THESIS

1 CHAPTER 1 “Think big, think twice, think novelty”

THE PROBLEM Background of the Study

The acceleration in growth and development of the Subic Bay Freeport Zone (SBFZ) has been acknowledged to be of undeniable importance, as per the latest SBFZ SocioEconomic And Physical Profile Report. This is reflected in the government’s initiative to form the Subic-Clark Alliance for Development (SCAD) Program as it positioned these former US military bases as an integrated area for investment and one of the most competitive international service, maritime and logistic hub in Southeast Asia. To prepare SBFZ to host bigger investors and locators in the coming years, major infrastructure projects such as the upgrading of port facilities has been higlighted as part of the Zone's strategic move. One of SBFZ's port facility is the Watercraft Venture Marina, this is the focus of the study.

SBFZ was once a US Naval facility. On March 13, 1992, former President Corazon Aquino signed the Republic Act 7227, now known as the Bases Conversion and Development Act

2 of 1992, and took full advantage of the former Naval base's infrastructure and facilities. The Act created Subic Bay Freeport as a separate custom territory. This paved the way for many and interesting developments in the Freeport through the years (www.sbma.com).

The Subic Bay Freeport is located southwest of the Luzon Island of the Philippines. The harbour lies with the Zambales Mountain Range at its east and Subic Bay at its west, opening up at the South China Sea. The mountain ranges around the Subic Bay area and its natural harbour provide excellent and protected anchorage. The Freeport is located strategically as it is within flying distance to and from major cities in the Philippines and Asia Pacific.

It is also along the ship lanes of major ports and cities in the country and Asia Pacific. It is easily accessible through two major expressways from various eco-zones, business and industrial centers in the country (SBFZ SocioEconomic and Physical Profile Report).

SBFZ has a general topography characterized by varied terrain elevation that ranges from sea level to 1,000 meters above sea level. Most of the Freeport Zone is hilly or mountainous. 4,697.81 hectares and 3,310.57 hectares of the total SBFZ land area fall under the 0-3% slope, 3-8% slope fall on the generally flat classes. These are

3 characterized as irrigable and suitable for agricultural, urban, industrial and other related uses (SBFZ SocioEconomic and Physical Profile Report).

Like the rest of the Philippines the climate in SBFZ is tropical. These are two seasons: Dry, from November to May and rainy, from June to October. Climate is without extremes. Average temperature is 80 degrees Fahrenheit or 26 degrees Celsius (SBFZ Socio-Economic and Physical Profile Report).

Watercraft Venture Corporation is a trading and service company that provides the sale of boats and other watercrafts, such as yachts, jet skis, speedboats, sports cruisers and sport yachts, boat repairs, maintenance and other after sales services. It was master-planned to coexist with Subic Bay Yachts Club (SBYC) as their sales and service counterpart.

Watercraft Venture covers about 21032.40 square meter of land area is located in Rizal Highway Subic Freeport Zone, Olongapo City, Zambales. The Marina is founded in 1995 and is owned by Frederico Sandoval. Its vision is to be the premier boat, yacht and watercraft service provider.

Watercraft Venture Marina offers yacht travel lifts for haul-outs and substantial marine maintenance. It also features one of the most comprehensive range of yacht

4 chandlery in the Philippines – (the Broadwater Marine Yacht Chandlery outlets).

The main concepts of the study were taken from below related literature and reports.

According to Wikipedia a marina is a dock or basin with moorings and supplies for yachts and small boats. A marina differs from a port in that a marina does not handle large passenger ships or cargo from freighters. Marinas may be located along the banks of rivers connecting to lakes or seas. They are also located on coastal harbours or coastal lagoons. A marina may have refuelling, washing and repair facilities, stores and restaurants. A marina may include ground facilities such as parking lots for vehicles and boat trailers.

Edge Davao (2008) said that a marina is romantically referred to as a promenade by the sea, a fancy dock or basin providing secure moorings for pleasure boats that offers supply, repair, and other facilities. A marina is a partially enclosed body of water that has docks, moorings and facilities for boats.

MacDonald (2007) COO, owner, Marina Utilities, answers questions regarding significant trends contributing to the worldwide retrofitting of marinas. One important trend affecting marinas is the increase in vessel size.

5 In industry sources report, the number of megayachts worldwide has more than doubled over the last decade. Mega yachts are those from 80 to 180 feet or more in length, with 116 -130 ft. being the average size built in the US. Yachts have become wider and longer, up to mega yacht size.

There are issues that are driving the trend for redeveloping marinas. There are not enough slips to accommodate the big yachts, and it is much easier to permit for a redevelopment. In addition to the larger yacht size, marinas are upgrading to provide more convenience for the boater, more options for gathering and staying in a location and more reasons for the marina to appeal as a destination.

Describing the marina of the future requires a solid understanding of history and a firm grasp of the present.

These days claiming to have a ―firm grasp on the present‖ may be a bit of a stretch. It seems that the only constant in the marina industry is change. (Anderson & Frye 2010).

Anderson and Frye (2010) said that marinas of the future will have larger boats. The Wharf Marina located in the America’s Cup Harbour of San Diego, California, caters to yachts up to 53 meters long. That being said, the number of larger boats looking harder for dockage is growing.

6

Figure 1.Sunrise Harbor Marina in Fort Lauderdale, Florida The marinas of the future will adapt to changing times by building bigger slips with more power.

A review of the industry shows that marina trend is toward renovating, redeveloping and upgrading existing facilities. The challenge for the marina of the future is to create ―new‖ income through redevelopment—getting more out of existing footprints.

Today’s continued pressure from environmental regulation, which is impacting the development and sustainability of some marinas, will only become more intense. They are becoming nautical destinations and striving to become recreation and entertainment centers.

In the future, tomorrow’s marinas will have fewer small slips and will be able to accommodate many larger vessels in the water. Marina facilities will be more diverse, adding restaurants, retail, boat sales and more to improve appearance. Marinas will be redesigned to

7 facilitate an easier boating experience. If this occurs, it’s likely that every aspect of the marina design including slips, racks and berths, fuelling areas, parking areas, green spaces and service and repair facilities will be created on the model that the marina is a recreational destination and entertainment center (Anderson, W. &Frye, J. 2010).

Figure 2.

Harbour Town Marina in Fort Lauderdale, Florida,

building a new dry storage barn at its facilities In general, destination cruising is becoming more popular, with large size vessels and megayachts becoming the floating home away from home.

In line with the problem in marina industries, it is acknowledged that there is a need to upgrade the size of slip. There are several factors affecting the need to redevelop the Watercraft Venture Marina.

MacDonald (2010) said that no project will typically last beyond a 20-30 year period, even if services are still functional, needs change and systems become more efficient

8 and adaptable to meet needs, so it becomes an issue of competitiveness. Marinas without in-slip service will not be able to compete with the marina that has in-slip services.

It was the major purpose of this study to prepare a preliminary plan and design for the redevelopment of the Watercraft Venture Marina in Subic Bay Freeport Zone (SBFZ).

The researcher proposes to make Watercraft Venture Marina as the first iconic waterfront marina structure in the Philippines. He also aims to enhance the boating and tourism industries on Subic Bay Freeport Zone by planning and redeveloping modern marina facilities.

To achieve this, the researcher as an architecture student wanted to contribute and focus about the study in preparing the preliminary plan and design for the said proposal. The preliminary design of the Watercraft Venture Marina is in terms of architectural design solutions.

The researcher presented a set of objectives in terms of Architectural design: a.) to be able to design an iconic marina in Subic Bay Freeport Zone (SBFZ), b.) to be able to introduce the different international design guidelines that is applicable for the design of marina in the Philippines, c.) to be able to introduce an appropriate

9 design character of the Watercraft Venture Marina which will be fitted on the design guidelines in designing a marina, d.) to be able to integrate new innovations and design concepts in planning and designing a marina.

Theoretical / Conceptual Framework The design proposal of the marina will include drystack or dry storage facility. Drystack boat storage stores boats vertically in rack systems up to four boats high. It extends the life of the boat by keeping it dry, provides storage at seasonal marinas, and allows for storage of smaller boats in marinas. In dry storage, boats on trailers or dollies are stored on a hard surface, often in a fenced-in area.

Boats are moored on buoys, on fixed or floating walkways tied to an anchoring piling by a roller or ring mechanism. Facilities offering fuel, boat ramps and stores will normally have a common-use dock set aside for such short term parking needs. When the tidal range is large, marinas may use locks to maintain the water level for several hours before and after low water.

The Meridien Marinas in Jacobs Well, Queensland is a large working marina designed to facilitate the servicing, maintenance, storage and temporary accommodation associated

10 with the boating industry. The marina contains a yacht club, showrooms, marine offices, main street retail and cafĂŠs, general waterfront industry including a travel lift, a fuel depot, boat yard, an eco tourism hotel, dry boat storage and 1400 wet berths.

