Hyper-dense Hybrid: Towards a 21st century Singapore urban (anti)-typology by Clifford Mario Kosasih

Hyper-dense Hybrid: Towards a 21st century Singapore urban (anti)-typology

Hyper-dense Hybrid: Towards a 21st century Singapore urban (anti)-typology by Clifford Mario Kosasih B. Sc., Architecture and Sustainable Design (2015) Submitted to the Architecture and Sustainable Design Pillar in Partial FulďŹ llment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Architecture at the Singapore University of Technology and Design August 2016

Thesis Theme: Hyper-density Thesis Advisor: Thomas Schroepfer, DDes Professor and Associate Head of Pillar

Abstract The motivation for this thesis arises from the observation of Singapore’s urban fabric of the public housing estates that cover almost 80% of Singapore’s residential make up. It is dense, yet lack in intensity; efficient, yet it tends to be mono-functional; and utilitarian, yet it ends to lack in character. Furthermore, in light of Singapore’s aim of 6.9 million people by 2030, I believe that to achieve a liveable living spaces and urban fabric, there is a need to incorporate diverse functions into the deisgn. Nonetheless, it should not be typical mixed-use developments that tend to be introverted and fail to catalyse intense urban life of the surrounding context. The ambition of this thesis is to rethink an innovative way of housing future population of Singapore by embracing integrated public space, ensuring synergistic relationships between different programmes and yet allowing some degree of flexibility and spontaneity in the programme arrangements. The thesis proposes a hyper-density approach in answering the need of liveable and sustainable architecture. Hybrid, as a concept, is an essential element to the design process. Its diverse programmatic breakdown and scale, symbiotic programme relationships, strong emphasis on integrated public realm, as well as certain degree of flexibility become the main driving force of the development. A seamless and continuous public realm meanders up as an integrative architectural terrain through a series of oblique floor plates that enlarges and constricts to allow planned programmes and unplanned social activities to operate. Within this hybrid space, programmatic boundaries are blurred, allowing various interactions between programmes to happen. By introducing a vertical interface between residential blocks and the hybrid space, barrier between these traditionally separate spaces are torn down, amplifying the possibilities of these interchanges.

Acknowledgement I would like to extend my sincerest gratitude to: My thesis advisor, Prof. Thomas Schroepfer, for imparting various insights and knowledge on design and architecture that are essential in keeping my thesis on the right track, as well as your unending support and belief in me the past 3.5 years in SUTD. The team from Advanced Architecture Laboratory (AAL) John Osmond Naylor, Aloysius Lian, Sonja Berthold and Yuan Chao for your expertise and valuable critiques in order to keep my thesis in check. My supervisor from Future Cities Laboratory (FCL), Dietmar Leyk, and my colleagues Naomi Hanakata, Anna Gasco, Ying Zhou and Leiya Wong, for the guidance throughout my ďŹ rst few steps in unravelling the essence of my thesis problem. Josephine Oei, Peter Then Kabincalan, for your emotional and unending support as well as enormous help every week leading up to the ďŹ nal day. My mother and my brother, for being the rock of my life through these tough times. My father, for watching and protecting me from above. My interns, Zayar Lin, Chia Shengwei, Chan Wenlun, Joshua Tan and Cheria Widayanto for your tireless help the past 12 weeks despite your busy schedule. Calvin Setiawan Irwanto, Melody Ng, Michelle Choo, Yu for your time and support.

INTRODUCTION Hyper-density: world perspective Singapore's future Pros and cons of hyper-density

CONCEPTS Urban Intensity Mixed-use development Hybrid Social condenser Summary

CASE STUDIES Qualities of hybrid buildings Summary

OBSERVATIONS Urban intensity in dense sub-zones Building types near MRT stations Building case studies in Singapore

BRIEF

DESIGN Concept Massing System

DRAWINGS AND PERSPECTIVES

BIBLIOGRAPHY

INTRODUCTION

Hyper-density: world perspective United Nations predicted that by 2050, our current 7.3 billion people will have reached 9.7 billion people (Nuwer, 2015). As population slowly increases, the land area can be effectively said to be decreasing as sea level rises due to climate change. This results in an unprecedented pressure on the land use throughout the world. However, human tends to value proximity and closeness to facilities, convenience and opportunity. This is why almost 70% of world’s population is projected to live in cities in 2050 (World Urbanization Prospects, 2014), even though population density may be high in some of these cities and low everywhere else in the world. This uneven distribution of population has created a phenomenon where activities, economy, and opportunity are concentrated in smaller areas called cities. An increase of population that migrated to cities results in its agglomeration and expansion, potentially adding pressure to the surrounding rural area and nature. Therefore, there is an urgent need for cities and urban areas to ﬁnd ways of keeping the population contained within its boundary, yet having a liveable environment for the city dwellers to live in. This also provides

an opportunity for architects and urban planners to rethink how we plan the city to meet future demands. Situations of hyper-density, where it is deﬁned as ﬁtting in a large number of population in a relatively small area of land, have been found mainly in cities where land area is limited. In Hong Kong, for example, where 76% of the total land area is mountainous and not suitable for built environment, the population density can go up to 130,000 people per square km in the densest part of the country (Yip, 2011).

Singapore’s future Singapore government projects that its population in 2030 will go up to 6.9 million (Population White Paper, 2013) people, almost 30% increase from where Singapore currently stands at 5.3 million people in 2015. This plan is coupled with 7% increase in the land area through reclamation from the current 714 sqkm to 766 sqkm by 2030. Based on the rough calculation of density, there would be an increase in Singapore’s overall population density from 7,423 people per square km to 9,008 people per sqkm, creating an upward pressure to the land use allocation towards residential and

1 Kowloon Walled City as an example of a compact city 2 Mong Kok has the highest population density in the world, with over 130,000 people per sqkm 3 Jakarta traffic jam is due to the inadequate mobility infrastructure

other amenities in Singapore. Therefore, it seems that Singapore may reach its peak density by 2030 where land area and infrastructure does not increase as fast as the population. Despite the public outcry over this seemingly unprecedented density number, if we observe more closely from another perspective, Singapore’s density may not be so staggering after all. When we look at Hong Kong, its overall population density stands at 6,510 people per sqkm as of 2015, which is below Singapore’s current density. However, as mentioned earlier, Hong Kong’s build-able area is only 24% of the total land area, which makes its population shoot up at the staggering 27,128 people per sqkm. Taking Singapore for comparison, with up to 40% of the land area currently set aside for nature reserve, its population density escalates to just 11,410 people per sqkm in 2015, and 15,013 in 2030, which is by current standard still much lower than Hong Kong’s population density.

Pros and cons of hyper-density Reclaiming land from the sea has been one of the ways to reduce the soaring

land demand in Singapore. However, this is detrimental to the biodiversity of Singapore’s surrounding sea, where its mere 54 sqkm houses close to 200 species of corals, as compared to Great Barrier Reef’s 350,000 sqkm of reefs that has about 500 species of corals (Jalil, 2003). In other words, there is an urgent need to consider the impact of our land reclamation to the natural biodiversity of Singapore. Furthermore, natural habitat on the land is also being compromised by the development of Singapore. Mangrove habitat and nature reserves areas have diminished throughout the years while Singapore’s built environment continue to thrive. Therefore, by creating a hyper-dense built environment at various parts of Singapore, land reclamation and encroachment to natural biodiversity to make way for human developments can be abandoned. Additionally, by going hyper-dense, there is an opportunity to provide highly convenient and vibrant environment where diverse amenities and programmes can be integrated into one single development. Although it is well-known that there are plenty negative effects of density (i.e. lack

4 4 Map of Singapore's history in reclamation of land and future plans

of privacy, congestion), proponents of dense environments claim that higher levels of interaction between heterogeneous agents, such as people, programmes and establishments tend to ďŹ&#x201A;ourish in this situation, making the area more vibrant and thriving. Encounters, whether it is planned or incidental, are more likely to occur in a hyper-dense situation, implying that users of the space can get more things done within a proximity and shorter period. This translates to convenience, efficiency and productivity, which is valued considerably higher in a largely fast-paced society. Arguably, architecture can mitigate the adverse effects of hyper-density while capitalising on the positive impacts to create a more liveable and sustainable city.

5 5 Map of Singapore's original coastline in 1950 with its natural mangrove habitats and coral reefs

CONCEPTS

Urban intensity The notion of urban intensity summarises the idea that is captured within qualitative aspects of urban density. Many scholars claim that it is insufficient for density alone to determine what a city need, instead a city is built upon these immeasurable aspects of urban density, by allowing mixed and multi-functional spaces to occur as the driver of the sustainability of the urban fabric (Larice, 2006; Li, 2013). Peter Rowe (2014), in his book Urban Intensities, mentioned that urban intensity is a balance between density, diversity, and connectivity. These three different components make up the notion of intensity in an urban scale. In this context, Rowe refers to ‘density’ as dwelling density which can be easily translated into population density. By itself, density does not guarantee the right intensity and dynamism that is desired in a neighbourhood. Too high density may result in over-crowding, dilapidation and urban decay, too low density may hinder the potential of the neighbourhood to thrive and encourage social interaction. Another deﬁnition of urban intensity is developed by Andres Sevtsuk in collaboration with City Form Lab, where intensity refers to the concentration of

commercial and service activities on the ground floors along city streets. They name this ground floor quality intensity since it illustrates the interface of the urban environment that people experience most directly and encounter on a daily basis. Hence, Sevtsuk explained that the definition of urban intensity reflects the volume of spatial interactions that the ground floor of a district has to offer – street networks that accommodate higher concentrations of activities are considered more intense (Sevtsuk, Ekmekci, Nixon & Amindarbari, 2013). Additionally, in her research titled Intensity without Density, Elena Porqueddu (2015) introduces another definition of urban intensity which encompasses the potential for continuous random and unpredictable interactions among independent individuals and activities. Porqueddu approached urban intensity in a larger context where it is not constrained by space and time alone, but it involves the potential and framework for this interaction to happen.

