body + space by cniculescu

body + space calling for responsive humanist architecture

UBC SALA Cesar Niculescu

body + space calling for responsive humanist architecture

FALL 2016 GRADUATE PROJECT I APPENDIX C

CANDIDATE

Cesar Niculescu MENTOR

Joe Dahmen

CONTENTS 06 Abstract 09 Statement of Thesis // Introduction 10

the invasion of things

11 12 15 18 20 21

What are IoT Devices // IoT & Ubiquitous Computing Defining the Internet of Things Architecture & the Internet of Things Internet of Things Technological Roadmap Internet of Things & Big Data Designing for Trust

taxonomy of sensory objects

24 35 38 40

Ambient Sensors Motion Sensors Body Monitoring Sensors Tactile Sensors

adaptive enviornments

43 46 48 50

SM_The Object MD_The Room LG_Smart Homes X_Adaptive

methodology

area of inquiry

65 Conclusion

ABSTRACT

“Today, one hardly changes a space to its needs, instead one adapts to the spaces available, or moves elsewhere.” - AYR “HOME 2014. AIRBNB PAVILION.”

Whether we like it or not, silicon is invading our environments. As our society becomes beholden to our devices, more data is being collected about the spatial condition than ever before. Objects known as the Internet of Things or smart devices are becoming pervasive, collecting more data about the environment than ever before. The Internet of Things (IoT) is the interconnecting of physical devices, vehicles, buildings and other itemsembedded with electronics, software, sensors, actuators, and network connectivity that enable these objects to collect and exchange data. Today we see a total of ten billion IoT devices, with that number projecting to reach fifty billion by 2020. The Internet of Things infrastructure provides an expanded understanding of ourselves and the environment that surrounds us. These devices already exist within our homes and offices, albeit in relatively mundane applications with binary inputs and outputs. Examples of such devices include automated switches and lights, security systems and smart appliances. While hobbyists and building 6

maintenance teams have deployed IoT devices, these so-called “smart” devices do little to harness the capacity of adapting objects and architecture to human interaction. Location and biometric data are some examples of metrics that push us from discrete, autonomous individuals to become a part of a vast, interconnected network where we constantly transmit and receive data. While information about the individual is becoming a high valuable commodity to companies such as Google and Facebook, the architecture around us is evermore prefabricated and disconnected from the end user. As this data becomes available to corporations, we must question if our built environment draws upon this dataset, what capacity does this information provide to the architect? Can we harness this information to augment our experience of space or will it merely be a gimmick that tracks, analyzes and isolates us? Can new sensory technology push us to produce a human conscious architecture?

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STATEMENT OF THESIS

I argue the ubiquity of IoT devices will enable architecture to go beyond the normalcy of a statically arranged spatial configuration into a constantly adaptive environment. As healthcare benefits from the creation of an ever increasing dataset about our bodies, the spaces within which we work and live do not change based on new intelligence. What if we could update our buildings like we update our software? My thesis will explore the potential for the reconfiguration of spatial organization based on knowledge of inhabitants. Sensors enable designers to strategically adapt the environment based on new data about inhabitants, but have not effectively used this information to modify spatial conditions. Given this new insight, I propose adaptive architectural elements that have the capability to react to inhabitants and to provide a dynamic range of expression. INTRODUCTION

In calling for a responsive, humanist architecture, I seek to understand the current potential of using sensory objects to dynamically alter spatial configurations. To do this, I start off by understanding what sensory objects are, the history behind them, the relevance to architecture and question the social implications of their deployment, particularly focusing on privacy. This section is titled the invasion of things, as the deployment of new technologies have lied primarily in the hands of the technology sector with little regard to architecture. Building monitoring sensors that have been deployed do indeed efficiently serve a buildingâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s 8

operational services, that reduces labour for building maintenance. While this has proven helpful, it has not fundamentally changed how we design and interact in our environments. Similarly, the healthcare sector benefits from new data about our bodies with improved diagnostics permitting more personalized treatment. This data can not only be used for health care per se, but also to reconfigure interfaces, products, services and spaces given a thorough understanding of individual needs. We now have sensors to understand the environment and human body, but we fail to use that capacity to generate a dynamic range of expression within our spaces. Secondly I look into the current capabilities of sensory objects and examples of how deployed sensors have modified our environments to some degree. In adaptive environments, I look at various architectural case studies that use sensory devices. By exploring projects that encompass different scales, we can identify how sensory devices are used to modify different spatial characteristics. This section is organized by scale from the small, which deals with an object as the modifying element, the medium which deals with the room, large which explores smart houses and the adaptive scale, which assembles or disassembles based on the needs of the inhabitant. This is followed by a methodology section that targets housing as the program of intervention, given itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s adaptive condition and contemporary requirements. Lastly, I define a site to deploy devices on a larger scale in the area of inquiry section.

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What are IoT Devices : IoT & Ubiquitous Computing

the invasion of things To understand the potential for how IoT devices can be used to dynamically modify space, a background understanding of what these devices are and how they affect architecture must be understood. This section consists of understanding what sensory objects are, the history behind them, the relevance to architecture and the questioning of social implications of their deployment, particularly focusing on privacy.

