Laser-Trapped Mirrors in Space Elizabeth F. McCormack Bryn Mawr College Jean-Marc Fournier Institute of Imaging and Applied Optics Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Tomasz Grzegorczyk Massachusetts Institute of Technology Robert Stachnik Christina River Institute
Liz McCormack
The LTM Design (Labeyrie, A&A, 1979)
CCD
Mirror TRAPPED MIRROR
Particle source
Star Light
Laser
Mirror
Standing wave of laser light traps particles Liz McCormack
Attributes of the LTM Potential for very large aperture mirrors with very low mass (35 m--> 100g !) and extremely high packing efficiency (35m--> 5 cm cube). Deployment without large moving parts, potential to actively alter the mirror’s shape, and the flexibility to change mirror “coatings” in orbit. . Potential for fabricating “naturally” cophased arrays of arbitrary shape as shown at left. Resilience against meteoroid damage (self-healing). The LTM should be diffraction limited at long wavelengths. For a trapping wavelength in the visible, e.g. 0.5 µm, and operation at 20 µm, the “flatness” of the mirror could be better than λ/80. Liz McCormack
Laser Trapped Mirrors in Space
Artist’s view of Laser Trapped Mirror (NASA study by Boeing- SVS)
Liz McCormack
Investigation of the Feasibility of a Laser Trapped Mirror (LTM) Part I: Experimental Status Jean-Marc Fournier Bryn Mawr College and
Imaging and Applied Optics Institute Swiss Federal Institute of Technology
October 17, 2006
NIAC meeting
Tucson, AZ
Investigation of the feasibility of a LTM Part I: experimental status
• Putting LTM in perspective • Imaging properties • Multiple trapping schemes • Optical trapping and optical binding • Conclusion and perspectives • Conferences and publications
Jean-Marc Fournier
Example of optical forces aaphoton photoncarries carries Energy Energyand andmomentum. momentum.
EE = = cc pp
F
Refraction force.
Hyakutake comet Jean-Marc Fournier
Every creative act is a sudden cessation of stupidity
Arthur Ashkin photorefractive effect four-wave mixing
optical levitation
optical trapping
Arthur Ashkin, “Acceleration and trapping of particles by radiation pressure”, Phys. Rev. Lett. 24. 156-159, 1970 Arthur Ashkin, “Trapping of atoms by resonance radiation pressure”, Phys. Rev. Lett. 40. 729-732, 1978 A. Ashkin, J. M. Dziedzic, J. E. Bjorkholm, and S. Chu, “Observation of a single-beam gradient force optical trap for dielectric particles,” Optics Letters 11(5), pp. 288–290, 1986. Jean-Marc Fournier
Dipolar trap Jean-Marc Fournier
Optical Trapping A. Ashkin, Acceleration and trapping of particles by radiation pressure, Phys. Rev. Lett. 24. 156-159, 1970 A. Ashkin, Trapping of atoms by resonance radiation pressure, Phys. Rev. Lett. 40. 729-732, 1978
Dipole approximation
Fgrad
α = a3
n2 − 1 n2 + 2
Fscat n2 − 1 α=a 2 n +2 3
k4 = 1/cλ4
〈Fscat〉 = 1/3 α2 k4 〈E2〉
〈Fgrad〉 = ½ α . ∇〈E2〉 Jean-Marc Fournier
High Throughput Screening: Caliper Lab-on-a-Chip Technology at Serono Miniaturization, Integration, Automation
Map Discrete Workstations to integrated micro channels
Revolutionary Advance in Laboratory Technology Jean-Marc Fournier
Alex Scheer
Polystyrene : refractive index: 1.59 density: 1.05
Laser 532 nm
Water : refractive index: 1.33 friction cooling/dissipation
Jean-Marc Fournier
Microscopes and Telescopes ∑ob
∑ref
CCD
Microscope
sample
Its not that we need new ideas, but we need to stop having old ideas. Jean-Marc Fournier
Edwin H. Land
Star Light
CCD
Mirror TRAPPED MIRROR
Particle source
Laser
Mirror
Labeyrie’s Vision Standing wave from laser light traps particles -Marc Fournier
A. Labeyrie, A&A, 1979
recording
reconstruction
inverse propagation Requires a flat recording wave‌ ‌.easier to make if somewhat convex Not a major problem Jean-Marc Fournier
From the microscope to the telescope?