Mixed-use development When the concept of urban intensity is brought up, the notion of mixed-use development comes into the picture.

6 6 High urban intensity in Hong Kong street

Mixed-use hints a significant shift from the conventional planning and zoning paradigm during the modernist era where land use are segregated based on their uses and functions. As urban settings were getting more fragmented due to the successful implementation of such regimented zoning, mixed-use projects started to be developed across the world in both urban and rural areas. However, there is rarely any in depth explanation and comprehensive research as of what mixeduse development is. Urban Land Institute (ULI), in their book Mixed-Use Development Handbook, characterises mixed-use as: • Three or more significant revenueproducing uses that in well-planned projects are mutually supporting; • Significant social and functional integration of project components, including uninterrupted pedestrian connections; and • Development in conformance with a coherent plan (Herndon, 2011). Another commonly referenced definition of mixed-use development was developed by multiple agencies of the USA back in 2006: • Mixed-use development is a real estate project with planned integration of some combination of multiple

functions. It is pedestrian-oriented and contains elements of a live-workplay environment. It maximises space usage, has amenities and architectural expression and tends to mitigate traffic and sprawl (Niemira, 2007). Although the definition is a good step to start understanding the nature and characteristics of a mixed-use development, there are still several possible configurations of how mixeduse is arranged, consequences of how programmes benefit or lose out from the proximity from other programmes and the impact that mixed-use development has to the city at large. Within the discourse of mixed-use theory, there are two conceptual models of mixed use which are considerably more wellreferenced: the first was developed by Alan Rowley (1996) and the second was created by Eric Hoppenbrouwer and Erik Louw (2005), adding on to Rowley’s idea. Rowley’s model focuses on the urban texture of a settlement as a product of three things: grain, density, and permeability (Rowley, 1996). The grain of a settlement refers to how various aspects of a settlement are integrated together in space, while density refers to how much

Diagram 1 Rowley's model of mixed use development (Rowley, 1996)

space or how many units contained within a particular area, sometimes referred to as a measure of land use intensity. Permeability suggests the number of possible ways a pedestrian can choose from as he/she navigates through a given area. Moreover, he classifies four different possible locations where mixed use development can occur: • City or town centres where the commercial and civic core of cities exist; • Inner-city areas where derelict, vacant or built-up land is often found needing regeneration; • Suburban or edge-of-town locations; and • Greenfield sites where it is located beyond the urban fringe. Furthermore, Rowley considers three other aspects in his conceptual model: • The form of mixed-use development is influenced by external factors such as public policy and regulations, property markets, and cultural ideas and values. • Different degrees of vitality is generated from activities and land uses within mixed use projects • The time dimension is crucial because different programmed spaces produce activity on varying time schedules and

this leads to situations of pop-up uses. • The result of the complex interactions of these variables is what he terms a “mixed-use situation.” As a model that expand on Rowley’s idea, Hoppenbrouwer and Louw’s model is also organised by function, dimension, scale, and urban texture, but it is developed from a spatial perspective (Hoppenbrouwer and Louw, 2005). The function here refers to the different land uses that are being mixed. Although the model uses housing (residential) and working (office) for the sake of simplicity, the model can be extended to other permutations of uses. Moreover, dimension consists of four aspects: • The shared premise dimension, • The horizontal dimension, • The vertical dimension and • The time dimension. Additionally, similar to Rowley’s model, scale is included in the model, but the method of subdivision is different. Hoppenbrouwer and Louw’s scale is broken down into building, block, district and city levels, instead. Also, urban texture is also one of the components of the model, but different from Rowley’s model, their model consists of grain, density and the interweaving functions.

Diagram 2 Hoppenbrouwer and Louw's model of mixed use development (Hoppenbrouwer & Louw, 2005)

As what Rowley has included in his model, Hoppenbrouwer and Louw also recognise the components of mixed use development are insufficient if they only measure them in terms of urban design only. They believe that other non-design elements, such as the urban experience, the nature of uses, definition of public and private as well as conflict and security play a part in defining a mixed-use development. Nonetheless, it is not entirely necessary to include them in the model as they believe that this software can still exist in parallel, without being part of the model, where they may complicate the model further.

Hybrid Although mixed-use development may be an important aspect in the pursuit of achieving urban intensity, it may be insufficient to rely solely on that. Its commercial nature and economically driven raison d’etre have made mixeduse development to be no more than an introverted ensemble of separate functions that is devoid of public engagement with the urban fabric. Fundamental differences have been pointed out by various scholars that study hybrid

buildings. Fenton (1985) argued that there was a clear difference between a hybrid building and a mixed-use development, in that the former, various programs relate to one another and begin to share intensities. Early studies and empirical evidence of hybrid buildings have suggested that it can be classified into three different groups based on form: Fabric, Graft, and Monolith. Both Fabric and Monolith hybrids subsume the diverse programmatic elements within a continuous building envelope. Their differences lie in the scale and its effect on the city: Fabric hybrids tend to immerse itself out of reverence for their place in the urban fabric while Monolith hybirds’ monumental scale poses a selfgenerating symbolism that embodies the spirit of the city. The Graft hybrid exposes its functions, either through the volumes or elevations (Fenton, 1985). Although Fenton acknowledges that this classification has its limitations in the occasional overlapping, he believes that this helps to understand the hybrid buildings. Furthermore, in This is Hybrid, Mozas elaborated that hybrid buildings are cosmopolitan building that welcomes complexity, diversity and various programmes (Per, Mozas & Arpa, 2011). He also goes further by providing definitive

Fabric hybrids

Graft hybrids

Diagram 3 Fenton's classiďŹ cation of hybrid buildings (Fenton, 1985)

Monolith hybrids

descriptions of different elements that make up the hybrid buildings. He believes the ideal hybrid beneﬁts from the symbiosis of public and private spheres that the permeability of the hybrid is its greatest strength. Hybrid buildings are often associated with a certain form of grandeur, splendour and gigantism as mixing implies size and superposition requires height (Per et al., 2011).

Social condenser itself is manifested in two more prominent typologies: the club and collective housing. The collective housing typology is relevant to be discussed within this thesis framework as it concerns multiple functions, which include residential. The collective housing focuses all of its amenities and resources for transformation on the members of a closed community, as elaborated by Anatole Kopp (1967):

Social condenser Social condenser is a concept that was conceived from the Soviet Union’s constructivist movement. It was first coined by OSA (Organisation of Contemporary Architects), an architectural association in the Soviet Union, in light of the socialist movement at that time. The main idea of social condenser is that architecture is not only an inanimate object, but also an instrumental tool to transform the nation’s way of life, changing the ordinary man to a new social creature (N., 2010). To achieve this, the building layout is configured in such a way that circulation becomes the most important space to fit in the spaces alongside it, so as to increase chances of interaction and meeting, accelerating collectivism across the population (Gomez, 2014).

Just as capacitors, electrical condensers, transform the nature of the electric, current, social condensers should cause an individual preoccupied by his/her own interests to become a complete human being. (p. 148) Per (2011) in her essay Hybrid vs Social Condenser explained the following: Each function is thought out not to create intensity and vitality in the city, nor to attract a ﬂux of external users nor even to foster mixing and indetermination but rather to achieve a self-sufficient and ‘complete’ building that can isolate itself from the conventional city. (p. 46) Thus, it is evident that although in social condensers, several additional amenities

Social condensers

Business centre

Live/work configurations

Hybrid

Cultural centre

Hospital University campuses

Community centre

Shopping complex

Diagram 4 Examples of mixed-use typology

Transport hub

may be present, it does not make that housing building a hybrid. Per (2011) added that “hybridisation lies not only in the programme but also in initiative, investment and management”.

Summary This investigation focuses on hybrid buildings and its capability to create an urban intensity within a building or development. The massive scale of many hybrid buildings blurs the boundary of architecture and urban planning as it creates more density and aggregates multiple programmes. The understanding of urban intensity is important in driving this thesis forward as it provides the foundation for the investigation on mixed-use development. Furthermore, the knowledge of both hybrid and social condenser as two distinct entities in a constellation of mixed-use typologies helps to distil some observations on Singapore’s prevalent building typologies. In all, the following diagram showing a spectrum ﬂanked by hybrid and social condenser’s distinct characteristics will serve as an analysis tool for the observations that will be discussed in Chapter 4. This diagram suggests that these different aspects

contribute determining whether a building can be considered to be displaying more of the hybrid qualities or social condenser qualities, especially when some of Singapore’s mixed-use developments that concern residential components are analysed further.