Xerox PARC define Ubiquitous Computing in 1991

When asked about the future of the internet,Google’s chairman and ex-CEO Eric Schmidt proclaimed “the internet will disappear” (Smith). What he meant by this was the realization of ubiquitous computing, the idea that computing is made to appear anywhere at anytime. Conceived by Xerox Palo Alto Research Center (PARC) in the late 1980s, ubiquitous computing is conceived as the seamless transition from one device to another, as pictured in their 1991 ideal meeting environment. Mark Weiser, known for defining ubiquitous computing at PARC, claims it as the third wave of computing, after mainframes and personal computing. He also defines this last wave as the age of calm technology, when technology recedes into the background of our lives (Weiser). The Internet of Things (IoT) is tied to creating the underlaying sensory infrastructure that enables ubiquitous computing. IoT is the interconnecting of physical devices, vehicles, buildings and other items-embedded with electronics, software, sensors, actuators, and network connectivity that enable objects to collect and exchange data. In BODY + SPACE 11

1982, the first recognized smart device was created using a modified Coke machine in the Computer Science department at Carnegie Mellon University. This machine was tied to the internet and tracked the quantity and temperature of soda, using microswitches to sense how many bottles were present in each of its six columns of bottles (CMU). From the academic world, IoT moved towards industry as devices were initially deployed in warehouses to track and manage inventory.

Defining the Internet of Things

The term Internet of Things (IoT) was originally introduced by the Auto-ID research center at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology where the primary objective was to uniquely identify products (Chaouchi 3). The centre was established in 1999 when the Uniform Code Council, EAN International, Procter & Gamble and Gillette put up funding to explore UHF (ultra-high frequency), RFID (radiofrequency identification) systems. Between the years of 1999 and 2003, the Auto-ID Center gained the support of more than 100 large enduser companies, alongside the U.S. Department of Defense and many key RFID vendors (Minerva 9). It opened research labs in Australia, the United Kingdom, Switzerland, Japan and China. The institute is known for turning RFID into a networking technology by linking physical objects to the Internet through tags. For industry, this was an important change, because a manufacturer could automatically let a business partner know when a shipment was leaving the dock at a manufacturing facility or warehouse, and a retailer could automatically let the manufacturer know when the goods arrived.

The Auto-ID Center started using the term “Internet of Things” in 2000 and heavily promoted the concepts and ideas of a connected world with the Electronic Product Code (EPC) system as the basis of how things are connected to the Internet. Kevin Ashton, the executive director of the Auto-ID Center at the time, claims to have coined the term “Internet of Things” (Minerva 9) However, the term was previously used in a 1997 publication by the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) as well as in a 1985 speech delivered to the Congressional Black Caucus Foundation by Peter Lewis where he describes the Internet of Things as “the integration of people, processes and technology with connectable devices and sensors to enable remote monitoring, status, manipulation and evaluation of trends of such devices” (Minerva 10 ; Sharma). By and large, the concept of the Internet of Things existed long before the definition of the word was established. Connected refrigerators telling users when to buy milk, what is now known as smart cities and the vision of an immersive shopping experience go back before the term Internet of Things even existed. The term Internet of Things has been described and defined by numerous research institutes and corporations with varying degrees to the scope of deployment, types of technologies used and system capacity. It is generally seen as an umbrella term since “things” does not identify context or purpose. The broad range of applications has not helped in identifying IoT devices also; whether you place a sensory object on a whale or a trash can, it still serves the basic function of tracking an object in space. The Internet of Things has also been called Smart Devices, Connected Devices and even branded by Cisco as The Internet of Everything (Cisco). Initially, since the groundwork for IoT was predominately based on RFID technology, the differentiation between RFID interconnectivity and IoT BODY + SPACE 13

was nonexistent. Confusion still exists as not every connected device is part of the Internet of Things. For example your phone or laptop is connected to the internet but it is not considered to be a “thing.” These devices are common networking gadgets therefore they are not merely sensory objects, despite having both networking and sensory capabilities. The European think tank i-SCOOP has defined IoT devices by their seven characteristics : 1. Connectivity Devices and/or sensors need to be connected: to an item, to each other, to a process and to ‘the Internet’ or another network. 2. Things Anything that can be tagged or connected as such as it’s designed to be connected. From sensors and household appliances to tagged livestock. Devices can contain sensors or sensing materials can be attached to devices and items. 3. Data Data is the glue of the Internet of Things, the first step towards action and intelligence. 4. Communication Devices get connected so they can communicate data and this data can be analyzed. 5. Intelligence The aspect of intelligence as in the sensing capabilities in IoT devices and the intelligence gathered from data analytics (also artificial intelligence). 6. Action The consequence of intelligence. This can be manual action, action based upon debates regarding phenomena (for instance in climate change decisions) and automation, often the most important piece.

7. Ecosystem The place of the Internet of Things from a perspective of other technologies, communities, goals and the picture in which IoT fits. These characteristics can be used as a checklist for identifying the criteria for what is an IoT device. Even with these characteristics, the term IoT is broad enough to be interchanged with the term Connected Devices, as the differentiation between the terms remain ambiguous.

Architecture & the Internet of Things While the Internet of Things is primarily a concept dealt with in computer science, network theory began to influence Late Modernism in spite of groups such as Congrès internationaux d’architecture moderne (CIAM) and Team X. This period was primarily about embracing flux, defining nodes and the ability for architecture to provide to a need of “manifesting individuality” as mass production has led to a standardized approach to building out our cities. Reyner Banham’s notion of the Second Machine age decipher what had led architecture to move from a period designed around mass production towards novel, adaptive spatial strategies. Projects during this period, such as Yona Friedman’s the Spatial City and Archigram’s Electric Tomato exemplify the transient ideals of networked components that enable architecture to dynamically adapt. The freedom to conceive of architecture in a flexible way is attributed by Reyner Banham to the “second age” of the machine, one based on mass consumption (Banham 10). The television for BODY + SPACE 15

