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CapĂtulo 2: Balance de la politica social en el nuevo milenio
CapĂtulo 4
para promover la educaciĂłn como un derecho para P erspectivas todos
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''GrĂĄfica 1 '
Perspectivas de la polĂtica social en Brasil
Tasas de analfabetismo por rangos etarios â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Brasil, urbano y rural, 2001-2008 (%)
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Fuente: InvestigaciĂłn Nacional por Muestra de Viviendas (PNAD). ElaboraciĂłn: IPEA.
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Capítulo 4: Perspectivas para promover la educación como un derecho para todos
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''Tabla 1'' ProporciĂłn de analfabetas que han asistido a la escuela â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Brasil, 2005-2008 ( %)
Fuente: PNAD/IBGE.
2005
38.40
2006
40.90
2007
42.10
2008
42.50
Perspectivas de la polĂtica social en Brasil
1.2 Diagnosticando las causas
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Capítulo 4: Perspectivas para promover la educación como un derecho para todos
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1.3 Escenarios y perspectivas
Perspectivas de la política social en Brasil
1.3.1 Escenario inercial / tendencial
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1.3.2 Escenario deseable, perspectiva oficial G',%2&"'(%'D/%'%+'%8'&".>)/8-'46<'(%'8&'T-+2.#./)#*+'`%(%"&8'(%'6MOO'HT`^OOI' 2%'%2.&:8%)%'%8')-$,"-$#2-'(%'%""&(#)&"'%8'&+&89&:%.#2$-;'"%#.%"&(-'%+'%8'!8&+' L&)#-+&8'(%'E(/)&)#*+'H!LE EF RVF EFÜOJÄ DPNP QMB[P BÃPT QBSB &8)&+]&"'(#)_&'$%.&;'%2',-2#:8%')-+2.&.&"'D/%'8-2'&V&+)%2'-:.%+#(-2'9/%"-+' :&2.&+.%'.>$#(-2@'K#+'%$:&"0-;',&"&'D/%'.&8'-:U%.#V-',/(#%"&')-+2%0/#"2%;' 2%">&'#$,"%2)#+(#:8%'/+&'V%"(&(%"&'$-V#8#]&)#*+'+&)#-+&8;'D/%'&08/.#+&"&'
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Capítulo 4: Perspectivas para promover la educación como un derecho para todos
1.3.3 Escenario deseable, perspectiva técnica
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Perspectivas de la polĂtica social en Brasil
2. Asegurar la conclusiĂłn de la educaciĂłn fundamental
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2.1 Dimensionamiento del problema G/+D/%' %8' &))%2-' &' ,"#$&"#&' W' 2%)/+(&"#&' 2%' _&W&' &2%0/"&(-' )&2#' .-.&8P $%+.%;6'9&8.&'$/)_-',-"'_&)%"',&"&'D/%'.-(-2'8-2'D/%'#+0"%2&+'&'8&',"#$&P "#&' )-$,8%.%+' 8-2' +/%V%' &7-2' (%' %2./(#-' D/%' &:&")&@' K%' ."&.&' (%' /+&' UBSFB DPNQMFKB ZB RVF BEFN´T EF TFS OFDFTBSJP BDUVBS CBKP MPT GBDUPSFT #+.">+2%)-2' (%' 8&' %2)/%8&' i,"-9%2-"%2;' #+2.&8&)#-+%2;' 8#:"-2;' $1.-(-2' (%' %(/)&)#*+;'%.)1.%"&i;'2%'(%:%+')-+2#(%"&"'8&2')-+(#)#-+%2'2-)#&8%2'(%'8-2' BMVNOPT 1PS MP UBOUP FM ÂťYJUP EFQFOEFS´ FO QBSUF EF MBT BDDJPOFT RVF 2%'"%&8#)%+'%+'8-2')&$,-2'(%'-."&2',-8>.#)&2',\:8#)&23'2&8/(;'2&+%&$#%+P'' .-;'%$,8%-'%'#+0"%2-2'W'&2#2.%+)#&'2-)#&8;'%+."%'-."&2@ r&2.&'455M;'8&'&2#2.%+)#&'&'8&'%2)/%8&'%"&'-:8#0&.-"#&'_&2.&'8-2'6<' &7-2;'%(&('&'8&'D/%;'_&:#%+(-'#+0"%2&(-'&',"#$%"-'(%',"#$&"#&'%+'%8'.#%$P ,-')-""%).-'i2%#2'-'2#%.%'&7-2;'(%,%+(#%+(-'(%'2#'%2.&:&'#+2)"#.-'%+'/+')#)8-' De acuerdo con la PNAD 2008, aproximadamente 95% asistĂan a primaria y secundaria.
1
''GrĂĄfica 2 '
Tasa de conclusiĂłn
Tasa de conclusiĂłn de la primaria en el rango etario de 15 a 17 aĂąos â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Brasil, 2008 (%)
Fuente: PNAD/IBGE. ElaboraciĂłn propia.
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2
CapĂtulo 4: Perspectivas para promover la educaciĂłn como un derecho para todos
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''GrĂĄfica 3 '
Perspectivas de la polĂtica social en Brasil
Tasa de conclusiĂłn de la primaria, segĂşn ingresos, color/raza, gĂŠnero, regiĂłn y ubicaciĂłn de la vivienda â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Brasil, 2008
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Fuente: PNAD 2008/IBGE. ElaboraciĂłn propia. Obs.: la lĂnea morada resalta el promedio nacional = 55%. S/R: Sin rendimiento.
2.2 Diagnosticando las causas -B JEFOUJĂ&#x153;DBDJĂ&#x201E;O EF MBT DBVTBT QPUFODJBMFT EF MB CBKB DPODMVTJĂ&#x201E;O EF MB QSJNB SJB Z TFDVOEBSJB FO #SBTJM EFNBOEBSÂżB MB SFBMJ[BDJĂ&#x201E;O EF VO FTUVEJP FTQFDÂżĂ&#x153; DP "EFN´T EF FTP FYJHJSÂżB VO NPEFMP FTUBEÂżTUJDP RVF USBUBSB MB OBUVSBMF[B KFS´SRVJDB EF MPT EBUPT FEVDBDJPOBMFT Z BEFN´T RVF JODPSQPSBSB FM IFDIP (%' D/%' 8&' &2#0+&)#*+' (%' "%)/"2-2' ,-"' ,&".%' (%' 8-2' &0%+.%2' #+V-8/)"&(-2' FEVDBOEPT GBNJMJBT Z SFEFT EF FEVDBDJĂ&#x201E;O OP FTU´ EJTPDJBEB EFM QSPDFTP %(/)&.#V-',-"'%8')/&8',&2&+'8&2',%"2-+&2'&'8-'8&"0-'(%'2/'V#(&'%2./(#&+.#8;'8-'
''Figura 1 ' Tasa de conclusiĂłn de la primaria, segĂşn ingresos, color/raza, gĂŠnero, regiĂłn y ubicaciĂłn de la vivienda â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Brasil, 2008 4
Recursos 1
CaracterĂsticas socioeconĂłmicas 2
Habilidades
5
DesempeĂąo escolar 3
Fuentes: adaptado de Unnever, Kerckhoff, Robinson (2000) y extraĂdo de Nascimiento (2007).
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EntiĂŠndase como recorrido y aprendiza je.
CapĂtulo 4: Perspectivas para promover la educaciĂłn como un derecho para todos
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''Figura 2 '
Perspectivas de la polĂtica social en Brasil
RelaciĂłn entre caracterĂsticas socioeconĂłmicas, habilidades anteriormente desenvueltas, recursos de la escuela y desempeĂąo escolar
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Alumno
Familia Recursos â&#x20AC;˘ econĂłmicos â&#x20AC;˘ culturales
â&#x20AC;˘ Raza â&#x20AC;˘ Sexo
CaracterĂsticas personales â&#x20AC;˘ Trayectoria Talentos escolar â&#x20AC;˘ innatos â&#x20AC;˘ Salud â&#x20AC;˘ adquiridos
Involucramiento de los padres Estructura familiar Actitudes relacionadas con la escuela
Aprendiza je
Escuela Profesor â&#x20AC;˘ Conocimiento â&#x20AC;˘ Experiencia â&#x20AC;˘ Involucramiento
EnseĂąanza GestiĂłn de la clase
Recursos fĂsicos, humanos y pedagĂłgicos
GestiĂłn de la materia
Comunidad escolar DirecciĂłn y gestiĂłn
Fuente: Soares (2007).
