Perceptions and the
Senses
What is perception ?
Perception is a tangled web of processes and what we can see hear and touch is determined by our own expectations that it raises the question, whether if we are truly predicting what Others do? What governs our perception of the world? Sight, sound, taste, touch and smell appear to influence each other. In the beginning of the 19th century the coding system was know as the action Potential. There are 1.000.00 channels called nerve fibres in the optical nerve. Over all perception in sensory means the interpretation of sensory stimuli based on memory.
What are senses ?
Senses let you know about what is happening in the word around you. Without them you would be completely cut off from every thing around you, You would not know where your arms are whether they are folded or not. The five main senses includes: sight, hearing, taste, smell, feeling or touch. The parts of your body that can senses things are called senses organs.
The Sixth Sense.
The sixth sense is when you have a vague feeling the sometimes is happening without seeming to see, hear, taste, smell or feel it. People often call this the sixth sense. In-fact, your sense could have picked up something tiny that you weren’t aware of like a small breath of wind.
Sight Touch
Smell The illustration above shows how infomation is processed. The hands is the brain holding a box which represents rules and knowledge. The senses in this case the infomation are received and the processed by the brain to make the sense of the infomation.
Sound
Taste
Senses + Knowledge +
+ Rules = Information
How do we receive infomation?
The Parts of your sense organs that can tell what is happening are called receptors. Receptors convert infomation in to electrical pulses which are sent to your brain nerve cells. You brain analyses the infomation and makes you aware of what is going on. IT then sends the instructions to a particular part of your body to react to the situation.
Nerve Cells
Nerve Cells are complex fibres which carries pulses of electricity from receptors to your brain. A nerve cell has a cell body, an axon and tentacles called dendrites. The pulses pass from the end of an axon to the nearest dentrite of the next cell. The pulses passed from one cell to the next, until the infomation reaches the brain. Infomation is sent to the cortex which is a part of the brain different areas of the cortex deals with different senses. Signals are directed to the correct are of the brain by the thalamus. The nerves are grouped together within the spinal cord and conveyed tot he brain, which controls and coordinates the nerve system. The nerve system can be decided in to the motor ( muscular), sensory ( infomation to the brain ) and the autonomic nervous system (bodily functions).
Receptors
Different Receptors in your different sense organs are designed to detect and respond to different things. This is why you can not see with your ears or smell with your eyes. For example: Some receptors in the ears responds to sounds. Other responds when you turn your head so that you can keep your balance. Receptors inside the nose responds to chemicals in the air. Receptors in the tongue responds to liquids or substance dissolved in saliva. Receptors in your skin respond to touch pressure, temperature.
Nerve cell sending pulses tot he brain.
Axon: long tentacle which carried pulses away from the cell body.
Cell body: conttels the nerve cell.
Dendrite: short tentacle which carried pulse tot he cell body.
Electrical pulses received from receptor
Sight
The retainer has 100,20,000,000 receptors like tiny photons and produces signals. Known as transfuses, it converts the Photons into energy entering the eye into signals which Produces electricity. A similar process happens to all senses this is know as action potential. The optical nerve goes to different areas of the brain. Starting from the back of the brain, with the region where we call the V1 meaning the primary visual area, Which is related to other areas that caries out information such as movement. The nerve cells carry pulses of electricity from receptors to your brain .The receptors are organs that converts information into electrical pulses which is sent though the nerve cells to your brain. The brain then make senses of the information and make you aware of what is going on around you. For example the hand is your brain the red box is the knowledge the brain contains. The Senses is passed tough the nerve cells to the brain and converts the senses from the nerve cell in to information using the knowledge and the rules with in the brain. There are 1.000.00 channels called nerve fibres in the optical nerve. The retainer has 100,20,000,000 receptors like tiny photons and produces signals. Known as transfuses, it converts the Photons into energy entering the eye into signals which Produces electricity. A similar process happens to all senses this is know as action potential. The optical nerve goes to different areas of the brain. Starting from the back of the brain, with the region where we call the V1 meaning the primary visual area, Which is related to other areas that caries out information such as movement.
Eye lid Pupil
Eye lash
Tear bud Cornea
Inside of an eye.
Cornea
Anterior chamber
Macula
Eye iris Lens Vitreous
Retina
Optical Nerve
Ciliary artery
Choroid Sclera
Eyes and seeing
Eyes are the window on the world. Light rays enters your eye through a tiny hole called the pupils. Receptors on the retina, called rods and cones, changes this picture into electrical pulses. These are sent along the optical nerve to your brain, which turns them into a right way up three-dimensional image. The reason why we have two eyes is because The brain joins the two images together to help you see three dimensional images. This is called binocular vision. For example if you were to hold up your finger about 10 inch from your nose then focus on an object behind it. Then shut your eye alternatively and you should see your finger jump from side to side.
Blind spot
There are no rods or comes on the tiny spot where the optical nerve leaves the eye. This is called your blind spot. If an image falls exactly on your blind spot. You will no be able to see it, you don’t normally realize your blind spot because images usually fill on other parts of your retina too, and your brain fills in the gap.