Yona Friedman’s The Spatial City

Banham was the symbol of the Second Machine Age and a tool for mass-communication that drove people’s attention toward their common desires. Mass demand requires mass production. Mass production indeed is a key reference for the understanding of how the life of a large part of society had changed. The technical revolutions has enabled even the smallest aspects of life to be revolutionized. Thanks to chemical and physical progress in the field of materials and architectural elements, the drive towards innovation by architecture increased substantially in this period (Banham 11). Throughout the past century, cantilevering has become bigger, structures lighter and more effective and building standards constantly improve. New building materials, home automation, facade or roof elements that produce or save energy, are driving life to unknown but interesting scenarios. Architects are more willing than ever to think behind building limits and experiment with new solutions. Yona Friedman’s the Spatial City exemplifies how architecture should “no longer form a closed system” and embrace the adaptive qualities of 16

a city (Schrijver 53). For Yona, “The city, as a mechanism, is nothing other than a labyrinth : a configuration of points of departure, and terminal points, separated by obstacles” (Mars 12). This goes against the “fallacy of physical determinism” that has contained architecture to create static visions of buildings and cities that are based primarily on aesthetic (Schrijver 54). In this concept, Friedman designs a framework by which to be occupied by mobile containers. In effect, she is designing the grid with defined constraints: spaces in this grid are rectangular and habitable modular “voids”, with an average area of 25-35 square meters and the filling up of voids may only take up 50% of the three-dimensional lattice. Mobile architecture is the “dwelling decided on by the occupant” by way of “infrastructures that are neither determined nor determining”. Mobile architecture embodies an architecture available for a “mobile society” (Mars 12). Archigram’s Electric Tomato project is seen to be the first conceived IoT device described in architecture. The wires extending from the tomato to a person suggest a permanent state of being plugged in (Schrijver 52). Schrijver sees the project as one of the earliest precursors to the ambient technology that underlies the IoT. Behind this idea lied the inherent belief that “technological progress was good” and the need to preserve individuality within an “increasingly massive and technological world” (Schrijver 54). The goal of being in constant flux and providing to a need of “manifesting individuality” dominates over static form (Schrijver 52).

Archigram’s Electric Tomato

These examples show how optimism regarding technology was at a high during Late Modernism. Innovation in technology and mass production led to an optimistic stance on the future deployments BODY + SPACE 17

of new technologies. However, these ideas have largely been forgotten through a time gap brought by post-modernism. The manifesto period of modernism has devolved to accepting the financial norms that push architecture to be reactionary to market desires. By and large the optimism embraced by these times have become lacklustre to architecture but still exist within the technology sector. This next section will seek to examine how the knowledge economy is nudging mass customization due to mass information awareness.

Internet of Things Technological Roadmap The future of the Internet of Things is ubiquitous and intelligent. Today, many everyday objects already incorporate embedded micro-controllers. As the cost for incorporating wireless interfaces exponentially drops, the scale of connected devices is expected to rise exponentially as well. Today, there are 10 billion IoT devices deployed within our environments, in applications ranging from lighting and alarm systems to monitor garbage bins and cows roaming in fields. By 2020, this number is projected to be 50 billion and projections show devices will form an eleven trillion dollar industry as the level of automation expands (Manyika). Miniaturization is also a key factor in this as smaller components can be deployed on smaller objects. The European Coordination and Support Action for Global RFID-Related Activities and Standardization (CASAGRAS) defined the atom as the smallest object in the IoT; as could be seen

by nanotechnology, which is one of the enabling technologies of the IoT (Chaouchi 7). For example, the University of Colorado Boulder has designed epidermal mechano-acoustic sensing electronics for cardiovascular diagnostics and human-machine interfaces. While designed to act as a stethoscope, results have shown to provide many opportunities in precision recording of sounds and vibratory signatures not only of natural body processes but also of the operation of mechanical implants such as LVADs (left ventricular assist device) or even speech recognition. The monitoring of snoring, blood flow and muscle contractions are all potential traits this device can track. The team identifies the need for fully wireless capabilities, on-board data storage/processing and integrated power supply as necessary components to get this object to market (Liu 9). As biomarkers are already being used on animals, whether through GPS or RFID, miniaturization shows the potential to expand our tools for gathering data about the world around us. Additionally, this knowledge does not have to be restricted to the anthropocene, as we can adapt our environments based on increased knowledge beyond human activity.

A. Exploded view diagram of the overall design structure of the system. B. Illustration of the assembled device and its interface with soft EP measurement electrodes and flexible cable for power supply and data acquisition. A cross-sectional view appears in the upper inset. C. Device mounted on finger.

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Internet of Things & Big Data As devices become more ubiquitous, the amount of data being collected drastically increases. Ever smaller, cheaper, and smarter systems have the potential to augment evermore everyday objects. This is why mentioning the internet of things typically requires the discussion of big data. The two ideas are correlated as pervasive sensory technologies gather an ever-increasing amount of data. However, for this data to bring utility to organizations or users, the processing of that information becomes vital. This typically results in creating vast databases with algorithms determining trends and predicting outcomes based on a wide degree of information. Similarities, correlations and abnormalities could be quickly identified based on the real-time streams of data. However, as computation power becomes more readily available (due to Moore’s Law), the onboard potential of devices to process more complex functions brings a new potential to sensory devices. The internet of things can at some point serve as bots for artificial intelligence. SRI Consulting Business Intelligence speculates software will emulate human reasoning and performs tasks on behalf of people. Capabilities of software updates promise to evolve toward processes that resemble reasoning. Using machine-to-machine communication, objects could collaborate with one another to eliminate the need for human labour. Synergies between devices present advantages that automate our world, but also present challenges that question data security. Many everyday objects could serve as nodes for collecting data that’s useful to businesses; an open market in usage data could 20

Technology Roadmap for the Internet of Things

support the launching of advertising messages; such an open market in information could equally enable surveillance by law enforcement agencies and exploitation by enemies of nation (SRI 5). The question of access to information becomes vital as various stakeholders can exploit or benefit from such data. While this thesis does not seek to demote the potential for security exploits, the focus is on experiential design as opposed to designing to mitigate risk of security breaches.