Competencia
Sociedad Clase â&#x20AC;˘ alumnos â&#x20AC;˘ clima â&#x20AC;˘ alumnos Proyecto pedagĂłgico
â&#x20AC;˘ LegislaciĂłn educativa â&#x20AC;˘ Valores socioculturales y religiosos â&#x20AC;˘ PolĂticas educativas â&#x20AC;˘ Demanda social de competencia
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2.3 Escenarios y perspectivas c&'.%+(%+)#&'(%')-+.#+/&'%8%V&)#*+'(%'8&'.&2&'0%+%"&8'(%')-+)8/2#*+'(%' 8&'%(/)&)#*+',"#$&"#&'W'2%)/+(&"#&'%+'%8'"&+0-'(%'%(&('(%'6Q'&'6N'&7-2'
CapĂtulo 4: Perspectivas para promover la educaciĂłn como un derecho para todos
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Perspectivas de la política social en Brasil
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3. El desafรญo de expandir con calidad la educaciรณn infantil 3.1 Dimensionamiento del problema c&'%(/)&)#*+'#+9&+.#8;'D/%'&:&")&'8&'0/&"(%">&'W'%8',"%%2)-8&";'9/%'#+)8/#(&' )-$-'(%:%"'(%8'E2.&(-'%+'$&.%"#&'(%'%(/)&)#*+'%+'8&'T-+2.#./)#*+'`%(%P'' SBM EF &TUB QSJNFSB FUBQB EF MB GPSNBDJร O CยดTJDB DPOGPSNF FYQMJDB 8&''c%W'(%'?#"%)."#)%2'W'J&2%2'(%'8&'E(/)&)#*+'L&)#-+&8'Hc?JI'(%'6MMR;'2%' (%2.#+&'&'8-2'+#7-2'%+'8&'%(&('&+.%"#-"'&'8&'%(/)&)#*+',"#$&"#&;'2#%+(-'8&' 0/&"(%">&',&"&'8-2'(%'_&2.&'."%2'&7-2'W'%8',"%%2)-8&"',&"&'8-2'(%'<'W'Q@< Derivado de la EC nรบm. 53/2006, que incluyรณ a los niรฑos de seis aรฑos en la educaciรณn bรกsica y que prolongรณ a nueve aรฑos la duraciรณn de esa etapa.
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Capรญtulo 4: Perspectivas para promover la educaciรณn como un derecho para todos
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''Tabla 2 ' Tasa de asistencia a la guarderĂa o a la escuela de la poblaciĂłn de 0 a 3 aĂąos â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Brasil, 2001 y 2005-2008 Frecuencia (%)
Regiones, sexo, color, situaciĂłn de la vivienda e ingresos Brasil
2001
2005
2006
2007
2008
10,6
13,0
15,5
17,1
18,1
7,3
5,8
8,0
7,6
8,4
Grandes regiones
Perspectivas de la polĂtica social en Brasil
Norte
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Noreste
10,5
11,7
13,3
14,1
14,9
Sureste
11,6
15,8
19,2
22,0
22,0
Sur
11,8
15,8
19,2
22,0
22,0
Centro-oeste
6,7
10,0
11,5
13,3
15,4
Hombres
10,8
13,3
16,1
16,9
18,4
Mujeres
10,4
12,7
14,8
17,3
17,8
Blanca
11,4
14,5
17,1
19,3
20,7
Negra o morena
9,6
11,6
13,8
14,8
15,5
Urbana
11,9
15,2
17,6
19,5
20,6
Rural
4,5
4,6
6,6
6,4
7,2
Sexo
Color de piel
SituaciĂłn de la vivienda
Franja de rendimiento familiar per cĂĄpita Hasta medio salario mĂnimo 3 salarios mĂnimos o mĂĄs
7,5
9,0
10,7
11,4
12,4
30,6
33,6
38,7
41,3
39,4
Fuente: PNAD/IBGE. Nota: los datos de 2001 no incluyen a la poblaciĂłn de los estados de la regiĂłn norte, a excepciĂłn de Tocantins.
''Tabla 3 ' Tasa de asistencia a la guarderĂa o a la escuela de la poblaciĂłn de 4 a 5 aĂąos â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Brasil, 2001 y 2005-2008 Frecuencia (%)
Regiones, sexo, color, situaciĂłn de la vivienda e ingresos Brasil
2001
2005
2006
2007
2008
54,9
62,8
67,6
70,1
72,8
Grandes regiones Norte
50,8
48,5
54,6
59,7
64,5
Noreste
61,9
70,9
73,8
76,8
79,4
Sureste
57,5
67,3
73,8
75,1
76,7
Sur
40,8
49,1
53,7
56,9
59,4
Centro-oeste
40,6
49,1
54,7
54,9
61,9
Hombres
54,3
62,5
67,1
69,5
73,3
Mujeres
55,6
63,1
68,1
70,7
72,3
Blanca
57,3
65,3
70,2
72,5
75,2
Negra o morena
56,2
60,6
65,4
68,2
70,8
Sexo
Color de piel
SituaciĂłn de la vivienda Urbana
59
67,5
72,0
73,8
76,1
37,5
44,5
50,0
54,9
59,2
Hasta medio salario mĂnimo
46,8
54,5
60,2
63,1
65,8
3 salarios mĂnimos o mĂĄs
88,3
91,6
93,6
90,9
94,5
Rural Franja de rendimiento familiar per cĂĄpita
Fuente: PNAD/IBGE. Nota: los datos de 2001 no incluyen a la poblaciĂłn de los estados de la regiĂłn norte, a excepciĂłn de Tocantins.
CapĂtulo 4: Perspectivas para promover la educaciĂłn como un derecho para todos
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Perspectivas de la política social en Brasil
3.2 Diagnosticando las causas
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3.3 Escenarios y perspectivas 3.3.1 Escenario inercial/tendencial
Perspectivas de la política social en Brasil
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Capรญtulo 4: Perspectivas para promover la educaciรณn como un derecho para todos
3.3.3 Escenario deseable, perspectiva tรฉcnica
""'
Perspectivas de la política social en Brasil
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4. AmpliaciĂłn y democratizaciĂłn del acceso a la educaciĂłn superior
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4.2 Sobre las causas c&'%2)&2&'&2#2.%+)#&'&'8&'%(/)&)#*+'2/,%"#-"'2%'(%:%;'%+'0"&+'$%(#(&;'&8' DBS´DUFS TFMFDUJWP Z FYDMVZFOUF RVF JNQSFHOB FM QSPDFTP EF FTDPMBSJ[BDJĂ&#x201E;O RVF QVFEF TFS G´DJMNFOUF DPOTUBUBEP QPS MPT CBKPT ÂżOEJDFT EF DPODMVTJĂ&#x201E;O EF MB FEVDBDJĂ&#x201E;O C´TJDB G',%2&"'(%'D/%'%8',&>2'+-'_&'8-0"&(-'#+2%".&"'%+'8&'%2)/%8&'&')&2#' MOh'(%'8-2'+#7-2'W'&(-8%2)%+.%2'(%'N'&'6<'&7-2;'2*8-'."%2')/&".&2',&".%2'(%' 8-2'U*V%+%2'(%'6O'&7-2'_&:>&+')-$,8%.&(-'8&',"#$&"#&'W'2%)/+(&"#&'%+'455O@' $VBOEP TF UPNB DPNP SFGFSFODJB MB QSFQBSBUPSJB TF WFSJĂ&#x153;DB RVF NFOPT (%'8&'$#.&('%+'8&')&.%0-">&'(%'6O'&'4<'&7-2'_&:>&'.%"$#+&(-'%2%'+#V%8@'!-"'8-' UBOUP BM TFS MB FUBQB Ă&#x153;OBM EF MB FEVDBDJĂ&#x201E;O GPSNBM MB FEVDBDJĂ&#x201E;O TVQFSJPS TVGSF 8-2'%9%).-2'(%'8&'2%8%).#V#(&('W'(%2%")#*+',"%2%+.%2'%+'8-2'+#V%8%2'&+.%"#-"%2'' (%'%(/)&)#*+@ 6
Incluso los que asistĂan a cursos de posgrado stricto sensu.
CapĂtulo 4: Perspectivas para promover la educaciĂłn como un derecho para todos
4.1 Dimensionamiento del problema
"")
Perspectivas de la política social en Brasil
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""*
''GrĂĄfica 4 '
Fuente: Instituto Nacional de Estudios AnĂsio Teixeira (INEP)/MEC. ElaboraciĂłn: IPEA/DISOC.
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CapĂtulo 4: Perspectivas para promover la educaciĂłn como un derecho para todos
Tasas de crecimiento de las inscripciones en las Instituciones de EducaciĂłn Superior (IES) privadas, Brasil, 1995-2008 (%)
""#
''GrĂĄfica 5 Tasas de crecimiento de las vacantes ofertadas y de los ingresos de estudiantes en las IES privadas â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Brasil, 1992-2008 (%)
Perspectivas de la polĂtica social en Brasil
Fuente: INEP/MEC. ElaboraciĂłn: IPEA/DISOC.
""$
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CapĂtulo 4: Perspectivas para promover la educaciĂłn como un derecho para todos
4.3 Escenarios y perspectivas
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''Gráfica 6 Escenarios de metas para la tasa neta de asistencia a la educación superior – Brasil y grandes regiones, 2008-2022 (%)
Perspectivas de la política social en Brasil
Fuente: PNAD/IBGE. Elaboración: IPEA/DISOC. Notas: 1 Escenario de tendencia inercial. 2 Escenario de metas con el PNE (30%).
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Por el escenario inercial, la proporción sería de sólo 41% en 2022.
