season or the offseason. This new identity gives a fresh boost to the whole village.

Denïz Başaran, the Multifunctional Shuttle Boat Linked to these two local projects, a third part of the global scheme is developed. This is the multifunctional shuttle boat, named Denïz Başaran. This initial existing fishing boat, connecting the four villages, is the actor of a new local maritime network, allowing production (goods, food and waste) exchange as well as inhabitant and tourist transport. Its function changes according to the hours of the day and the seasons. For instance, in winter, during the night, it leaves harbours to reach fishing areas. In early morning, it restocks in farming goods and stock fishes in the exchange place. During the day, it passes in all the villages to sell the goods in local market and restocks with the specialties of the village. During summer, since fishermen are not allowed to fish, the boat can take tourists from the Galata Bridge to the northern villages and in the evening, it turns into an off-shore night club. .

GOVERNANCE

General diagram of new governance, programs and services for the Northern Bosphorus Territory

Private company Inter district District Village

GOVERNANCE Private company Inter district

Hostel

Workshop

Seasonal chambers

Repair inhabitants houses

The meeting point Stock Exchange

Second life factory

Fertile F

District Village

Hostel

Workshop

Seasonal chambers

Repair inhabitants houses

HOUSING

Second lifeHOUSING factory

Creation

Education

Creation

Education

Stock Exchange

Voucher/Goods

ECONOMY

Voucher/Goods

Composter

ECONOMYFertile Farm

Composter Gardening

Increase of the local INCREASE OF THE AWARENESS

A Ene

Exertio

LOCA

Governance and future expansion All in all, several programs are established on the territory with more or less influence on it. Linked to each others, an economic solidarity network joins the villages. The governance of these new programs depends on the influence on the territory of each program. It means that according to its importance, the number of a same infrastructure in the territory varies. For instance, The Recovering Valley, in part, is managed by the district in the case of The Second life Factoy as well as The Fertile Farm. However, The Energy Clearing is managed by the interdistrict, associated with others recycling centers. These programs offer services which will allow the increase and the improvement of several problematics and give to the inhabitants the possibility to get new jobs. This specific issue of unemployement was particularly underlined in the Social and Economic report we quoted. It seemed to us a priority to develop in favour of the improvment in the near future of inhabitants' everyday life. Moreover, these programs give this rural territory a specific indentity which makes it known and visible towards the global city. One could have the ambition to reproduce this scheme all along the Bopshorus and the Black Sea in similar villages in order to spread the solidarity network.

ck Exchange

Fertile Farm

cher/Goods

Composter Gardening

AWARENESS

Energy clearing

Exertion

Sharing

Post Office

Community Center

Denis Basaran

Letters

Computer

Transport

COMMUNICATION

economy, protection of AND heritage and creation of jobs SE OF THE LOCAL ECONOMY CREATION OF JOBS

Megaprojects

Third Bridge

Highway

ATTRACTIVITY

101

This thesis report presents a synthesis of our work during the semester as well as the basis to introduce and complete the final presentation. I have viewed this semester project as a very experimental approach which has opened up new considerations and working methods. I can say that these 6 months gave me the opportunity to live various â&#x20AC;&#x153;first timesâ&#x20AC;?, such as the first working experience in English, the first subject of study so vast and with so many economic, politic and environmental stakes, in a such different and unknown context. It was also the first studio to which I participated that granted so much importance to group work. Regarding group work, I had the particular experience to deal with a four person research team which turned into an eight person team working on a global strategy. This global strategy was further developed in various ways by three or two person groups. Those interactions have led to positive outcomes when it came to face a very complex topic creating many situations of questioning, doubts and discomfort by enabling constructive and fascinating reflections. How can we face and develop alternatives to an economic and politic context dealing with a massive urban process which seems unwavering? How can we initiate a sustainable urban thinking within a society based on speculation and short-term profit, threatening the last natural and rural territory of Istanbul? There is a multitude of ways to approach those questions, and we cannot pretend to give the unique answer. However, we decided to develop one of them, trying to make it pertinent considering the local economic and environmental issues of a weakened rural territory.