Designing for Trust The question of trust is critical to the data collection aspect of the Internet of Things. If “things” are more effective at delivering on their claimed benefits, at what point do users scroll to the bottom of a thousand page contract and press “I Agree” with little foresight as to what the implications of such an action might be. While this has become common BODY + SPACE 21

practice for digital services, the implications of what accepting constant tracking are unknown. Already, companies such as Apple has used the movement of devices to track locations of wifi access points, effectively exploiting their customers as a tool for data collection. This type of crowd-sourced data is also used in traffic to determine the optimum routes through cities based on speed of travel from various anonymous devices. Google is already vested in mapping out your city, creating a timeline of all the paths and points you have visited and customizing maps to show points of interested specific to what Google believes is relevant. Destination and paths are critical for them, as that data provides insights to their customers willing to market to certain target audiences or investigate consumer data. As this data becomes available to corporations, we must question if our built environment draws upon this dataset, how can it adapt to curate to the needs of occupying agents. The understanding of how people and objects move through a space will become a vital tool to gather knowledge about occupancy, resource flow and how to modulate space to accommodate for such flows. Human occupancy and movement shows quantitatively what spaces we spend time in and can therefore assume the value of those spaces on different inhabitants. Oosterman states “our minds and bodies are nodes in multilayered networks, transmitting and receiving information, we are not just discrete autonomous entities as we thought before” (Volume 2-3). The home is just another source of information that companies are interested in targeting. Already both Apple and Google have sought to invade the home, with products catering to smart home enthusiasts. While Apple primarily focuses on establishing a framework 22

for software developers to work with hardware and residential building developers, Google has outright built products to listen and monitor to how you use your home. In 2014, they acquired Nest, a smart thermostat and smoke detector company for $3.2 billion, a significant investment in a company dedicated to Internet of Things products (Alphabet). Since then, Nest had acquired Dropcam, a home video surveillance company. Dropcam has since been integrated into their Nest pool of home IoT devices, alongside the Google Home, a voiceactivated speaker system that pools hundreds of different services to one device. Aside from using your voice to set the temperature or turn down the lights, it can, with permission, retrieve your flight information and tell you about the traffic on your way to work. Both Apple and Google are committed to assuring users their data is safe. Google claims they “never give “backdoor” access to your data or our servers that store your data; no government entity, U.S. or otherwise, has direct access to our users’ information.” Google also claims they use data to show ads, but do not sell personal information. Despite these claims, vulnerabilities exist when data and devices are connected to the internet. In October 2016, a large distributed denial of service (DDoS) attack was made using an estimated one million insecure IoT devices (Condliffe). As these attacks prove the potential processing power already embedded in existing smart devices, it regrettably exemplifies the disregard manufacturers and vendors have given to security. As the ecosystem expands, more attention will be given to security as the market will demand it. However, this will never eradicate the risk of data breaches.

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taxonomy of sensory objects Unless solely relying on externalities or an ecosystem of data, an IoT device typically have a mode of sensory information built within the object. The types of data collection are diverse and used in a vast degree of various operations. This section is dedicated to understanding the various characteristics that sensors track and examples of where this type of information is directly deployed within an environment. It also is organized to understand the current capacities that our sensory objects can deliver and attempt to explore implicit manipulations that each sensor can drive. This section is divided into five parts, based on different input types: ambient, motion, body monitoring and tactile sensors.

Ambient Sensors Ambient sensors are used to detect changes to the environment. As the physical phenomena changes in the sensorâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s surroundings, it can detect either a threshold condition (rain or no rain) or quantifiable variations (1mm/sec rainfaill).

Light Sensor TYPICAL RESPONSE TIME : 20-30 milliseconds PEAK WAVELENGTH : 540 nm Photo-resistor light sensors (light dependent resistor) are used to detect the intensity of light in the environment. The resistance of photo-resistor decreases when the intensity of light increases. An onboard chip produces voltage corresponding to intensity of light (i.e. based on resistance value). The output signal is an analogue value, the brighter the light, the larger the value (Seeedstudio). Light sensors can also be used to detect luminosity and colour measuring. A typical use case for a light sensor is the intelligent blind that automatically turns window blinds based on the amount of light. The FlipFlic is one example of this where a user inputs their preferred amount of sunlight on a mobile application and the system will automatically turn blinds based on this preference. FlipFlac also ties in with temperature sensors and determines whether it should respond to changing light or temperature.

FlipFlic Automated Blinds

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Density Occupancy Sensor

Infrared Sensor

Ultraviolet Sensor

SENSOR RANGE : 2 - 10 mm, 10 - 150mm, 10 - 80 cm

WAVELENGTH RESPONSE RANGE : 280-390nm

A passive infrared sensor (PIR sensor) is an electronic sensor that measures infrared (IR) light radiating from objects in its field of view. These sensors are ideal for detecting if an object has passed by the sensor such as a hand-detector (Adafruit).

