Los Angeles the city of the instant by Corentin Chapelle

LOS ANGELES THE UNFINISH AMERICAN DREAM

LA 03

Corentin Chapelle . Younes El Hayani . Gilles Khairallah . Lavong Luc . Robin Tomas

CONTENT 01_INTRODUCTION & PROBLEMATIC 02_PLANNING & URBANISM 03_TRANSPORT & REALITY 04_ECONOMY & CORPORATES 05_ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES _CONCLUSION _BIBLIOGRAPHY

01_INTRODUCTION

HISTORY (from early 1700 to Today)

The Mexican Pueblo The history of Los Angeles is rooted in the colonization of Mexico by the Spaniards. Indeed , although the Spaniards began the conquest of Mexico in 1519 , they have not started shipping in Alta California ( Upper California ) before 1769 when California is in the hands of Spain, by its Governor Gaspar de Portola . The Los Angeles site was discovered during this expedition that aimed to draw a track from San Diego to San Francisco, later called the Camino Real. On the way, they come across a fertile valley with a river they call El Rio de Nuestra la Reina de los Senore Angeles Porciuncula . Like many towns in the American West , Los Angeles was originally a religious mission. 21 missions are well established in the late eighteenth century, including two in the suburbs of Los Angeles : San Gabriel Arcangel ( 1771 ) and San Fernando Rey de España. September 4 , 1781, a group of 44 settlers vecinos ( settlers ), the majority of mixed ( African- Indian - Hispanic ) races, based embryon colony they call El Pueblo de Nuestra Señora La Reina de Los Angeles del Río Porciuncula , the name of a saint celebrated yesterday in the calendar. Later, it developed into a Spanish pueblo , a town of only 139 inhabitants . Located on the Los Angeles River, the town became a center for the breeding of cattle ( ranching ) . In 1800, the Plaza, or central square, was surrounded by twentynine buildings . The first inhabitants were from Mexico and it was not until 1820 that the first Yankees arrived in the region. In 1835 ,Los Angeles becomes a full-fledged city ( ciudad ) and the capital of Alta California, while the Mexican governor continues to reside in Monterey . In 1842 a shepherd discovered gold in Placerita Canyon ,just outside the city limits . About this event caused a gold rush , causing decades of mining .

The Mex-US War, On 18 June 1846, following the war between the United States and Mexico, Los Angeles, like the rest of California, is pegged to the United States. While San Francisco to the north, knows the Gold Rush (1848-1856), Los Angeles, poorer and less known simply lives of its agriculture and plantations. April 4, 1850 with 1734 inhabitants, Los Angeles officially became a city. At the same time, former landowners began to lose their land because of the summation by the courts of the United States to prove their rights. While some leave their land and are reduced to bankruptcy, others lose their status as Californians and are absorbed by other communities, depending on their financial condition and color of their skin.

The Rush to the West The first population boom of Los Angeles took place between 1870 and 1900. Municipal politicians , responding to a massacre of Chinese immigrants have established a campaign encouraging immigration which provoked the arrival of two hundred and thirty thousand inhabitants , which are added to a population of only twenty thousands . Twenty new municipalities were crééedurant this period and agricultural production has increased rapidly. During this period, in 1885, the opening of the railway line from Santa Fe allowed the economic to take-off in Los Angeles. Moreover, in 1886 , Horace and Daeida Wilcox, two emigrants, buy a large plot in the vicinity of the city. This farm apricot , orange and eucalyptus is called Hollywood, “ Holly Wood “. In 1892, oil was discovered by Edward L. Doheny , near the current location of Dodger Stadium. Therefore, Los Angeles became a center of oil production in the early twentieth century Indeed, in 1923 ,the region produced a quarter of the world production. However, despite these economic advantages, Los Angeles remained a smaller and less important than San Francisco at the time, in terme of population, power and economy. To reverse the trend , public and private actors in Los Angeles then decide to change their geography to compete with San Francisco ports, train stations , banks and factories , including creating a port in San Pedro with federal funding. A state law was passed in 1909 ,allowing Los Angeles to absorb San Pedro.

Demography (1900 to present) The second period of urbanization took place between 1900 and 1920 , with the replacement of a primary economy through secondary rapidly expanding economy , causing a quadrupling of the population rises rapidly to a million inhabitants. Los Angeles began to take its present form. The third period of urbanization occurred from 1920 to 1940 and the advent of film making in and around Hollywood create a population center around an industry and not a traductional center where companies are concentrated in what we called a central business district. The population doubled in this interval . Demographic and economic explosion ( influx of migrants from the East but also from Asia wanting their share of the American dream ) .Between 1940 and 1970 population increased from 2 to 10 million (metropolitan area) mainly because of the post-war boom . Towards the end of the Second World War , billions of dollars were injected in Southern California under military contracts. Thousands of families came to settle in the region to work in factories . The boom in the aviation industry was accompanied by an urban explosion. However, the anti -communist sentiments , the aftermath of the Second World War and the wars of the Pacific have increased social unrest so that the boom was interrupted several times by social and racial conflicts . From 1970 to 1990 , a diversified economy moved to Los Angeles with high tech and medium-tech and consumer products as well as thriving financial and commercial sectors. The proportions are the same in the city and county , whites accounted for 48 % of the population , Hispanics 28 % , Blacks 17% , Asians and people from the Pacific Islands 7%.

The Technical Revolution In the early twentieth century, transportation system based on the torlley tram (different to the cable car in San Francisco) and the train, one devoted to urban services and other regional service . The arrival of the car at the beginning of the century profoundly modifies the behavior of Angelinos and shaping the future of urban morphology. Los Angeles becomes a haven for car dealers : the climate , the level of life of residents and ample room for parking are many reasons for the rise of the automobile in the California region . Reserved for recreation , it becomes indispensable for commuting so that today , Los Angeles is one of the most congested cities in the world and the problems of transport and traffic are the main issue for its inhabitants. From 1920 , the municipality launched a survey on the effectiveness of public transport. A low density city fabric is pointed , preventing them from getting an economic return based on a municipal public transport system . They therefore recommend to acquire land to block urban sprawl and densifying already inhabited areas. However, the referendum on the municipalization of the transport service sees the “no” win. This can be explained by the fear of people to see their neighborhoods become denser . The public transportation system in Los Angeles is now managed by a multitude of small private operators. The balance of the car in movement patterns of Angelinos explains the birth of architecture and innovative modes of consumption : the drive-in . Today it is not uncommon for Angelinos to drive 100 miles a day, sometimes living up to 60 miles from their place of work.

Today, Los Angeles is one of the largest cities in the world with 15 million inhabitants . It stretches over 140km north -west to south -east , and nearly 200km from west to east .To compare Los Angeles to Paris. Densities in Paris and Los Angeles are indeed very different , Paris with 20,000 inhabitants per km and 3,350 inhabitants per km for L.A but with almost 18 times the size of Paris .