Trapping In Water
In vacuum
cooling
30째 K
Dissipation
No friction
Neutral state (charges are screened)
Maintain a parabolic structure Compensation or annihilation of radiation pressure effect
Jean-Marc Fournier
Experiments in water _ Year I Work on different trapping schemes in water Best size achieved with a 5 Watt laser and micrometer size particles Prove experimentally that an optical crystal works as a mirror Jean-Marc Fournier
An LTM in water
Self-organization in dipole traps Jean-Marc Fournier
Investigation of the feasibility of a LTM Part I: experimental status
• Putting LTM in perspective • Imaging properties • Multiple trapping schemes • Optical trapping and optical binding • Conclusion and perspectives • Conferences and publications
Jean-Marc Fournier
Mirror function: imaging and focusing
Jean-Marc Fournier
Mirror function: Imaging and focusing With beads array
8
Whitout beads array
Difference
f f
f f
Jean-Marc Fournier
Investigation of the feasibility of a LTM Part I: experimental status
• Putting LTM in perspective • Imaging properties • Multiple trapping schemes • Optical trapping and optical binding • Conclusion and perspectives • Conferences and publications
Jean-Marc Fournier
J.-M. Fournier, M.M. Burns, and J.A. Golovchenko, “Writing Diffractive Structures by Optical Trapping”, Proc. SPIE 2406 “Practical holography”, pp. 101-111, 1995. M.M. Burns, J.-M. Fournier, and J.A. Golovchenko, "Optical Matter", US Patent # 5,245,466, 1993
Jean-Marc Fournier
N-Beam interference array of traps template generation
imaging system
intensity pattern
CCD
Piezo Jean-Marc Fournier
Interferometric trap arrays 2 Beams
3 Beams
20 µm
Jean-Marc Fournier
4 µm
20 µm
2 µm
Creation of High Contrast Fringes
Sample area
varying fringe spacing Steep gradients I sin ∇I
∇sin Jean-Marc Fournier
Investigation of the feasibility of a LTM Part I: experimental status
• Putting LTM in perspective • Imaging properties • Multiple trapping schemes • Optical trapping and optical binding • Conclusion and perspectives • Conferences and publications
Jean-Marc Fournier
Optical binding force
E
k B
Consider all fields: Incident and scattered, Near and far Pair of oscillators: Driven by fields and radiating like dipoles Solve self-consistency
Jean-Marc Fournier
Jean-Marc Fournier
Net Force Net Force
1
Fgrad = α ∇I 2
Gradient force
1
2
Fscat = α k I 3
Scattering force
n2 − 1 α=a 2 n +2 3
Jean-Marc Fournier
4
sin(kr) Fbinding =α k I r 2
2 2
Binding force
© J.M. Fournier
Optical binding in dipolar trap
Jean-Marc Fournier
Self organization in a large dipole trap
Binding and trapping at different positions in a gaussian beam
Z=0 µm Z=7500 µm
Z=1250 µm
1W 64 beads
113 beads
142 beads
68 beads
199 beads
198 beads
3W
3.5 µm polystyrene spheres
Jean-Marc Fournier
Optical binding in dipolar trap
Jean-Marc Fournier
Mirror size: How large?
Bead’s size 2 µm Mirror diameter 90 µm
Bead’s size 3.5 µm Mirror diameter 77 µm
@ 4 Watts Jean-Marc Fournier
Mirror size: How large?
Beads size 5 µm Mirror diameter 135 µm
@ 4 Watts
Beads size 6 µm Mirror diameter 250 µm Jean-Marc Fournier
Trapped optical crystal. about 1500 beads (2 µm) in hexagonal traps Diameter= 240 µm
Jean-Marc Fournier
Optical Binding
Stability Ground state?