An ultraviolet sensor works by outputting an analog signal in relation to the amount of UV light thatâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s detected. This breakout can be very handy in creating devices that warn the user of sunburn or detect the UV index as it relates to weather conditions.This sensor detects 280-390nm light most effectively. This is categorized as part of the UVB (burning rays) spectrum and most of the UVA (tanning rays) spectrum. It outputs a analog voltage that is linearly related to the measured UV intensity (mW/cm2)(SparkFun).

A typical use case for an IR sensor is to detect the presence of an object or person within a space or past an entry point. A typical example of this is an occupancy sensor. Density is an occupancy sensor that uses depth scanning technology to understand complex human behavior; group collisions, bidirectional movement, lines and lingering. It is designed to be deployed into places a video camera cannot go such as bathrooms, churches, secure corporate offices, elementary schools and dressing rooms.

A typical use case for a UV sensor is Electrochromic Glass. The light transmission properties can be altered when voltage, light or heat is applied. This allows glass to change from blocking some (or all) wavelengths of light to letting light pass through. Typical applications are to manage glare and heat, but also to provide privacy screens without the need of using shades or blinds.

Evole Glass

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Sound Sensor

Temperature Sensor

MAXIMUM INPUT : 110 dB at 1.0 KHz

TEMPERATURE RANGE : −40°C to +125°C

The Sound Detector not only provides an audio output, but also a binary indication of the presence of sound, and an analog representation of its amplitude. The three outputs are simultaneous and independent, so you can use as many or as few as you want at once. The envelope output allows you to easily read amplitude of sound by simply measuring the analog voltage. Gain can be adjusted with a through-hole resistor, to change the threshold of the binary (gate) output pin as well (SparkFun).

Precision centigrade temperature sensors are fairly ubiquitous. It provides a voltage output that is linearly proportional to the Celsius temperature. It also doesn’t require any external calibration to provide typical accuracies of ±1°C at +25°C and ±2°C over the −40°C to +125°C temperature range (SparkFun).

A typical use case for a sound sensor would be a clap activated switch. Using an electret microphone to detect for claps, the Clapper can turn on or off electrical devices. The Clapper was initially introduced in the 80s, but has stayed in pop culture due to its famous “Clap On! Clap Off!” commercial (Free Lance-Star).

Clapper Sound Activated Switch

A typical use case for a temperature sensor would be a theromostat that automatically turns on or off when reaching a desired temperature. The Nest thermostat ties this data with an occupancy sensors and humidity sensor to manage thermal controls. It uses ten different temperature sensors to track how quickly the temperature changes within a home.

Nest Thermostat

Soil Moisture Sensor Set the plant water to a default “dry point,” then add water. The device senses the moisture in your soil and sends an alert whenever your plant reaches that dry point again. This sensor has the capacity to log light and moisture data (AdaFruit).

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Humidity Sensor

Barometric Pressure Sensor

SENSOR RANGE : 2 - 10 mm, 10 - 150mm, 10 - 80 cm

MEASURING RANGE : 50kPa to 115kPa, 300 to 1100 hPa PRECISION : 0.02 hPa

Digital output-type relative humidity (RH) sensors are typically tied with temperature sensors in the same package. These sensors provide an accuracy level of ±1.7 %RH and a temperature accuracy level of ±0.3 °C (Honeywell).

SmartSense Temp/Humidity Sensor activating a humidifier

A typical use case for a humidity sensor would be a switch activated by low or high humidity. This is especially important during the fall and winter months when dry air is common. The SmartSense Temp/Humidity Sensor is an example of a consumer based sensor designed to tie in with an IoT switch that will turn on a heater and/or humidifer.

Barometers uses MEMs (Microelectromechanical systems) technology to give accurate pressure measurements between 50kPa and 115kPa (Honeywell ; SparkFun). A typical use case for a barometric pressure sensor would be part of a logic system for an automated window. SEControls recommend tying in various different enviornmental sesors to determine when it is ideal to open or close a window. In SEControls’ school use case example, they recommend a CO2 sensor tied with a Wind Speed sensor with a timer that follows the school’s schedule.

SEControls Automated Window

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Liquid Sensor When water is detected across the sense pins an alarm goes off and an LED starts blinking. The board has a buzzer built into it to give a immediate response, if desired (SparkFun). A typical use case for a liquid sensor is to alert in case of leaks or spills, typically around water heaters, valves or expensive assets that should not come into contact with water.

Rain Sensor SENSOR RANGE : 0.2 mm/h to 150 mm/h PRECISION : 1 mm/h Rain gauge detects between 0.2 mm/h to 150 mm/h with an accuracy of 1 mm/h and are used in weather station monitoring applications (Netatmo). Traditionally these sensors have been used to regulate irrigation systems or to control car windshield wipers toggle and speed.

pH Sensor

Anemometer (Wind Sensor)

SENSOR RANGE : 0-14 pH PRECISION : +/- 0.2 pH The Vernier pH Sensor, a simple device that can be used to measure the acidity and basicity of liquids. This Vernier sensor can be used in a multitude of applications including acid-base titrations, pH monitoring in home aquariums, analysis of water quality in lakes and streams (SparkFun).

The Wind Sensor is a thermal anemometer based on a traditional technique for measuring wind speed. The technique is called the â&#x20AC;&#x153;hot-wireâ&#x20AC;? technique, and involves heating an element to a constant temperature and then measuring the electrical power that is required to maintain the heated element at temperature as the wind changes (Modern Device). Possible applications include human breath detection, room occupancy, HVAC monitoring, or weather stations.