PARIS

LONDRES

LOS ANGELES

Expansion of the city : Urban theory The principle of territorial incorporation , unlike the annexation ,is an American specificity that has emerged after the Civil War ,with the construction by developers of large suburban housing estates between nature and the city. These territories were often “non-embedded“, meaning without council, and therefore managed by the county. With population growth, a subdivision just be entitled to a council. Thus, a management plan is voted, planning focusing mostly on individual homes by prohibiting residential buildings. However, this mechanism facilitated the exclusion of certain categories of population. Now all urbanized area does not necessarily constitute a municipality. Thus, the County of Los Angeles with over 10 million inhabitants contains East Los Angeles, an unincorporated territory of nearly 125,000 inhabitants , enjoying the quality of urban services managed by the county. Also , sometimes a territory annexed by the county to secede by forming municipality. In Los Angeles, the streets can be seens as infinite similar houses with gardens all facing each other as a temple of confromism and the only public meeting space is of course the mall. The spatial organization of Los Angeles stands on both the radio-concentric European model and the model of Chicago , built in five concentric circles ( the Concentric Ring Burgess model ) : the central business district , the area where homes meet industries, the residential area of the working class , residential area of the upper classes , and finally suburban suburbs reserved for the most privileged social classes.Indeed, unlike the examples , the city of Los Angeles is marked by any centrality. Its urban fabric polynuclear relegating Downtown Busniess Dstrict to be one of a large number of “Downtown”. This is an ex -centric city characterized by a lack of difference between suburban and urban unlike other U.S. cities where the city functions determine a characteristic landscape: the tower to the center of business, the house for the suburbs .

18 The mechanism leading to this situation is explained by Eric Eidlin as a â&#x20AC;&#x153; dense sprawl, combining the characteristics of dense urban areas and congested the worst characteristics of cities extended and oriented towards the car .â&#x20AC;? This observation is explained not only by the massive and almost systematic use of the car, but also by the very localized investments made by Pacific Electric , which at the time of construction of the city , established small urbanized enclaves around the growing center. As a matter of facts, the sky rocketing demographic boom make enclaves became part of the expanding megapolis creating this continuous urban fabric. Los Angeles, in the late 1970s was characterized by its motorway network under its observers and theorists. Indeed, with the spread that the city has experienced and dynamic modernization accompanying his growing attraction, local authorities have developed networks of water, waste, transport measure. The architect and theorist Reyner Banham has appointed different component of the urban structure that develops around four axes ( Four ecologies ) ,the beach, the plains, the mountains and the highway as a structuring element of the other three .The road is essential effect in the morphology of the city, linking and giving consistency to this set. Los Angeles early 1920

Los Angeles today

PROBLEMATIC

The Unfinished American Dream

How a logic of the moment has shaped a city like Los Angeles?

02_PLANNING & URBANISM

A Sprawling City At the end of the nineteenth century, Anglo -Saxon Protestant immigrants wave and mainly affects Los Angeles. These people are motivated by a “pastoral” idea, characteristic of the WASP ideology ,building neighborhoods centered around family life and proximity to natural areas , and detached house which pop up ,creating low density neighborhoods. This conception of urbanization which start (and still continues ) is the cause of unlimited growth logic of agglomeration ( the area of urbanized land has increased by 25% between 1996 and 2000). It is also one of the founding myths of the United States that homeownership is synonymous at the time ( and still today ) freedom and social improvment. This “sprawl” pushed by the extreme has result today going against a close relationship with nature. Indeed, Los Angeles has the lowest score regarding the relationship between natural areas and the total area of the agglomeration of the whole West coast. In 50 years, from 1920 to 1970 the population booms react to technological booms, new centers will create and participate in this urban sprawl. Because the nature of these booms is that they are quick succession (or snapshots), William Johnson describes as “a model of uncontrolled growth.” So industrial growth that governs this spread, large firms attract families in low-cost housing in new suburbs they are “owners”. Running water played a very important role also in urban sprawl, as and as the population grew, the Angelinos had to fetch water where it was, so it is to the mountains the city grew in the first place, then this is another motivation for Los Angeles to expand westward and the ocean: the desire to have a port and weigh at national level as a well dynamic and powerful metropolis.

26 So we can see , urban sprawl creates a densification of urban space as the population grows . And if for the “real” angelinos , the city center is Downtown, this is not necessarily as clear on paper , various command functions are distributed in several neighborhoods . But since the 1970s and the creation of skyscrapers in the neighborhood, a mission revaluation is implemented with a program of diversification of functions including the creation of public spaces and an “art district “. So many projects have emerged including the axis of Grand Avenue that the mayor wants to turn in Champs Elysées of the West Coast , or with new sprung up as Disney Concert Hall by Gehry or the MTA building (which shows the influence of private institutions in the metropolitan area) . Recently, many Angelinos choose to move back into the center where over 10,000 subdivisions are currently under construction. Urban redensification and the creation of natural areas are running. So the chicken or the egg came first ? Thus we may summarize commonly transport duo / sprawl. Some say that it is the transport which allowed the spread , while others argue that sprawl is causing the development of transport ... One thing is certain , the two are closely linked and the route of urbanization evolved with major public transport routes and major highways first . Today , it is the latter shall prevail because the transport network is ( almost ) as ineffective without density makes it unsuitable to economic profitability. All these observations lead us to say that Los Angeles has never been thinking on a global scale and decentralization eventually lead to uncontrolled growth.

A Fragmented City The second notable aspect of planning in L.A is its bursting. The first population boom occurred between 1870 and 1900 saw the population of Los Angeles grew from 20 000 to 250 000, which led to the creation of twenty new municipalities during this period. The city of Los Angeles is the perfect example against the urban model that had endured before: concentricity , as the Californian city is marked by no centrality, or rather a glut of centers. Neither takes precedence over another, it is the very foundation of its polynuclearity , so typical of this town . This is called the â&#x20AC;&#x153;ex -centric-cityâ&#x20AC;?, which is characterized by a lack of difference between urban and suburban areas . As to the spread and establishment of scattered cores, the inhabitants of these territories seized at stake for them to organize themselves and thus create municipalities to weigh in weighing decisions on their land. With that, the 70 neighborhood councils or on a larger scale the 15 district councils may favor the construction of individual houses or worse to ban the construction of residential complexes. Because the mayor has little power to face all these instances . The city, however, believes he has found the solution when the authorities resorted to the extent of incorporation to fight against the proliferation of administrative levels and therefore lessening the power of the mayor. This singular measure is somewhat alikes a territorial annexation, if a municipality has a high population and economic growth, it may annex the territories of neighboring municipalities if its people are in agreement. The new municipality includes different boards into one, there are many benefits , both for municipalities see their importance grow and the City of Los Angeles can reduces various communities advisors and board members.

But must measure this progress by a decline : secession. Indeed, since 1997 the California secession can get the reverse process of incorporation is municipalization .Claim in the face of globalizing image of the city center ,many municipalities decide to enter into secession, and the more they are, the more they gain influence and visibility, in order to ensure their own local control. But these logics are neither more nor less than logical exclusion through either of gentrification, or by confinement policies such as gated communities.

A Segregated City The city of Los Angeles is characterized by a very low density city and hence the severe lack of public spaces is one of the causes of social exclusion and ethnic communities decrease them prevailing there bas.Dès the 1850, Los Angeles was dubbed the “fragmented metropolis” and sociologists of the time to explain that segregation was already an intrinsic part of the city. It is then explained by the shape of the frame and the low density, two data still persist today where increased ségrégation.C this is urban sprawl and suburbanization of the city has increased this phenomenon of separation of social classes in space because the rich landowners could go further in order to install them while remaining an integral part of the city center. This alarming gentrification prevailing continues to pursue today especially when the center of Downtown trying to be revitalized by a cultural program. In the early twenty-first century urban angelinos therefore torn between creating a centrality through a real public space and the continuation of its valuation model of private space, with a tendency towards the second model. Evidenced by the recent referendum conducted on the municipalization of transport service which was refused for fear of people to see their neighborhoods become denser . Los Angeles is now considered a “Majority - Minority city“ or a city where minorities rule, and we can clearly identify these as dedicated segregation is important spaces, it even reaches nearly 100 % in some areas. This is the problem of “gated communities“. These same communities bent on it will be locked up behind fences permanently guarded. This is Leisure World in Orange County that has seen 20,000 people get secession in 2002.