La Paz Bay, in Baja California Sur, selected as a good place to propose a Recreational Marinas. The project involved three key activities: Adapting International Guidelines for use in the Gulf of California; Training and outreach; Application in sites and facilities.

Old Port Cove Marina in Palm Beach, Florida is the first megayacht facility of its size in the northern Palm Beaches. The marina has undergone significant redevelopment and design and now can accommodate vessels from 30 feet to mega yachts to a maximum of 200 feet in length.

Additionally, there is a new state-of-the-art diesel fuel dock and fuelling equipment with two pumps, redesigned upland areas for parking, new landscape, lighting and a redesigned service building (www.opch.com).

Anupam (2010) stated that the architecture firm of marina beach tower oppenheim has focused on sustainability and has tried to embrace natural resources for power and light. The building’s design will allow it to be cooled by

11 the breezes, which will regulate interior temperature without consuming too much energy.

Moreover, the building will also include solar and wind arrays for the generation of the some of its required energy. Other systems deployed for sustainability will include various methods for reuse of the vast amounts of water flowing through the site.

Washington Marina Expansion & Master Plan Ft. Washington, MD Olshesky Design Group (ODG 2011) designed the expansion of this Green Marina for the state of Maryland. ODG prepared a Masterplan, incorporating sustainable design features. The sustainable design incorporates methods to ensure that the storm water pollutant loads are reduced by at least 10% compared to the same site prior to development.

According to ODG (2011), ODG coordinated their work with the existing marina filtration system. They proposed a bio-retention filtering system, a grass channel by adding vegetation within the 100 foot buffer zone. They chose vegetative filter strips and a vegetative trench, which they merged with the existing green marina filtration trench.

12 Pete Bossley as Architects (2011) designed to house an exhibition of New Zealand yachting. The alteration expands the building outwards and upwards, in a series of planes which explodes the traditional form of the sheds.

Large planes of polycarbonate cladding contrast with the traditional building. Slight shifts away from the orthogonal, combined with the ever-changing variety of color, transparency and reflectivity of the polycarbonate, suggest the constantly shifting conditions of wind, light and swell which are integral to the world of yachting. The main eastern panel lifts to follow the ramp inside and partially reveal the exhibits through a slither of glazing underneath, and of the sea from within. Raw materials with high technology polycarbonate, just as the determined wharf environment contrasts with the technological limits embodied in yacht, while the great architectural standards of space, light and movement are brought into play to reinforce the belief that architecture is, above all, to be experienced.

The Ocean Club Marina at Port Canaveral is a newly completed redevelopment by Port Canaveral Marine Center, LLC, a subsidiary of Dream Harbors LLC of Naples, FL. The Ocean ClubMarina features a clubhouse, swimming pool, tiki bar and 73 boat slips to accommodate vessels from 40 feet

13 up to 110 feet long. The berths are technologically advanced Bellingham floating concrete docks (www.oceanclubpc.com).

In the Philippines the newly opened Holiday Oceanview Marina located in Samal Island has already adopted upgrading and enlarging the size of slip or berth. The facility now has a capacity of 102 yachts ranging from 9.76 meters to 15 meters long.

Complete with water and power connections, showers, laundry area, a pump-out station and a small slipway for the hauling and launching of yachts. The entrance of the Holiday Oceanview Marina is 20 meters wide and may be repositioned to the NW corner due to the NE winds.

The Holiday Oceanview Marina's goal is to achieve a standard that is accepted worldwide. In relation to the redevelopment of the Watercraft Venture Marina, the researcher will be using local and international design guidelines in order to be accepted worldwide.

Holiday Oceanview floating docks are composed of individual concrete float modules inter-connected by a network of first grade U.S. and Canadian Coastal Douglas Fir Lumber. These lumber are treated with Chromated Copper Arsenate (CCA) allowing years of worry-free maintenance.

14 The concrete floating docks are strong, rugged, durable, and proven system of Modular flexibility. It also features stability, and together with its non-skid surfaces provides a safe path for users.

Flat bottomed vessels, catamarans and trimarans can avail of these carts and get hauled out of the water for maintenance work. For single-keeled sailboats, a trailer is available and will use the cemented slipway beside the tracks for haul-outs. Secured in cradle, the sailboat may be transported to an area for storage or maintenance work.

The marina will be fitted with water and power connections which can be connected to the sailboats, yachts, and cruisers that will dock at the marina. Bangayan (2008).

Research Paradigm The conceptual framework of this study covers the perception on the design principles, design guidelines as well as the new innovations and design concepts in marina design, taking into consideration preliminary planning and design such as data gathering, data analysis, site analysis, design analysis, functional diagram, schematic design and the preliminary plan as moderator variables.

This is illustrated in the paradigm as shown in figure 3.

15

Proposed Redevelopment of Watercraft Venture Marina in Subic Bay Freeport Zone: Independent

   

Variable



Moderator Variable

Dependent Variable

Figure 3.

INPUT Design guidelines Design principles Design concepts New design innovations

Preliminary planning and design o Research Phase  Data gathering o Analysis Phase  Data analysis  Site analysis  Design analysis o Synthesis Phase  Functional diagram  Schematic design  Preliminary plan

 Proposed Redevelopment of Watercraft Venture Marina in Subic Bay Freeport Zone

Paradigm of the Study

PROCESS

OUTPUT

16 Statement of the Problem and Hypotheses The main problem of the study is on how to plan and design for the redevelopment of the Watercraft Venture Marina in Subic Bay Freeport Zone (SBFZ). The purpose of this study is to prepare the preliminary plan and design for the said proposal. The following are the specific questions of the study: 1. What are the specific design guidelines that will be used in planning and designing the Watercraft Venture Marina?

Hypothesis This study will be using different design concepts merged from local and international guidelines in designing a marina.

2. What new innovations can be applied in the design concept of the Watercraft Venture Marina that will be fitted on the design guidelines?

Hypothesis The principle of green design will be applied in the design concept of the Watercraft Venture Marina.

17 3. What will be the appropriate design character of the Watercraft Venture Marina that will be fitted on the design guidelines?

Hypothesis The design character of the Watercraft Venture Marina will be a tropical modern architecture, because it is compatible with its site location and context.

Definition of terms Accessible. unless otherwise noted in context, accessible means barrier-free elements in a marina, i.e. accessible boat slip Accessible boat slip. that portion of an accessible pier, main pier, finger pier, or float where a boat is berthed Accessible route. a continuous unobstructed path connecting all accessible elements and spaces of a marina, including such features as parking access aisles, curb ramps, crosswalks at vehicular ways, walkways, ramps, lifts, boat slips, main walkways, marginal walkways, fingerfloats, boarding piers, boat launch ramps, etc.

Amenities. feature conducive to such attractiveness and value

18 Berth. a delineated water surface mooring area, delineated by either floating or fixed dock structures, for the purposes of embarking, disembarking, and the wet storage of a recreational boat (aka boat slip or boat dock) Boat hoist well.

a travelling crane

Boarding float. a platform-type structure, either floating or fixed, stationary or adjustable; located on, along side of, or near a boat launch ramp; designed for short-term moorage of boats, and to facilitate pedestrian access to and from boats in the water; synonymous with boarding pier Boarding pier. a portion of a pier where a boat is temporarily secured for the purpose of embarking or disembarking Boat launch ramp. a sloped paved surface designed and constructed for launching and retrieving trailered boats and other water craft to and from a body of water Boat trailers. used for taking things from one place to another Bull rail. a low-level continuous rail along the edge of a dock, or berth in or over the water, intermittently blocked up to provide clear passage of boat mooring lines between the bottom of the rail and the deck surface, the purpose of which is securement of a boat; sometimes also

19 used as a safety curbing to prevent people, and equipment from going over the edge of a dock, or berth Bulkhead. a vertical (or near vertical) structural wall constructed along a shoreline to retain soil as an extension of the upland, and provide a near-shore required water depth Buoys. a floating object moored to the bottom to mark a channel or something (as a shoal) lying under the water - floating object anchored at a definite location to guide or warn mariners to mark positions of submerged objects, or to moor vessels in lieu anchoring Canals. a tubular anatomical passage or channel Channel. a natural or artificially dredged route on a river, bay, sea or ocean, delineated for the safe passage of boats Cleat. an object used to secure a boat line Coastal lagoons. a shallow channel, or pond near or communicating with a larger body of water Covered berth. a berth that is provided with a roof system to protect a berthed boat from the sun and weather Dock. a platform, either floating or fixed, provided in a marina for the wet storage of a boat and pedestrian access to and from the boat

20 Dock cleat. a piece of hardware fastened along the edge of a boat dock for the purpose of securing a boat Double berth. a berth designed to accommodate two (2) berthed boats, with a fingerfloat on only one side of each berthed boat Dump station. a facility located in a marina on docks, or on shore, specifically designed to receive sewage from portable toilets carried on vessels.