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Capítulo 4: Perspectivas para promover la educación como un derecho para todos
5. Consideraciones finales
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Perspectivas de la política social en Brasil
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CapĂtulo 4: Perspectivas para promover la educaciĂłn como un derecho para todos
Referencias
"''
E scenarios para la cultura en 2022
CapĂtulo 5
IntroducciĂłn &TUF DBQÂżUVMP QSFTFOUB VOB SFĂ?FYJĂ&#x201E;O TPCSF MBT QFSTQFDUJWBT QBSB FM ´SFB DVM ./"&8'_&2.&'%8'&7-'4544@'c&'%2."&.%0#&'&+&8>.#)&')%+."&8'%2'8&'%8&:-"&)#*+'(%' %2)%+&"#-2' D/%' %Z,8-"%+' ,-2#:#8#(&(%2' ,&"&' %8' 9/./"-' W;' &8' $#2$-' .#%$,-;' %2./(#%+'(%.&88&(&$%+.%'8-2'(%2&9>-2'(%8',"%2%+.%@'E+'0%+%"&8;'(#)_-',"-P DFTP EFCF MJEJBS DPO TJNQMJĂ&#x153;DBDJPOFT FO VO DPOUFYUP EF JODFSUJEVNCSF Z DPNQMFKJEBE &O NVDIPT DBTPT FM BO´MJTJT Z MB PSHBOJ[BDJĂ&#x201E;O EF IJQĂ&#x201E;UFTJT TPO N´T JNQPSUBOUFT RVF MPT QBOPSBNBT HFOFSBEPT E+'%2%'2%+.#(-;'2%'%8&:-"&"-+')/&."-'%2)%+&"#-2',-2#:8%2',&"&'%8' ´SFB DVMUVSBM FO UFOJFOEP DPNP DPNĂ&#x2030;O EFOPNJOBEPS MPT SFDVSTPT Ă&#x153;OBODJFSPT P N´T QSFDJTBNFOUF BM TJTUFNB EF Ă&#x153;OBODJBNJFOUP TVCZBDFOUF Ă&#x201E;2.-2'+-'2*8-'.#%+%+'"%8%V&+)#&'%+'.1"$#+-2'(%',"-2,%))#*+'(%8'9/./"-;'2#+-' .&$:#1+',%"$#.%+',"-:8%$&.#]&"'8&2'8>+%&2'(%'&))#*+'(%'8&'-"0&+#]&)#*+'W' 8&2'%2."&.%0#&2'(%')-+2."/))#*+'(%8'K#2.%$&'L&)#-+&8'(%'T/8./"&'HKLTI@6' E+.-+)%2;',/%(%+'/2&"2%'8-2'%2)%+&"#-2',&"&'(#2)/""#"'2-:"%'8&2'+%)%2#(&P (%2',-8>.#)&2'D/%',%"$#.#">&+;'&')-".-',8&]-;'-"(%+&";'U%"&"D/#]&"'W',"#-"#]&"'' 8&2'&))#-+%2@ $PNP TF EJKP MB DVFTUJĂ&#x201E;O EFM Ă&#x153;OBODJBNJFOUP TF USBUBS´ NJOV )#-2&$%+.%;',/%2'%2')%+."&8'%+'%8'%2)%+&"#-'+-"$&.#V-'HTLI;4'%Z,"%2#*+' (%8'%2)%+&"#-'(%2%&(-@'EZ#2.%'/+&',"-,/%2.&'(%'E+$#%+(&'T-+2.#./)#-+&8' HETI'(#"#0#(&'&'(#)_-'&2/+.-;'8&'!"-,/%2.&'(%'E+$#%+(&'&'8&'T-+2.#./)#*+' H!ETI'+\$@'6Q5^455S;'8&')/&8'&."#:/#">&'&8'2%).-"')/8./"&8;'%+')&2-'(%'2%"' BQSPCBEB VO TJTUFNB EF Ă&#x153;OBODJBNJFOUP DPO CBTF Ă&#x153;TDBM QSFTVQVFTUBM EF DB S´DUFS OBDJPOBM Z QĂ&#x2030;CMJDP &M Ă&#x153;OBODJBNJFOUP FT FM QVOUP GVFSUF Z BM NJTNP .#%$,-;'%8',"-:8%$&'$%(/8&"'%+'8&2'%2."&.%0#&2'(%')-+2-8#(&)#*+'(%8'KLTa' 12.%'2%'(%:%')-+2#(%"&"',&"&'8&'"%9-"$&'W'8&')-+2."/))#*+'(%'8&2'#+2.&+)#&2' La definiciĂłn del SNC se encuentra en varios documentos de la SecretarĂa de ArticulaciĂłn Institucional del Ministerio de Cultura (SAI/MINC); entre ellos, en el de Cultura, ciudad y desarrollo local, que lo describe como â&#x20AC;&#x153;un proceso de articulaciĂłn, gestiĂłn y promociĂłn conjunta y coordinado de iniciativas, en el ĂĄrea cultural, entre los gobiernos federal, estatales y municipales y entre ĂŠstos con la sociedad civil, con el fin de implementar una polĂtica pĂşblica de cultura democrĂĄtica y permanente, con el objetivo de desarrollar el sector, con pleno ejercicio de los derechos y acceso a las fuentes de la cultura nacionalâ&#x20AC;?. Ese documento tambiĂŠn apunta los acuerdos de cooperaciĂłn federativa como uno de los instrumentos bĂĄsicos para la implantaciĂłn del SNC. 1
Los conceptos utilizados en este traba jo fueron en gran parte tomados de Buarque (2003).
2
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Perspectivas de la política social en Brasil
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Capítulo 5: Escenarios para la cultura en 2022
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Perspectivas de la polĂtica social en Brasil
1. Problema: la fragmentaciĂłn y desarticulaciĂłn de las instituciones culturales
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Capítulo 5: Escenarios para la cultura en 2022
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''Mapa 1
Perspectivas de la polĂtica social en Brasil
Municipios brasileĂąos agrupados para el anĂĄlisis de ĂĄrea de acuerdo con la existencia de equipos culturales
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Capítulo 5: Escenarios para la cultura en 2022
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''Cuadro 1 ' Organización del federalismo cooperativo cultural en los artículos de la CF/88 Explorar, directamente o mediante autorización, concesión o permiso de los servicios de radiodifusión sonora y de sonido e imágenes.
Artículo 22 Competencia de la Unión
Ejercer la clasificación, para efecto indicativo, de los entretenimientos públicos y de programas de radio y televisión.
La ley complementaria puede autorizar a los estados a legislar sobre cuestiones específicas de las materias relacionadas con este artículo.
Legislar sobre poblaciones indígenas. Legislar directrices y bases de la educación nacional.
Impedir el robo, destrucción y desfiguración de obras de arte y otros bienes de valor histórico, artístico o cultural.
Las leyes complementarias fijarán normas para la cooperación entre la Unión y los estados, el Distrito Federal y los municipios, teniendo en cuenta el equilibrio del desarrollo y del bienestar en el ámbito nacional.
Proporcionar los medios de acceso a la cultura, la educación y la ciencia. En el ámbito de la legislación concurrente, la facultad de la Unión se limita a establecer normas generales. Proteger el patrimonio histórico, cultural, artístico, turístico y paisajístico. Artículo 24 Competencias concurrentes (Unión, estados y DF)
Legislar sobre la responsabilidad por daños al medio ambiente, a los consumidores y a bienes y derechos de valor artístico, estético, histórico, turístico y paisajístico. Educación, cultura, enseñanza y deporte.
La competencia de la Unión para legislar sobre normas generales no excluye la facultad de suplementar las de los estados. No existiendo una ley federal sobre normas generales, los estados ejercerán la competencia legislativa plena para atender sus peculiaridades. La supervivencia de la ley federal sobre normas generales suspende la eficacia de la ley estatal, en lo que le fuera contrario.
Fuente: Congreso Nacional (1988). Elaboración propia.
Capítulo 5: Escenarios para la cultura en 2022
Artículo 23 Competencias comunes
Proteger los documentos, las obras y otros bienes de valor histórico y cultural, los monumentos, los paisajes naturales notables y los sitios arqueológicos.
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Perspectivas de la política social en Brasil
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Capítulo 5: Escenarios para la cultura en 2022
2.1 El Sistema Nacional de Cultura: cuatro componentes
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Perspectivas de la política social en Brasil
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2.3 Los cuatro escenarios &M DVBESP QSFTFOUB MPT FTDFOBSJPT DPOTUSVJEPT QBSB FM ´SFB DVMUVSBM FO
Capítulo 5: Escenarios para la cultura en 2022
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''Cuadro 2 ' Escenarios para el ĂĄrea cultural en 2022 Escenario
1. Escenario de crisis
2. Escenario de extrapolaciĂłn
Perspectivas de la polĂtica social en Brasil
3. Escenario de referencia o el mĂĄs probable
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4. Escenario alternativo o normativo
Instancia organizadora dominante
Mercado
Sociedad/ Estado
Estado/ Sociedad
Estado/ Sociedad
SNC
Elementos
Recesivo
a) No aprobaciĂłn de la PEC nĂşm. 150/2003. b) No consideraciĂłn de planes nacionales para la articulaciĂłn de directrices, objetivos y metas polĂticas. c) No operaciĂłn de sistemas de participaciĂłn. d) No participaciĂłn del sistema de concertaciĂłn entre gestores. e) Mantenimiento de los incentivos fiscales con el diseĂąo actual.