Hybrid

Social condenser

diversity of uses, including residential

residential buildings with a service programme associated to the dwellings

different stakeholders

integrated into the urban fabric

public uses

one stakeholder

isolated location in the urban fabric

exclusive use of the service programme by residents

Diagram 5 Qualities and characteristics that differentiate hybrid and social condenser (Per et al., 2011)

CASE STUDIES

Qualities of hybrid buildings In order to understand hybrid buildings, their qualities and different strategies that can be implemented later on in the design, three case studies have been selected based on their merits: Sliced Porosity Block by Steven Holl, Block/Tower by Stan Allen and Raﬁ Segal, and Bryghusprojektet by OMA. In analysing the case studies, there is a need to dissect its architectural/urban elements separately, so as to understand each contributing components and then merge them together again later on to have a holistic view. Adapted from Gringhuis and Wiesner (2014), here are nine different components that are essential in creating hybrid building: 1. Project scale The ﬁrst element that is evident in a hybrid building is the project scale. In her article regarding hybrid buildings, Susanne Kormossa describes a hybrid building as an “extremely condensed urban block”. She believes that this is an essential characteristic of the hybrid building as it “increases the city’s density and contributes to the public realm of the city - horizontally as well as vertically” (Kormossa, 2011).

2. Urban density Hybrid buildings feed off the density that is present in the surrounding urban fabric, where these buildings become more energised by the active agents that form new social interaction. Mozas (2011) argues that the hybrid goes beyond the domain of architecture and enters the realm of urban planning. Hybrid is then said to be blurring the boundaries of architecture and urban planning where scale is essentially the key driver of its existence. 3. Urban relevance Apart from exploiting the density and congestion of the area, it needs to be interacting with the functions present in the surrounding urban fabric. Multiple programmes that are provided by the hybrid building must beneﬁt the different agents that frequent the area so that it becomes relevant to the overall context. 4. Urban connectivity The hybrid building represents a socially open building that embraces new and unexpected interactions between strangers. To facilitate that, its connectivity to the city on which the building sits in is crucial. Comprehensive

Project scale

Urban density

Urban relevance

Urban connectivity

Programme diversity

Programme scale

Integrated public realm

Programme relationship

Flexibility

Diagram 6 Quality of hybrid buildings (Gringhuis & Wiesner, 2014)

network of infrastructure and public transport system generate a signiﬁcant amount of catchment for hybrid buildings to thrive. Therefore, proximity to these connectivity hotspots is necessary to create a successful hybrid building. 5. Integrated public realm Susanne Kormossa (2011) mentions that a hybrid building “extends the city’s public domain horizontally and vertically into the building’s interior and links the public domain inside and outside”. In general, an extensive public space is essential in creating a vibrant urban realm, yet the building’s private sphere needs to intertwine well with the sociability of the public realm. 6. Programme diversity The fourth characteristic of the hybrid building is the programme diversity. This is Hybrid (2011) mentions that the hybrid building “turns against the combination of the usual programmes and bases its whole raison d’etre on the unexpected mixing of functions”. Therefore, it is essential to dissect the different functions that occur in the hybrid buildings and understand how they contribute to the overall synergy of the development.

7. Programme scale Not only that programme diversity is essential in ensuring a healthy hybrid building, but also a wide range of programme scale should also be present in a true hybrid building (Gringhuis & Wiesner, 2014). It is crucial to note that this quality is not referring to the size of the programme unit per se, but more of the way this particular programme is implemented. A shopping mall is a large function that consists of myriads of different shopping units. However, the entire scale of shopping function is not broken up by other programmes within its entirety. 8. Programme relationship Multiple programmes do not just co-exist side by side, but they must be integrated, creating a synergy to activate the building. These integration strategies can be broken down into horizontal or vertical integration and it can also be achieved through visual or physical connections (Gringhuis & Wiesner, 2014). 9. Flexibility The last quality that is inherent to a hybrid building pertains to ﬂexibility or the ability for the current building to

change according to the situations. As discussed in the research by Gringhuis & Wiesner 2014), a hybrid building should not exude a sense of ﬁnality or endpoint, yet it should serve as a strategy in which programmes can evolve according to the needs. As such, this requires a structural and social framework that can be adapted easily. All these components interact and create an ensemble that inﬂuences the extent of which a particular development is hybrid or not. This list is not meant to be exhaustive. However, it is hoped that these qualities can help us to understand better the existing or proposed hybrid buildings.

12 10 Steven Holl’s Sliced Porosity Block in Chengdu, provides a permeable public square in the middle of the development 11 Bryghusprojektet in Copenhagen by OMA activates the waterfront by providing urban thoroughfare 12 Block/Tower by Stan Allen and Raﬁ Segel brings the public up the building through a spiraling public garden

Project scale

Sliced Porosity Block

Bryghusp

Steven Holl Plot Area Gross Floor Area FAR Covered Area

: 32,663 m2 : 310,000 m2 : 5.97 : 57.6%

Sliced Porosity Block is massive as compared to the site context, especially towards the east, where four to ďŹ ve storeys buildings are found. By breaking away from the normal podium tower typology and making it more porous, the enormity of the project is subsumed by the permeability of the public plaza.

OM Plot Area Gross Floor Area FAR Covered Area

: 12,575 m2 : 27,000 m2 : 1.4 : 57.1%

The Bryghusprojektet can be cat with the surrounding building. The and its prime location contribute t building encroaches to the water unused waterfront to make it a pu

projektet

Block/Tower

tegorised as large in comparison e combination of multiple functions to the scale of the project. As the rfront, it opens up the previously ublic space.

Stan Allen and Rafi Segel Plot Area Gross Floor Area FAR Covered Area

: 5,055 m2 : 125,730 m2 : 25 : 53%

Block/Towerâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s scale can be considered large as compared to the surrounding buildings, due to the combination of multiple uses. Its high FAR forces the building to go high up and provide an interesting solution to integrate the public realm, by bringing the public up to the spiralling green/commercial corridor.

Urban density

Urban relevance

100m

50m

Sliced Porosity Block

Bryghusp

Steven Holl Place Influence Area Population Density

: Chengdu, China : Chengdu : 11,000,670 people : 888 people/km2

Sliced Porosity Block is located right in the dense city centre of Chengdu, China. It provides the city dwellers with a large public plaza that humanise the project, despite its enormous scale. Holl’s concept of “micro-urbanism” is translated into the double-fronted shops opening to the main street as well as the shopping centre below (Frearson, 2013).

OM Place Influence Area Population Density

: Copenhagen : Hovedstado : 1,211,542 peo : 5,600 peopl

Located between the historic w Slotsholmen district of Copenha and programmatically merges th the city centre and above the bus draws the city dwellers right into t opportunities for unexpected inter

100m

50m

projektet

100m

50m

Block/Tower

Stan Allen and Rafi Segel

n, Denmark omradet ople ple/km2

Place Influence Area Population Density

: New York City, USA : New York City : 8,336,697 people : 10,360 people/km2

waterfront and the culturally rich hagen, Bryghusprojektet formally he two together. Being right in usy Christians Brygge, this project the heart of the building, creating eractions (RosenďŹ eld, 2013).

Manhattanâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s dense city grid has provided a framework and the desired urban intensity to the Block/Tower design proposal. This project strives to feed off from the busy city life by introducing new urban typology that responds to the changing social, technological and ecological urban conditions. The result is an interlocking, hybrid and porous prototype that allow city-dwellers to enjoy the urban intensity within the building (Allen & Segal, 2014).

Urban connectivity

100m

Chengke N Road Vester Voldgade

1st Ring Road Christians Brygge

Sichuan Gymnasium Station Renmin South Road

50m

Sliced Porosity Block Steven Holl The project is considered to be well-connected to the rest of the city due to several reasons. Firstly, it is situated south of the intersection between 1st Ring Road and Renmin South Road which are important road networks serving Chengdu. Secondly, Sichuan Gymnasium station is right on the north-west of the site. This train line cuts through Chengdu from north to south. Lastly, there are bus stops that are parts of the cityâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s public transport network.

Bryghusp

Although there is no nearby train sits directly on top of the Christia road serving the city and connecti of Copenhagen. Also, the H. C. A south-west provides enhanced con

100m

E 57th Street

Fred eriks holm s Kana l

E 56th Street

E 55th Street

E 54th Street

50m

stations or bus stops, the project ans Brygge road, which is a major ing to the overall ring road system Andersens Boulevard towards its onnectivity to the rest of the city.

2nd Avenue

3rd Avenue

Lexington Avenue

projektet

50m

Block/Tower Stan Allen and Rafi Segel Despite the lack of major road nearby, the Manhattan street grid serves as an efficient road network for the city. This beneďŹ ts the design proposal Block/Tower as it sits in one of the plots cut by E 55th Street and 3rd Avenue. Furthermore, plenty of bus stops are found within the vicinity to connect to the rest of the island.

Programme diversity

Programme scale

Car park

carpark

living

live/work unit

office

shopping

hotel

culture

Living

civic

education

sport

Live/work

other

Offices

Sliced Porosity Block Steven Holl The programmatic distribution of this project is quite varied with mainly shopping and offices dominating the overall tally. Communal and semi-public programmes are also scattered throughout the five towers in between the other main programmes: office, hotel and residential. However, the programmatic scale is still quite large in general, since the five towers are mainly occupied by one function only, with the exception of the sky bridges connecting the pavilions at the 8th floor. The large base of shopping podium reminds us of the typical mixed-use development, taking away some of the true hybrid quality of the building.

carpark

living

Shopping

live/work unit

office

shopping

Bryghusp

Although there is quite a large a which is occupied by Danish Arch complemented with other uses. spaces throughout the whole proje an auditorium, and office spaces. fairly broken up into smaller bloc the building. The key quality of th are not placed as one large func separated and scattered over seve

hotel

50 45 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5

culture

civic

Hotel

education

sport

other

Culture

projektet

amount of offices in this building hitecture Centre (DAC), it is wellDAC is broken up into smaller ect, consisting of an exhibition hall, . The other programmes are also cks and interspersed throughout his project is that the programmes ctional block but they have been eral storeys in the project.