Dollies. a dry storage for boats in trailers Drystack. stores boats vertically in rack systems up to four boats high Edge protection. generally refers to a raised curb or provided along the edge of an accessible dock, berth to prevent a person with a disability from accidentally going over the edge and into the water Entrance channel. a watercourse, external to a marina, through which boats travel between a marina and a water body where the primary boating activities occur Facilities. something that is built, installed, or established to serve as a particular purpose Fairway. a watercourse, within a marina, by which boats travel between interior channels and marina berths Fingerfloat. a finger-like floating structure typically attached perpendicular to a main walkway, that

21 together define the length and width of a berth, provide direct pedestrian access to and from a boat in the berth, provide for the secure mooring of a boat in the berth, and may support the provision of various utility services Freeboard. the vertical distance from the water surface to the top of the deck of floats, docks, etc., Freeport. an enclosed port or section of a port where goods received and shipped free of customs duty Fuel storage tank. a storage structure (i.e. tank) that contains boat fuel in storage for dispensing Guard rail. a railing system, including a top rail, located along the edge of an elevated walking surface for the purpose of minimizing the possibility of an accidental fall from the walking surface to a lower level; same as safety rail Guide pile. a pile that holds marina floating docks on location, and allows the docks to rise and fall with changing water levels Handrail. a railing on a stairway, ramp, walkway or gangway, for pedestrians to grasp with their hand(s) for support Harbor. a natural, or constructed, place of shelter, protection, refuge and safety for boaters as well as their necessary boats, docks, piers, goods and/or services

22 Holding tank. any retention system on-board a boat designed and operated to receive and hold sewage, and be periodically emptied at approved pumpout sites Interior channel. a watercourse, within a marina, through which boats travel between an entrance channel and a fairway(s) Lot. a measured parcel of land having fixed boundaries and designated on a plot or survey Main walkway. a floating structure to which fingerfloats are attached to define individual berths and to provide pedestrian access between the berths and a marginal walkway or shore Marginal walkway. a floating structure that provides pedestrian access between two or more main walkways and shore, and may serve as a platform for lighting, fuel stations, sewage pumpout facilities, lift stations, and utility lines Marina. a dock or basin providing secure moorings for pleasure boats and often offering supply, repair, and other facilities - a recreational boating facility on a coastal or inland waterfront that provides facilities and services for the wet and/or dry storage of

23 boats, as well as embarking and disembarking of boat operators and passengers Mooring. an act of making fast a boat with lines or anchors Mooring pile. a pile at the entrance to and in the center of a double berth, to which the berthed boats may be secured Parking lot. an area used for the parking of motor vehicles - delineated space in marina parking area for the parking of vehicles of various types Pier. a structure extending over the water and supported on a fixed foundation, or on flotation, that provides access to the water Pile. a long slender structural member, typically of wood, concrete, steel or plastic construction, driven into the bottom of a marina basin to secure and guide docks Ramp. a pedestrian walkway on an accessible route, with a constant running slope greater than 1:20 (5%) but not greater than 1:12 (8.33%), a maximum rise of 30 inches, and a maximum cross slope of 1:50 (2%) Recreational vehicle parking space. a delineated single vehicle parking space that is wider and longer than

24 conventional single vehicle spaces in order to accommodate a single large vehicle known as a recreation vehicle Redevelopment. the demolition of old building and the creation of new building on the same site - consists of the removal of existing buildings and the re-use of cleared land for the implementation of new projects - seriously deteriorated condition and have no preservative value, or in which the arrangement of buildings are such that the area cannot provide satisfactory living conditions Rode. the line or chain that connects a buoy to an anchor Service float. a floating structure equipped to supply oil, fuel, water, sewage pumpout, and other related services to boats Site. the spatial location of an actual or planned structure or set of structures - a space of ground occupied or to be occupied by a building - the geographic location of a construction of a construction project, usually defined by legal boundaries

25 Slipway. an inclined usually concrete surface for a ship - a boat ramp Toe plate. a sloping plate, hinged to the lower end of a gangway, that provides a smooth transition between the variable slope gangway and the deck of a floating dock Transition plate. a sloping plate, hinged to the upper and/or lower end of an accessible gangway, that provides a smooth transition between the gangway and a floating dock or landing Waler. a structural member(s) fastened along the edges of a dock system to hold it together, provide stability, and protect the flotation pontoons and utilities Yacht. any of various recreational watercraft: as a) sailboat used for racing b) a large usually motor-driven craft used for pleasure cruising

26 CHAPTER 2 “Whether you think you can or think you can’t, either way you are right.”

Henry Ford (1863-1947)

DESIGN AND METHODOLOGY This chapter presents the method and procedures to be followed in the conduct of the study. Specifically, it discusses the research design, the population and locale, the scope and delimitation, the data gathering tools and procedures, and the treatment of the data used in the study.

Research Design The study adapted the descriptive method which is concerned to the description of the existing site conditions of the Watercraft Venture Marina.

Best and Kahn (2003) stated that descriptive study describes and interprets the conditions or relationships that exist, and trends that are developing. It is primarily concerned with the present, although it will still consider past events that has influenced the current conditions.

The documentary analysis method is used to gather all necessary photographic documents.

27 Population and Locale of the Study The population of this study covers the Subic Bay Yacht Club members. Since the Watercraft Venture Marina is master-planned to co-exist with Subic Bay Yachts Club as their sales and service counterpart.

The Philippines has been a very popular cruising region. Coastal scenery is stunning, and it is one of the cheapest places to cruise in the World. The mountain ranges around the Subic Bay area and the deep natural harbour provide excellent and protected anchorage.

Subic Bay Freeport Zone (SBFZ) which is known simply as Subic Bay is operated and managed by the Subic Bay Metropolitan Authority (SBMA). The harbour is facing the Zambales Mountain Range in the west and the Subic Bay opening up to the South China Sea. It is northwest of the Bataan Peninsula and southwest of the Zambales Province.

28

Figure 4.

Subic Bay Freeport Vicinity Map

SBFZ has a total area of 71,057.51 hectares both land and water. The port district which covers about 2% of the total area with a land area of 324.5 hectares.

Figure 5.

The port district of SBMA showing also the

location of the site

29 According to the Planning and Development Office of Subic Bay Metropolitan Authority (SBMA), Watercraft Venture Marina is located in port district which zone as port related activity based on the Comprehensive Land Use Plan.

Watercraft Venture Marina which covers about 21032.40 square meter of land area is situated in Rizal Highway Subic Freeport Zone, Olongapo City, Zambales.

Figure 6. Showing the Watercraft Venture Marina (Subject Site)

30

Figure 7.

Watercraft Venture Descriptive Lot

The Scope and Delimitation of the Study The scope of the study is only in the preparation of the preliminary plan and design of the Watercraft Venture Marina. The focus of this study is to come up with an architectural solution. Thus, the study is limited only in answering specific problems with regards to a.) What are the specific design guidelines that will be used in planning and designing the Watercraft Venture Marina? b.)

What new innovations can be applied in the design concept of the Watercraft Venture Marina that is fitted on the design guidelines? c.) What will be the appropriate design

31 character of the Watercraft Venture Marina that will be fitted on the design guidelines?

Data Gathering Tools In conducting the study, and gathering the data needed, the researcher made use of the following tools.  Books National Building Code of the Philippines (PD 1096) - The technological requirements of buildings and structures, in terms of up-to-date design standards and criteria.

Universal Design Guide - Provide a more complete set of guidelines for adoption in all building designs.

Passive Cooling Technology for Buildings in Hot-humid Localities - New approaches to the sensible use of energy.  Internet - A widely used searching tool that is very particular in finding of electronic documents in which these documents are the useful design guidelines and design standards in designing a marina.  Camera - The researcher used camera in gathering photo documentations.

32 Data Gathering Procedure Initial communication started with a request letter addressed to the Watercraft Venture Marina management for approval, prior to requesting a copy of all necessary plans and elevations, and taking photographic documents from the site.

A lot of research work was done in order to come up with comprehensive data to justify the viability of the study. The researcher visited the UB library to gather data from books and other material resources. Online data and recent reports were gathered via internet for the research.

The data for specific problem number one was acquired from the Officer-In-Charge (OIC) of Subic Bay Freeport Zone (SBFZ). This data is the Development Guidelines for Subic Bay Freeport Zone (SBFZ).

Treatment of the Data Specific problem number one was treated and analyzed by classifying local guidelines and international guidelines. The data gathered was treated by generating guidelines for marina designers utilizing international standards. Among those international guidelines, the researcher selected the most easy-to-use. The most easy-to-

33 use international guideline is recommended to use in this study.