32 These carriers of ideology NIMBY ( Not In My Back Yard) movements are powerful movements and very determined when their revendications. The “gated communities“ are often blamed for many ailments as a worsening of spatial segregation, gentrification of privatization of cities or evidence of the crisis of ambient social link. But if they are evidence of a problem of planning at the local level, they are mostly the tip of a crisis in a larger scale , including the effect of municipalités.Segregation was above all created by urban sprawl and the creation of numerous centers outside the mother city. The planning of the city of Los Angeles is any singular point compared to other American cities, a city never had much been based on decisions of the moment. Indeed, local authorities have never thought the city on a global scale (unlike New York, for example ), and have been answering questions by instant answers , solving problems , short duration up ‘ the following. Urbanism is a series of successive decisions giving a model of uncontrolled growth, and an urban landscape marked by road, genuine relationship of the city.

Case Study: Malibu Malibu is one of the most famous of Los Angeles County cities. Both known for its beaches and surf spots, it is also very representative of the urban angelinos.En Indeed, the representative urban sprawl of Los Angeles takes on its meaning ... The City of Malibu has virtually no center, it is only 43km long strip of a little over 1km wide. And if it is considered one of the largest cities in California ( 261km2 ) is because its surface extends 5km off the coast , as if influenced maritime territory . The city is a symbol of the quest towards the ocean that angelinos continued to be offered in the early twentieth century when the Pacific Coast Highway built a highway in the middle portion of the city. Running water was then on but the port did not develop and today remains a bastion of tourism and gentrification. Because the house is queen here , the local government fight strongly against all urban development projects that would deny this dedensification . And it is very strong with a population density of 248 inhabitants per km2 reaching only ... This small community of people saw his fate changed in 1991 when she was able to change their status by measuring incorporation , it is increased from mere community a real city with a real local power and leverage against the giant Los Angeles. But the struggle existed before and people had already been pushing many projects including the creation of a nuclear plant. This island defends its independence at all costs is a perfect example on spatial segregation and gentrification. In 2000, it accounted for 92% of population ‘white’ for only 5% of Hispanic and less than 1% of the population of black . Residents large majority of the wealthy class have made off with the city and very little social mix is easily understood when the average salary amounts to $ 120,000 per year per famille.De addition, many gated communities have taken up residence in their living environment , which accentuates one takes segregation effect ... the largest Malibu Colony was even created in 1929 , which shows the anchoring of this lifestyle in Los Angeles County .

03_TRANSPORT & REALITY

The Role of Transport in the development of Los Angeles? Some figures: January 1, 1940 : Inauguration of the first portion of the 110 Freeway, the first city highway and western region of the United States . It connects the downtown center of Pasedena 1947: construction of the first four- level interchange (Stack ) connecting the 101 to the 110 130 years : the number of years of presence transit in Los Angeles 220 : the number of public / private companies who share the network transit .

Origins and development of the motorway network Los Angeles is a scroll for miles to a landscape of home and garden . It is difficult to identify differences between the urban and suburban landscape, but a large highway network through the whole territory. Los Angeles is the city houses, their gardens and the highway. By the 1970s , Los Angeles is seen as a structured around and through the city motorway network . Reyner Banham network is named the â&#x20AC;&#x153; Autopia â&#x20AC;&#x153; which is the fourth ecology complete the first three are the beach, the mountains and the plain .

What is the origin of this structure ? In 1876, Los Angeles is finally connected to the rail network of the Southern Pacific Railway. This allowed the city to continue its economic and demographic development . In 1887 , when a competing company , Santa Fe offers the same services for a dollar, there is an increase in migration to Los Angeles , becoming increasingly important.Durant period late twentieth and early twentieth century the railway companies will play a very important role in the development of Los Angeles. They act as agents of development and are masters of the territories which they sell to the immigrant population and tourists. With the creation of the Chamber of Commerce in 1888 , which will boast throughout the country climate of the region benefits , the phenomenon of migration will be even more pronounced . The original pueblo is not enough, the different economic activities can no longer remained cloistered in the old center. It was decided to establish five new lines will center connected to San Fernando ( North West), San Bernardo ( Northeast) , Anaheim ( Southwest) , Wilmington (South) and Santa Monica (West) . As one of the first economic activities of the town was agriculture, with these new routes , new industries will locate in these new areas, such as film , tourism , aviation and oil. However, the population remains hostile to the railways as it controls a majority of trade in the region and sometimes convey an image of corruption. Moreover, in 1910, the candidate for governor of the state , Hiram Johnson , travel in the state during his campaign to show his opposition to rail groups. The car then become the preferred mode of transportation of the inhabitants of Los Angeles which will lead to the construction of numerous roads and highways.

How the freeway system in Los Angeles and for what purpose is developed ? Los Angeles has been shaped by the highway system, and it relies heavily on this system to manage its circulation to connect the different areas and define the so-called polycentric city . Many neighborhoods of Los Angeles have become more attractive after the completion of highways that connect the rest of the city. For example, the San Fernando Valley was not very populated before Highway 101 is implemented in the 1960s. This phenomenon repeated several times , now makes it possible to obtain this extensive and decentralized city. The rail system base was large and allowed people to go to a center of activity. In the 20s , the networks became denser and allowed to connect multiple zones between them. But it was drastically transform into a motorway network in the years that follow. In 1960 , the motorway network had become large enough to extend through the city. And today, we can even say that the city is in itself a motorway network. The development of Los Angeles required a motorway network that allowed him to expand throughout the country in order to connect the different centers. The Arroyo Seco, built in 1940 extended over 8 miles ( about 13km) and was the first Western Highway . During the period 1950-1960 , was called “ Decade of Progress ,” the city of Los Angeles has to put in more than 60 miles ( about 100km ) motorway . During this period , the motorway system worked very well and people liked to use. The people of the U.S. east coast were suddenly attracted by the idea of being free to ride for miles and miles, with the promise not meet bottling , unlike during the industrial era. The American dream finally fulfilled ? Detached house with garden , enjoy the ride in the fresh air , more traffic problems and parking . But 60 years later, things have changed , the motorway network in Los Angeles and the epitome of traffic or congestion.

Problems? The primary cause of congestion was a problem between the road transport and cars . The problem was partially solved by abandoning the tram in the 20s . But today , the citizens of Los Angeles complain more traffic problems than any other public policy issue. Trips are becoming longer and one can not predict how long . According to a study of more than 500 cities in the United States , Los Angeles is the most congested city with more than 72 hours lost per year in travel time. Traffic jams are still there and getting worse more . How we tried to fix it? Prejudices and causes : From a point of view outside without really knowing the situation , we will say that the Angelinos love their car, they did favors for walking, cycling or public transport . And Los Angeles is also the symbol of urban sprawl , houses , offices and shops are scattered in low densities in the urban fabric. But many people believe that car dependency and sprawl directly , and that residents journey great distances . In fact this is not true for over 50 years. The city is not facing the car more than any other American city , and it is currently one of the densest cities in North America . It is also wrong to believe that a high level of car use is synonymous bottling . In rural areas , for example , the distances are imported in urban areas and yet there is no traffic jam. In 2004, a California route 14 500 km against 29,000 for a resident of Wyoming. Amplification of bottling does not come from that. It is explained by the fact that the city is increasingly denser , it hosts more than new resident develops its territory in contrast to other American cities, where development outside city limits is more faster than the increase in population . The question amounts to the fact that the city is bordered on one side by mountains and the ocean on the other . The city is spread to its critical limits today to continue to welcome the world, it must be denser .