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Air Quality Sensor

Motion Sensors

Air Quality sensors also use MEMS technology for indoor carbon monoxide and natural gas leakage detection, itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s suitable also for indoor air quality monitoring; breath checker and early fire detection. Sensors are particularly sensitive to CO ( ~ 1 to 1000 ppm), Ammonia (~ 1 to 500 ppm), Ethanol (~ 10 to 500 ppm), H2 (~ 1 - 1000 ppm), and Methane / Propane / Iso-Butane (~ 1,000++ ppm). Some devices do not have the capacity to register which gas is detected (AdaFruit).Â

Motion sensors are used to detect the movement of people, animals or objects. While some ambient sensors can be used to detect the presence of an object (IR Sensor), it is not intended to be used to span a vast area, but rather as a gateway checkpoint. Motion sensors vary in their methods of tracking movement based on the type of movement theyâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;re designed to identify.

Smoke Sensor

Camera as a Sensory Device

Smoke sensors are sensitive to smoke and to the following flammable gases: LPG, Butane, Propane, Methane, Alcohol and Hydrogen. The resistance of the sensor is different depending on the type of the gas. The smoke sensor has a built-in potentiometer that allows you to adjust the sensor sensitivity according to how accurate you want to detect gas (Arduino).

Cameras are well known as they have become ubiquitous (modern smartphones have at least two cameras). However, this device can be used as a sensory device as the identification of objects and faces are facets of Computer Vision that can parse out data from imaging technology. This can be used to identify paths of individuals or objects within line of site. Additionally, cameras are not limited to the visible light spectrum and can be used to process thermal imaging using IR Spot Thermal Cameras.

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Speed and Location Sensor COLD START: 29 seconds in Open Sky PRECISION : 2.5 m The GP-20U7 is a compact GPS receiver with a builtin high performances all-in-one GPS chipset. The GP-20U7 accurately provides position, velocity, and time readings as well possessing high sensitivity and tracking capabilities. Thanks to the low power consumption this receiver requires, the GP-20U7 is ideal for portable applications such as tablet PCs, smart phones, and other devices requiring positioning capability (SparkFun).

Ultrasonic Sensor RANGE : 0 - 6.45 m PRECISION : 2.5 cm Ultrasonic sensors use sound rather than light for detection, they work in applications where photoelectric sensors may not, such as parking sensors. Ultrasonics are a great solution for clear object detection, clear label detection and for liquid level measurement, applications that photoelectrics struggle with because of target translucence. As well, target color and/or reflectivity do not affect ultrasonic sensors, which can operate reliably in high-glare environments (Lion Precision; SparkFun).

Accelerometer

RFID

Typically using three-axis, capacitive MEMS accelerometer can detect subtle movements with 12 bits of resolution. The host processor can continuously poll data with user selectable full scales of ±2g/±4g/±8g with high pass filtered data as well as non filtered data available real-time (SparkFun).

MAX RANGE: 10 cm

The PN532 chip-set (the most popular NFC chip on the market) and is what is embedded in almost every phone or device that does NFC. This chipset can read and write to tags and cards, communicate with phones (say for payment processing), and ‘act’ like a NFC tag (AdaFruit).

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Body Monitoring Sensors

Heart Rate Sensor

Body Monitoring sensors are designed to be worn and track changes to the body. While typically used in the health care sector to monitor and diagnose patients, they have begun to be used to control devices such as drones or in gaming applications in tandem with the VR headsets.

Pulse sensors combine a simple optical heart rate sensor with amplification and noise cancellation circuitry to get reliable pulse readings (SparkFun).

EEG Sensor

Perspiration Sensor

WAVELENGTH RESPONSE RANGE : 280-390nm

EMOTIVÂ Epoc+ is a 14 channel wireless EEG,designed for contextualized research and advanced brain computer interface (BCI) applications. The EPOC+ provides access to dense array, high quality, raw EEG data. The EMOTIVÂ Insight uses a proprietary polymer sensor that is safe to use and offers great electrical conductivity with the convenience of a dry sensor. A new kind of hydrophilic polymer biosensor system eliminates the need for extensive preparation and conductive materials like gels or saline solution, by absorbing moisture from the environment (Emotiv).

GSR, standing for galvanic skin response, is a method of measuring the electrical conductance of the skin. Strong emotion can cause stimulus to your sympathetic nervous system, resulting more sweat being secreted by the sweat glands. GSR allows you to spot such strong emotions by simple attaching two electrodes to two fingers on one hand, an interesting gear to create emotion related projects, like sleep quality monitor (Seeedstudio).

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Tactile Sensors Tactile sensors measure forces exerted by users on a sensor. This is typically used on haptic devices that provide feedback to a user through forces, vibrations or motions in order to recreate the sense of touch.

Touch Sensor Touch keypads function by measuring the capacitance of twelve electrode points. When an object comes close to the electrode connector, the measured capacitance changes. This signals that something has touched a ‘button’ (SparkFun).

Force Sensor SENSOR RANGE : 100g-10kg Force sensitive resistor vary its resistance depending on how much pressure is being applied to the sensing area. The harder the force, the lower the resistance. When no pressure is being applied to the FSR its resistance will be larger than 1MΩ (SparkFun). These sensors detect pressure, but they are not particularly accurate, not designed to be used as a scale.

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SM_the object

Local Warming

adaptive environments The section looks at various case studies that use sensory devices. By exploring projects that encompass different scales, we can identify how sensory devices are used to modify different spatial characteristics. This section is organized by scale from the small, which deals with an object as the modifying element, the medium which deals with the room, large which explores smart houses and the adaptive scale, which assembles or disassembles based on the needs of the inhabitant.