Gathered data in specific problem number two was treated by selecting the best innovations that can be applied in the design concept of the Watercraft Venture Marina.

The photographic documents in specific problem number three, was treated by classifying its view on the site.

There are two categories in classifying its view, first is the normal view, taking from normal distance. The second is the aerial view, taking from farther distance from the site to visualize its site context.

34 CHAPTER 3 “Every building constructed for a specific purpose has a specific form which itself depicts its original function�

Nikolaus Pevsner 2010

PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS, AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA In this chapter, the data gathered were analyzed and interpreted.

How to redevelop the Watercraft Venture Marina?

What are the specific design guidelines that will be used in designing the Watercraft Venture Marina?

At present, it is recognized that marina planning and design is a complex interdisciplinary practice. After several decades of planning and designing recreational navigation infrastructures, we can now say that this discipline has gained a certain maturity status. Skilled professionals, that treat these matters for the first time, need updated codes of practice.

Furthermore, these codes of practice need to consider the most recent developments for super and mega-yachts presence, changes of boats dimensions ratios, widening of

35 age range of users, disability access, boat yards, villages for urban functions, sustainability criteria.

Although several guidelines of this kind have been produced by different Organizations all over the world, mostly with regard to national or regional importance, an internationally-generated guideline has not yet been produced.

Additionally, the most used guidelines produced by other organizations all over the world will be collected, analyzed, and criticized.

The compilation of these efforts will result in the production of a practical, useful and easy-to-consult document for marina designers.

1. Local Guidelines The gathered data for the local is the Development Guidelines for Subic Bay Freeport Zone (SBFZ). This guideline is presented in Appendix A. The guidelines describes the design intent, aesthetic/appearance, orientation, building height/building bulk, building entrance and exit, lot occupancy/open space requirements, yard requirements, lot entrance/exit, shoreline easement, parking space, landscaping and street furniture, mobile storage vans, similar equipment, signs and sign structures, shoreline slope protection, and the building separation.

36 The significance of this guideline is to guide the researcher in determining the building limitations without violating different criteria and requirements.

2. International Guidelines The following guideline for marina entitled Design of Marina Structures and Facilities. This is a standard guidelines being used by Australia.

The layout of marina land facilities is usually determined by the physical constraints of the particular location and the need to enable efficient material and activity flow paths. It is recommended that a land to water area ratio of between 50:50 and 40:60 be adopted for preliminary planning of a marina development, depending on the extent of shore-based facilities to be provided.

However financial viability of land/water ratio must also be carefully considered as the real estate created by reclamation in many developments is the principal financial asset of the developments.

Another Australian standard entitled Guidelines for design of marinas. This Standard was prepared by the Standards Australia Committee, CE-030, Maritime Structures.

The objective of this Standard is to provide designers, manufacturers and operators of marina and vessel berthing facilities with a set of guidelines for

37 recreational marinas and small commercial vessels up to 50 m in length. Guidance is also given for on-shore facilities such as dry boat storage, boatlifts, boat ramps and associated parking facilities.

The Guidelines for Planning a Marina Development (2001) by Marine Institute Foras de Maya. This guideline illustrates the steps to be taken when preparing an application for Planning Permission and a Foreshore Lease/Permission for a coastal marina development.

The guidelines highlight that the development of marine leisure infrastructure is a process which requires careful planning. Consultation, particularly at an early stage, with both the Department of the Marine and Natural Resources and the relevant Local Authority on key issues such as planning policy, navigation, safety, and conservation designations can greatly enhance the prospect of achieving a successful marina development.

Moines for Administrative Design Review (ADR) uses design guidelines to interpret the development regulations established in the Des Moines Municipal Code.

The guidelines are also intended to assist project developers and their architects by providing graphic examples of the intent of the City’s guidelines and regulations.

38 The guidelines present a clear set of objectives for improving marina facilities and improving the quality and diversity of building designs.

The Planning Official used these guidelines in identifying vehicle parking in marina, restroom facilities in marina, and with considerations in decking.

The vehicle parking guideline will explain the type of marina parking spaces because in marina there are different types of recreational vehicles. This will also guide in determining the proper location of the parking area in the site.

Vehicle Parking. Siting should minimize the impact of automobile parking and driveways on the pedestrian environment, adjacent properties and pedestrian safety. ď‚Ą Parking on a commercial street front should be minimized and where possible should be located behind a building. ď‚Ą Site and design driveways to minimize conflicts between vehicles and pedestrians. Minimize the number of curb cuts and width of driveways and curb cuts along these streets. ď‚Ą Install contrasting paving materials or colors to distinguish between pedestrian and vehicle circulation areas, especially at crosswalks and driveways.

39  Use raised walkways, bollards, wheel stops, and/or landscaping to physically separate vehicles and pedestrians.  Minimize the number of access points to the site by: - Using shared driveways and/or shared parking facilities with neighboring properties.  Parking structure facades should be treated with high quality materials and given vertical articulation and emphasis similar to the principal structure. The facade should be designed to visually screen cars.  Pedestrian entries should be clearly visible and architecturally expressed on the exterior of the building.  Off-street bicycle rack parking and on-site storage areas are strongly encouraged.  Creatively designed, clean and functional alleys should provide for vehicular access and pedestrian linkages.

Types of marina parking spaces  single-vehicle space  recreational vehicle space  vehicle/trailer space  recreational vehicle/trailer space

40 On the guidelines above the accessible spaces shall be provided for all of the above types of parking spaces that are provided in a marina.

Not all types of parking spaces will necessarily be provided at a specific marina.

Minimum number of single vehicle parking spaces  0.60 single vehicle parking spaces per recreational berth  2.00 parking spaces per commercial fishing boat berth The accessible spaces for the particular parking lot may be provided in a different location if equivalent or greater accessibility is ensured in consideration of:  distance from marina berthing facilities and other marina services;  overall convenience of the users.

Marinas often have several parking lots around a marina basin. The flexibility to determine the best locations for accessible parking among various options can add to the quality of accessibility.

Recommended Minimum Parking Space Dimensions Type of Parking Space Width Length  single-vehicle 9 ft 20 ft  recreational vehicle 11 ft 40 ft  vehicle/trailer 10 ft 40 ft

41 ď‚Ą recreational vehicle/trailer 11 ft 55 ft General parking space design criteria ď‚Ą Location Marina parking areas should be located near the berths they serve. The proximity of parking to berths will usually be influenced by regulatory requirements and/or prohibitions, competition for land space from other waterfront users and activities, and site specific considerations. ď‚Ą Appearance and Layout Large visual expanses of paved areas should be avoided. Parking areas should be designed to incorporate islands with adequate radii at the ends of rows of parking, landscaping, curbs, drainage inlets, signs, restrooms and lighting.

One of the key principles for design has been respect for, and integration with, the natural environment. One of the core strategies was to minimize the overall footprint of the built areas and locate buildings, roads, parking, and other facilities so that natural features and vegetation would be retained with minimal disturbance.

Restroom facilities. Restroom facilities at marinas and other recreational berthing facilities typically include toilet compartments, urinals, lavatories, mirrors,

42 showers, interior/exterior lighting, drinking fountains, benches and walkways.

Restrooms may be provided for both men and women, or as local needs are identified, unisex toilet rooms may be provided in lieu of, or in combination with, conventional male/female restrooms.

The minimum number of toilet fixtures to be provided at a marina is generally one (1) toilet stool or urinal, and one (1) lavatory per sex for every 75 berths. Water closets provided in new construction, remodels, additions and replacements are to be ultra-low flush (ulf) fixtures with a maximum flow rate of 1.6 gallons per flush (gpf).

Restrooms in marinas should be located near the berths and parking areas, all of which must be linked together by accessible routes providing access to all marina features, services and primary functions.

Access to and from restrooms should be provided so as to avoid to the maximum extent possible pedestrian traffic behind parked vehicles.

This is of particular importance where small children are present. Also, a person in a wheelchair is not always readily visible in the rear view mirrors of parked vehicles including automobiles, trucks and recreational vehicles.

43 Unisex restroom facilities. Unisex facilities are particularly helpful for families with small children.

Also, adults who are injured, disabled, elderly or otherwise in need of assistance from a spouse or partner of the opposite sex, will greatly benefit from the provision of unisex toilet facilities.

Such facilities help solve various cultural and social issues that would otherwise be problems for certain users.

Decking. Decking is the element in a marina berthing system that is probably most important. The decking is something they walk on, sit on, roll their carts over, sweep, and hose off, depending on how it functions.

Decking can be attached to a structural frame, or it can be part of the structural frame as in the case of cast concrete floats.

Lumber (wood) decking should be oriented laterally, across the width of a dock, and never longitudinally, along the length of a dock. This applies to marginal walkways, main walkways, finger floats, and gangways as well.