Collective effect Field enhancement Jean-Marc Fournier
Fixing Trapped Structures From dynamic systems to hard copies:
:
Build efficient diffractive optics Construct customized phase functions
Do we want What about
? n o ti a r e m o is r o n io t polymeriza ? self –healing property
2.9 µm polystyrene spheres in a polyacrylamide hydrogel J.-M. R. Fournier, M.M. Burns, and J.A. Golovchenko, “Writing Diffractive Structures by Optical Trapping”, SPIE Proceed. 2406, 101-111, 1995 Jean-Marc Fournier
Collaborators Vision
?
bert Stachnik Antoine Labeyrie
LTM Collaborators Meetings - Cambridge, MA, March 2006 - Lausanne, CH, July 2006
Jean-Marc Fournier
Collaborators publications related to LTM M. Guillon, "Field Enhancement in a Chain of Optically Bound Dipoles“, Opt. Express 14, 3045-3055, 2006. M. Guillon, O. Moine, and B. Stout, “Longitudinal Optical Binding of High Optical Contrast Microdroplets in Air”, Phys. Rev. Lett. 96, 143902, 2006. M. Guillon, “Optical Binding in Air”, PIERS 2006 Cambridge, 2006. G.L. Lippi, S. Barland, M. Colombet, J. Farmer, R. Kaiser, and J.-M. Fournier, “Light-Mediated Particle Interactions in a Laser Trap”, PIERS 2006 Cambridge, 2006. O. Moine and B. Stout, “Exact Calculations of Optical Forces and Optical Binding in Single and Multiple Beam Optical Traps”, PIERS 2006 Cambridge, March 29, 2006. A. Labeyrie and J.-M. Fournier , “Interférometers and hypertelescopes”, , tribute to P.M. Duffieux and J. Duvernoy, GDR Ondes, Besançon, France, Nov 2005. A. Labeyrie, M. Guillon and J.-M. Fournier, “Optics of “Laser Trapped Mirrors” for large telescopes and hypertelescopes in space”, SPIE Proc. 5899, 2005. G.L. Lippi, R. Kaiser, N. Mönter, T. Chanelière, J.-M. Fournier, «Optical binding: a scattering-mediated force arising in micro-and nanoscopic samples”, Proc. European Quantum Electronics Conference, Munich, 2005. O. Moine, “Modelisation de Forces Optiques”, PhD thesis, Marseille, Nov. 2005. Jean-Marc Fournier
Diffusion regimes ka
characteristic dimensions of diffusing object diffusion model
Dipolar model
0.6
60
0.1位
10位
Rigorous electromagnetic calculation
Geometric optics
Use a size parameter ka, with: a: object size . k: wave number of incident beam
O. Moine, PhD Thesis, Marseille, 2005
Jean-Marc Fournier
Investigation of the feasibility of a LTM Part I: experimental status
• Putting LTM in perspective • Imaging properties • Multiple trapping schemes • Optical trapping and optical binding • Conclusion and perspectives • Conferences and publications
Jean-Marc Fournier
Different trapping schemes Optical binding in dipolar trap Interferometric trap arrays Multiple-beam interference Fresnel diffraction / Talbot imaging Jean-Marc Fournier
Need for better understanding of binding and on optical forces How far the 1/r force can be carried on? Watch out for polarization! Is it a configuration for which binding would help to ÂŤ grow Âť the mirror by field enhancement?
Jean-Marc Fournier
Thank You ! Jean-Marc Fournier
October 17th, 2006 NIAC 8th annual meeting Tuscon, Arizona
Investigation of the feasibility of a laser trapped mirror (LTM) Part II: theory and modeling Tomasz M. Grzegorczyk Center for Electromagnetic Theory and Applications Research Laboratory of Electronics Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Tomasz M. Grzegorczyk
Tomasz M. Grzegorczyk
Background Initial references: •Ashkin, “Acceleration and trapping of particles by radiation pressure”, PRL 1970. •Ashkin and Dziedzic, “Optical levitation by radiation pressure”, APL 1971. •Ashkin and Dziedic, “Radiation pressure on a free liquid surface”, PRL 1973. •Ashkin and Dziedic, “Optical levitation of liquid drops by radiation pressure”, Science 1975.