Civic

carpark

living

live/work unit

office

shopping

hotel

culture

civic

Education

education

Sport

sport

other

Other

Block/Tower Stan Allen and Rafi Segel The interspersing of smaller programmatic blocks are also observed in this design proposal. With offices, living units, shopping and hotels being spread over several stories, the journey up through the spiralling public garden offers the city dwellers different experience at every turn. Another important aspect of this project is the flexibility that it offers through the configurable office/living units. The architects envision that the units are flexible enough to respond to the demand of the market forces so that the programmatic distribution should not be seen to be final.

Integrated public realm

Sliced Porosity Block Steven Holl The porous public plaza invites city dwellers to gather, activating the urban fabric throughout the day. Landscaping, water features as well as shop fronts are also integrated with the public plaza so as to create a more human scale plaza, despite the massive scale of the project. Three voids are carved out the towers for the site of the Pavilion of Provincial History, the High Tech Pavilion, and the Du Fu Pavilion. These pavilions are then connected by sky bridges that house semi-public programmes such as events space, lecture room, and internet lounge.

Bryghusp

The underground connection from waterfront provides an uninterru activating the city life. Semi-pub of open public decks are also ava building. Furthermore, more priv integrated through the sharing of

projektet

m the surrounding context to the upted access to the waterfront, blic gathering spaces in the form ailable on the upper ﬂoors of the vate programmes are physically the semi-public spaces.

Block/Tower Stan Allen and Rafi Segel As a dense hybrid design prototype, Allen and Segel rotated the common ‘horizontal’ public space of the streetscape often found in the city grid of Manhattan into a spiralling garden/atrium that is sculpted out from the mass of the tower. This spiralling garden creates a network of public programmes throughout the building, providing alternative internal circulation for the residents and workers of the living and working units.

Programme relationship

Car park

Living

Live/work

Offices

Sliced Porosity Block Steven Holl Programmatic relationship is established through the visual connection to the open courtyard plaza that is surrounded by the office, hotel and residential towers. Apart from that, cultural spaces such as the pavilion are intended to provide this connection at the upper ďŹ&#x201A;oor through the sky bridges. However, within the structural facade, the programmatic relationship is manifested in a very generic way, where ďŹ&#x201A;oor slabs divide the programmes vertically. Diagram is adapted from Per, A. F., Mozas, J., & Arpa, J. (2011). This is Hybrid: An analysis of mixed-use buildings. Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain: a+t architecture.

Shopping

Bryghusp

There is some attempt at int programmes present at the Bry DAC, residential units and offices the open public terraces. Additio established to the DAC main exhib atrium in the centre. Apart from tho that draws people to the waterfron the mix of programmes.

Hotel

Culture

projektet

tegrations among the different yghusprojektet. For example, the are physically integrated through onally, visual connections are also bition space through the generous ose strategies, the urban connector nt can act as an effective binder of

Civic

Education

Sport

Other

Block/Tower Stan Allen and Rafi Segel The spiralling up of semi-outdoor public landscape provides enhanced connectivity through the building. With more public programmes, such as commercial spaces, hotel and offices, connected directly to this public space, this vertical circulation engages the city dwellers with the intensity and vibrancy, equivalent to the street life on the ground ďŹ&#x201A;oor.

Diagram is taken from Per, A. F., Mozas, J., & Arpa, J. (2011). This is Hybrid: An analysis of mixeduse buildings. Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain: a+t architecture.

Flexibility

Sliced Porosity Block Steven Holl A comprehensive structural system that includes column and trusses are elegantly expressed on the facade of this building. This structural envelope provides the necessary structural integrity of the whole development, creating a column-free space for the majority of the floors effectively that in turn giving the opportunity for some flexibility. Nonetheless, flexibility to changes in programmes was not the intended outcome of the design and it was not explicitly presented in most of the design reviews.

Bryghusp

The structural integrity of the Bryg high level of ﬂexibility for future c column and truss systems, it allows to be column-free, making it easier of surging demand for a certain p uneven horizontal plates are obse limited horizontal ﬂexibility at som

Diagram is adapted from Gringhuis, R., & Wiesn of a True Hybrid Building (Doctoral dissertation Retrieved April 23, 2016, from repository.tudelft

projektet

yghusprojektet by OMA provides a changes. With the combination of ws the majority of the interior space for further partitioning in the event programme later on. Nonetheless, erved at some levels, resulting in a me parts of the building.

ner, T. (2014). An Exploration into the Qualities n, Technical University Delft, 2014). Delft. ft.nl.

Block/Tower Stan Allen and Rafi Segel Flexibility is achieved by keeping intact the structure of the building and reconfiguring the requirements for necessary living/working space. Taking advantage of the higher floor-to-floor dimensions of the typical office space, converting from office to residential allows three floors of living units to be placed within two floors of office units, resulting in a highly flexible array of convertible units.

Diagram is taken from PLOT / SAA / Block Tower. (2013, July 17). Retrieved April 26, 2016, from http://www.revistaplot.com/en/saa-block-tower/

Summary The three case studies have demonstrated how the different qualities of hybrid have been and can be achieved. These projects are by no means the exhaustive list of the entire catalogue of hybrid building examples, but it provides a rich overview of the current and future trend of hybrid buildings around the world. This also gives necessary knowledge on how to create true hybrid buildings based on the strategies that have been employed by these architects. On the opposite page is a comparison study of the three projects based on the nine qualities of hybrid buildings. They are rated based on the quality and pitted against one another, in which they will then be given a rating from one to three indicating the worst to the best performance relatively about the respective criteria. Each case studies have their respective qualities in which they are stronger than the others, sparking an interesting discussion on whether giving ranking to the different qualities from the most important to the least important is necessary or not. As it is observed, the Block/Tower project by Stan Allen and RaďŹ Segel achieved

the highest overall score followed by Bryghusprojektet by OMA and Sliced Porosity Block by Steven Holl. However, it is just a design proposal to re-imagine a typology of a mixed-use development that responds to the changes in demand in the function allocation. Therefore, based on these three case studies, it is important to extract the different strategies to achieve a successful hybrid building to proceed to the next part of this thesis investigation.

Project scale

Urban density

Urban relevance

Urban connectivity

Programme diversity

Programme scale

Integrated public realm

Programme relationship

Flexibility

Overall

Sliced Porosity Block

Bryghusprojektet

Block/Tower

Steven Holl

OMA

Stan Allen and Rafi Segel

OBSERVATIONS There are three observations that were made before framing the thesis topic and questions: urban intensity in the densest sub-zones of Singapore, building types near MRT stations and building case studies in Singapore. These three observations are closely related. They are diverse in scales; looking at urban fabric, planning patterns and speciﬁc building cases. They inform the next step of this thesis preparation differently: • the current urban planning strategies of dense sub-zones in Singapore and how it results in the urban intensity, • the current trend of building use right above or beside important nodes of urban connectivity (i.e. MRT stations), • the different cases of mixeduse typologies present in the residential mix examples in Singapore.

Yew Tee

Clementi Mall

Tiong Bahru Station

Jurong West Central

SUB-ZONES

Kampung Admiralty

Pinnacle@Duxton

PLANNING ZONES

MRT NETWORK

ISLAND SCALE

Diagram 7 Observations framework of urban intensity within sub-zones and current/planned mixed-use buildings in Singapore.

Urban intensity in dense sub-zones

Bahru Station of Bukit Merah and Yew Tee of Choa Chu Kang.

In the context of Singapore, urban intensity can be experienced in varying degrees, produced by interactions of different components of urban intensity: density, diversity, and connectivity.

As seen from the observations through the three densest sub-zones in Singapore, density does not necessarily lead to vitality and higher chance of interactions in the public spaces provided within the sub-zones. As what Jane Jacobs (1961) has explored in her books that a dense concentration of people in a neighbourhood does not necessarily translate to a ďŹ&#x201A;ourishing city. She argued that low density settlements are worrying because of their lack of complexity rather than their lack of density.