A solution? Create an accessible city rather that hosting the automobile The city of Los Angeles will implement a restructuring plan public transport . This plan is managed by the County of Los Angeles Metropolitan transporttion ( Metro ) . it is a strategy to improve the viability and functionality of the region and not a policy of limiting or eliminating congestion. We will try to develop plans offering people different ranges of transport , including walking , cycling and public transport options . It also seeks to develop a dense nearby residential program offices and shopping centers to reduce travel by car. We can already see today new residential construction in the downtown and near other activity centers . This is mostly large residential houses rather than individual buildings. Theaters are built near there and even attends the opening of a huge supermarket in the dowtown , something that was more product for years. The downtown is denser again. Metro is currently focusing on different program, the establishment of an orange line with a large passenger capacity , make more comfortable bus stops , create pathways clean buses , coupled with bike paths. It is even considered leaving a bus lane on motorways. A computer system to manage traffic signals to optimize the flow control and as expected. This seems ridiculous to the current time as a change for us European who do not live in the same context, and a great starting point for a city like Los Angeles , which had completely abandoned its network of transit in detriment of the car and now finds itself stifled by the latter.

Study & Theorisation : Space, Movement and Motor Margret Crawford tells us that “ connected by an extensive network of streets and highways in Los Angeles spreads toues directions with some differences in density or shape. Experimenting Los Angeles through the car, bus or even a cart racing , this environment very well assimilated the notion of movement . “She also told us that daily life defines the city by the activities that occur daily . What is ordinary or extraordinary , they define the shape and experience of the city. Margret Crawfort describes the life of a resident of Los Angeles revolves around the highways and on the theme of mobility. The public domain is defined by the collective experience. Highways are part of the public domain of Los Angeles, and are defined by the movement of the car and not the physical connection of the people who will for example explore the city on foot or by public transport . The most moving are alone, each in his own car and car traffic . In this area of the car, there is no or very little interaction with people, which if it exists, it remains a basic or superficial relationship. The concept of “ Space -Time “ of Giedon shows us that movement is the key to perceive a space. He says it is “change , mobility and the ability to conceptualize objects simultaneously from a variety of points of view” we can perceive space. When you are in a car, the concept of time is very variable, depending on whether you drive a 100 km / h or 30 km / h in a stream of traffic. The space of the city is a result of the notion of time . The driver and passenger are now experiencing more space with their bodies, but with the car becomes exoskeleton, and therefore it changes the way they perceive the city.

If the city through individual experiences dissected , we can find the collective experience and thus define the city by these parameters : its people and its occupation. But maybe Los Angeles or other cities do not allow to be described in this way because they are not a single entity but a multitude of events and complex experience. However, people have tried for years to make sense of this complex system. As humans , we need to feel connected to others and find purpose for our surrounding environments . Ultimately the most important viable definition of our space is based on our personal experience and our perception. Therefore, a “city” is a collection of those experiences that intertwine, creating what we describe as a place .

04_ECONOMY & CORPORATES

Los Angeles, The Begining of Industrialisation

In the early 19th century the small town of Los Angeles, is becoming increasingly important as and when the American West was explored and exploited for its natural resources (wood, freshwater but also iron ore, coal, gold ... ) . It also becomes a major seaport promoting trans-Pacific trade and economic growth of Baja California . City still primarily agricultural ,the rise of the railroad marked a turning point in an almost non-existent economy ( self-centered ) to a free market with trade as a first step of agricultural products ( the invention of the refrigerator car allows export agricultural products to the East). Los Angeles then becomes a city - orchard, and contributes to increased immigration ( middle class and laborers .) The city thanks to technological advances like the railroad (with steam) is seen connecting the entire continent through the first line connecting the two oceans (east-west in 1876 and in 1885 a second line was built to cope with the magnitude of the exodus ) . Later the discovery of oil gives a boost to Californiaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s economy becoming an industrial basin with equal of the largest industrial areas in the north -eastern United States. The early 19th century marked a major turning point and will trigger a dynamic as the economy will be one if not the determining factor in the expansion and urbanization of Los Angeles County. In 1865 we discovered a huge oil basin in the southern region of Los Angeles, reserves are classified as major interest for the city and the whole â&#x20AC;&#x153;by the mayor countries. In 1889, the southern regions of the virgin city spread existing neighborhoods of Long Beach (Port) and Lackwood but Orange County (west) see flower fields derricks that will be made famous by the famous time magazine which will be a photo essay on the time that the call have the new gold rush but this time the black gold.

54 With the given around oil extraction effort, California between 1911 and 1933 became the first oil producing state in the country . One of the major consequences petrodollars become the primary source of investing but this production promotes the accelerated growth of the industry . Low shot of energy and raw materials but also the influx of labor docile , cheap and many created an enabling environment for local businesses but also from all over the country from enjoying its idyllic conditions. Very quickly the industry is concentrated around the port of Los Angeles and derricks . Large companies settle , the heavy industry companies like Us Steel ( steel giant ) , Alcoa ( mining giant ) , Lyondell ( giant petrochemicals) or Chevron ( oil giant ) shapes the city. Los Angeles became industrialized and the population is largely working . the housing problem becomes a major problem . Area plants are gradually built and urbanization now extends either around a center as in a conventional city, but around interests ( companies). This causes the beginning of a process of decentralization of economic and political factors to urban concentration around one or several points of interest ie large Corporations .

The War Effort, the Fast Expanding Then the First World War is a disaster , Europe is devastated. But Los Angeles will benefit from this period of forced industrialization is now at the service of the war effort . Textile mills and other consumer products are converted into weapons factory . Pans with bullets , the tanks and other war machines . Major arms companies become the new force and implanted in Los Angeles including Burbank until the 70s and then move in the 80 counties in the south of the city ( Santa Ana , Anaheim and more generally the County Orange ), which also becomes a pool of innovation for young companies become such as Hughes Aircraft (and its famous founder , Howard Hughes ) that became one of the most successful companies in the country in the space of ten years . The massive industrial city thus organized around major industrial poles defined by W. Viehe â&#x20AC;&#x153;industrial clustersâ&#x20AC;? and soon his welcoming more and more people poles , subneighborhoods are created around the poles and quickly spread and merge them to give an urban spread which only allows the car mobility . The advent of freeways or motorways ( freeways ) accelerates the phoneme horizontal spreading , highways to link the major urban pole , eased traffic congestion , reduce the time to go from point A to point B . Its large drainage areas so the population of the city to suburb broadly favors transplantation of small and medium businesses around the highway and created corridors commercial areas on each side of the highway .