Fragmentado
a) No aprobaciĂłn de la PEC nĂşm. 150/2003 y aumento natural de los recursos presupuestales. b) ArticulaciĂłn de planes nacionales y locales. c) OperaciĂłn de sistemas de participaciĂłn. d) OperaciĂłn del sistema de concertaciĂłn entre gestores. e) Mantenimiento de los incentivos fiscales con el diseĂąo actual.
Integrado/ focalizado
a) No aprobaciĂłn de la PEC nĂşm. 150/2003 y aumento significativo de recursos (1% de los tres niveles de gobierno). b) ArticulaciĂłn de planes nacionales y locales. c) OperaciĂłn de sistemas de participaciĂłn. d) OperaciĂłn de sistema del concertaciĂłn entre gestores. e) Mantenimiento de los incentivos fiscales con el diseĂąo actual.
Integrado
a) AprobaciĂłn de la PEC nĂşm. 150/2003. b) ArticulaciĂłn de planes nacionales y locales. c) OperaciĂłn de sistemas de participaciĂłn. d) OperaciĂłn del sistema de concertaciĂłn entre gestores. e) Mantenimiento de los incentivos fiscales con el diseĂąo actual.
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Algo alrededor de 0.14 y 0.17% de la ejecución presupuestal.
Capítulo 5: Escenarios para la cultura en 2022
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Capítulo 5: Escenarios para la cultura en 2022
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Perspectivas de la polĂtica social en Brasil
3.1 La PEC nĂşm. 150/2003 y el federalismo cooperativo
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''Tabla 1 '
Unión
Estados
Municipios
Total
Ingresos tributarios
253.622.786.590
254.970.465.575
47.192.829.661
555.786.081.826
Impuestos antes de las transferencias
248.659.477.884
246.825.364.952
43.655.093.888
539.139.936.724
Impuestos después de las transferencias
111.839.817.694
297.295.458.961
151.990.297.734
561.125.574.389
Opción 1 (a) antes de las transferencias
4.973.189.558
3.702.380.474
436.550.939
9.112.120.971
Opción 2 (b) después de las transferencias
2.236.796.354
4.459.431.884
1.519.902.997
8.216.131.216
Opción 3 (c) nivel menor de gastos
2.236.796.354
3.702.380.474
436.550.939
6.375.727.767
Relación entre las opciones 1 y2
45
120
348
90
Relación entre las opciones 1 y3
45
100
100
70
Participación de la opción 1
54.6
40.6
4.8
100
Participación de la opción 2
27.2
54.3
18.5
100
Participación de la opción 3
35.1
58.1
6.8
100
Fuente: Elaboración de la Dirección de Estudios y Políticas Sociales (DISOC) del IPEA.
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Capítulo 5: Escenarios para la cultura en 2022
Simulación de la aplicación de la PEC núm. 150/2003
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Perspectivas de la política social en Brasil
3.2 Equidad regional y atribuciones de las esferas de gobierno
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Capítulo 5: Escenarios para la cultura en 2022
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Perspectivas de la política social en Brasil
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Capítulo 5: Escenarios para la cultura en 2022
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Perspectivas de la polĂtica social en Brasil
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Capítulo 6
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Perspectivas de la polĂtica social en Brasil
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c-2' #+(#)&(-"%2' 2-)#-%)-+*$#)-2' "%)#%+.%26' "%8&.#V-2' &' 8-2' :"&2#P 8%7-2'D/%'V#V>&+'%+'%8')&$,-'"%V%8&+'8&'9&2%'_/$&+&'(%8',"-)%2-'_#2.*"#)-'(%' )-+)%+."&)#*+'&0"&"#&3'&,"-Z#$&(&$%+.%'/+')/&".-'(%'8&',-:8&)#*+'$&W-"' (%' 6Q' &7-2' %2' &+&89&:%.&a' /+' .%")#-' (%' 8&2' V#V#%+(&2' +-' .#%+%' &))%2-' &8' BHVB USBUBEB FM JOHSFTP NPOFUBSJP QFS D´QJUB EF MBT GBNJMJBT EFM DBNQP FT %D/#V&8%+.%'&'2*8-'<Sh'(%8'(%'8&2'/":&+&2'W'%+')&2#'8&'$#.&('(%'8&2'V#V#%+(&2' SVSBMFT FM JOHSFTP QFS D´QJUB GBNJMJBS OP SFCBTB NFEJP TBMBSJP NÂżOJNP TĂ&#x201E;MP Oh'(%'8-2'."&:&U&(-"%2'%+'%8')&$,-'"%)#:%'/+&'"%$/+%"&)#*+'2/,%"#-"'&' (-2'2&8&"#-2'$>+#$-2'W'8-2'%$,8%-2'.%$,-"&8%2')-""%2,-+(%+'&')&2#'8&'$#P .&('(%'8&2'-)/,&)#-+%2@'G8')-$,&"&"'%8'>+(#)%'(%'X#+#',&"&'8&')-+)%+."&)#*+' EF MB QSPQJFEBE EF MB UJFSSB FO #SBTJM VOP EF MPT N´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atos de la InvestigaciĂłn Nacional por Muestra de Viviendas (PNAD) y del Instituto BrasileĂąo de GeografĂa y EstadĂstica (IBGE), 2008.
1
2 Dato del Censo Agropecuario 2006 del IBGE. El Ăndice de Gini es una medida de desigualdad que varĂa entre 0, equivalente a una distribuciĂłn equitativa perfecta, y 1, equivalente al grado mĂĄximo de concentraciĂłn.
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CapĂtulo 6: Reforma y concentraciĂłn agrarias
1. Cuadro general de la estructura de la tierra brasileĂąa
3
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Perspectivas de la política social en Brasil
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2.1 Tradición patrimonialista -PT QSJODJQBMFT IJTUPSJBEPSFT Z DJFOU¿ÜDPT TPDJBMFT CSBTJMFÃPT DPODVFS (&+' %+' &."#:/#"' &' 8&' $&."#]' ,-"./0/%2&' (%' 8&' )-8-+#]&)#*+' 8&' $&")&' (%8' ,&."#$-+#&8#2$-',"%2%+.%'%+'8-2'-">0%+%2'(%8'E2.&(-':"&2#8%7-@'K/2'9/+(&P $%+.-2'.%*"#)-2'.#%+%+')-$-'9/%+.%',"#+)#,&8'8-2')-+)%,.-2'(%8'U/"#2.&'W' TPDJÄMPHP BMFN´O .BY 8FCFS RVJFO EF NPEP HFOFSBM JEFOUJÜDB DPNP %8%$%+.-')%+."&8'(%8',&."#$-+#&8#2$-'8&')-+)%,)#*+'(%'8&'&).#V#(&(',\P :8#)&',-"',&".%'(%'8&'&/.-"#(&(;')-$-'2#'9/%"&'(%'(-$#+#-',"#V&(-@ &M SFDVSTP EFM DPODFQUP XFCFSJBOP QBSB EFTJHOBS VOB QS´DUJDB 2-)#&8' ,"%2%+.%' %+' .-(&' 8&' _#2.-"#&' (%8' ,/%:8-' :"&2#8%7-' i8&' #+)&,&)#(&(' (%'(#9%"%+)#&"'8&2'%29%"&2',\:8#)&'W',"#V&(&i'./V-'&,8#)&)#-+%2'-"#0#+&8%2' %+'J"&2#8'W'(#-',#%'&'(#V%"2&2'#+.%","%.&)#-+%2'(%8',"-)%2-'_#2.*"#)-'(%'8&'
Capítulo 6: Reforma y concentración agrarias
2. Orígenes de la estructura de la tierra brasileña
"*'
Perspectivas de la polĂtica social en Brasil
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VĂŠanse referencias.
La obediencia al jefe polĂtico se deriva de uno de los siguientes tipos de dominaciĂłn: la carismĂĄtica, la racional-legal y la tradicional; estos aparecen en los escritos de Weber como tipos-ideas, o sea, constituyen un recurso metodolĂłgico a utilizar para el anĂĄlisis de fenĂłmenos que no se pueden encontrar en estado puro en la realidad, pero que es posible visualizar en la teorĂa. 5
6
VĂŠanse referencias.