Gangway. Gangways shall have a minimum clear width of 3’ and at least one gangway slope must meet ADA requirements. Gangways shall be aluminum with guardrails, handrails and kick plate. Gangways shall be hinged at one

44 end and sliding at the other. Gangways shall be capable of disconnecting and stowing during flood events.

Top landing. Top landing shall have a minimum 5’ x 5’ platform with guardrail & lockable gate.

Main floats.

Main floats shall be not less than 5’ in

unobstructed width.

Finger floats. Finger floats shall be not less than 3’ unobstructed in width.

Slip layout. Mellor (2009) said that mainly beam and draft are heavily influence slip layout in marina design.

To check existing marina guidelines and to extract additional marina design information, two database were recently compiled for recreational powerboats and sailboats of lengths likely to be found in a marina. Data on critical dimensions and other key features of many different recreational powerboat and sailboat designs were compiled from magazine advertisements, boat brochures and sales listings. These characteristics boat dimensions, and their relationship to dock layout, are illustrated in figure 11 and 12. Boat or slip length is given as L; slip width (clear width) is given as W. The powerboat database consists of 1500 different designs of boats from 6.1 m (20 ft) to 65 m (213 ft) in length. Such features as overall length, beam, draft,

45 displacement, standard fuel type and capacity were recorded, if available.

A similar sailboat database was compiled from 1100 designs of boats from 2.4 m (8ft) to 48.5 m (159ft) in length. Sailboat information included overall length, waterline length, beam, minimum and maximum drafts and fuel capacity.

The guidelines of Moines for Administrative Design Review (ADR) will be one of the useful guidelines in preliminary design of the Watercraft Venture Marina. It is useful in the way that the guidelines will help the researcher guide in determining the appropriate design concept and design character, by reviewing the height and scale, selections of materials in decking, mooring, pontoons, and pilings.

This guideline also included a design standard in determining the required number of parking lot in which this will be used as an additional guide where it is more appropriate than the required parking spaces and sizes in PD1096.

This design standard had specific criteria in relation to the number of berth in order to determine the number of marina parking for vehicle. In comparison to the required parking spaces and sizes in PD1096 that it only focuses in

46 the number of occupants and the total gross floor area of the building.

What new innovations can be applied in the design concept of the Watercraft Venture Marina that will be fitted on the design guidelines?

There are many features of a structure that contribute to sustainability, one of them is the overall efficiency of the design of the building (Alexandria 2005).

Marina news (2011) identified in their report that Lake Mohave is a new green marina. The new marina is constructed with a SIP modular wall and roof system. This system improves the building’s energy efficiency while lightening its weight, reducing the need for a heavier floating foundation system. The decking is made of a composite of rice hulls and recycled plastic, and the exterior stucco contains recycled tire particles. The building contains a large proportion of recycled and regionally sourced materials along with low-or no-VOC products. The desert climate required a tight and very insulated building to block out the sun’s heat and keep the interior cool. A standing joint metal ―cool‖ roof lowers heat gain by reflecting solar energy, but the intention is to install a solar system to infuse up that energy for use

47 in the building. Operable windows encourage natural ventilation during cooler times of the year and high performance glass and day-lighting help reduce energy use.

This addresses sustainability issues. The Marina news is also forecast to meet legal sustainability requirements and thoroughly include sustainability principles within the project.

Blue Water Marine & Dock Specialties(2010) stated that the Bay Club Marina, located on San Diego's Shelter Island is recently completed an intensive makeover which included replacing its dock system with one that is constructed from both recycled and recyclable materials. The new dock is the first of its kind on the West Coast. One hundred percent recyclable aluminum was used to build the dock structure and its deck system made from post-consumer recycled polyethylene – a high density product originating from milk jugs, plastic grocery bags, pallet wraps and detergent bottles. Another green feature of the new marina is its blue LED lighting. Not only is the lighting energy efficient, but its unique color casts a beautiful glow on San Diego Bay. Signage on the dock is solar-powered, adding an additional sustainable element to the project.

Anupam(2010)said that the marina beach tower oppenheim 1 is designed as sustainable building to generate renewable

48 energy. The facade of the tower will respond to every shift of light, while providing protection from the intense sun.

The architecture will also allow the creation of a botanical wonderland that is infused with natural light.

The architecture firm has focused on sustainability and has tried to embrace natural resources for power and light. The building’s design will allow it to be cooled by the breezes, which will regulate interior temperature without consuming too much energy. Moreover, the building will also include solar and wind arrays for the generation of the some of its required energy. Other systems deployed for sustainability will include various methods for reuse of the vast amounts of water flowing through the site.

Building and Construction Authority (BCA) (2010) awarded the Marina Barrage as Green Mark Platinum Infrastructure, the top award at the BCA Awards. Green principles were applied in all aspects of the design, construction and operation of the barrage, to utilize energy and water efficiently and to minimize waste generated. The following are some of the key green features: Green Roof; The iconic Green Roof uses 100% recycled plastics and eco-friendly drainage cells. This large rooftop garden also provides natural heat insulation for the building. The grass and the soil shields the

49 building from the sun and reduces maximum surface temperature by 19ËšC. Double-Glazed Panels; Double-glazed glass panels also reduce heat penetration, minimizing the electricity that the air-conditioning system needs to use.

Solar Park; The Solar Park is one of the largest collections of solar panels in Singapore. The 405 panels generate about 50% of the daytime electricity needed for indoor lighting and power points at the barrage. Natural Lighting and Ventilation; The Pump House at Marina Barrage uses glass and louvers for its external walls so that the interior is lit by natural lighting. This also eliminates the need for air-conditioning and reduces electricity consumption and operation costs. Rainwater Collection; Rainwater is collected to meet irrigation requirements.

Water-Efficient Fixtures; Marina Barrage uses waterless urinals and water-efficient taps in its restrooms. The nonflushing urinals do not need a water connection and flush valve.

Marina Utilities provided the design and installation of marina systems for the North and South Basins of Old Port Cove Marina, where the $22 million dollar redevelopment included replacing of the former docks, pilings and piers by new state-of-the-art hard wood decked high performance TechnoMarine floating docks. These

50 facilities provide an environmentally friendly way for boaters to pump out the waste-water from their boats so that it is disposed of appropriately, and not discharged into the waterways, where it can cause environmental pollution, harm human health and cause damage to fragile ecosystems.

Marina Barrage is a showpiece of environmental sustainability, and won the Green Mark Platinum Infrastructure Award, the top award at the BCA Awards organized by the Building and Construction Authority in May 2009. Green principles were applied in all aspects of the design, to utilize energy and water efficiently and to minimize waste generated. Pollution prevention strategies are at the heart of this Green Marina effort. They include implementing best practices, such as using oil-absorbent pads when fuelling to prevent fuel from entering the water; and selecting native plants to capture and slowly release storm water. Other best practices include properly disposing hazardous materials, sewage and fish waste.

The researcher will be adopting the same principles used by Marina Barrage. The green principle will be used as a guiding principle in the preliminary design of the Watercraft Venture Marina.

51 Basic Architectural Concepts This section organizes patterns by the major concepts of architectural theory, such as space, form, and order.

Depending on its size and shape, space can feel comfortably enclosing, depressingly shut in, liberatingly spacious, or so large that one feels lost in its vastness.

It is important to bear in mind that different people with different personal bubbles will experience the same space differently.

Space Dynamic Flow of Spaces. The most compelling spaces are often not static, individual spaces unto themselves, but part of a larger series of spaces. This pattern and its supporting patterns are about ways of creating spaces that flow into one another and invite you to explore and experience the set of spaces.

Volume and Proportion. This category is of patterns related to establishing a pleasing, protective and uplifting sense of volume and proportion to a space.

Green building Refers to a structure and using process that is environmentally responsible and resource-efficient throughout a building's life-cycle: from siting to design,

52 construction, operation, maintenance, renovation, and demolition.

This practice expands and complements the classical building design concerns of economy, utility, durability, and comfort.

Although new technologies are constantly being developed to complement current practices in creating greener structures, the common objective is that green buildings are designed to reduce the overall impact of the built environment on human health and the natural environment by: 

Efficiently using energy, water, and other resources



Protecting occupant health and improving employee

productivity 

Reducing waste, pollution and environmental degradation A similar concept is natural building, which is

usually on a smaller scale and tends to focus on the use of natural materials that are available locally.

Other related topics include sustainable design and green architecture.

Sustainability may be defined as meeting the needs of present generations without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their needs.

53 Green building does not specifically address the issue of the retrofitting existing buildings.

A 2009 report by the U.S. General Services Administration found 12 sustainably designed buildings cost less to operate and have excellent energy performance.

In addition, occupants were more satisfied with the overall building than those in typical commercial buildings.