58 The motorways in particular outputs become true dynamic business parks , offices, shops and other leisure activities . This concentration is done in a timely manner or area and created a de facto partitioned ( no real differences ) urban fabric. There is no mixing between activities, shops and homes. The city structure especially in an almost autonomous without the intervention of major urban . Method street grid is adopted unanimously in Los Angeles, the densification of the cadastre this structure variably not based on economic alternatives that will weigh the site ( buildings of different ages but also different morphology that coexist in a same islands , so that the evolution is not so oriented rather sporadic) . WWII allows Los Angeles to become the leading industrial center of the country to areas of the factory belt northeast . Its geographical position allows the city to develop a cargo port , one of the first in the country. In addition, the United States entering into full war December 7, 1941 after the attack on Pearl Harbor, the Pacific War Los Angeles stands as plant powder military-industrial complex Americian , flooding manufactures the army for his campaign in the Pacific. 50 % of the weapons then produced in the territory for the war effort were produced in Los Angeles. The arms companies like Bell , Sikorsky, Boeing or implants in the â&#x20AC;&#x153;emptyâ&#x20AC;? periphery untouched around the county of Los Angeles while Northrop , Lockheed and McDonnell -Douglas and Hughes Aircraft are young companies born in Los Angeles nylons their neighborhood through birth and become a multinational war just a few years , transforming the industry of the city as well as the balance of power .

Magnetic in Los Angeles Greg Hise issue a statement without appeal, interviewing a salesman spring phrase “ today’s homes that sell less are not the ones that are near a school , church or shops, no, these are homes close to major companies such as General Motors , Lockheed or Rocketdyme who would sell better “ as and how Ebenezer Howard , companies created her own real Garden Cities around their facilities to accommodate at most after their employees. Lewis Mumford and his introduction of the American model to model in the garden city , shows the model with the major aerospace companies trying to implement city- gardens around their factories (eg Lockheed in Burbank where Douglas Aircarft Santa Ana ) . Los Angeles represent , Corporate America where large companies are the new factors of power , radiant Area as a shining castle on his kingdom. large companies impose their rules and they only boost to entire neighborhoods . Lockheed , Universal, or Nike are New Babylon draining brains, silver and sweat. The city is therefore organized around its new centers of power surpassing even the local authorities. (eg City Council Century City is headed by the company itself being used to advise the Century Fox. Cultural and entertainment sector become a cultural symbol that exceeds the boundaries of the city giving a global reach through the series , movie, music of the American soft-power but also and especially the model of the city, “ idealized “ American immense Suburds advocating the triumph of horizontal spread , individual houses and of course the love Americans for the car.

The Reconversion After the war the factories are converted , business arms are no longer the most profitable but remain heavyweights of the California industry. Other areas already as high- techs , IT corn and especially the world of media and entertainment experience a huge lightning . Entertainment today is the first economic actor in the city and have the same method of expansion of business centers around the arms companies . Companies such as MGM , Paramount , Warner, Century Fox or Disney are all from the city , their neighborhood transforms birth around them. Cities such as Century City (Century Fox) or Universal City (Universal Studios) bears the names of companies. Then we can derive that the economy but also the whole of life is organized around the company as the main engine on which it is grafted in the periphery Suburds workers has almost everything to work for the company. With this massive need for housing , large projects Suburbs sprawling gated or sanitized Communities are not undertaken major construction contractors. In this we could say that private entrepreneurs are the only created a real urban plan ( but working on serte ) of roads meadows defined implementation of one type or several types of urban fabric . Organized to be replicated , the new development is organized so closed , a lot of suburban houses surrounded by trees, in which wind small streets, all framed by pillars on which the periphery and settle trades other major brands of fast fast food or supply connected to the trans -urban motorway system , all practicable only with the car ( pedestrian appearance then it has limited out of his car , to two meters to go in the stores). Developers to work in such projects are somewhat similar to what modern urban planners but not in the broad sense of the term. Profit returning to play often at the expense of the social aspect .

62 Planning is still performed around hygienists or urban recognized tools already applied by the world but adapted or bypassed for their own interests ( often the most functional for residents but very profitable for the developer ) . Riding on the image of the American dream represented by the house and the massive exodus of newcomers , the suburb became distant suburbs and outskirts . In the 60s , it quickly becomes uncontrollable. Developers built at breakneck speed , the city extends beyond its boundaries. The mountains surrounding the plain of the city are quickly caught and there are built by this limit. Large suburbs away from it all emerge as Pasadena , Pomona or Panorama City are literally built in the middle of nowhere and in record time . Developers sometimes redeem several acres of land in a block and then create an entire neighborhood subdivisions individual flag replicate indefinitely. Then Connect to the city by a major highway . A path to Pasadena Santa Monica lasts 1:30 and that if the traffic is flowing 3h counted between 17h and 19h (peak ) . Its suburbs are mainly sold to migrants from the East trying to rebuild their lives , find a job, started a family in a small house . The combined heliotropism has a policy of aggressive advertising (audiovisual hammering through television and radio) are that Americans are increasingly settling in the southern regions of the United States therefore called Sunbelt Los Angeles a highlight .

The Mass Consumerism Era After the war thirty glorious bring a new generation of Americans . Americans were getting rich quickly , their standard of living increases and introduces a dramatic vertical mass consumption already begun a few years earlier but that actually makes sense after the war. Americans consume and consume . New products such as the television or household products become affordable and consumer products . Mass consumption becomes a critical factor in the U.S. economy. Large walking Malls or huge shopping malls concentrated hundreds of small shops as big names and very popular everywhere in the United States . In Los Angeles the scale is increased tenfold . Malls can not locate in a typical center , the need is to locate closer to the people . Problem Â ,the city being spread without real centers, malls are implanted by area populations.

A typology is rapidly emerging as the road and motorway networks become larger and more complex . Installed near a main road , it is easily identified by its huge parking facing stores without real economy size industrial neighborhood . The city then organized around three key factors , the company , the highway and the mall ( around which are organized huge suburbs ) . This spreading excessive model globalizing the house and the car is not typical of Los Angeles but the culture of the dollar ( city ruled by money and the â&#x20AC;&#x153; Corporates â&#x20AC;&#x153;) makes it a very powerful catalyst and boosts the economy of the city . Los Angeles quickly became the showcase of an era and of course the American dream.

64 And mass consumption gives way to several crises that undermine this economic model . The 70 signs of industrial decline followed the steel crisis and forces the economy to reinvent and same time highlight the various inconsistencies in the city model of industrial capitalism. Malls and that the symbols of this gigantism are deserted . If Malls are still a venue you shopping weekend , the economy is slowing and Malls idling . Today they are initiatives to reinvent the economy neighborhood because Malls are a little small deserted. Real small shopping areas emerging in the city. Something well known to Europeans , young American cities discover the economy to another level of macroeconomic passes to a micro scale hitherto existed only in the cities of the former colonies Northeast ( British influence). Neighborhoods like Hollywood or Santa Monica become very commercial . In the rest of the city ‘s main arteries are invested by corridors of companies and businesses that install one after the other for miles. The mall or the idea of concentration of trade is not dead but becomes commercially or “ driving Malls “ or corridor on the car remains the main mode of travel if not unique. Since the 80 industries are replaced by start- up , the area of Orange County that were established defense companies and arms became the Silicon Valley city . The economy is shifting around other sectors. The tertiary sector is the main source of employment .