Local Warming is a prototype that aims to challenge the status quo of heating. As large quantities of energy are wasted on heating empty spaces, dark corners of empty rooms in partially occupied buildings are heated simply because no better solutions exist. Through the use of sophisticated motion sensing and autonomous control, the installation provides people with direct and localized warmth (MIT). Carlo Ratti uses conical disks to put heat specifically where there are people. Dynamically controlled, highly-localized heating has the potential to drastically reduce unnecessary ambient heating. Local warming has itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s limits: there are only a limited amount of disks and cannot adapt to high occupancy conditions. Cooling is not addressed and infrared energy beams are complex and buggy - if the inhabitant provided location information, this global interpolation of movement would be more effective.

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Resonant Chamber

Internet of Moss The moss tiles belong to a series of RAD (Responsive Architecture at Daniels, University of Toronto) experiments in planting the ceiling for healthier and richer interiors. The ceiling is seen as an undisturbed zone that can be reclaimed by nature and linked to resilient outdoor ecosystem by means of networked embedded technology. The tile consists of a disposable/recyclable coco mat “cartridge” and an aluminum ‘tray” with integrated sensors, digital readout and wireless communication. Moisture levels are optimized through embedded humidity sensors.

Although deployed as individual elements for stand-alone use or modular aggregation, the tiles are wirelessly connected to their neighbors and linked to the Internet. They report individually on their status (moisture and pH) and together on ambient environmental conditions (temperature, ambient light, humidity, C02). They join other networked moss communities around the globe in an ecosystem of live correlated data whose feedback serves their resilience and sustainability (RAD).

Resonant Chamber by rvtr is an interior envelope system that deploys the principles of rigid origami to transform the acoustic environment through dynamic spatial, material and electro-acoustic technologies. The faceted acoustic surface is comprised of the composite assembly of reflective, absorbtive and electroacoutsic panels, clustered around an electronics panel that contains circuit controls for linear actuation, electro-acoustic amplification of the distributed mode loudspeaker (DML) embedded speakers and a set of sensing inputs. A single electronics panel may contain enough processing to control four DML speakers, local sensing of acoustic pressure and three sets of linear actuators which in turn controls three flatfolding cells (RVTR). Sensors are used to deform the surface of this system, which thereby alters the sound absorptive qualities of a room. The object is used to dynamically control the material exposure and geometric configurations to adjust the acoustic environment.

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MD_the room Reef

CityHome The CityHome Lab is a 200 square-foot Living Laboratory designed to develop, deploy, test, and evaluate strategies for â&#x20AC;&#x153;living large in a small spaceâ&#x20AC;?, with a focus on the mechatronics of hyper-efficient transformable infill, new home interfaces, and technologies related to distributed work, proactive health, energy conservation, entertainment, and communication. The integration of these new systems and technologies creates urban dwellings that function as if they were much larger, minimize resource consumption, and develop rich living experiences for their occupants (Changing Places).

Reef, an installation at the Storefront for Art and Architecture in New York, investigates the role Shape Memory Alloys (SMAs) can play in the sensitive reprogramming of architectural and public space. SMAs are metals that change shape according to temperature. This offers a fluid movement without involving actuators to provide motion. Its use in practical applications has been limited to the medical and aerospace fields, despite having the potential to modify architectural environments. Reef investigates the potential for emerging material technology to shape the perception of the built environment through the activation of membrane and partition surfaces. The project seeks to create an interior condition which reacts according to an exterior street scape, and reasserts an active, willful role in shaping that public space (Stein).

Sensory objects are used to modify the arrangement of objects based on user gestures.This project brings gestural interfaces from what would conventionally fall under Human Computer Interaction within a residential spatial configuration.

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LG_smart homes TRON Intelligent House

House_n The mission of House_n is to conduct research by designing and building real living environments “living labs” - that are used to study technology and design strategies in context. Hundreds of sensing components are installed in nearly every part of the home, which is a one-bedroom condominium. These sensors are being used to develop innovative user interface applications that help people easily control their environment, save resources, remain mentally and physically active, and stay healthy. The sensors are also being used to monitor activity in the environment so that researchers can carefully study how people react to new devices, systems, and architectural design strategies in the complex context of the home.

Since its inception, the goal of the TRON Project has been the creation of a “total computer architecture” to serve as the foundation for building a computerbased society in the 21st century. In order to attain this goal, TRON research and development has been divided into two parts: basic technology projects and technology application projects. One of the TRON technology application projects that actually reached fruition was the TRON Intelligent House, which was completed in Nishi Azabu in 1989 at a cost of 1 billion yen($11.7 million CAD). At the time of its completion, it was the most computerized structure of its type. It had a total of 380 computers, all interconnected via the TRON Architecture.

The home is being occupied by volunteer subjects who agree to live in the home for varying lengths of time. While they occupy the facility they have no contact with researchers, and the laboratory has been designed so that data can be analyzed off the site (Larson). 48

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X_adaptive modular

Polyhouse Immersive Kinematics developed from the idea of modular robotics, this system that presents a new typology of mobile and reconfigurable pieces. The community of pieces configure and change upon the changing needs of the community of occupants. An operable and pliant envelope is folded using origami and kirigami, which allows cuts and openings, so that each module of the Polyhouse system can join and split as needed. While conceptual, the project does not question what intelligence is needed about human requirements and focuses more on the crowdagent behaviour of assembling robots.