Reducing environmental impact. Green building practices aim to reduce the environmental impact of buildings, and the very first rule is, do not build in sprawl. No matter how much grass you put on your roof, no matter how many energy-efficient windows, etc., you use, if you build in sprawl, you've just defeated your purpose.

Buildings account for a large amount of land.

According to the National Resources Inventory, approximately 107 million acres (430,000 km2) of land in the United States are developed. The International Energy Agency released a publication that estimated that existing buildings are responsible for more than 40% of the world’s total primary energy consumption and for 24% of global carbon dioxide emissions.

Goals of green building. The concept of sustainable development can be traced to the energy (especially fossil

54 oil) crisis and the environment pollution concern in the 1970s. The green building movement in the U.S. originated from the need and desire for more energy efficient and environmentally friendly construction practices. There are a number of motives to building green, including environmental, economic, and social benefits. However, modern sustainability initiatives call for an integrated and synergistic design to both new construction and in the retrofitting of an existing structure.

Green building brings together a vast array of practices and techniques to reduce and ultimately eliminate the impacts of buildings on the environment and human health. It often emphasizes taking advantage of renewable resources, e.g., using sunlight through passive solar, active solar, and photovoltaic techniques and using plants and trees through green roofs, rain gardens, and for reduction of rainwater run-off. Many other techniques, such as using packed gravel or permeable concrete instead of conventional concrete or asphalt to enhance replenishment of ground water, are used as well.

While the practices, or technologies, employed in green building are constantly evolving and may differ from region to region, there are fundamental principles that persist from which the method is derived: Siting and

55 Structure Design Efficiency, Energy Efficiency, Water Efficiency, Materials Efficiency, Indoor Environmental Quality Enhancement, Operations and Maintenance Optimization, and Waste and Toxics Reduction. The essence of green building is an optimization of one or more of these principles. Also, with the proper synergistic design, individual green building technologies may work together to produce a greater cumulative effect. On the aesthetic side of green architecture or sustainable design is the philosophy of designing a building that is in harmony with the natural features and resources surrounding the site.

There are several key steps in designing sustainable buildings: specify 'green' building materials from local sources, reduce loads, optimize systems, and generate onsite renewable energy.

In terms of green building, the last few years have seen a shift away from a prescriptive approach, which assumes that certain prescribed practices are better for the environment.

Siting and structure design efficiency. The foundation of any construction project is rooted in the concept and design stages. The concept stage, in fact, is one of the major steps in a project life cycle, as it has the largest impact on cost and performance.

56 In designing environmentally optimal buildings, the objective is to minimize the total environmental impact associated with all life-cycle stages of the building project.

However, building as a process is not as streamlined as an industrial process, and varies from one building to the other, never repeating itself identically.

In addition, buildings are much more complex products, composed of a multitude of materials and components each constituting various design variables to be decided at the design stage.

Energy efficiency. Green buildings often include measures to reduce energy consumption – both the embodied energy required to extract, process, transport and install building materials and operating energy to provide services such as heating and power for equipment.

To reduce operating energy use, high-efficiency windows and insulation in walls, ceilings, and floors increase the efficiency of the building envelope. Another strategy, passive solar building design, is often implemented in low-energy homes. Designers orient windows and walls and place awnings, porches, and trees to shade windows and roofs during the summer while maximizing solar gain in the winter. In addition, effective window placement

57 (daylighting) can provide more natural light and lessen the need for electric lighting during the day. Solar water heating further reduces energy costs.

Onsite generation of renewable energy through solar power, wind power, hydro power, or biomass can significantly reduce the environmental impact of the building.

Water efficiency. Reducing water consumption and protecting water quality are key objectives in sustainable building. One critical issue of water consumption is that in many areas, the demands on the supplying aquifer exceed its ability to replenish itself. To the maximum extent feasible, facilities should increase their dependence on water that is collected, used, purified, and reused onsite.

The protection and conservation of water throughout the life of a building may be accomplished by designing for dual plumbing that recycles water in toilet flushing.

Waste-water may be minimized by utilizing water conserving fixtures such as ultra-low flush toilets and low-flow shower heads. Bidets help eliminate the use of toilet paper, reducing sewer traffic and increasing possibilities of re-using water on-site.

58 Point of use water treatment and heating improves both water quality and energy efficiency while reducing the amount of water in circulation. The use of non-sewage and greywater for on-site use such as site-irrigation will minimize demands on the local aquifer.

Materials efficiency. Building materials typically considered to be 'green' include lumber from forests that have been certified to a third-party forest standard, rapidly renewable plant materials like bamboo and straw, insulating concrete forms, dimension stone, recycled stone, recycled metal, and other products that are non-toxic, reusable, renewable, and/or recyclable (e.g., Trass, Linoleum, sheep wool, panels made from paper flakes, compressed earth block, adobe, baked earth, rammed earth, clay, vermiculite, flax linen, sisal, seagrass, cork, expanded clay grains, coconut, wood fibre plates, calcium sand stone, concrete (high and ultra high performance, roman self-healing concrete) , etc.)

The EPA (Environmental Protection Agency) also suggests using recycled industrial goods, such as coal combustion products, foundry sand, and demolition debris in construction projects Building materials should be extracted and manufactured locally to the building site to minimize the energy embedded in their transportation.

59 Wherever possible, building elements should be manufactured off-site and delivered to site, so as to maximize the benefits of off-site manufacture including minimizing waste, maximizing recycling.

What will be the appropriate design character of the Watercraft Venture Marina that will be fitted on the design guidelines?

Documentary analysis is used to show photographic documents on the existing character of the Watercraft Venture Marina. The photos are presented in the following figures.

Figure 8.

Existing piling system view taken near the Subic

Bay Yacht Club (facing Northwest part of the lot).

60

Figure 9.

Existing structure taken along the Rizal Highway

(facing Northern part of the lot).

Figure 10.

Existing structure taken along the Rizal

Highway (facing Northern part of the lot).

61

Figure 11.

View showing the existing condition of the land

storage.

Figure 12.

View showing the deteriorating condition of the

floating pontoons taken along the Rizal Highway bridge.

62

Figure 13.

View showing the deteriorating condition of the

floating pontoons taken near the existing gangway.

The current situation of the Watercraft Venture Marina is currently much more deteriorated.

Architectural Characters of a Building The Character and Style of a building is based on its functional aspects, associated aspects and personal aspects.

Character of a building is classified into three main categories: 1.

Functional Character

2.

Associated Character

3.

Personal Character

63 In this article, the researcher is going to discuss in detail all the three basic characters of a building.

Functional Character of a Building - Every building has specific functions and is made for specific broad purpose. The internal planning is in co-ordination with the exterior facade that tells us the purpose of the building.

- The external appearance plays an important role in determining the purpose and the function of the structure.

For example: - Designing skylights instead of windows can indicate a museum.

- Designing a long wall having numerous windows in a particular order can also indicate a museum.

- Designing tall and wide windows suggest a library.

- Designing a symmetrical entrance to a central block having a wide entrance to express balance and rhythm indicates public buildings.

Associated Character of a Building - The character of some buildings is expressed through elements associated with certain influences. Such

64 influences often go thousands of years back in history and culture.

- Cultural aspects play an important role in determining the Associated Character of a particular structure.

- The building could be recognized by its features, which we associate with a particular structural style. A spire on a tower by the side of a spacious building indicates a church. A gopuram depicts a Hindu Temple whereas a crescent and a white dome is the symbol of a mosque.

Personal Character of a Building - Characters in architecture is comparable with the attributes of an individual. If a building is designed in the proper spirit, personal characteristics such as grace, dignity and vitality can be expressed as an integral part of the structure.

Studying these Characters will help the researcher understand the anatomy of the design of the building.

The following discussion addresses a number of key issues relating to the proposed marina. The issues covered in this submission are as follows: Visual Impact; Traffic and Parking; Planning Objective/Control Compliance (David Crane and Associates 2010).

65 The visual analysis of the application prepared by Richard lamb and Associates (2010). The matters to be taken into consideration in relation to the enhancement of the scenic quality are as Follows (a) the scale, form, design and siting of the scale of the development. The matters to be taken into consideration in relation to the protection and enhancement of views are as follows: (a) development should maintain, protect and enhance views (including night views), (b) development should minimize any adverse impacts on views and vistas to and from public places, landmarks and heritage items, (c) the cumulative impact of development on views should be minimized. Visual impact Analysis (VIA) seems to focus on view loss impacts incurred from the public domain as opposed to the private domain which tends to dominate the locality in which the proposal is located.

Architectural context Marina complements buildings with well-defined architectural character and siting patterns. ď‚Ą Encourage incorporating iconic features signs and vintage advertising on buildings where appropriate.

Architectural concept and consistency Building design elements, details and massing should create a well proportioned and unified building form and

66 exhibit an overall architectural concept. Buildings should exhibit form and features identifying the functions within the building. ď‚Ą Views from outside the area as well as from within the neighbourhood should be considered, and roof-top elements should be organized to minimize view impacts from elevated areas.