L.A, the Dysfunctional city ? So what is the symbolism of this city dollar or silver and kings , governance by the interest here is what the city represents . This approach the economy of the city is important because it is what has shaped the city. Having very few stories the city has no real historical center that has guided the growth of the city . If the old Pueblo is always just steps from Downtown . This example is interesting because people see as a symbol of this downtown neighborhood. But made is that this neighborhood has a status of financial market rises or large banks. But if the center is essential landscape it is only a part of the whole scene. The presence of bodies and government facilities ( City Hall, Police Headquarter , the Court of Justice .... ) is somehow a political center among others. Los Angeles was really built around social or political than cultural, economic factors . And that’s Corporate America becomes a tool like urban motorway or mall but rather the cause of all its implications . economic poles are offset from each other so we just build the main roads to connect and retrieve armies of workers from every morning inflated the bench now . This induces a new model definition that wants post- urban or planned city does not exist or at least a large scale. These are several small-scale initiatives orchestrated in particular by private developers ( neighborhood level ) . In fact, each district having its businesses, Malls, shops are «autonomous» in the sense that all its inhabitants found in the immediate needs «suburb» . or the motorway network is somehow great connections to the outside. Defined By Mike Davis in City of Quartz as «urban fragmentation around poles promoting separatism suburbs .» Edward Soja already used this term city «fractal» promoting economic and social polarization.

66 To illustrate E.Soja approach evokes the city as “ Megapolis “ magnifying by extending its suburban residential space, developing around a “pool” of activity related to large Corporates . This results in a product that city passing a Fordist economy ( industrial city ) is also called flexible or Exopolis city. But finding afterwards is not the same because nobody has the chance to find work near his home and of course that we are talking about suburban neighborhood where it gets very close relative. Factors dimension in Los Angeles are excessive , the time scale and mobility is the first constraint in Los Angeles. Even to stay in the neighborhood Angelinos ( inhabitant of the great Los Angeles), are obliged to take the car (filed his children to school , passed a grocery store is only feasible by car ) . Public transport are not and can not be extended and dense enough to reach every community in the city . On average an Angelino spends two hours a day in his car and that was his head images suburban commuter that seem to stretch to infinity we realize the paradox of this unusual and eccentric urban profile a thousand instead of urban plans designed in all its dimensions it is cultural in infrastructure or economic . And what about segregation, spliting the city, creating cleveage and huge gap between rich and poor, white black, latinos... The fear of the other make it unsustainable and will as it already happen be source of conflicts. The city give this impressin of getting out of control and getitng more and more dysfunctional every time

The city of the Future ? The city is made a left to the government which intervene only a relative scale and maintain public services (schools, hospitals as well as motorways) immense. . Only developers seem to impose a real planning with famous gated communities or non-standard subdivisions. The city grows the contribution of population with varied backgrounds, but especially by providing capitaux.Des economic factors and interests that are grafted component an urban change over time not a monotonous or predefined manner and oriented but according to a classification by a plurality of such culture broth or rather a set of a multitude of experiments failed or not. In this sense we must understand not Los Angeles as a city in its own right but as a set of medium-sized cities will be called urban conurbation (a contrast to the city “core” or “center” surrounded by its satellite towns periphery ) . Dynamic city , innovative, atypical which invented and reinvented by methods and interest has somehow forgotten the social dimension, the human aspect . a city to work yes but not to live. A prosperous city but paradoxically limited. Mobile city, but connected saturated and uncontrollable. A city in the air time but at a critical stage that needs to evolve constantly. A polynucleic city dispersant activity in space economic and industrial poles becoming anti- normative model of city. But nothing is fixed , is not fixed by a plan or regulation scale , the city of Los Angeles has redefined the past our vision of urban planning and it is clear that as Mike Davis says in his book City of Quartz , Los Angeles is definitely a “ capital of the future .” 21st century city , town king dollar between powers and paradoxes that’s how LA is consumed and consumed .

Case Study : Burbank

71 Â

Located in the San Fernando Valley , Burbank small town just 20 miles north of Downtown Los Angeles is part of the greater Los Angeles and Los Angeles County. In 2010 its population was 103,340 inhabitants in 13% growth . Brief history : The San Fernando Valley is considered the breadbasket of southern California also home to large reserves of groundwater in 1867 Burbank Dr immigrant Waterville , Maine (State of north-east) s installs in the valley and buys 19 km2 of land to build a ranch. Then the ranch extends with and quickly became the largest grain farm in the State of California purchase plots around. Shortly after Dr. Burbank began to invest in real estate development by buying land around his plots and then create homes but is also at work in the acquisition ( speculative ) buildings in downtown Los Angeles. In 1858 the only way to get around is to take the train from the Southern Pacific only link between the coast and the interior of Baja California . However it was not until 1874 that the Southern Pacific installs a station near the new town of Burbank. From 1870 farms are small little replaced by buildings , in 1880 the first road grid is drawn orbiting a main artery ( Olive Avenue ) connecting the small town to express Cahuenga ( main road at the time connecting Los Angeles to the San Fernando Valley ) .

72 In 1886 a group of real estate speculators bought the land and established the Dr. Burbank Povidencia Water Land & Development Company and rapidly developing real estate but also infrastructure. In 1887 the group built the first water of the region for agricultural land supply system to be better that doubling the irrigated agricultural production in just two years . Increasing the quality of life , the small town of Burbank attracts migrant soon as an investor, in 1901 the first telephone line in the region is set in Burbank who then host a major telephone station transit from Los Angeles to the big cities of the North- East . Very quickly Banks operating in Los Angeles and moved to Burbank investing heavily in real estate but also in projects Povidencia Company. In 1911 Ellen Fawkes background Burbank Aerial Trolley Car Company , develops Burbank even a prototype of the first monorail in the world connecting Burbank to Los Angeles in just 10 minutes. The first trip was a failure due to several minor incidents but large enough to close the line. Following the incident the Company is dissolved and it is the Pacific Electric Car Company that buys and invests in promising new transportation trolleys ( on rails powered by electric lines above the voice) . At that time the Pacific Electric is also at work in Los Angeles and the first link between Burbank and LA is established a year later. The city increased from 500 in 1901 and 3,000 in 1911 to reach more than 5,000 people in 1922 and continues to increase each year. The small town is also classified as a city in its own right by the Federal Land Office in 1939 and joined the Los Angeles County grand but remains independent ( status still in place today).

73 In 1917 the Company Motor Moreland Motor Company Truc moved and quickly turns working in Burbank and industrial city. Company expands becoming the largest employer in the city. In the years following farmland is replaced by factories and other channels montages. In 1937 the Company moved Moreland aeronautical industry in Burbank. An airport is built and the aviation industry developed around the airport. During the Second World War large armament and aerospace companies such as Northrop settled or where Bell Aircraft Douglas MacDowell but also Loockheed -Vega Aircraft , which has now become the first defense contractor for the Pentagon but also the largest arms company in the world. During the war Moreland converts its auto plants in aircraft factory used by Loockheed -Vega Aircraft then redeem Moreland Company after the war. During the war the factory became the biggest aircraft production unit in the world. In 1940 moved to Burbank Boeing and Lockheed bought the airport for inclusion in its facilities transformed tested prototypes of the firm. With this expansion of the defense industry , a population of 35,000 inhabitants in 1940. In 1943 Lockheed employs over 100 000 people at its plants in Burbank and became one of the largest economic centers in the region and the first industrial center of Los Angeles. Between 1945 and 1950 the city hosts between 7,000 and 10,000 new residents each year. After the war defense activities are well established process part of their factories and research facilities Blossoming their activities outside their traditional activities ( Aeronautics) to missiles , tanks, computers and advanced electronics . Burbank became strategically important during the Cold War , if the test units are moved into more desert- like Lake Edwards and Nevada regions , Burbank becomes Sillcon Valley of the arms industry .