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In recent years, the questioning of access versus ownership has posed a new dilemma for addressing housing. While social housing programs have either

methodology In my thesis, I look to explore the potential testing grounds of sensory objects within the context of housing. This is primarily due to the changing role of the house. As digital platforms like Airbnb make us question the conventions of housing program as well as owner and occupant relations. The norms of residential program are being questioned as “one’s home is something between a house, an office and a hotel” (Ayr). As the role of the home is challenged, the future of housing requires a different spatial organization than what is being offered by the housing market. This section will examine the future of ownership, the role of co-housing and the rise of Airbnb as they challenge our perceptions of the home. Additionally, it will touch upon what sensory devices are influential to augment housing needs and how these devices serve to modify the environment. 52

lost funding or cannot meet demand, the market maintains the status quo of delivering assetbased solutions that rely on the speculative value of property as a commodity. Aurelli claims that this situation fosters a move towards asceticism, as there is an increased willingness to sacrifice our present in order to earn our future (Aureli 7). He claims the desire to secure ownership of something is motivated not just by its use but by its potential to become an economic asset, to generate profit. If one refuses ownership of something one can still use it without possessing it. The concept of use, in this sense, is the antithesis of the concept of private property (Aureli 15). On the other, it allows those who were previously incapable of home ownership to use their minimum possession as an economic asset, with the capacity for investment. This is why housing became a fundamental project for modern architecture, a project focused not only on sheltering individuals but on making household management productive. Since the 2008 economic recession, the ‘less is more’ attitude has become fashionable again, this time advocated by critics, architects and designers in a slightly moralistic tone (Aurelli 4). The role of the house has to meet more criteria than it ever served before. If the home must serve as a house, office and hotel, the demands of that physical environment are fundamentally different based on occupancy, program and profit motives concerns. As occupancy of space changes, our perception of those spaces also fluctuate at the same rate. As Aayr describes, the lines between “consumption, production and

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reproduction are blurred as they coexist in the same spaces.” The corporate underpinning of what used to define private space permit a flexible understanding of what and whom that space can be used (Ayr). The transformation of the home into a profit centre has largely been blamed on Airbnb, a web platform designed to allow hosts to rent out unused space in their own homes. The company was founded in 2008 by two graduates of the Rhode Island School of Design. Today, the platform includes more than 2 million spaces in over 190 countries. “Experience a place like you live there,” is the company’s current credo. It heralds “a world where you can belong anywhere.” The platform has led some to abandon permanent houses for digital nomadism (Chayka). Access has however created harmonization of place, similar to Rem Koolhaas’ notion of the Generic City. In his 1995 book S,M,L,XL, Rem claims the hotel made “almost all other buildings redundant” as it “implies imprisonment, voluntary house arrest; there is no competing place left to go.” The hotel “describes a city of ten million all locked in their rooms” (Koolhaas 1260). The interchangeability, ceaseless movement, and symbolic blankness that was once the hallmark of hotels and airports, qualities that led the French anthropologist Marc Augé to define them in 1992 as “non-places,” has leaked into the rest of life (Chayka).

modes of interaction. Secondly, sensory objects can understand the inhabitant. Using biometric markers on the body, the space can adapt based on assumed emotional states defined by an individual’s gestures, heart rate, perspiration and brain activity. The potential to adapt to the individual has not been realized through current housing strategies. As mentioned at the onset of this paper, one hardly changes a space to its needs, instead one adapts to the spaces available, or moves elsewhere. Sensory objects can challenge this normative behaviour and respond to the needs of inhabitants.

The deployment of sensory objects challenges this notion in two ways. The first is by allowing the impermanent to adapt to the necessities of variation of program. As an example, robotic walls that repartition arrangements based on their instantaneous requirements. They can modulate aperture sizes depending upon the preferred

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Render of â&#x20AC;&#x153;8X ON THE PARKâ&#x20AC;?

area of inquiry This thesis seeks to create a prototypical architectural element that can modulate based on biometric input from an individual. This would serve as a proof of concept to show available technology can act in response to perceived emotion. By doing so, the project seeks to answer what qualities are gained from this type of adaptive medium. However, the question of scalability is left unanswered if left at merely a prototype. A proposed Yaletown condominium building is used to question how this technology can be deployed at scale. By using a purpose-built housing project, the project seeks to question the benefits and drawbacks to both the conventional building method to the proposed intervention on the same floor plate. 56

The condominium in question is 8X on the Park and is located at 1111 Richards Street in downtown Vancouver. The proposed tower will be thirty five stories high with two hundred units. The project was designed by GBL Architects, built by Brenhill Developments, with the Rennie Group acting as the marketing agency (Rennie). Using building floor plans as a basis for analysis, this thesis looks into how the floor plate was arranged. By analyzing the value per square foot, I question if the utility of a statically arranged and unresponsive interior separation is an ideal way to address a highdensity urban condition. The separation of services and usable floor space is also assessed for how this static configuration parcels out separation of unit services alongside core and circulation spaces. This serves as baseline for intervening, as the first mode of intervention is to remove partition walls and maintain structure and HVAC service shafts and operate under this new base condition. BODY + SPACE 57

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Site Aerial // 1111 Richards Street

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CONCLUSION

This period marks a point in history where a climate for change is evident. The statically arranged spatial configurations that we have had for centuries can become fundamentally more immersive and dynamic. Most importantly, it can cater to the body, understand oneâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s emotions and react based on this information. The dreams of Late Modernism can come into fruition and make architecture more humanist than ever before. Our sensory capabilities are present and readily available on the marketplace. Additionally, the high cost of housing and the new challenges present to housing demand instantaneous reconfigurations of space. This thesis seeks to explore the potential of sensory objects to give people feel a sense of belonging in their spaces. A new dynamic range of expression is capable in our built environment. Letâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s explore what we can design given this new range of information.

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