The architectural concepts and consistency will explain the overall concept of the building, this will guide the researcher in defining the overall concept in consistency and proportioned to the elements, details and massing.

Exterior finish materials Building exteriors should be durable and maintainable materials that are attractive even when viewed up close.

Materials that have texture, pattern, or lend themselves to a high quality of detailing are encouraged. Use materials, colors and details to unify a building’s appearance on all sides.  Consider each building as a high-quality; exterior design and building materials should exhibit permanence and quality appropriate to an urban setting. A well-built structure contributes to a more pleasant and humane built environment.

67  Employ especially durable and high-quality materials at the street level, minimize maintenance concerns, and extend the life of the building. These materials should be applied at a scale appropriate for pedestrian use.  Use materials, colors and details to unify a building’s appearance on all sides.  Consider limiting the number of materials and colors used on the exterior of an individual building so that there is visual simplicity and harmony. If intense color is used it should only be used as an accent in a carefully executed and balanced color scheme.  Design architectural features that are an integral part of the building. Avoid ornamentation and features that appear ―tacked-on‖ or artificially thin.  Buildings should emphasize durable, attractive, and well-detailed finish materials, including: - Concrete (if it features architecturally treated texture or color, other refined detailing, and/or complementary materials).

- Cast stone, natural stone, tile.

68 Architectural elements Special elements in a building create a different character in an urban environment. Each element must be designed for an appropriate urban setting. A building should incorporate special features that enhance its character and surroundings. Such features give a building a better defined human scale.

Requirements for specific architectural features should be avoided and variety encouraged. Building designs should incorporate one or more of the following architectural elements: arcade, balcony, bay window, roof deck, trellis, landscaping, awning, cornice, frieze, art concept, or courtyard.

The architectural elements will explain the use of elements and its relation to the selection of materials.

These architectural elements will define and guide in the architectural design character of the Watercraft Venture Marina.

Height and scale Relates to the size of buildings and their relationship to surrounding properties. Architectural design, and how the built form sits within the context of its surroundings influence the sense of place.

69 A well designed building should be welcoming, add human interest, and allow opportunities for meaningful social interaction.

Articulate the building facades vertically or horizontally in intervals that relate to the existing structures or existing pattern of development in the vicinity. Building mass should be broken into distinct but related sections that reflect the desired small scale character of Marina.

Projects should be compatible with the scale of development anticipated by the applicable Land Use Policies and zoning for the surrounding area and should be sited and designed to provide a sensitive transition to nearby, lessintensive zones.

Projects on zone edges should be developed in a manner that creates a step in perceived height, and scale between the anticipated development potential of the adjacent zones. ď‚Ą Address both the pedestrian and auto experience through building placement, scale and details. ď‚Ą Relate proportions of buildings to the width and scale of the street. ď‚Ą Consider using architectural features to reduce building scale such as:

70 - landscaping; - trellis; - complementary materials; - detailing; - accent trim. ď‚Ą Articulate the building facades vertically or horizontally in intervals that relate to the existing structures or existing pattern of development in the vicinity. ď‚Ą Breaking up Building Mass. Building mass should be broken into distinct but related sections that reflect the desired scale character of Marina. This can be achieved through changes in building height and setbacks, materials, coloring, and architectural detailing. ď‚Ą Strategies for building modulation are preferred: - Using a variety of modulation methods helps avoid monotony along the street frontage.

The height and scale will explain the relationship of the building to the surroundings, and also the size and massing of the building.

It can also be used in evaluating the design character of the building with regards to its massing composition.

71 Principles of Architectural Design Bolton said that design principles are used in architecture to organize or arrange structures to create a successful building or environment. Institutions teach different sets of principles regarding architectural design, but all of them have the same goals in mind: to create structures that are visually attractive, userfriendly and environment-friendly. Where in the past architects used to mainly focus on functionality and aesthetics, architectural design has evolved to also include ergonomic and sustainable design principles.

Visual Design Principles The main visual design principles are balance, proportion, rhythm, emphasis and unity.

Balance. Creates visual stability architects often use symmetrical (also known as formal balance).

Proportion. Refers to relative sizes within structures, which is very important in architecture. For instance, government buildings, theaters and churches are often built to impress and dwarf the viewer, while the proportions in a private home are usually more according to human measure.

Rhythm. Is created through repetition of shapes within buildings.

72 Emphasis. Is achieved through contrast. Create a focal point to the buildings to attract attention. An entrance is often a focal point.

Unity. Is defined in the way the building is structured to create a visual harmony.

Universal Principles of Design These universal principles of design mainly focus on user-friendliness of designs, an aspect which is very important in architecture. Architects also refer to these as the principles for inclusive design.

Equitable use. A building should be useful to people with diverse abilities and it should provide the same means of use for all users.

Flexibility in use. Architectural structures should accommodate a wide range of individual preferences and abilities; it should, for instance, be user-friendly to both left- and right-handed users.

Simple and intuitive use. Building design has to be easy to understand, regardless of the user's background, knowledge or language skills.

Perceptible information. Information necessary for use needs to be communicated effectively to the user.

73 Tolerance for error. Hazards and adverse consequences of accidents should be minimized in architectural designs.

Low physical effort: people should be able to access different parts of the building efficiently and comfortably with a minimum of fatigue.

Size and space for use. Appropriate size and space have to be provided in buildings for approach, reach, manipulation and use regardless of the user's body size, posture or mobility.

Environmental Design Principles Design buildings to fit into the environment and be sustainable. Environmental design principles focus on the area the design is situated in.

Respect for context. Architectural structures have to integrate well with the surroundings and take local character into account. Where appropriate, new buildings should reinforce local distinctiveness.

Sense of place. Houses and other buildings should create a sense of place and identity. Spaces between surrounding buildings should also be taken into account.

Sustainability. Buildings should be constructed in a sustainable way. Energy consumption should be reduced, and

74 the micro climate and ecology taken into account. The goal is to create buildings that don't leave future generations with environmental and financial debts.

Types of Modern Architecture Modern architecture, also referred to as neotraditional architecture or functionalism, evolved in Western countries around the first World War. A common tenet of modern architecture is that form must follow function instead of disguise it. While the style never developed fully among residential structures, modern architecture in its many variants became popular with institutions, university and corporate buildings.

International Architecture Style. Emerging in the 1920s and 30s, the international style possessed three major principles: the focus of volume over mass, balance over symmetry and minimalism over ornamentation. The international style focuses on the stylistic and aesthetic properties of Modernism and came to be adopted by the modern movement as a whole.

Bauhaus Style. The international style was an offshoot of the Bauhaus movement, which sought to apply the philosophies and ideals developed in modern architecture to other objects. It incorporated machines and production

75 design as positive elements of the design process, rejecting precedence. This philosophy influenced modern architecture's reaction against eclecticism, which threw together a number of elements from various art periods into the elaborate decorations of a building.

Brutalist Architecture. Developed from modernist architecture, Brutalism is characterized by the hard, repetitive angles created in the building shapes. While the material associated the most with Brutalism is concrete, the style focuses on displaying the texture of any given material that makes up the building. The structural elements will also be exposed.

Features of Modern Architecture. Prominent features of modern architecture include open interior floor plans with fewer walls, and exterior building materials of glass and steel. Lines of modern architecture are straight and angled rather than curved, gabled and carved.

Effects of Modern Architecture. The streamlined spare lines of modern architecture were designed to reflect modern lifestyles that have become more simplified with modern conveniences.

Outdoors of a Modern Architecture. Modern architecture almost always incorporates the topography of the land it is built on within the home's design. An excellent example of

76 this is Fallingwater. Other designs seamlessly connect the interior with the exterior through glass walls.

Influences of Modern Architecture. Major influences of modern architecture in the mid-twentieth century were aviation and space travel, which are seen in aerodynamic lines and bold use of steel.

Among those discussed in this chapter are all data that were gathered for this study. It will now serve as an additional information that is useful to solve the main problem on how to redevelop the Watercraft Venture Marina.

These are all the results of the analysis and interpretation of the data that were gathered. The study can then be concluded and now ready for recommendation.

77 CHAPTER 4 “I believe that whatever is correct is nice and nice is not always correct so it has to make sense to be logic�

David Fisher

CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS This chapter of the study presents the conclusions derived from the findings, and the recommendations of the researcher.

Conclusions Based on the findings of the study the following conclusions were obtained.

For the specific guidelines, the usefulness of such a document for both local and international guidelines for the design of marina is evident. Obtaining a certain standardization of services and facilities on marina. These international guidelines can help in this sense meanwhile increasing the best practice as well as integrating international standards for marina in the Philippines. It serves as guideline for marina designer and also can be a source of reference for future studies regarding marina.