Capítulo 6: Reforma y concentración agrarias
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Perspectivas de la polĂtica social en Brasil
2.2 Modelo de desarrollo agrĂcola basado en el monocultivo de exportaciĂłn
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7
Capítulo 6: Reforma y concentración agrarias
%Z.%+2&' 8#2.&' (%' #$,-".&)#-+%2' D/%' %8' ,&>2' (%:#*' &(D/#"#"@' c&' "%9-"$&' &0"&"#&' %"&' +%)%2&"#&' ,&"&' %Z.#+0/#"' %8' $-(%8-' (%8' $-+-)/8.#V-' W' $-P (%"+#]&"'&8',&>2;'9"%+&+(-'%8'1Z-(-'"/"&8'D/%'_#2.*"#)&$%+.%',"-V-)&:&'8&' (#2$#+/)#*+'(%'8-2'2&8&"#-2@' c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k."-' &0"&V&+.%' (%' (#)_-' .#,-' (%' )/8.#V-2' ,"&).#)&(-2'%+'%8',&>2;'2%0\+'!"&(-'["@;'%2'8&'9&8.&'(%')-+2%"V&)#*+'(%'8-2' SFDVSTPT OBUVSBMFT FM NPEFMP UFOJFOEP FO MB PDVQBDJÄO EF OVFWBT ´SFBT TV MÄHJDB EF NBOUFOJNJFOUP BWBO[BCB EFKBOEP BUS´T WBTUBT FYUFOTJP +%2'(%'.#%""&'W&'#+91".#8%2@'?#)_&'8*0#)&',"%(-$#+*'(/"&+.%'%8')#)8-'(%'8&' )&7&'(%'&]\)&"'W'(%8')&91;'W'9/%'&2#$#8&(&',-"'8&2',-8>.#)&2'0/:%"+&$%+.&P MFT EF FOUPODFT DPOÜHVSBEBT QBSB BUFOEFS C´TJDBNFOUF MB MBCSBO[B `/".&(-' H455RI' "%2&8.&' D/%' ,&"&' "-$,%"' )-+' 8&2' 8#$#.&)#-+%2' &8' (%2&""-88-' i#+)8/2-' &' 8&' #+(/2."#&8#]&)#*+i' #$,/%2.&2' ,-"' %8' :#+-$#-' 8&.#P 9/+(#-P$-+-)/8.#V-' &0"-%Z,-".&(-"' 2%">&' +%)%2&"#-' ,"-$-V%"' 8&' "%9-"$&' &0"&"#&@' c&' )-+2%"V&)#*+' (%' /+&' %2."/)./"&' (%' 8&' .#%""&' 9/%".%$%+.%' )-+P )%+."&(&')-$,"-$%.%">&'.-(-'%8',"-)%2-'(%'(%2&""-88-'W',"-(/)#">&'/+&'2-P )#%(&('$&")&(&',-"'8&'%Z)8/2#*+'W'8&'(%2#0/&8(&(;')-$-'(%'_%)_-'&)-+.%)#*@ E+' 8&' &)./&8#(&(;' 8&' &0"-#+(/2."#&' #+.%0"&(&' &8' )-$%")#-' #+.%"P +&)#-+&8' (%' &-HH-,('("$' 2#0/%' "%,"-(/)#%+(-' 8&' 8*0#)&' (%' 8&' ,"-(/))#*+' %Z.%+2#V&'%+'0"&+(%2',"-,#%(&(%2@'?%2(%'8&'%V-8/)#*+',"-(/).#V&'"%2/8.&+.%' (%' 8&' A%V-8/)#*+' p%"(%B' _&2.&' %8' )-+)%,.-' &)./&8' (%' $/8.#9/+)#-+&8#P'' (&('(%'8&'&0"#)/8./"&;'%8'$-+-)/8.#V-'#+(/2."#&8'i&,-W&(-'%+'8&',"-(/))#*+' (%' &-HH-,('("$;' )-$-' 8&' )&7&' (%' &]\)&"' W' 8&' 2-W&i' 0&+*' /+&' +/%V&' +-P $%+)8&./"&' W' +/%V-2' ,&"&(#0$&2@' E2.%' &V&+)%' $&")&' 8&' ."&+29-"$&)#*+' (%' 8&' &0"#)/8./"&' %+' *?#-(0,<$'#(*' HY&8&+-2;' 4565Ia' $-(%8-' D/%' &).\&' &' ."&V12'(%')#)8-2'(%',"-(/))#*+'W'.#%+(%'&'%Z.%+(%"2%',-"'.-(-'%8'.%""#.-"#-;' BCSJFOEP OVFWBT ´SFBT FO FM F#"0'"+,"+":%*0$(30;'"%)-+D/#2.&+(-'.%""#.-"#-2' &:&+(-+&(-2'-'(%0"&(&(-2'/'-)/,&+(-'.%""%+-2'(%')/8.#V-2'D/%',%"(#%"-+' ,"-.&0-+#2$-'%+'%8')-$%")#-'#+.%"+&)#-+&8@ c&' $&W-">&' (%' 8-2' )/8.#V-2' (%' %Z,-".&)#*+' 2-+' _%"%(%"-2' (%8' 8&.#9/+(#2$-@' c&' 0"&+' %Z,8-.&)#*+;' 0%+%"&8$%+.%' &,8#)&(&' ,-"' ,&>2%2' W' )-$,&7>&2' (%' )-$%")#-' #$,%"#&8#2.&' ,&"&' ,"-$-V%"' 8&' %Z."&))#*+' (%' "#P D/%]&2'W'"%)/"2-2'(%'8&2')-8-+#&2;'9/%')-+2%"V&(&'%+'8&'%29%"&'%)-+*$#)&'W'
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Perspectivas de la polĂtica social en Brasil
2.3 DinĂĄmica del desarrollo rural subordinada a la dinĂĄmica de desarrollo urbano
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8
Capítulo 6: Reforma y concentración agrarias
)">.#)&'%+."%'8&'."&(#)#*+'%2."/)./"&8#2.&'(%8',%+2&$#%+.-'(%'8&'T-$#2#*+' E)-+*$#)&',&"&'8&'G$1"#)&'c&.#+&'W'%8'T&"#:%'HTE!GcI'W'8&2')-""#%+.%2'(%' 8&',"%"0,"0&(*'D/%')#")/8&:&+'%+'%8'$%(#-'&)&(1$#)-'&8'#+#)#-'(%'8&'(1)&(&' EF MPT TFUFOUB 'VOEBOEP VO OVFWP OJWFM QBSB MPT FTUVEJPT Z FM BO´MJTJT 2-:"%' 8&' %)-+-$>&' :"&2#8%7&;' %8' %+2&W-' (%' k8#V%#"&' 0%+%"&' ,%"2,%).#V&2' (#V%"2&2'2-:"%'8&')/%2.#*+'(%8'(%2&""-88-'(%2#0/&8a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ÄO EF SFMBDJPOFT BSDBJDBT FO FM OVFWP DPOÜHVSBOEP VOB SFMB )#*+'+-'2*8-'(%2#0/&8'2#+-')-$:#+&(&'%+."%'8-2'(-2',-8-2@'E+'%2%',"-)%2-;' 8&'+-'2/,%"&)#*+'(%'8&'2#./&)#*+'&0"&"#&',%"$#.>&'$&+.%+%"'8-2')-2.-2'(%' ,"-(/))#*+'(%'8&'9/%"]&'(%'."&:&U-'&'+#V%8%2'"%(/)#(>2#$-2'W'V#&:#8#]*'8&' &)/$/8&)#*+'(%')&,#.&8'W'%8')"%)#$#%+.-'#+(/2."#&8@'E+'-."&2',&8&:"&2;'8&'&0"#P'' DVMUVSB BUSBTBEB ÜOBODJBCB B MB NPEFSOB B MB JOEVTUSJBMJ[BDJÄO Z QSPWF¿B &'8-2')%+."-2'/":&+-2'#+(/2."#&8#]&(-2'(%'$&+-'(%'-:"&'&:/+(&+.%',&"&' 9-"$&"'/+'%U1")#.-'#+(/2."#&8'(%'"%2%"V&@ c&'.%2#2')%+."&8'(%'8&'TE!Gc;'%+'%2%',%"#-(-;'"%,"%2%+.&(&',-"'8&' )-+."#:/)#*+'(%'T%82-'`/".&(-'%'#+2)"#.&'%+'%8'!8&+'="#%+&8'6MRSP6MRQ;' V%>&'%+'8&'%8&2.#)#(&('(%'8&'-9%".&'(%'&8#$%+.-2;'9"%+.%'&'8&2',"%-)/,&)#-+%2' (%' 8&' (%$&+(&' /":&+&' %' #+(/2."#&8;' %8' ,"-:8%$&' %2."/)./"&8' (%8' 2%).-"' &0">)-8&':"&2#8%7-@'K/'2-8/)#*+'(%,%+(>&'9/+(&$%+.&8$%+.%'(%'8&'"%9-"P $&'&0"&"#&'W'(%'8&'$-(%"+#]&)#*+'(%'8&2'"%8&)#-+%2'(%'."&:&U-'%+'%8')&$,-@ !-"'-."&',&".%;'.&$:#1+'2%'_&)>&',"%2%+.%'8&')-+)%,)#*+'(%'D/%' 8&' &0"#)/8./"&' i&."&2&(&i' #$,-+>&' ."&:&2' &8' ,"-)%2-' (%' (%2&""-88-' (%8' QB¿T &M SFEVDJEP QPEFS BERVJTJUJWP EFM IPNCSF SVSBM MB EFÜDJFODJB EF BCBTUP BMJNFOUBSJP FO MBT DJVEBEFT Z MB JOTVÜDJFODJB EFM NFSDBEP BHS¿DP 8&',&"&'8-2',"-(/).-2'#+(/2."#&8%2'9/%"-+'&,/+.&(-2')-$-'8-2',"#+)#,&P 8%2'9&).-"%2'(%'%2%'#$,%(#$%+.-@'K#+'%$:&"0-;'8&')-+)%+."&)#*+'&0"&"#&;' %8'8&.#9/+(#-'#$,"-(/).#V-'W'8&2',"%)&"#&2')-+(#)#-+%2'(%'."&:&U-'%+'%8' )&$,-'"&"&$%+.%'9/%"-+'"%9%"#(-2')-$-',-2#:8%2'%Z,8#)&)#-+%2'(%'8-2' ,"-:8%$&2'(#&0+-2.#)&(-2@
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2.4 El proceso, aún en curso, de modernización conservadora en el campo
Perspectivas de la política social en Brasil
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2.5 PolĂticas pĂşblicas orientadas a la reproducciĂłn de ese modelo agrĂcola
CapĂtulo 6: Reforma y concentraciĂłn agrarias
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''Tabla 1 ' NĂşmero y ĂĄrea de los territorios agrĂcolas y crĂŠdito disponible para la agricultura familiar y no familiar - Brasil, aĂąo-cosecha 2009-2010 Total de establecimientos
Plan Cosecha 2009-20101
Ă rea total
Agricultura familiar NĂşmero
%
HectĂĄreas
%
R$ miles de millones
%
Total
5 175 489
100.0
329 941 393
100.0
107.5
100.0
Agricultura familiarâ&#x20AC;&#x201C; Ley nĂşm. 11.326/2006
4 367 902
84.4
80 250 453
24.3
15.0
14.0
No familiar
807 587
15.6
249 690 940
75.7
92.5
86.0
Fuentes: IBGE (2010).