Sight
Rays of light enters the eyeball though the cornea , pass through the lens and vitreous humour to the fovea centralist retina, This pathway is called the visual axis, By means of complex system of muscles and nerves, the brain insures that the two visual axes remain parallel. The exception is when the eyes converde to read or study a close object.
Focus
A lens in your eye makes sure the object you look at are in focus so it is not blurry. It changes shape when you look at different things at different distance. This makes rays entering your eye bend by different amount.
The rainbow
Most colours can be made by mixing the three basic colours of light: red, able and green. The eyes can mix colours the same way. This is because there are three types of cone on your retina: red, green and blue. Each responds to by a different amount depending on what colour you are looking for.
Colour blindness
Colour blind people can not tell the difference between red and green, because their red and green cones are not working properly. They learn to call grass green, because other people do. Occasionally , people have normal vision in one eye, but colour-blind in the other.
Seeing in the Darks
Cones don’t work properly in the dark or went he light is dim. This is when you see the rod to see. Rods can detect colour. This is why it is hard to make out colour at night. Even so the rods needs some light to work. They are help by the pupils which enlarges at night to let as much light in as possible.
Is what you see really what you see?
Often what yousee depends on what you are expecting to see, or what you what to see. For example when you are hungry you catch a glimpse of a green a ball and you automatically think of a green apple. Or if its a filmier word you have misspelt and you have not realized it. This is because the brain has assumed that the infomation is correct.
Illusion entertains different hypothesis Illusions are distortions and funtions. There are rules and laws. For example producing ghost effective use on limited info on the basis of past experience.. For example you have been in a situation slimier to the one you had in the past it will then process it as though its a typical situation it will then produce artificial errors. The Brain is filled with all sorts of infomation from past experience which happens to be wrong in some cases. Some times when you look at a pattern, regular shapes can appear distorted Because the combination of shapes is unfamiliar, your brain doesn’t know hoe to interpret the image.
Auditory
Auditory. System converts energy mechanical transmission in the air which sets up the mechanical changes in process with transmission takes place with in the inner ear, leading to the generation of nerve impulse. Inn this way which it happens is very different. Receptors that do this transmission are machinery receptors. What they respond to is minute with in the cyclone in the inner ear. Sound waves comes in, it is transmitted through the altar the middle air way leek amplification, in the inner ear they get broken up into frequency components so one end of the cologne ear responds to high frequency sounds. It has been said that the cologne has over million central movements in order= for it to function properly. This is converted in to nerve impulses and it enters the brain which travels to a number of path ways before it reaches the V1 site for the auditory system. By then the information has been through five synaptic station. The difference between visual and auditory codeine depends on an integration of the two ears we use a minute timing difference in the level and timing of the signals of the two ears to determine where the sound is coming from in space that has to be together in order for it to make sense. This process involves attention, learning, this applies to all sensory. Basically hearing begins when sound waves reach the ear drum; the vibrations pass through the ossicles and displaces fluid with in the cochlea, The fluid stimulates hair cells of the organ of corti to send signals to the brain, The semicircular canals monitor balance by similar mechanism.
The Inner Ear
Pinna: the part of your ear you can see. It helps to direct sound waves in to the middle
Stapes
Auditory nerve to the brain.
Indcus
Malleus
Oval window: small hole covered by a membrane Ear drum: hole covered with a tight membrance
Cochlea: Spiral shaped tube
I first witnessed this in a large convention‌ The speaker asked us to close our eyes and she played a syllable which was pa and everybody heard pa. She asked us to open our eyes and there in the screen in front of us was a huge picture of somebodies face and the picture stimulus was saying ka or ta and a huge gasp came from the audience. This shows how visual influences perception.
Taste
The nervous signals responsible for our senses of taste in he taste buds. These microscopic structures are most numerous in the groves around the vallate papillae of the tongue. Any substance tasted must first dissolving saliva and then percolate through thinly pores to the hair receptors of the taste bud. There are thought to be specialized receptors for each of the basic taste.
Bitter
There are four tastes: sweet, salty, sour and bitter. We are able to smell and taste food to make them more interesting to eat. The image above shows which part of the tongue respond to which taste.
Sour Sour
Salty
Salty Sweet
These flavour neurons are formed by learnt associations. Unlike the rules of time and space ( Proximity + Time + Space ). For example if they are arising from he same location they tend to be from the same object. Flavour neurons are chemical senses such as the daily food input. For example The smell of strawberries and taste of sweet. The sweet + Taste form flavour neuron. The intergeneration of taste + Smell is quite stable, you want strawberries to taste like strawberries. You have learnt that. You obviously don’t want to put a off strawberry into your mouth. Such as eating mouldy cheesy you learn as a one off trail and not to eat it again.
Your tongue contains hundreds of small bumps
Each bump is surrounded by a very small trench which traps saliva.
Taste receptors The receptors on your tongue respond to chemicals in your food dissolved in saliva. Different parts of your tongue responds to each of the four basic tastes.
Smell
The olfactory mucous membrane, a small area in the nasal cavity contains 10-20 million olfactory cells, each tripped by 10-20 tiny hairs. When air contains odorous molecules reaches the olfactory cells certain molecules fit certain receptors on the hairs; nervous signals are then sent to the rain, where they are interpreted as orders.
Deisgned by Cindy Mak