Some international guidelines are found irrelevant to the

78 focus of the study. Although there is no single defined set of international guidelines for marina design, the researcher concludes that a compilation of guidelines released by different marina organizations, agencies and states, can be adopted, because there are some circumstances that these guidelines are reviewed and approved to be used globally.

The typical matters for marina planning and design, for instance: siting; layouts and dimensional criteria; berthing systems and characteristics; fuelling; land area services, facilities; boatyards; and dry stacks storage systems.

The proposal is intended to redevelop the whole site because it is found that the structures are not functioning well and it’s already deteriorating. In addition, there is a need to enlarge the size of slip to fit for the future marina.

Recommendations In the following section of this study, several suggestion are hereby presented.

- The project is a two-storey building integrated with the principle of green building concept.

- The berthing facilities

79 - The character of the building is derived from a modern tropical.

- The massing of the building should create and appear as a balanced composition from each perspective or location that the building or structure may be viewed from.

- The diamond form and massing of the roofing is the main feature of this project which makes it unique.

- There should be integrity between exterior form and interior spaces of a building.

- The color scheme of the building is black, green and white in order to show its visual simplicity, and contrast.

- Create contrasts in materials, sizes of adjacent spaces, proportions of details, to make those details stand out.

- In particular, there should be contrast in places where people's attention is directed to the entry of the building.

- Recommended contrasts include: round vs square, tall vs short, dark vs light, hard vs soft, smooth vs rough, concave vs convex, many vs few, simple vs complex.

- Parking space is located at the northern portion of the lot with 130 parking slots.

80 - Maximum wind exposure - Maximum internal air flow - Minimum radiant heat gain - Proper proportioning and disposition of roof overhangs and strategically locating the openings in order to take advantage to wind exposure due prevailing winds and to minimize radiant heat gain.

- The building orientation is facing the west (lagoon) which allows it to be cooled by the incoming breeze, thus regulating the interior temperature without consuming to much energy.

- Other systems deployed for sustainability include various methods for reuse of the vast amounts of water flowing through the site. This is so called the green roof system.

- Integrate green roof system to help minimize the radiant heat gain and in order to control the desirable comfort of temperature inside the building.; ideal comfort zone=21 degrees Celsius SBFZ average temperature as of 2005 = 26 degrees Celsius.

- Land to water ratio is 50:50-40:60 - Estimated minimum water area = 10516.20 sqm. o Area of lot = 21032.40 sqm (.50) = 10516.20 sqm.

81 - The following are the functional areas of the proposed project.

Commercial facilities -Showroom: -2 unit for 1.8x6m. boat/jet skis.

-3 unit for 3x10m. boat/jet skis.

-2 unit for 4.05mx13.5m. boat/jet skis.

-1 unit for 3.6x12m. boat/jet skis.

-Approximately 265 sqm. for display area only and additional 30 % of the total display for circulation and corridor area which is 79.5 sqm.

-Approximately 435 sqm. for the total area of showroom.

-Waiting area/lobby -Information/receptionist -Comfort room -Management office -2 Restaurant: - approximately 150-180 seats for each dining area -kitchen -office -employees lounge

82 -Casino -valet/attendant area -bell desk -cafe bar -poker room -casino cage -restroom -lounge -phone area -VIP lounge -slot machines area -cashiers/coin machine area -slot ticket redemption kiosk -table games -high limit slots and executive host Dry storage and maintenance facilities for yacht -Minimum of 5 % of the total land area as the area for dry storage and maintenance facilities for yacht as a guideline.

-Drystack area for small yachts.

-Maintenance area -It has boat launching area, waste water pump-out area, sewage pump-out area and refuelling area.

83 -Provide access of fire vehicle to refuelling area.

-Consider fuel spillage protection devices to be kept on site -Consider flexible fuel supply lines from shore to refuelling area.

-Consider automatic fuel cut-off valves and refuelling by authorised personnel only.

-Consider the size of fuel storage tanks.

-Consider collection pit (for sump oil, scrapings and other wastes).

Parking facilities -approximately 100 parking slot including 2 bus slot and 1 parking slot for handicapped.

-0.50 – 0.60 spaces/slip plus additional spaces required by local codes for commercial, office and employee, handicapped citizens and service parking.

-single-vehicle @ 2.5m x 5 m/slot -Provide separate parking areas for car only, and trailer parking.

- Provide emergency parking near high risk areas such as dry storage and maintenance facilities for yacht.

84 Berthing facilities -Consider the manoeuvring difficulties -Approximately 127 slips -The berthing facilities accommodate small to large yacht ranging from 5.48m to 9 m in width.

Strategically located for accessibility and leeward from prevailing wind for the safety of exiting yacht in case of fire.

-The layout of the berthing facilities is design to follow the natural channel of water flow directed to lagoon area.

-Consider smaller closer to shore for more easily manoeuvring into and out of.

-Berths for hire should allow greater tolerance for inexperienced drivers. Careful considerations because hire boats are used more frequently and by less experienced people than privately owned boats at the marina.

-Berths for these boats should be readily accessible to the open waterways so as to minimize manoeuvring within the marina.

-Primary walkway @ minimum widths of 2.4m.

-Secondary walkway @ minimum widths of 1.8m.

-Finger @ minimum widths of 0.75m.

85 -Access gangway @ minimum widths 1.2m.

-Minimum fairway width = 1.75 x length of the longest boat in a row.

-Turning areas = 2.25 x length of the longest boat in a row.

86 References A. Books Salvan, G. (1999). Architectural Theories of Design.

Third Edition, Quezon City, Phillipines. JMC Press Inc.

Harris, C. (2000). Dictionary of Architecture and Construction. Third Edition. U.S.A. Mc Graw Hill

Busto, A. (2003). Building Code of the Philippines.

Sampaloc, Manila. A.V.B. Printing Press

Manahan, G. (1981). Passive Cooling Technology for Buildings in Hot-humid Localities.

De Chiara, J. & Crosbie, M. (2001). Time Saver for Building Types. Fourth Edition. Philippines. Mc Graw Hill

Birchfield J. (2009). Design and Layout of Foodservice Facilities. Third Edition. Philippines. John Wiley and Sons, Inc.

B. Journals /

Magazines / Newspapers

a. Bluprint. (Volume 8 2009) b. Cruising World. (January 2011)

87 c. Yachting. (February 2011)

C. Electronic Materials a. http://www.boattrader.com/research/news-tips/greenboating/what-makes-a-green-marina-diff/ b. http://www.epa.gov/owow/NPS/mmsp/index.html c. http://www.thinkdesign.in/services/innovation.html d. http://www.marina-design.com.sg/RLYC.html e. http://www.sanmarinoplace.com.ph/facilities_and_amen ities.html f. http://www.alphaland.com.ph/our-projects/marinaclub.html g. http://www.dot.com.ph/megaworld/sher.html h. http://www.appliedtm.com/projects/international/duba i_marina-planning-and-design.htm i. http://www.pacificpontoon.com.au/marina_design.ews j. http://www.solentmarine.com/architects_and_designers .html k. http://www.marinaprojects.co.uk/ l. http://marinadesignassociates.com/ m. http://marinabuilders.com/marina_design.html n. http://www.marina-design.com.sg/Company.html o. http://marinaprojects.com/services/marina-design/ p. http://www.arrol.com/contact.htm

88 q. http://www.sbyc.com.ph/Marina.html r. http://www.sbyc.com.ph/marinarate.html

89 Curriculum Vitae ___________________________________________________________ Personal Information

Name: CLIFFORD L. CALUPE Age: 23 Gender: Male Date of Birth: Sept. 16, 1988 Permanent address: San Miguel, San Antonio, Zambales Current address: Upper General Luna Road, Baguio City Civil Status: Single Citizenship: Filipino Religion: Catholic Dialect Spoken: English, Tagalog, Ilocano Mother: Marivic Laconsay Calupe Father: Romeo dela Cruz Calupe ___________________________________________________________ Educational Background

COLLEGE (2005-present) Bachelor of Science in Architecture UNIVERSITY of BAGUIO General Luna, Baguio City

90

SECONDARY(2001-2005) Luzon Technical Institute San Antonio, Zambales

PRIMARY(1995-2001) San Miguel Elementary School San Miguel, San Antonio, Zambales ___________________________________________________________ Software Skills

AutoCAD 2009, 3ds Max2010, Google Sketchup, Google Earth, Microsoft Word, Microsoft PowerPoint, Adobe Photoshop CS5, Adobe Photoshop Lightroom 2.5, DynamicPhoto HDR, Photoscape ___________________________________________________________ Research Studies



―Eliminating the University of Baguio Weak Spot‖



―Perceptions of Building Construction Practitioners In Alternative Building Materials For Dwellings In Baguio City‖

Residential