Density dimension Looking at the population density - total population per sqkm of area - of various planning zones in Singapore, we can see that there is a wide variation between the least dense and the densest planning zones, implying the kind of urban fabric that makes up the zones. Denser zones suggest a higher percentage of residential plots and/or higher number of high-rise housing blocks while less dense zones hint a higher percentage of other uses and/or higher number of landed housing estates. With 29,457 people per sqkm, Choa Chu Kang becomes the densest planning zone in Singapore. It is evident in a large number of high-rises residential blocks including both public and private housing. By dissecting the planning zones further into sub-zones, it is clear that the density shoots up in several parts of Singapore. The three densest sub-zones are Jurong West Central as part of Jurong West, Tiong

As a matter of fact, Jacobs (1961) claimed that urban intensity is neither the result of just the presence of sheer amount - of people, built environment, uses, streets, or other elements - nor it considered irrelevant from the urban fabric. Instead, it is generated from the basic, incidental interaction between subjects within space and time. This underscores the ambiguous nature of physical elements - as their ability to be a part of different systems according to everyday rituals and time-speciďŹ c circumstances. Intensity, for Jacobs, is an innate property of the interaction between agents and their

physical environment, rather than merely the result of a ratio per se. That being said, let us now consider the diversity of the three densest sub-zones in Singapore and postulate how this contributes to the urban intensity of the neighbourhoods. Diversity dimension The ďŹ rst step of approaching diversity is by looking at the different land uses within the three densest sub-zones in Singapore. It reveals the lack of diversity of uses within the urban fabric, with concentration of residential and commercial spaces being separated from each other. Communal spaces are still interspersed within the overall built environment. However, some of the communal spaces lack character and vigour to begin with. Commercial spaces are highly concentrated at the MRT stations making it accessible for residents from that sub-zones or other parts of Singapore to visit them. The government has also ensured that there are sufficient educational institutions within the sub-zones itself, focusing more on the kindergarten, primary and secondary schools. This is to encourage children to go to the nearby schools when they are young, making it convenient for parents to

look after them. Nonetheless, apart from the concentrated diversity towards different attractor points, almost 80% of the sub-zones are homogeneous, banal and lack of vitality that is highly championed by proponents of density. This goes to show that diversity plays a signiďŹ cant role in the creation of urban intense model. Connectivity dimension In this context, connectivity comprises of at least two situations: ďŹ rstly, internal connectivity which includes the ease of access between different uses for them to work synergistically and secondly, external connectivity which involves ease of access to other parts of a broader urban context. In the scale of sub-zones, internal connectivity can be represented by the different modes of transport that are available to navigate through the subzones: walking, cycling, public transport and cars. Nonetheless, this thesis will focus on the connectivity via walking within subzones, as it provides a fundamental mode of transportation between different uses and spaces. In general, the three densest sub-zones exhibit low quality of walkability within it.

Sembawang Woodlands

Yishu

Choa Chu Kang

Bukit Batok

Ang Mo

Bukit Panjang

Bish

Jurong West Bukit Timah Novena

Jurong East Clementi Tanglin

River Valley

Queenstown Bukit Merah

Outra

un Punggol Sengkang

o Kio Pasir Ris Hougang

han

ram

Serangoon

Tampines Toa Payoh Bedok Geylang Kallang Marine Parade

Density (people per sqkm) 27,500-30,000 25,000-27,500 22,500-25,000 20,000-22,500 17,500-20,000 15,000-17,500 12,500-15,000 10,000-12,500 7,500-10,000 5,000-7,500 2,500-5,000 0-2,500

Yew Tee

Jurong West Central

Tiong Bahru Station

Top 3 densest sub-zone Jurong West Central

49,420 people/sqkm

Tiong Bahru Station

47,629 people/sqkm

Yew Tee

45,531 people/sqkm

Commercial spaces

Pavilion Open public spaces

Jurong West Central

Void deck spaces

Commercial spaces

Pavilion Open public spaces

Tiong Bahru Station

Void deck spaces

Commercial spaces

Pavilion Open public spaces

Yew Tee

Void deck spaces

In general, the void deck spaces are under-used mos and residents corners, create a sense of place and id residents with a necessary amenities such as tables residents.

Higher void-deck ceilings give a different experien ventilation and light, as compared to the typical one

Although furniture are installed in various parts of th it is frequently used or not. Different conﬁgurations p

Open public spaces

This category includes every spaces that are open to facilities are provided in this type of area, sporting ﬁtness corners or pavilions.

As for the children's playground and ﬁtness corners, it blocks provide necessary shading to these spaces, as

This goes for the sporting facilities as well, since the with their neighbours in a competitive settings.

Open sky amphitheatres are rarely being used, unles These events may include political rally or performan

In general, these open public spaces are mostly und interaction spaces that is climatically controlled.

Pavilions

Pavilions are usually located in within a cluster of HDB (which was observed in three of the pavilions in Yew T to attend an event and hold the event close to their example in one of the weddings, it transforms to bec

Commercial spaces

Commercial spaces are where the most concentratio near the MRT stations to provide more accessibility spaces inﬂuence the kind of activity patterns observ

Smaller coffee shops are also found scattered within and gather over food, rather than void decks. eape gather over meals in these coffee shops.

Summary

ost of the time. Not only that the designated spaces, such as senior citizens dentity by delineating a fraction of the void deck space, it also provides the s and chairs, vending machines and TV to facilitate interactions between

nce to the monotonous and banal public space, providing it with ample e storey high void deck.

he void decks, it is evident that how and where it is placed affects whether provide different functions.

o the sky, including spaces between blocks and courtyard spaces. Different facilities such as basketball and badminton courts, children's playground,

t is commonly used during the end of the day, nearing dusk. The surrounding s well as it is when children or elderly are most free from their daily routines.

ese are targeted for the teenagers and young adults to interact and gather

ss there is a large events happening that requires the stage conďŹ gurations. nce settings.

derused throughout the day, where the trend now is more towards indoor

DB blocks. It is used for large gathering or meeting events such as weddings Tee and Tiong Bahru). The central location is strategic for the neighbourhood residence. The void deck spaces are usually used to support the event, for come the kitchen area for the food preparation.

on of people are located in this dense sub-zones. They are usually located to these spaces. The variety of stalls and amenities within the commercial ved.

n clusters of HDB blocks. It provides the residents with a place to interact er food option is one of the main attractive incentive for the residents to

Jurong West Central Scale 1:12,500 open space/parks residential educational commercial civic/community/institution hotel commercial and residential MRT stations

Tiong Ba

ahru Station

Yew Tee

Jurong West Central open space/parks residential educational commercial civic/community/institution

Tiong Ba

ahru Station

Yew Tee

This is due to: • Monotonous streetscape and sidewalk experience when navigating in between HDB blocks to the nearest amenities • Undeﬁned and underused spaces is a common sight within the HDB estates. • Low climate considerations among the network of streets within the subzones.

Building types near MRT stations As hybrid buildings enjoy the urban connectivity, it is only appropriate to place them strategically in relation to the city. In the case of Singapore, one of the most connected public transport networks is the MRT stations. Therefore, it is interesting to look at what type of buildings are present in all these stations, and how are they related to the surrounding context. To have a more focused approach, the observations are done at MRT stations where it is serving mainly a residential estate, whether it is public or private. As indicated by the map and the sample of building types near the MRT stations, there is an observed trend of large scale mixed use development being developed at these most accessible and well-connected sites near an MRT stations. However, these mixed-use developments come in different

forms. Most of them are in the form of shopping mall podium with executive condominiums or private condominiums on top, as found in Bedok, Yew Tee and Punggol. Another type that is quite prevalent is the shopping mall and office typology observed in Novena, Buona Vista and Paya Lebar. The other types would mainly be either just a shopping mall or an integrated hub such as those in Toa Payoh. Three of these MRT stations serving the heartlands are directly connected to a sports hub, which often includes a stadium and a swimming pool. Such as those in Bukit Gombak, Yio Chu Kang and Kranji. A trend then can be extracted from this observation that there are many of these shopping malls or mixed-use development which do not belong to the hybrid category. Even though there may be one or two other programmes attached to the commercial spaces, it is insufficient to create a vibrant and urban intense city fabric. Therefore, there should be other approaches as to how these prime sites can be treated to capitalise on their urban connectivity and density that it enjoys.

EW1 Pasir Ris - White Sands

NS20 Novena - Velocity

NS20 Novena - United Square

NS19 Toa Payoh - Toa Payoh Hub

NS16 Ang Mo Kio - A

EW22 Buona Vista - Star Vista

EW23 Clementi - Clementi Mall

EW24 Jurong East - jem

EW24 Jurong East -

EW2 Tampines - Tampines Mall

EW2 Tampines - Tampines One

EW3 Simei - Eastpoint Mall

EW5 Bedok - Bedok Mall

EW6 Kembangan - Kembangan Plaza

EW8 Paya Lebar - Paya Lebar Square

EW17 Tiong Bahru - Tiong Bahru Plaza

EW21 Buona Vista - Metropolis

AMK Hub

NS15 Yio Chu Kang - Sports hub

NS13 Yishun - Northpoint

NS11 Sembawang - Sun Plaza

NS10 Admiralty - Kampung Admiralty

NS9 Woodlands - Causeway Point

NS7 Kranji - Singapore Turf Club

NS5 Yew Tee - Yew Tee Point

NS4 Choa Chu Kang - Lot One

NS3 Bukit Gombak - Sports hub

NS2 Bukit Batok - Westmall

NE17 Punggol - Waterway Point

- westgate

EW29 Joo Koon - Fairprice Hub

NE12 Serangoon - nex

NE13 Kovan - Heartland Mall

NE16 Sengkang - Compass Point

Building case studies in Singapore Three building case studies that are all residential towers with other programmes attached to it in varying scale and diversity have been chosen for the third part of the observation. This will then inform the thesis on what are the current available housing typologies that are present in Singapore, and how this thesis will improve on them. The buildings that will be analysed are Pinnacle@Duxton, Clementi Mall Mixed Development and Kampung Admiralty. Interface with residential: • There is undeﬁned public gathering space that acts as a buffer to the residential units, with many of other activity nodes attached to space. • Sky bridges/sky terraces are another way in which this kind of undeﬁned communal spaces can exist, but connection to other activity/nodes is limited • This interface happens horizontally, which means that these spaces are stacked on top of each other to achieve the intended spaces. • Noise level is mitigated through unplanned programme spaces, with fewer numbers of that connect to it.