Perspectivas de la polĂtica social en Brasil
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Perspectivas de la política social en Brasil
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Capรญtulo 6: Reforma y concentraciรณn agrarias
2.7 Nuevo ciclo de concentraciรณn agraria y regulaciรณn del agronegocio
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Perspectivas de la política social en Brasil
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CapĂtulo 6: Reforma y concentraciĂłn agrarias
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Perspectivas de la política social en Brasil
3. Visión de mundo, representación del mundo y previsibilidad: la construcción de las posibilidades futuras
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Capítulo 6: Reforma y concentración agrarias
3.1 El escenario inercial: en 2022, bienvenido a 1920
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Perspectivas de la polรญtica social en Brasil
Fuentes: Proyecciones de la DISOC/IPEA.
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T&:%'(%2.&)&"'D/%;'&/+D/%'2%'$&+.%+0&+'8&2'.%+(%+)#&2'&)./&P' MFT FM NFEJP SVSBM DPOUSJCVJSยด DPO NFOPT EF BM BVNFOUP EFNPHSยดร DP %+'%8',%"#-(-'4565P4544@'E2.%')/&("-'%2'9"/.-'(%'&80/+-2'9&).-"%23'8&'.%+P (%+)#&'(%2)%+(%+.%'%+'8&'.&2&'(%'+&.&8#(&(;'%8'%+V%U%)#$#%+.-'(%'8&',-P :8&)#*+'%+'%8')&$,-;'8&'$&2)/8#+#]&)#*+'(%8'$%(#-'"/"&8'W'8&'(#2$#+/)#*+' TJHOJร DBUJWB EFM Oร NFSP EF Kร WFOFT " MBSHP QMB[P MBT UFOEFODJBT TPO NยดT ,"%-)/,&+.%2'&+.%'8&'(#2$#+/)#*+'(%8'+\$%"-'(%'U*V%+%2'W'+#7-2'%+'8-2' ,"*Z#$-2'64'&7-2@'K#+'/+&',-8>.#)&'D/%'%2.#$/8%'8&'-)/,&)#*+'%D/#8#:"&P'' (&'(%8'.%""#.-"#-'&',&".#"'(%'8&'"%9-"$&'&0"&"#&;'%8',"-)%2-'(%'(%2,-:8&$#%+.-' EFM NVOEP SVSBM UJFOEF B SFQSPEVDJSTF F JOUFOTJร DBSTF -PT JOEJDBEPSFT EFNPHSยดร DPT B TV WF[ TPO EFUFSNJOBEPT QPS %8')/&("-',%"$&+%+.%'(%')-+)%+."&)#*+'&0"&"#&;'(&(-'D/%'8&'%Z,"-,#&)#*+' EF UJFSSBT EF VO WBTUP DPOUJOHFOUF QPCMBDJPOBM TJHOJร DB TPCSF UPEP FM CMP D/%-'&'(#V%"2-2'(%"%)_-2'W'8&'#+V#&:#8#]&)#*+'(%'8&2')-+(#)#-+%2'(%'V#(&'%+' %8')&$,-@'?%'&)/%"(-')-+'(&.-2'(%8'K#2.%$&'L&)#-+&8'(%'T&.&2."-'A/"&8'
HKLTAI'(%8'CLTAG;'(%'8-2'Q@6O'$#88-+%2'(%',"%(#-2'"/"&8%2'%Z#2.%+.%2;'S@SN' TPO NJOJGVOEJPT &M MBUJGVOEJP B TV WF[ FTU´ SFQSFTFOUBEP QPS NJM QSFEJPT RVF PDVQBO NJMMPOFT EF IB 1PS MP UBOUP N´T EF MB NJUBE EF FMMPT FTU´O IBCJUBEPT QPS GBNJMJBT TJO QPTJCJMJEBEFT QBSB SFQSPEVDJS 2%' (%' 9-"$&' &/.*+-$&@' !-"' -."&' ,&".%;' 4@4h' (%' 8-2' ,"%(#-2' "%0#2."&(-2' PDVQB EFM ´SFB UPUBM 4J TF DPOTJEFSB RVF VO QSPQJFUBSJP QPTFF N´T (%'/+'#+$/%:8%'"/"&8;'%8'0"&(-'(%')-+)%+."&)#*+'(%'.#%""&2'%2'&\+'$&W-"'(%' 8-'D/%'8&2'%2.&(>2.#)&2',%"$#.%+'$-2."&"@
''Gráfica 2 '
Fuentes: SNCR/INCRA. Elaboración: DISOC/IPEA.
c-2' )-2.-2' 2-)#&8%2' (%' %2%' $-(%8-' 2-+' ,%"V%"2-2' W' .#%+(%+' &'"&(#)&8#]&"'8-2'0"&V%2',"-:8%$&2'D/%'2%'.#%+%+@'c-2'(&.-2'(%8' CLTAG'W' EFM DFOTP QFSNJUFO BÜSNBS RVF FO U»SNJOPT EF FTUSVDUVSB EF MB UJFSSB MB QSPZFDDJÄO EFM FTDFOBSJP JOFSDJBM OP FT N´T RVF MB FYUFOTJÄO EF VOB UFOEFODJB IJTUÄSJDB DVZPT SFÝFKPT Z FKFT EF TVTUFOUBDJÄO TPO DPOPDJEPT 1BSB DPNQSFOEFS RV» QB¿T TF QSPZFDUBS´ IBDJB TFS´ OFDFTBSJP #+V%2.#0&"'8&2':&2%2'&',&".#"'(%'8&2')/&8%2'%8'$/+(-'"/"&8'2%'_&')-+2-8#(&P'' (-'%+'%8'$-(%8-'(%'(%2&""-88-'&)./&8@
Capítulo 6: Reforma y concentración agrarias
Estructura de la tierra – Brasil, 2010 (%)
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3.1.1 Los reflejos de las condiciones estructurales: necesidades y carencias de la vida en el campo E8',"-)%2-'(%'%Z,&+2#*+'(%'8&'%Z,8-.&)#*+'(%'8-2'"%)/"2-2'+&./"&8%2'W'8&' 8*0#)&' ,"-(/).#V#2.&' D/%' ,"%2#(%' 8&' ,-8>.#)&' &0">)-8&' :"&2#8%7&' _&+' 0%P +%"&(-'/+',%2&(-')-2.-',&"&'8&2'0%+%"&)#-+%2'(%'_-W;'D/%'$/%2."&'/+&' .%+(%+)#&'&8'&0"&V&$#%+.-'%+'8&2')-+(#)#-+%2'(%'V#(&@'E+'%2.%'%2./(#-'2%' V/%8V%+'%V#(%+.%2'8&2'"%8&)#-+%2'%+."%'%8'$-(%8-'(%'%Z,8-.&)#*+'"&)#-+&8' (%8')&$,-;')-+'1+9&2#2'%+'8&'%#(H*#(G*&(30'(%'8&'%)-+-$>&;'W'8-2',"-:8%P $&2'/":&+-2@ -B JOUFOTJร DBDJร O EF MB EFGPSFTUBDJร O FO MPT EJWFSTPT CJPNBT OBDJPOBMFT QFSNJUF JEFOUJร DBS RVF QFTF BM SFGVFS[P EFM BQBSBUP ร TDBMJ[B EPS EFM &TUBEP FM ยดSFB UBMBEB FO EJDIPT FTQBDJPT FO FM QFSJPEP GVF TJHOJร DBUJWB DPO MB TVQSFTJร O EF BQSPYJNBEBNFOUF NJMMPOFT EF IB NJM LNศ EF WFHFUBDJร O OBUJWB TVQFSร DJF FRVJWBMFOUF B WFDFT %8'$/+#)#,#-'(%'Kq-'!&/8-@
''Tabla 2 '
Perspectivas de la polรญtica social en Brasil
Proyecciรณn de la deforestaciรณn por biomas โ 2022
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Fuentes: Ministerio del Medioambiente (MMA), Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Espaciales (Inpe), SOS Mata Atlรกntica (SOSMA), IBGE y Atlas de la Cuestiรณn Agraria Brasileรฑa. Elaboraciรณn: DISOC/IPEA