75 Today the majority of the arms industry has moved to the south of Los Angeles in Santa Clara County and has been replaced by the entertainment industry and the media. In the years 1930-1940 Columbia Pictures or Disney buys ranches near Burbank for their outdoor shoots but the activity around the film industry is not very developed in Burbank . It was not until 1960 that the Hollywood studios interested in the city. Many companies arms are already displaced their factories further south , leaving vacant immense hangar capable of harboring studios. in the 1970s , Disney, Warner (then the largest film producers) but also NBC- Universal ( great chain and American Network) installs and take relay surpassing economic sectors of defense in relative decline . Its huge production studios contribute to Burbank the new capital of entertainment. And even today when we talk about Hollywood studios (Hollywood represents the entire sector ) but the studios are primarily located in what we call â&#x20AC;&#x153;urban constellations â&#x20AC;&#x153; as the Burbank -Universal City and Century City - Culver City. In 2010 the entertainment industry is still the main economic actor in the city with over 100,000 people employed by the studios generating more than $ 7 billion in annual profits ( Burbank is also sometimes called by Angelinos Media City). Large companies have such a hold on the local economy (70% of the local economy is generated by the studios ) in 1987 Dinsey inaugurates Disney Shopping Mall combining MGM to build a casino near Mall . The city is quite similar to other Los Angeles County , corporations drain the economy of the region forming dispersed centers surrounded by large suburban suburbs, or have been insert large malls traders sanitized industrial scale .

76 Through this case study we can really gauged the Â ubiquitous place large companies in the evolution of the city. Next times the city was built by the developers and large corporations draining economic powers , working outperforming government without real means of intervention. Today the powers of these Corporates America is such that they have to run and operate public institutions, public boards and local authorities are the first benefactor in funding community and infrastructure construction and other urban centers with a qualitative interest for corporate employees . Lockheed built in the 40s also a factory near its full development on the model of the Garden City of Ebenezer Howard called his employees â&#x20AC;&#x153; Lockheed Village .â&#x20AC;? In 1999 a former Lockheed converted its factories owned and it still grows on the site an outdoor mall so go pedestrian decorated shops aimed to create a neighborhood initiative . The Empire Center Mall puts the business in the heart of the business center of town. Located just behind the Studio Warner program will be the beginning of a phase of revitalizing economic center in Burbank, a real attractive city, dynamic and enjoyable for people . In 2004 an initiative was launched to provide the city with a pedestrian shopping center close to the studios. To upgrade the local aspect this initiative aims to create and tourist shopping area as true social actor away from Malls and other eccentric group of large retailers near a remote highway but close to the studios ( clusters ) . This initiative called Burbank Town Center is funded by the Great entertainment companies in order to provide a better living environment for its workers.

77 After stagnating in the 80-90 years thanks to the revitalization initiatives carried out since the 2000s , the city wins again people with a population growth of 5% per year its population exceeded 100,000 inhabitants in 2000. In 2013 the population is 107 000 inhabitants. Since the 2000s intentions are clearly to achieve revitalize and reinvent the city by blowing a neighborhood , on a smaller scale with micro- bidders shopping areas , shops , restaurants and other places of entertainment . This initiative is not the only one in Los Angeles similar projects popping up more often orchestrated again by economic actors tie the strings bearing local projects . Ultimately Burbank is a small scale the perfect representation of the city built around , by and for the dollar. The company, unwavering engine and catalyst life like the death of the city. Burbank one more example of the great machine of Corporate America unifying urban post a new definition of the sprawling and multi-centric city.

05_ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES

Shortages and climate change Water availability The Los Angeles area is characterized by a Mediterranean climate with low annual rainfall . The city therefore can not easily accommodate population and economic growth in the late nineteenth century. The water then becomes an environmental issue . Historically, it was noted that up to 87 % of the water in Los Angeles is imported. An important water source for Los Angeles is fed by aqueducts from the West, including the San Fernando Valley . Taming water is monopolized by the municipal water agency of Los Angeles ( DWP ) constraint to impose the same rate for all . However, the socio -spatial fragmentation of the city was compounded by inequalities vis- Ă -vis the quality of water available . Indeed, the water quality is affected by the installed piping for its supply disadvantage communities more in the periphery. Risk of flooding : Despite a general shortage of water in the region, Los Angeles faces at the same time the risk of flooding due to rare events of extreme precipitation . To remedy this problem , the city has decided to convert the Los Angeles River into a concrete channel designed to drain rainwater to the sea Today, the city faces a hand to a general request revitalize the river to create open spaces, and secondly an increasing flood risk with climate change. The city is therefore trying to develop a decentralized system would recover rainwater , responding both to flood risk and the need to import water. In addition, this system could reduce water pollution downstream. From an economic point of view, the waterfront development project would build along the river such as bars, restaurants, low-cost housing , and others.

84 Risk of fire : The risk of fire in California is driven mainly by dry, windy weather. Fires threaten the city of Los Angeles on a regular basis, especially affecting areas rich devices built on hillsides, in contact with the natural vegetation. The area at risk of severe fire very high (see Map 1) includes most of the valleys and mountainous areas of Los Angeles. The temperature rise and extreme weather conditions due to climate change may increase the risk of fires. Indeed, the fire brigade Los Angeles adapt their management plans to take account of more frequent and intense fires.

85 Pollution : Development of ports and freight also pose new environmental problems such as air pollution . Indeed , the city of Los Angeles is considered the most polluted city in the United States due to nitrogen oxide (NOx ) and particulate matter suspended in the air (“ particulate matter” , PM) from ports and freight . From 1940 , the “ LA smog “ is already visible, and in 1990 the inhabitants of Los Angeles are imposed rations of water. Awareness for the environment occurs among local residents , with associations of environmental protection , lead to the introduction of new environmental regulations prompting the city to take action to reduce their emissions. In 2001, for example, a lawsuit forced the Port of Los Angeles to implement the regulation of “ California Environmental Quality Act .” While the annual concentration of fine particulate matter and carbon equivalents were reduced visible since 2005 in the Port of Los Angeles ( paragraphs 2 and 3 ) , some pollutants such as particulate not fine suspensions ( graph 1) does not appear to have decreased enough and remain at a concentration greater than that allowed by the emission standard in California. A new challenge is revealed : a balance between the prevention of harmful emissions and the development of the port. This objective is supported in the Clean Air Action Plan (CAAP ), developed by the ports of Long Beach and Los Angeles. However , reductions generated through measures such as the use of poor fuel sulfide and AMP ( Alternative Maritime Power) may be repaid by the increase in rail traffic or the trucks, yet essential for the development economic development of the city. Thus, the city may know construction of important infrastructure to accommodate increased traffic , but which complement an ecological consideration on the choice of technology , and even the development.