Importance of visual connection and diversity: • Security and safety are maintained by having a visual connection to the communal spaces where residents tend to gather. Connection from the surroundings to the development: • Most connection happens on the ground, and the distinction between the access to residential and commercial spaces only happens at Clementi Mall, showing the consideration for privacy. Total area of each programs contribute to the mixed use of the development • Clementi Mall and Kampung Admiralty are more balanced in terms of the programme diversity and scale as compared to Pinnacle@Duxton. Programs feed in directly to an undefined space creating opportunity for unplanned activities to occur • However the number and nature of programmes that feed into the undeﬁned communal space affect the frequency and vibrancy of space.

13 Pinnacle@Duxton is one of the densest public housing in Singapore 14 Clementi Mall provides amenities for the residents that live in it and those live nearby 15 Kampung Admiralty houses a polyclinic, a hawkers centre, an elderly care centre and a child care centre

Carpark

Corridor

Council office

Services

Commercial

Communal space

Garden

Hawkers centre

Lift

HDB Flats

Polyclinic

Staircase

Library

Community centre

Height Stories Site area Dwelling units Density

: 163 m : 51 : 0.025 km2 : 1,848 units : 73,920 DU/km2

2300

0000

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2200

0200

0300

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0400

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Pinnacle@Duxton

residential podium community spaces sky bridge level 26 sky bridge level 50 basketball court childcare centre food court retail convenience store

Carpark

Corridor

Council office

Services

Commercial

Communal space

Garden

Hawkers centre

Lift

HDB Flats

Polyclinic

Staircase

Library

Community centre

Height Stories Site area Dwelling units Density

: 139 m : 40 : 0.0166 km2 : 388 units : 23,373 units/km2

2300

0000

0100

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0200

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2100 2000

0400

1900

0500

1800

0600

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0800

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0900 1400

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Clementi Mall Mixed Development

residential podium community garden shopping mall bus interchange council office library

Carpark

Corridor

Council office

Services

Commercial

Communal space

Garden

Hawkers centre

Lift

HDB Flats

Polyclinic

Staircase

Library

Community centre

Height Stories Site area Dwelling units Density

: 55 m : 11 : 0.00704 km2 : 104 units : 14,773 units/km2

2300

0000

0100

2200

0200

0300

2100 2000

0400

1900

0500

0600

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0800

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0900 1400

1000 1300

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Kampung Admiralty

residential community garden polyclinic eldercare childcare hawkers centre retail

bus interchange

residential

0 basement carpark

podium communal garden

outdoor retail ground ďŹ&#x201A;oor and basement

town council office

playground library pavilion shopping mall (corridor and atrium)

residentsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; carpark shops

Clementi Mall Mixed Development

fitness corner

playground

child care

residential

elder care

communal garden

polyclinic community plaza

shops

supermarket

0 hawkersâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; centre

carpark

Kampung Admiralty

sky bridge level 50

87 sky bridge level 26 playground fitness corner

residential

food court 0

retail

podium communal garden 0

basketball court fitness corner heritage garden playground child care community centre

education centre

carpark

Pinnacle@Duxton

Legend private space semi private space (payment for entry and use)

no barrier | visual connection

semi public space (payment for use, not entry)

horizontal barrier | visual connection

public space

horizontal barrier | no visual connection

undefined programs

vertical barrier | visual connection

high flow medium flow

specific program/uses - activity node

low flow

BRIEF

The main aim of this thesis is to rethink Singaporeâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s town planning strategy, while keeping in view the outlook on hyperdensity, car-lite society and liveability. In line with that, there is an opportunity to explore the blurring of the boundary between urbanity and architecture, reimagine the interaction of the public realm and the private, as well as the overlapping potential of different programmes. Imagine, an entire town that is concentrated within 200m radius, which is equivalent to 5 minute walk, from MRT stations across Singapore, making it a compact and highly mixed use town. It will reduce automobile dependence, increase convenience to the necessary amenities and become the generator of interaction, urban vitality and vibrancy. Then the remaining land becomes an expansive natural green cover, that increases natural habitat, promotes and restores biodiversity and entices town dwellers to a natural retreat.

address the increase in population by 2030. These sites are: Tengah, Tampines North, Bidadari, as well as two golf clubs whose lease will end within the next few years, Marina Bay Golf Club and Keppel Golf Club. As the idea is to condense the entire town into a radius of 200m from MRT stations, there is a need for one or more MRT stations to be nearby or within the abovementioned sites. Subsequently, the list is now narrowed down to only three sites, since Tampines North and Marina Bay Golf Club would not include any MRT stations (those that have been planned until 2030) within or nearby the site. Additionally, another two sites, Tengah and Bidadari, have already had their own master plan being commissioned by the government. Therefore, out of these ďŹ ve choices, Keppel Golf Club seems to be the most relevant in this case.

Population Site Selection Empty sites that border the state of tabula rasa are generally preferred to implement this radical proposal. To narrow it down further, Singapore government has designated a few large sites in order to

In order to estimate the population size that Keppel Golf Club can hold, there is a need to take estimates from the current planning parameters on the ďŹ rst three sites, giving a rough gauge of the number of dwelling units and inhabitants within the club.

Tengah Site area: 700 ha No. of dwelling units: 55,000 DU Estimated residents: 117,700 people

Tampines North Site area: 240 ha No. of dwelling units: 21,000 DU Estimated residents: 45,000 people

Bidadari Site area: 93 ha No. of dwelling units: 11,000 DU Estimated residents: 23,500 people

Marina Bay Golf Club Site area: 72 ha No. of dwelling units: 6,750 DU Estimated residents: 13,500 people

Keppel Golf Club Site area: 64 ha No. of dwelling units: 6,000 DU Estimated residents: 13,000 people

Site: Keppel Golf Club Greater Southern Waterfront • The URA has rolled out its latest master plan that designates the southern part of Singapore to be connected from Marina Bay, Tanjong Pagar, Labrador and Pasir Panjang. This makes Keppel Golf Club one of the many important nodes that comprise this greater southern waterfront. Therefore, it is suitable for Keppel Golf Club to become the test bed for such experiment. End of Keppel Golf Club lease • Keppel Golf Club will end its lease within the next 5-10 years, which makes it readily available for housing development. Well connected to the rest of the Singapore • Circle Line MRT stations are located on the north side of the Keppel Golf Club. Together with more than 15 bus routes, these stations connect Keppel with the whole Singapore easily. Opportunity for densification • Situated within Bukit Merah planning zone, Keppel Golf Club has the opportunity to become a much denser estate as compared with the current densest sub-zones. It is because the

current density of Bukit Merah is still on the low side. Mixture of programs and character creating a complex urban fabric • The current uses surrounding the site is quite varied. There is a mature HDB estate towards the north of Telok Blangah MRT station. Towards the north-west, the commercial hub emerges, with a shopping centre and office towers. Plenty of religious buildings are also present near the Telok Blangah Estate. Furthermore, there is luxurious private residential development towards the south-east of the site.

Site: Telok Blangah MRT station Within the scope of this thesis, Telok Blangah MRT station is chosen due to demonstrate how the proposal can manifest universally, as it will be less inﬂuenced by the rich biodiversity of the mangrove within Berlayer Creek and Labrador Nature Reserve, as opposed to when Labrador Park MRT station is chosen.

https://www.ura.gov.sg/uol/master-plan/View-Master-Plan/master-plan-2014/master-plan/Regionalhighlights/central-area/central-area/Greater-southern-waterfront.aspx

Hort Park

Keppel Golf Club Berlayer Creek 46m

46m

Labarador Nature Reserve

Bukit Che

Scale 1:8000

93 Telok Blangah Hill Park

105m

Mount Faber

ermin

Keppel Island

Hort Park

Keppel Golf Club Berlayer Creek 46m

46m

Labarador Nature Reserve

Bukit Che

Scale 1:8000

95 Telok Blangah Hill Park

105m

Mount Faber

28m

hermin

Keppel Island

Programme brief The programmatic breakdown for the development is inspired by programmes that are commonly found in a town/estate, as an attempt to make it self sufficient on its own. Considerations on the surrounding context have also been taken in order to make the development ďŹ t into the site better.

After getting a rough gauge of what kind of programmes are available to make a self-sufficient town, a systematic break down of how these programmes are done according to different parameters such as the common user age group, common active hours, frequency of use per week, noise level generated, privacy level needed in the space and the amount of space needed.

Tampines town

Singapore programmatic mapping

Tampines town is one of the densest towns in Singapore. Housing and Development Board (HDB) earned the United Nationsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; World Habitat Award back in the 1992 in its achievement to innovation of successful human settlements. It has now been recently equipped with comprehensive cycling network to reduce dependencies in automobile and public transportation in general and increase the convenience of cyclists.

Programme mapping across Singapore has also been done in order to know the kind of pattern in which these programmes occur in general, whether they are clustered together within a town centre, or spread out in many town centres.

Programmes from Tampines town are representative of the other town models in the Singaporeâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s public housing landscape. Therefore, it is only appropriate to collect the programmatic breakdown of a typical public housing town from Tampines.

The following few pages documents the different programmatic mappings done.