%F NBOUFOFSTF FTUF SJUNP FT QPTJCMF RVF FO FM ยดSFB UPUBM (%9-"%2.&(&' 2%&' (%' Q6@6' $#88-+%2' (%' _&;' )-+' #$,&).-2' +-.&:8%2' %+' 8-2' :#-$&2'(%'G$&]-+#&;'T%""&(-'W'!&+.&+&8@'c&'(%2."/))#*+'(%'8&2'"%2%"V&2' BNCJFOUBMFT EFM $FSSBEP TF IB JOUFOTJร DBEP EFCJEP BM BWBODF EF MPT ,&2.#]&8%2;'8&'2-W&'W'8&')&7&'(%'&]\)&"'%+'.-(&'8&'"%0#*+;'2-:"%'.-(-'%+'8-2'%2P
Capítulo 6: Reforma y concentración agrarias
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Perspectivas de la política social en Brasil
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Capítulo 6: Reforma y concentración agrarias
&7-2',-"'<N@4h'%+'8&2')#/(&(%2I@'K#+'%$:&"0-;'8&'(%2#0/&8(&('(%'#+0"%2-2' %+'8&'"%8&)#*+')&$,-P)#/(&('&/$%+.*;'&/+'%+'%8',%"#-(-'(%')"%)#$#%+.-' FDPOÄNJDP N´T FMFWBEP Z B QFTBS EFM JODSFNFOUP EF NFDBOJTNPT EF USBOT 9%"%+)#&'(#"%).&'(%'#+0"%2-2@ E8' ,-")%+.&U%' (%' 8&' ,-:8&)#*+' %)-+*$#)&$%+.%' &).#V&' 2#+' #+P 0"%2-2' $-+%.&"#-2' .&$:#1+' .#%+%' /+&' $&W-"' ,"-,-")#*+' %+' %8' $%(#-' SVSBM DBTJ FO QPS QPDP N´T EF FO FM NFEJP VSCBOP DPO 9-"$&+(-'/+')/&("-'(%',%"$&+%+.%'(%2#0/&8(&(@'c&'$%)&+#]&)#*+'(%'8&' ,"-(/))#*+'&0">)-8&'.#%+(%'&'(#2$#+/#"'%8'+\$%"-'(%',%"2-+&2'-)/,&(&2' %+' 8&2' 0"&+(%2' %Z.%+2#-+%2' &0">)-8&2;' 8-' D/%' +-' -)/""%' %+' 8&' &0"#)/8./"&' GBNJMJBS &O »TUB FM QSPQJFUBSJP USBCBKB FO TV QSPQJB QBSDFMB MP RVF TJHOJÜ DB RVF VOB QPM¿UJDB EF SFEJTUSJCVDJÄO BHSBSJB RVF NPEJÜRVF MB FTUSVDUVSB (%'8&'.#%""&'+-'"%2-8V%">&'2*8-'8-2',"-:8%$&2'(%8')&$,-':"&2#8%7-;'2#+-'D/%' BEFN´T HBSBOUJ[BS¿B USBCBKP B RVJFO EFTFF QSPEVDJS E2.%'(#&0+*2.#)-'0&+&'V&8#(%]'&8'"%V#2&"'8&'2%"#%'_#2.*"#)&'(%8')%+2-' &0"-,%)/&"#-@'c-2'(&.-2'_&+'$-2."&(-'V&"#&)#*+'+%0&.#V&'(%'8&'-)/,&)#*+' %+'8-2'.%""%+-2'&0"-,%)/&"#-2'&'8-'8&"0-'(%'8-2'\8.#$-2'45'&7-2@'G/+D/%' 8&'(#2.#+)#*+'%+."%'&0"#)/8./"&'9&$#8#&"')"#$<$'&0"#)/8./"&'%$,"%2&"#&8'2*8-' 2%'_&W&'&(-,.&(-'%+'%8'\8.#$-')%+2-;'8&'2%"#%'_#2.*"#)&'2-:"%'8&'-)/,&)#*+' +-2',%"$#.%'%2.&:8%)%"'/+&'"%8&)#*+'(#"%).&'%+."%'8&'%2."/)./"&'(%'8&'.#%""&' W' 8&' 0%+%"&)#*+' (%' ."&:&U-' %+' %8' )&$,-@' c&2' )/"V&2' (%' -)/,&)#*+' W' (%8' +\$%"-'(%',&")%8&2'(%'_&2.&'655'_&'2-+'2%$%U&+.%2'&'8-'8&"0-'(%'.-(&'8&' 2%"#%'_#2.*"#)&'(%8')%+2-@'?%'6M45'&'6MOQ;'%8'+\$%"-'(%',%D/%7&2',&")%8&2' ,&2*'(%'<RS'$#8'&'Q@4'$#88-+%2;'D/%'%D/#V&8%'&'/+'#+)"%$%+.-'(%'6@655h@' E+'%2.%',%"#-(-;'8&'-)/,&)#*+')"%)#*'W'88%0*'&'4S@<'$#88-+%2'(%',%"2-+&2a' &',&".#"'(%'&_>;'%8',%"2-+&8'-)/,&(-'(%)"%)%">&3'2%'"%0#2."*'/+&',1"(#(&'(%' S5h'%+."%'6MOQ'W'455R@ E+' %2%' $#2$-' ,%"#-(-;' %8' +\$%"-' (%' ,%D/%7&2' ,&")%8&2' (#2P $#+/W*' &8"%(%(-"' (%' 6Qh;' W&' D/%' (%' )&(&' )/&."-' ,%"2-+&2' -)/,&(&2' FO FM DBNQP USFT FTU´O MBCPSBOEP FO S»HJNFO EF BHSJDVMUVSB GBNJMJBS TF ,/%(%'#+9%"#"'D/%'0"&+',&".%'(%'8&2'"%8&)#-+%2'(%'."&:&U-',%"(#(&2'%+'%2&' FUBQB TF EJFSPO FO SB[ÄO EF MB EJTNJOVDJÄO TJHOJÜDBUJWB EF MBT QFRVF 7&2',"-,#%(&(%2@' K%' .#%+%;' ,-"' /+' 8&(-;' /+&' %2."/)./"&' (%' 8&' .#%""&' D/%' 0%+%"&' EFTFNQMFP SVSBM Z QPS PUSP VO DPOUJOHFOUF TJHOJÜDBUJWP EF USBCBKBEPSFT RVF MBCPSBO QBSB MB BHSJDVMUVSB FNQSFTBSJBM y$V´MFT TPO MBT DPOEJDJP +%2'(%'."&:&U-'(%'<@Q'$#88-+%2'(%',%"2-+&2'-)/,&(&2'%+'&80/+&'&).#V#(&(' &0"-,%)/&"#&e' g+&' (%' 8&2' )&"&).%">2.#)&2' 2-:"%2&8#%+.%2' (%8' ."&:&U-' "/"&8' %2'%8'&8.-'0"&(-'(%'#+%2.&:#8#(&('(%'8&2'"%8&)#-+%2'8&:-"&8%2@'?%'&)/%"(-' )-+'%8'G+/&"#-'E2.&(>2.#)-'(%8'?%,&".&$%+.-'C+.%"2#+(#)&8'(%'E2.&(>2.#)&2'
"$)
Perspectivas de la política social en Brasil
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W' E2./(#-2' K-)#-%)-+*$#)-2' H?CEEKE FM ´NCJUP BHSPQFDVBSJP QPTFF MB 2%0/+(&'$&W-"'.&2&'(%'V-8/$%+'(%'V%+.&2'%+'8&'%)-+-$>&',-"'2%).-"'(%' &).#V#(&(;' 2/,%"&(-' 2*8-' ,-"' %8' 2%).-"' (%' 8&' )-+2."/))#*+' )#V#8@' E8' $#2P NP EFQBSUBNFOUP JEFOUJÜDÄ FO TVT JOWFTUJHBDJPOFT TPCSF JOHSFTPT RVF FM 2%).-"'"/"&8',-2%%'8-2',%-"%2'2&8&"#-2'%+')-$,&"&)#*+')-+'.-(-2'8-2'"/:P "-2'%)-+*$#)-2@ !-"'%88-;'%2.%'"&$-'+-',"%2%+.&'2*8-')-2.-2'2-)#&8%2'W'&$:#%+P .&8%2;'2#+-'.&$:#1+'/+'%8%V&(-')-2.-'%)-+*$#)-@'?%2(%'$%(#&(-2'(%'8-2' &7-2' +-V%+.&;' 2%' _&+' "%+%0-)#&(-' 8&2' (%/(&2' "%8&.#V&2' &8' )"1(#.-' "/"&8@' ?%8'$-+.-'.-.&8'(%8'%+(%/(&$#%+.-;'&,"-Z#$&(&$%+.%'N5h'%2'"%2,-+P 2&:#8#(&('(%8'2%).-"'%$,"%2&"#&8@'G'%2.-2'V&8-"%2'2%'(%:%+'2/$&"'8-2'2/:P TJEJPT ÜOBODJFSPT MB UJUVMBDJÄO EF MB EFVEB BHS¿DPMB MB SFOVODJB ÜTDBM TPCSF ,"-(/).-2' &0"-,%)/&"#-2;' #+2/$-2' W' 9%".#8#]&+.%2;' 8&' ,"-""-0&)#*+' (%8' ,&0-'(%'8&2'(%/(&2'(%'8&2')--,%"&.#V&2'W'8-2')-+V%+#-2'%2.&:8%)#(-2'%+."%' %+.#(&(%2'%$,"%2&"#&8%2'HT-+9%(%"&)#*+'G0">)-8&'W'X&+&(%"&'(%'J"&2#8;' TLGa' K%"V#)#-' L&)#-+&8' (%' G,"%+(#]&U%' A/"&8;' KELGAa' k"0&+#]&)#*+' (%'T--,%"&.