89 Earthquakes : The city of Los Angeles is located in the east of the Pacific plate ,near the San Andreas Fault . Earthquake risk is considered very high, but most are minor earthquakes occurrent . However , the damage caused by a major earthquake would be more important in a densely populated urban area like Los Angeles compared to other less populated areas along the San Andreas Fault . Thus, scenario planning in earthquake considering the worst possible scenario . The latter corresponds to an earthquake of magnitude 7.5 on the Richter scale and that would last 30 to 40 seconds , affecting the region located 25 km from the fault. In addition, replicas continue for several weeks with events of magnitude 6 or greater on the Richter scale. Damage predicted in case of earthquake following this scenario are presented below: Significant damage to structures located on the traces of active faults . These faults mostly through residential and commercial areas, thus threatening residential buildings, roads and public transportation services and systems distribution.Dégâts important due to shaking of intensity VIII on the Mercalli scale near Petaluma and Napa, in the San Francisco Bay in the north to San Jose South. These regions correspond to densely populated areas. Extensive damage due to shaking intensity IX on the Mercalli scale on an area of 8 km wide located mostly west of the Hayward fault . This area includes almost all of the population of the East Bay of San Francisco.Danger liquefaction or compaction of soils in land around the margins of the bay. Landslides in particular at “ East Bay Hills .”

92 Therefore , this scenario would create between 1,500 and 4,500 fatalities , depending on the time course of the event , and three times the number of wounded. In addition , most hospitals in the area were built before the regulations on the construction of hospitals established in 1972 , and may be inaccessible or damaged due to the earthquake. Other institutions at risk include the University of California because of its proximity to the fault and its structure , road voices such as highways and bridges. On the other hand , 50% of the population of San Francisco would experience blackouts during the first 24 hours and 25 % remain affected for 24 hours. Finally, the water supply will be reduced to 10% during the first 24 hours due to tunnels , aqueducts and distribution systems present along the fault . In addition, the complete restoration of the water supply system could take several months . On a positive note , public schools include structures resistant to earthquakes and are generally well distributed . Also , these structures can serve as a refuge . The metro lines should not be affected by the earthquake . Over the past 10 years, ÂŤ East Bay Municipal Utility District ÂŤ ( EBMUD ) rebuilt the older and low dams in order to improve their seismic standards. Finally , most of the ports are not expected to be significantly affected and should therefore remain functional . However, this does not apply to facilities Carquinez and Richmond , where oil storage and oil pose a threat of contamination and fire. Impact on urban development : It is important to note that the scenario established for the San Francisco Bay also applies to the Los Angeles area . So it can be established that the urban development of Los Angeles has not sufficiently taken into account the risk of the Earth region. Urban development should consider the location of major faults and the susceptibility of the soil to collapse and liquefaction. In this way , institutions and key structures could avoid these locations or have a structure capable of withstanding risks .

_CONCLUSION

The City of Quartz Los Angeles was founded in 1769 by Spanish settlers . Of the 1870s, the city passed a primary to a secondary economy economy with the arrival of railroads, and the creation of a port and the advent of oil in the region . In the early twentieth century, the city is smaller than San Francisco. From 1900 to 2000, she spent more than 14 250 000 000 000 capita in spreading and becoming denser . It spreads today on 1300 km2 ( 100 km2 for Paris ) . Today, the city is not centralized . It is characterized by a lack of difference between suburban and urban . His polynucléarité is structured by a monumental highways. Los Angeles, or the image of the extended dynamic city, suburban , sunny in the collective consciousness are images of attractive city, a catalyst and economic powerhouse of the West Coast of the United States. An experimental city, creating a new model, a post- urban drift , without barriers or borders that wants révolutionnaire.La and innovative theory of the city spread or how Los Angeles has become the world capital of paradoxes ? A town in the image of its démesure. Ville world, city of tomorrow. A city that there is still a century was a small farm , became through an industrial oil exploitation leading city . The war effort and the American mass exodus from the east coast, allowing the city to become a techno-industrial juggernaut outsized . The rapid development of the city completely questioned the size of the centric city as we know it . A city that is organized around the periphery of clusters abandoning its historic center.

The city becomes plural , and technical innovation of the car will help to implement this system called polarized city. malls , the drives in as far apart depict a city motorists , a city in motion , city or temporality becomes relative . An average Angelinos still more than two hours a day in the car and the equivalent course from 30 to 50 kilometers. Los Angeles symbolizes the American dream conveyed by the mainstream media and networks established themselves in the city. The house became the symbol of completion . The residential suburb becomes the unifying element of this dream, the ultimate goal of all Americans wanting a family. Result , the city spreads like an oil task soon exceed their physical limitations ( mountains to the north ) and storming the desert (east ) . Today the metropolitan or urban area of Greater Los Angeles brings together more than 18 million inhabitants (the second American urban area after New York ) and continues to be one of the fastest growing urban areas of the United States - Unis.La city is facing many major problems between water scarcity and droughts, as provo - fire , dramatic pollution, or problem of violence , the city was the scene of upheaval both outside that interiors.

_REFERENCES

01_INTRODUCTION _ Rapport au Sénat : Villes du futur, futur des villes, quel avenir pour les villes du monde ? , Pauline Malet _ Revue Urbanisme - Los Angeles, n°361 Juillet-Aout 2008, Cynthia Ghorra-Gobin _ La jungle urbaine de Los Angeles : problèmes environnementaux et la ville , Elissa Cohen _ http://www.insecula.com/musee/M0298.html (Downtown) 02_URBANISM _ Revue Urbanisme - Los Angeles, n°361 Juillet-Aout 2008, Cynthia Ghorra-Gobin _ The Architecture of Four Ecologies, R. Bahnam, _ Magnetic Los Angeles, Greg Hise _ City of Quartz, Mike Davis _ Los Angeles the architecture of four ecologies, Reyner Banham 03_TRANSPORTS _ Revue Urbanisme - Los Angeles, n°361 Juillet-Aout 2008, Cynthia Ghorra-Gobin _ The Architecture of Four Ecologies, R. Bahnam, _ The 2007 Urban Mobility Report, The Texas A & M University, 2007, David Schrank and Tim Lomax _ Los Angeles, Movement Systems. Los Angeles; Architectural Design, Grame Morlan, 1981. _ Marvin, Ray S., Ed. 1960 City Planning Commission Accomplishments. Los Angeles, Ray S. Marvin _ Crawford, Margret. Everyday Urbanism. New York,The Montacelli Press, 2008. Margaret Crawford _ Space, Time and Architecture. Cambrige MA, Harvard University Press, 1941, Sigfried Giedion _ Everyday Urbanism. New York, The Montacelli Press, 2008. John Kaliski

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04_ECONOMY _ Introduction du modèle Américain au modèle de la cité-jardin, Lewis Mumford _ Magnetic Los Angeles, Greg Hise _ City of Quartz, Mike Davis _ Life and death of the greats americans cities, Jane Jacobs _ Los Angeles, W. Viehe _ Los Angeles the architecture of four ecologies, Reyner Banham _ MapMonde 61, Claude Mangin _ Los Angeles revisited ,LA School of Urbanism 05_ ENVIRONNEMENTAL ISSUES _ Ecology of Fear, Mike Davis _ http://www.environmentla.org/programs/aboutwater.htm _ http://www.city-data.com/world-cities/Los-Angeles-Environment.html _ http://www.portoflosangeles.org/environment/air_quality.asp _ http://dusp.mit.edu/cdd/news/design-against-nature-flooding-water-supply-and-publicspace-los-angeles _ http://lafd.org/fire-prevention/118-brush-clearance/357-fire-zone _ http://www.johnmartin.com/earthquakes/eqpapers/00000066.htm