AVE NUE

Tampines Town Map

TAM PIN

Tampines Eco

To Tampines Ave 10

402

404

3 51

147

939 938

238 239 242

141

105

143

0 14

103 101

TAS

936

S NE 139

PI M TA

104

11 102

113 112

137

N AVE

Wet Mkt

922

921 927

928

506 507

2 51

OUB Towers

OCBC

943 940

908

931

TAMPINES

AVENUE

50 50 3 5

510

AIA Tampines

OCBC Tampines Ctr One

TAMPINES

NTUC Income Tampines Junction

856E

856F

E Tampines West Downtown MRT U/C

166

119

117

118 136

134

ES ST

132

Tampines Court

135

To Bedok Reservoir

422

RA L

CE NT

515D

TAMPINES

518A

518D

916

844

820

Community Plaza

6 AVENUE

703

A 842 AV E

850

C 842

835

849

ES TAM PIN

834

808

A 895

TAMPINES

701A

727A

724 83

A 893

898

887

A M

731

869 C

88 2A

88 0A

88 6

AV E

891SCP B

A 893

STREET

B 868 A 868

A 869 871 A 8 E NU

87 8C

INE

TA MP

892

163 165

142

TAMPINE

TAMPINES

162

164

114

5 93

932 933

6 92

161

TAM

3 80

145

806

804

929 930

MultiPurpose Court

Tampines Green Community Planting Garden

ES N

805

809

160

807

5 92

Tampines Neighbourhood Police Centre

Tampines Pr Sch

146

157

M TA

899

810

7 93

812 811

6 24

Tampines Sec Sch

244

144

East View Pr Sch

241 243

EET

815

240

7 24

STR

814 813

s ne

899

Tampines Park

CP MS A

816

817

EE T

Junyuan Pr Sch

236

8 B 8 90 90A

898

STR

233

237

Tampines Mall

148

ral ltu Cu Hub

890

AV EN U

MS CP

Sensory Garden

151 150

915 Jamiyah Home

Century Square

TAMPINES

913 TAMPINES

Tampines CPF Bldg

ES PIN TAM

897

890

Tampines Plaza

U EN AV

Play Field

Tampines 1

890D

Tampines Bus Interchange

NTUC Income Abacus Tpm Pt Plaza

942 941

914

St. Hilda’s Pr Sch

818

50 50 9 8

895

897

911 912

819

504

m Ta

Kheng Chu Loke Thin Kee

894

944 Youth

907

910

St. Hilda’s Sec Sch

Maze Garden

946 945

909

Tampines West CC S’pore Soka Culture Centre

501

S NE

149

903

42 Tampines North CC

Tampines Polyclinic

502

TAM

842 D

Church

6 RAL

2 90

420

406

RC Activities Centre

894 A

832

856 D

842 842E F

842 B

838 836

831 827B 830 827 827A 826 825 8 2 826 8A 829 824 823A A 8 Wet 821 28 Mkt 823 896 A ST 8 2 2 RE 896 ET

856 A

842 H

840

M TA

Tampines Regional Library

891

839 837

842

833

889

843 841

AVE NU E

TAM PIN

889

885

887

842 G

891

885

856

CEN

Tampines Town Hub U/C

STREET

848 846

NORTHEAST

UR SE

856B

416 417 419

405

TAMPINES CTRL 2

906

847 845

Tampines Swimming Complex

Telepark

854 852

410

TAMPINES

COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT CENTRE

881 84 882 883 884

HDB surface Carpark T47

Tampines Central Park

856

N RA

RE ET

886

Springfield Sec Sch

To Bedok Reservoir

880

Junyuan Sec Sch

858B

TAMPIN

853 851

861A

859

857B 858A 858

857

857A

859A

862

864A

860A

861

408

TAMPINES

G ES

TA M

866

86 5

862A

411

403

tat nfore e U st /C

864B

860

863 863A 860B 864

863B

Darul Ghufran Mosque

409

401

M TA

8 87 79B 9D 87 9C Gre 87 e

879

86 8 86 9

87 4

875

Hitachi Square

TAMPINES

AVENUE 5

855

519D 519C

702

518B 518C 518

British Council

Nature Walkway

87 2 87 3

TA MP IN

877 878

519B 520B 519A 520A 8 TA M 520 519 TRL PI C NE 515B 515C 520C S 515

412

407

TAMPINES

704

TAMPINES Tampines Central Community Complex

705

701

727

522C

BBQ Pit

Sunplaza Park

N AVE

Ta Gre mpines enw ood

86 9

728

86 8C mm 8 u 868nity Hall 67A D

524 524A 522

PROPOSED ROAD (U/C)

87 4

726

72 9

TAM

0B 87

87 870C 1B 870A

725

522A 522B

706

707

524B

TAMPINES CENTRAL 3

73 0

Tam Gre pines enla U/C ce

733

709

708

Poi Ching Sch

A 10

710 711

S NE

TA M

734

730

876

716A

719

STREET

732 Av e

Tampines Greenleaf

712

717

414

3 41

523D

713

718

pin es

716

801

Pinevale Executive Condo

737

720

523A

802

738

715

723A

523C

523B

714

721

722

723

Handicapped Day Centre

515A

736

739

To Ta m

TAMPINES ST 72

STREET 73 TAMP INES

735

742

740

United World College of South East Asia (East Campus)

742A

741

AVENU E

TAMPINES

AVENUE

TAMPINES

131

133

To ei

m Si e Av

pr Ex

Legend Social Services

Shopping

Community Places

Educational Institutio

Health & Security Services

3-in-1 Family

Meet-The-People-Session

Children’s Community Library

Resident’s Lounge

Kiosk

Civil Defence Shelter

NPP/NPC

Before & After School Care

Social Day Care Centre for the Elderly

Community Centre/Club

Senior Citizen’s Lounge

Minimart

Clinic

Nursing Home

CDAC Student Service Corner

Social/Family Service Centre

Neighbourhood Centre

Study Corner

Petrol Kiosk

Clinic (24 Hours)

Polyclinic

Child Care Centre

Society for the Physically Disabled

RC Centre

Void Deck Kiosk

NKF/NTUC Dialysis Centre

Northeast Tampines W

PAP Community Fou

Temasek Polytechni

MOE Kindergarten @

99 TAMPINES EXPRESSWAY

492

121

AV E

316A

361 360

354 353

354A

358

348

351 351A

333

331A

331 337

330 324

334

382

381

330A 325

327

326

335

389

383

384 312

MSCP

315 311A

dE gi R han Up per C

ast

292

(PIE

)