Laser beams Scattering force Gravitation Gradient force
Gaussian
Bessel
Image: Prof. J.-M. Fournier
Summers et al., “Optical guiding of aerosol droplets”, Optics Express, 14(14), 2006.
Tomasz M. Grzegorczyk
Initial references: •Ashkin, “Acceleration and trapping of particles by radiation pressure”, PRL 1970. •Ashkin and Dziedzic, “Optical levitation by radiation pressure”, APL 1971. •Ashkin and Dziedic, “Radiation pressure on a free liquid surface”, PRL 1973. •Ashkin and Dziedic, “Optical levitation of liquid drops by radiation pressure”, Science 1975.
Laser beams Scattering force Gravitation Gradient force
Gaussian
Bessel
Image: Prof. J.-M. Fournier
Summers et al., “Optical guiding of aerosol droplets”, Optics Express, 14(14), 2006.
Tomasz M. Grzegorczyk
Trapping in multiple beams
“The stuff of beams”, New Scientist, 13 May 2006.
LASER
Source: Prof. J.-M. Fournier, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Lausanne, Switzerland.
Mellor and Bain, “Array formation in evanescent waves”, ChemPhysChem 7, 2006.
Laser Trapped Mirror (LTM)
Tomasz M. Grzegorczyk
Artistic view:
Concept:
CCD Mirror TRAPPED MIRROR
Particle source
Star Light
Laser Mirror Mirror
Labeyrie, Astron. Astrophysics 77, 1979.
Advantages (extraordinary) • Arbitrarily large apertures • Exceptionally low areal mass • Self-healing properties • In space deployment • high packaging efficiency • etc
Difficulties (extraordinary) • Damping in free-space • Laser power, coherence • Single fringe trapping • Resist to space environment • Discharge of the dish • etc
Laser Trapped Mirror (LTM)
Tomasz M. Grzegorczyk
Electromagnetic view:
Concept:
CCD Mirror TRAPPED MIRROR
Particle source
Star Light
Laser Mirror Mirror
Labeyrie, Astron. Astrophysics 77, 1979.
Advantages (extraordinary) • Arbitrarily large apertures • Exceptionally low areal mass • Self-healing properties • In space deployment • high packaging efficiency • etc
Difficulties (extraordinary) • Damping in free-space • Laser power, coherence • Single fringe trapping • Resist to space environment • Discharge of the dish • etc
Electromagnetic modeling Scattering force
Gradient force
Binding force
The force is unique, obtained from the Maxwell stress tensor or Lorentz force Need accurate electromagnetic modeling
The field is much more mature from an experimental point of view than from a theoretical/numerical point of view. Tomasz M. Grzegorczyk
Theoretical and numerical work ¾ Compute the total EM fields in a single-body and multi-body systems ¾ Compute the force on each body ¾ Deduce the dynamics of the system and look for interesting properties. Challenges: Controversies: lossy media, separation of fields and matter, Develop a theory that is consistent with momentum conservation, Maxwell stress tensor, and Lorentz force (still being discussed in 2005).
Multi-body systems: computing the exact EM fields might be very difficult. Resort to 2D particles (cylinders) and the Foldy-Lax multiple scattering eqns.
Electrodynamics: density, viscosity, Brownian motion need to be accounted for. Brownian motion is neglected so far (future work), systems are assumed overdamped (true for water, not true for free-space).