Bibliography Chapter 1 Books BOZARSLAN Hamit, Histoire de la Turquie contemporaine, La découverte, 2006, 123 p. Derviş Pelin, Oner Meric, Mapping Istanbul, Garanti Gallery, 2009, 224 p. Derviş Pelin, Tanju Bülent, Tanyeli Uğur, Becoming Istanbul, Garanti Gallery, 2008, 383 p. “Dossier : Istanbul“, Urbanisme revue, prepared under the direction of Şeni Nora, Pérouse Jean-François, Morvan Yoann, n° 374, 2010 Ertaş Hülya, Hensel Michael, Hensel Defne Sunguroğlu, Turkey at the Threshold, Architectural Design, vol80, 2010, 143 p. Field Milet, “ Retour sur Hippodamos de Milet : À propos d’un mythe moderne “ in Histoire urbaine n°21, Société française d’histoire urbaine, 2008, p. 87-110 The case of Beyoglu, Dimension of Urban Re-development, prepared under the direction of Gülden Erkut,Technische Universität Berlin, 2014, 262 p. [Available on : https://www.urbanmanagement.tu-berlin.de/fileadmin/f6_urbanmanagement/ Study_Course/student_ work/UM-Report_istanbul.pdf] (accessed december 3, 2014)

Websites Cité Chaillot, Henri prost, biographie, http://www.citechaillot.fr/ressources/ expositions_virtuelles/portraits_architectes/biographie_ PROST.html (accessed november 28, 2014)

103

Mark Joshua, “Silk Road“, http://www.ancient.eu/Silk_Road/ (accessed november 28, 2014) The Rockfeller Center Fundation, 100 resilient cities. www.100resilientcities.org, (accessed december 8, 2014)

2014,

http://

Turkish Statistical Institute, http://www.turkstat.gov.tr/Start.do;jsessionid=QT9WJ S2J06khd0vLZGj1LVlJVqr2ZQ6p5TDVJlfZk87LMJHGpfhK! 1216219564 (accessed october 3, 2014)

Filmography FOURE ST Caroline, “Turquie un modèle à bout de souffle“, Envoyé spécial, France 2, April 3 2014, 28 min. Portron Jean-Luc, “Paysages : Istanbul“ , JBA production and Arte France, 2000, 118 min. ŞE HIR Ucu Olmayan, Ekümenopolis, a city without limits, Turk, 2011, 93 min.

Chapters 2-5 Reports CCI Aveyron, A75 et Viaduc de Millau, Leur impact sur l'économie aveyronnaise, 2010. 8 pages. Online http://www.aveyron.cci.fr/wp-content/uploads/2010/10/ A75-et-viaduc3.pdf

AECOM. Prepared by Brian A Cuthbert PhD, reviewed and approved by Neslihan Artar AYbar. Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) of the Third Bosphorus Bridge and Connected Motorways, August 2, 2013. 364pages.

Articles TAPIAU Florence, Poubelle la vie à Istanbul, Lundi 30 Novembre 2009, On line : lepetitjournal.com/Istanbul Compte rendu d’excursion urbaine de l’observatoire urbain d’Istanbul - Projets énergétiques à Istanbul, Le carnet de l'Observatoire urbain d'Istanbul, 2012, on line: http://rumor.hypotheses.org/2567 Compte rendu d’excursion urbaine de l’observatoire urbain d’Istanbul - Nature refoulée et urbanisation : analyse in situ de l’état et de l’usage des rivières se jetant dans la mer de Marmara et le Bosphore, Le carnet de l'Observatoire urbain d'Istanbul, 2010, one line: http://oui.hypotheses.org/203 PEROUSE Jean-François, Vallées niées, rivières morcellées… La durabilité en danger, Sept-Oct 2010, revue URBANSIME n°374, p.62-65

Books and Magazines SIEVERTS Thomas, Entre-ville une lecture de la Zwishenstadt, Edition Parenthèses, écrityre en 1997, 188 pages. Clean urbanism, Rotterdam: Board publishers, Revue MONU 11, n°11, 2009, 126pages.

Filmography AKIN Fatih (real.) Polluting Paradise, 2013, documentary, 1h45. ROBIN Marie-Monique, Sacré Croissance, Arte F, 2014, 93min.

105

I would like to give a special word of thanks to the different persons which have all been by my side, for their support, their precious advice and their contribution to the final project. Thanks you to Susan Dunne and all the teaching team for their openness and for guiding us to answer this complex but fascinating issue. To the Northern Villages Team, for their help and their shared experiences. To Emilie and Pauline for their availability and their listening. To RaphaĂŤlle, for the proof-reading. To my family and Carlos for their everyday life support and their attentions.

Thesis Project Report Clara Stewart January 2015

École Nationale Supérieure d’Architecture de Nantes UE 91 CHANGING CITIES 2014-2015 Susan DUNNE Graciela TORRE, Sébastien ARGANT