LAN

-IS PAN

To Changi Airport

To T

3 30 8 29 290

EXPRESSWAY

320 321

AY SW

12 126

To Simei MRT Station

4 12 123

120

8 36

486B

46 2 4 45

452

228

308

215 214

201A

202A 280 9

STREET

342

ES PR

278

hangkat CC

341

340

To Simei Estate

281

Qiaonan Pr Sch

th i Rd Nor Chang

282

110

111

Upper

289

STREET

276

109

106

5 34

340A

349

E RE ST

for Senior Citizens only

275

343

Church

274

East Spring Pr Sch

Tampines Tree Park

339

336

332

108

350

322

107

352

357 32

M TA

283

355 356

Fro

284

273

299B 287

291

People of Destiny

359 359A

Tampines Mart

338

316 323

SIM

INES TAMP

272 Church

286

Griffiths Pr Sch

U E

223

224

220

299A

N AVE

293

295 294

328 329

The Eden at Tampines Executive Condominium

STREET

319

206

317

362 ET

aanam

297

285

271

270

304 313 314 318

208

Chongzheng Pr Sch

BBQ Pit

30 2

ay Jln M

207

267

307

STREET

311

310

307A 306 305

209 208A

205

Yumin Pr Sch

309

Tampines Leisure Park

AY SW

EET

MSCP

366

East Spring Sec Sch

RES EXP

STR

268

301

385 386 384A

TAMPINES

S NE PI M 296 TA

PIN TAM

211

203

266

249

Ngee Ann Sec Sch

1 39

TAMPINES ST

366A 5

A 67

250

392

393

396

Tampines East CC

201G

265

390A

394

201C 201

202

264

255

252

395

212

201B

263

TA 36 M 4 PI 36 N ES

2 37

TAMPINES

4 25

251

256

36 36

210 TAMPINES

262

0 37

213

216

Completion 2015

Festival Park

253

257

Pasir Ris Sec Sch

497C Tampines Junior College

225

218

261

497E 497D 497B

46 0

TAM

229 226

221

TAMPINES

260 258

486C

499A 499B

458

451

230

219

497J

BBQ Pit

259

BBQ Pit

499

499D

497F 497K 497H

7A 497A

499C

Tampines East Downtown MRT U/C

222

486A

485B

TAMPINES

488A

230C

STREET

497L 497G

235

230A 230B

498D

498C

TAM

Tampines Chinese Temple

450D

Tampines North Park

TAMPINES

231

234

8 48

456

450C

232 230J 230H 230F 230G 230E 230D

465

455 453

450E

AVENUE

469

459

450B

449

498B

487C

467

450F 457

448

To Loyang Avenue Pasir Ris New Town

498E

BBQ Pit

48 9B

463

450G

450A

444

447

Gongshang Pr Sch

446

424

473

498F

498A

470

227

East View Sec Sch

472

Market

474

STREET

TAMPINES

Dunman Secondary School

20 1E

431

443

432

450

429

T EE

434

433

427 425

436

Kampung Playground

AY SW ES

430

428

475

498G

498M

PR EX

426

437

435

Tampines Pr Sch

47 1

4 9 Satelite 41 43 438 Fire Post

496F North

0B 494 490 89 A C

498L

440

496G

BBQ Pit

1 49

498N BBQ Pit

D 91

498H

498K

S NE PI M TA

491A 49

498J

484 480 482 481 479 All Saints 483 Church Home 478 476 477

2A4 49 91 H

S NE PI

492B

493A 3B

493D 49 3C

494B

M TA

49 E 93

466

m Ta

492C

461

49 5A

49 5

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TAMPINES

e in

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442

M TA

RI Pa

TAMPINES

C 94

co Green

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492 494H

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2E 49

2H 49

4F 49

485A

494J

464

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N PA

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Park

130

128

129

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Fitness & Recreation

Parks & Gardens

3-IN-1 Multi-Generation Fitness Corner

Fitness Corner

Pavilion/Gazebo

Amphitheatre

Gate Ball Court

Pebble Path

Arena

Hardcourt/Courtyard

Basketball Court

Millennium Court

Street Soccer Court

Connectivity & Accesibility

Others

Bamboo Garden

Fruit Tree Garden

Bus-Stop

MRT Station

Butterfly Garden

Park

Drop-off Point

Overhead Bridge

Playground

Community Planting Garden

Sensory Garden

Link Building

Surface Carpark

Pond

Fragrant Tree Garden

Spice Garden

Linkway

SAFRA Club

Reserve Site

Multi-purpose Hall

Updated as of Xxxxxxxx 2015

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Community centre

Eldercare

103

Kindergarten

Childcare 0

150

450

750m

104

Food centre

105

Hawkers centre

Privately owned food court 0

150

450

750m

106

Healthcare

General hospital

Community hospital

Specialist hospital

107

Polyclinic

CHAS clinics 0

150

450

750m

108

Higher education

Autonomous university

Private university

Polytechnic

109

ITE

Junior Colleges 0

150

450

750m

110

Libraries

National library

Regional library

111

Public library

Lifestyle library 0

150

450

750m

112

113

Green

Parks 0

150

450

750m

114

Sports

Stadium

115

Swimming complex

Gym 0

150

450

750m

116

117

Work

Co-working spaces 0

150

450

750m

118

DESIGN

Concept

Massing

As the proposal requires ﬁtting in many programmes and volumes into smaller area, going high is inevitable. However, as what Rem Koolhaas said previously about skyscraper, where repetitive stacking of similar ﬂoor plates opens up opportunity to recreate entirely different worlds altogether, at the same time, it separates and results in incoherent programme relationships.

From the estimated number of people in Keppel, it will be distributed between two different MRT stations, Telok Blangah MRT station and Labrador Park MRT station.

Therefore, the ﬁrst spatial concept that is going to be utilised in the design is to have singular, continuous and ﬂuid planes that are shared by multiple programmes. Secondly, a typical typology of a mixed-use development in Singapore has this idea of private/residential towers on top of a public sphere or most frequently a shopping mall. Often time, privacy is manifested as a vertical separation between residential and other public programmes. Nonetheless, the result of this has been disjointed relationship between them, founded on the mere presence of visual connection, or at times none at all. Therefore, in this context, of a vertical interface between private and public realm, can be explored by putting residential and public programmes side by side.

6,500 people will be distributed into four different neighbourhoods represented by the four blocks. Two of the neighbourhoods are then rotated, creating a more enclosed courtyard between the pair of neighbourhoods. That courtyard is where the town programmes are located and the circulation core are the main structural elements holding the mass together from the four corners. It is then where the residential blocks are placed alternately within the structure.

System The entire design is governed by several systems: structure, circulation, green facade, programmatic distribution and residential. The following diagrams explain the different systems employed in the design.

119

120

Single, continuous and ďŹ&#x201A;uid planes

Vertical interface

121

1. Four neighbourhoods

2. Creating courtyard

3. Town programs

4. Circulation core

5. Residential units

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DRAWINGS AND PERSPECTIVES

Section perspective

133

134

SCHOOL

DANCE STUDIO

LIBRARY

ELDERLY CARE CENTRE

ACTIVITY ROOM

CLINIC

BADMINTON COURT

PLAYGROUND

KINDERGARTEN

NURSING HOME

RESIDENTS’ CORNER

SENIOR CITIZENS’ CORNER

PAVILION

FITNESS EQUIPMENTS

Unfolded plan short tower

135

136

RETAIL

BADMINTON COURT

ACTIVITY ROOM

CLINIC

PAVILION

RESIDENTS’ CORNER

PLAYGROUND

SENIOR CITIZENS’ CORNER

KINDERGARTEN

DANCE STUDIO

ELDERLY CARE CENTRE

CHILD CARE CENTRE

BASKETBALL COURT

LIBRARY

KIOSK

FITNESS EQUIPMENTS

Unfolded plan tall tower

137

138

Central square

139

140

Connection

141

142

Hawkers centre

143

144

Hybrid atrium

145

146

Hybrid retail ground ï¬&#x201A;oor

147

148

Grand staircase

149

150

BIBLIOGRAPHY

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Book Bingham-Hall, P. (2015). WOHA: Selected projects (Vol. 2). Balmain, NSW: Pesaro Publishing. Chan, Ying-Keung. (1998) Density, Crowding, and Factors Intervening in Their Relationship: Evidence from a Hyper-dense Metropolis. Social Indicators Research, Springer. Chua, B. (1997). Political legitimacy and housing: Stakeholding in Singapore. London: Routledge. Fleetwood, C., & Meija, V. (2012). Housing people: Affordable housing solutions for the 21st century. Singapore: Surbana International Consultants. Jacobs, J. (1961). The Death and Life of Great American Cities. New York, Random House. Kopp, A. (1967). Ville et revolution: Architecture et urbanisme sovietiques des annees vingt. Antropos. Per, A. F., Mozas, J., & Arpa, J. (2011). This is Hybrid: An analysis of mixed-use buildings. Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain: a+t architecture.

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151

Kormossa, S. (2011). Researching and designing GREAT; the extremely condensed hybrid urban block. Architecture & Education Journal, (5), 27-36. Retrieved April 23, 2016, from http://revistas.ulusofona. pt/index.php/revlae/issue/view/213

Lecture Chakrabarti, V. (2016, February 16). A Country of Cities. Lecture presented in Harvard University: Graduate School of Design, Cambridge.

Magazine Allen, S. and Segal, R. (2014), Block/Tower: A Vertical Landscape in Midtown Manhattan. Architectural Design, 84: 60–65. doi: 10.1002/ad.1809

Thesis/Research Gringhuis, R., & Wiesner, T. (2014). An Exploration into the Qualities of a True Hybrid Building (Doctoral dissertation, Technical University Delft, 2014). Delft. Retrieved April 23, 2016, from repository.tudelft.nl. Herndon, J. D. (2011). Mixed-Use Development in Theory and Practice: Learning from Atlanta’s Mixed Experiences. Retrieved February 16, 2016. Hoppenbrouwer, E. and Louw, E. (2005). Mixed-use development: Theory and practice in Amsterdam’s Eastern Docklands. European Planning Studies. 13(7): 967-983. Luna, R. (2010). A ﬂexible infra-architectural system for a Hybrid Shanghai (Doctoral dissertation, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2010). Boston, MA: Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Retrieved April 23, 2016, from https://dspace.mit.edu/handle/1721.1/57525.

152

Martine, G. (2011). Preparing for sustainable urban growth in developing areas. Population Distribution, Urbanization, Internal Migration and Development: An International Perspective. Retrieved from http://www.un.org/esa/population/publications/PopDistribUrbanization/PopulationDistributionUrbanization.pdf Niemira, M. P. (2007). The Concept and Drivers of Mixed-use Development: Insights from a Cross-Organizational Membership Survey. Research Review. 4(1): 53-56. Rowley, A. (1996). Mixed-use Development: ambiguous concept, simplistic analysis and wishful thinking. Planning Practice & Research. 11(1): 85-98 Social aspects of public housing in Singapore: Kinship ties and neighbourly relations. (2000). Singapore: Research Section, Research & Planning Dept., Housing & Development Board. World urbanization prospects. (2014). Statistical Papers - United Nations (Ser. A), Population and Vital Statistics Report. Retrieved February 15, 2016, from http://esa.un.org/unpd/wup/highlights/wup2014-highlights.pdf

Website Frearson, A. (2013, January 14). Sliced Porosity Block by Steven Holl Architects. Retrieved April 25, 2016, from http://www.dezeen.com/2013/01/14/sliced-porosity-block-by-steven-holl-architects-2/ Nuwer, R. (2015, September 1). Is the world running out of space? Retrieved April 22, 2016, from http:// www.bbc.com/future/story/20150901-is-the-world-running-out-of-space PLOT / SAA / Block Tower. (2013, July 17). Retrieved April 26, 2016, from http://www.revistaplot.com/ en/saa-block-tower/ RosenďŹ eld, K. (2013, May 17). Construction begins on OMAâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Bryghusprojektet in Copenhagen. Retrieved April 25, 2016, from http://www.archdaily.com/374768/construction-begins-on-oma-sbryghusprojektet-in-copenhagen