Laser Trapped Mirror Image formation by scattering from particles, study image quality. Tomasz M. Grzegorczyk
Field scattering by an infinite cylinder Field expressions:
Cylindrical modes:
Force expression:
Tomasz M. Grzegorczyk
Principle of Foldy-Lax equations
Two particles:
N particles:
Total exciting field on particle j ; solved e.g. by matrix inversion Scattered field from particle j Scattered field from N particle
Total field including all interactions
Tomasz M. Grzegorczyk
Trapping in various sets of sinusoidal traps
Source: Prof. J.-M. Fournier, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Lausanne, Switzerland
Tomasz M. Grzegorczyk
Matching experiments
Three incidences
Tomasz M. Grzegorczyk
Matching experiments
Two incidences
Tomasz M. Grzegorczyk
Matching experiments
Two incidences
Tomasz M. Grzegorczyk
Matching experiments
Three incidences
Tomasz M. Grzegorczyk
• Pure electromagnetic approach • Minimum approximations • Multiple particles in a parabola • Cylinders instead of spheres
Full-wave simulations show a clear focusing from even a small number of particles
Parameters: a=0.3λ, 81 cylinders
Issues: • Size of models • Scaling properties • Feasibility 2D LTM simulations
Einc
Tomasz M. Grzegorczyk
Resolution study
D
Ф
Surface roughness
Parabola equation:
0.4 deg
0.8 deg
1.2 deg
1.6 deg
1.8 deg
2.0 deg
2.2 deg
2.4 deg
2.8 deg
3.2 deg
1 realization Monte Carlo over 100 realization
Tomasz M. Grzegorczyk
Future of LTM modeling Our modeling tool gives us a tremendous flexibility to study various geometries of LTMs: • rough • separated particles • piecewise LTM • effects of “lost particles”
Piecewise LTM
Separated LTM
Main issue: scale of the LTM Need to find a better algorithm or reasonable assumptions in order to be able to simulate a meter-size LTM. Tomasz M. Grzegorczyk
Conclusions Important advancements have been done during Year 1: Understanding of forces in media: Agreement between Lorentz force and Maxwell stress tensor for lossless/lossy media.
Modeling dynamics of 2D particles in an optical lattice Exact calculation of fields and forces in complex systems.
Modeling of an LTM: Demonstration of focusing using exact scattering calculations Study of resolution for two incident plane waves Study of image quality as function of roughness New possibilities for modeling large-scale LTM
Year 2: further modeling and feasibility study of the LTM Tomasz M. Grzegorczyk
Publications under NIAC sponsorship Journal papers: • • • • • •
Brandon A. Kemp, Tomasz M. Grzegorczyk, and Jin Au Kong, “Ab initio study of the radiation pressure on dielectric and magnetic media”, Optics Express, vol. 13, no. 23, 9280-9291, 14 November 2005. Brandon A. Kemp, Tomasz M. Grzegorczyk, and Jin Au Kong, “Lorentz force on dielectric and magnetic particles”, J. of Electromagn. Waves and Appl., vol. 20, no. 6, 827-839, 2006. Tomasz M. Grzegorczyk, Brandon A. Kemp, and Jin Au Kong, “Stable optical trapping based on optical binding forces”, Phys. Rev. Lett. 96, 113903, 2006. Tomasz M. Grzegorczyk, Brandon A. Kemp, and Jin Au Kong, “Trapping and binding of an arbitrary number of cylindrical particles in an in-plane electromagnetic field”, J. Opt. Soc. Am. A, 23(9) Sept. 2006. Brandon A. Kemp, Tomasz M. Grzegorczyk, and Jin Au Kong, “Optical momentum transfer to absorbing Mie particles”, Phys. Rev. Lett., 97(133902), 2006. Tomasz M. Grzegorczyk, Brandon A. Kemp, and Jin Au Kong, “Passive guiding and sorting of small particles with optical binding forces”, Opt. Lett., 31(22), Nov. 2006.
Others: • • • •
“Recent advances in optical trapping and binding”, conference session organized by Prof. J.-M. Fournier and Dr. T. M. Grzegorczyk, Prog. In Electromagn. Research Symp., Cambridge MA, March 26-29, 2006. “Optical matter, modeling and experimental realizations”, conference session organized by Prof. J.-M. Fournier and Dr. T. M. Grzegorczyk, Prog. In Electromagn. Research Symp., Beijing China, March 2630, 2007. “The stuff of beams” J. Mullins, New Scientist, 13 May 2006. “Controlling optical binding creates trap for optical matter”, PhyOrg.com, March 22, 2006.
Tomasz M. Grzegorczyk
Tomasz M. Grzegorczyk
“The stuff of beams”, New Scientist, 13 May 2006.