#V&2'J"&2#8%7&2;' kTJ;'W'K-)#%(&('A/"&8'J"&2#8%7&;' KAJI'W'%8' Y#+#2.%"#-'(%'G0"#)/8./"&;'X&+&(%">&'W'G:&2.-'HYG!GI@'c-2'V&8-"%2'2-P :"%,&2&+'8&'2/$&'(%'.-(&2'8&2'#+V%"2#-+%2'(%2.#+&(&2'&'8&'"%9-"$&'&0"&"#&'W' &'8&'&0"#)/8./"&'9&$#8#&"@ G+.%'%2.%')/&("-'(%',%2&(-2')-2.-2'2-)#&8%2;'&$:#%+.&8%2'W'%)-P OÄNJDPT yDV´M FT FM CPOP EFM NPEFMP EF EFTBSSPMMP QSFTFOUBEP QPS FM TFDUPS &0"-,%)/&"#-'%+'%8')-+U/+.-'(%'8&'%)-+-$>&'+&)#-+&8e'c&2'"%2,/%2.&2'(%' 8-2' 2%).-"%2' "/"&8%2' 2-+' /+>2-+&2' &8' &,/+.&"' _&)#&' 2/' &,-".&)#*+' %+' 8-2' TVQFS´WJUT EF MB CBMBO[B DPNFSDJBM ¡TUF OP FT FM NFKPS JOEJDBEPS EBEB MB JOTJHOJÜDBOUF QBSUJDJQBDJÄO EF #SBTJM FO FM DPNFSDJP JOUFSOBDJPOBM DPO QPDP N´T EF $VBOEP TF FWBMÉB MB DPOUSJCVDJÄO QPSDFOUVBM EF MBT (#2.#+.&2'&).#V#(&(%2'%)-+*$#)&2'%+'%8'V&8-"'&0"%0&(-;'8&'#$,-".&+)#&'(%8' 2%).-"'&0"-,%)/&"#-'(#2$#+/W%@
''GrĂĄfica 3'' ParticipaciĂłn de los sectores en el valor adicionado (%)
K#'8&'%2."/)./"&'(%'8&'.#%""&',%"$&+%)%'#+.&).&'W'.-(-2'8-2'#+(#P DBEPSFT BTPDJBEPT DPO FMMB OP QSPQPSDJPOBO OVFWBT QFSTQFDUJWBT yDV´MFT 2-+'8&2',-2#:#8#(&(%2'(%'/+&'"%9-"$&'&0"&"#&'%+'%8')-+.%Z.-'&)./&8e'dã/1' 2%',/%(%'%2,%"&"',&"&'4544e'dA%)"/(%)#$#%+.-'(%8'$-(%8-'&)./&8'-'/+&' "%9-"$&' &0"&"#&' )-$-' &8.%"+&.#V&e' dT*$-' ."&+2#.&"' (%' /+' 0<")-+ H<0,-+ #<#*.'(%2#0/&8'W'%Z)8/W%+.%'&'/+&'&8.%"+&.#V&'(%'(%$-)"&.#]&)#*+'(%8'&))%P 2-'&'8&'.#%""&'W'(%',"%2%"V&)#*+'(%'8-2'"%)/"2-2'+&./"&8%2e
3.1.2 El mundo rural entre las expansiones y las limitaciones ?%'8&'$#2$&'9-"$&')-$-'8&'%2."/)./"&'&0"&"#&'2%',%",%./*'&'8-'8&"0-'(%' .-(&'8&'_#2.-"#&':"&2#8%7&;'8-2')-+U/+.-2',-8>.#)-2'(%'8&2'18#.%2'&0"&"#&2'2%' SFQSPEVKFSPO FO FM UJFNQP -B JOĂ?VFODJB EF MB DMBTF TF DPODSFUJ[B FO FM BD )%2-'&8')"1(#.-'W'%+'8&'2/$#2#*+'(%'8&2'#+V%"2#-+%2',\:8#)&2'&'8-2'#+.%"%2%2' ,"#V&(-2' 8-)&8%2@' E+' %2.%' ."&:&U-;' %8' ,"#+)#,#-' (%' U/2.#)#&;' D/%' ,"%)-+#]&' /+'."&.&$#%+.-'(%2#0/&8'&'8-2'(%2#0/&8%2'%+'8&'$%(#(&'(%'2/2'(#9%"%+)#&2;' $&Z#$#]&' 8&2' (#2,&"#(&(%2' %+."%' 0"&+(%2' W' ,%D/%7-2@' E2.-' %2' 8-' D/%' 2%' QVFEF JOGFSJS EFM TJNQMF BO´MJTJT EF MB HS´Ă&#x153;DB B DPOUJOVBDJĂ&#x201E;O
CapĂtulo 6: Reforma y concentraciĂłn agrarias
Fuentes: Cuentas Nacionales Trimestrales/IBGE.
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''GrĂĄfica 4 ' EvoluciĂłn del volumen de crĂŠdito programado y aplicado por cosecha (R$ mil)
Perspectivas de la polĂtica social en Brasil
Fuentes: MAPA/SecretarĂa de PolĂtica AgrĂcola (SPA)/Departamento de EconomĂa AgrĂcola (DEAGRI).
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Perspectivas de la polรญtica social en Brasil
Fuentes: Producciรณn agrรญcola municipal.
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''Tabla 3 ' Establecimientos ba jo condiciones precarias RegiĂłn
Establecimientos (#)
Centro-Oeste Noreste
Establecimientos (%)
9.078
1,6
369.231
65,4
Norte
41.653
7,4
Sureste
61.259
10,8
Sur Brasil
83.751
14,8
564.972
100,0
"EFN´T EF FTP IBZ RVF DPOTJEFSBS HSVQPT EF GBNJMJBT TJO UJFSSB *&*H%*,*$ q'"%0#2."&(&2',-"'%8'CLTAG 4F UJFOF EF FTF NPEP VO SFUSBUP N´T &(%)/&(-'(%'8&'%2."/)./"&'(%'8&'.#%""&'%+'J"&2#8@'g*D/*+*%#-:(H*,*H"0'"' VZY+H(.+F*H(.(*$'*&*H%*,*$'#"?($'#*,*$+%-#+".+>Q287 FO @ G2>;' 2%' -,.*' ,-"' )-+2#(%"&"' %8' KLTA' )-$-' 8&' :&2%' ,&"&' 8&' #+P 9-"$&)#*+'(%'8&'%2."/)./"&'(%'8&'.#%""&':"&2#8%7&;'(%'8-2'%2.&:8%)#$#%+.-2' 9&$#8#&"%2',"%)&"#-2'W'(%'8&2'9&$#8#&2'2#+'.#%""&'&)&$,&(&2@'E+'%2.-2')&2-2;' )-$-'_&W'/+&'%2."%)_&'"%8&)#*+'%+."%'%2.&:8%)#$#%+.-^#+$/%:8%')-+'(-P NJDJMJP GBNJMJB QBSB Ă&#x153;OFT EFM BO´MJTJT BRVÂż QSPQVFTUP TF DPOTJEFSB RVF VO %2.&:8%)#$#%+.-^#+$/%:8%'(%'%2-2'2%0$%+.-2')-""%2,-+(%'&'/+&'9&$#8#&@' K%'.#%+%;'%+.-+)%2;'8&'2#0/#%+.%'%2."/)./"&3 * Se consideran familias acampadas aquellas que estĂĄn organizadas en movimientos sociales y que luchan por el acceso a la tierra y a la vivienda, tanto en la ciudad como en el campo. El campamento es, por excelencia, el lugar de organizaciĂłn y aglutinaciĂłn de un grupo sin tierra o sin techo, por lo que son espacios de transiciĂłn en la lucha por la tierra y por la vivienda. Las familias pueden permanecer acampadas durante largo tiempo hasta que regularicen su titulaciĂłn. A estos grupos relacionados con la ocupaciĂłn de tierras se les llama en MĂŠxico â&#x20AC;&#x153;colonias de paracaidistasâ&#x20AC;?. (N. del E.)
CapĂtulo 6: Reforma y concentraciĂłn agrarias
Fuentes: Censo Agropecuario 2006/IBGE. ElaboraciĂłn: DISOC/IPEA
"%'
''Tabla 4 ' Estructura de la tierra brasileรฑa InGrupos de รกrea โ mรณdulos fiscales
Total de
ร rea total
mue-
ร rea
inmuebles
(ha)
bles
(%)
(%) Sin รกrea Mรกs de 0 a 0,5 mรณdulo fiscal Mรกs de 0,5 a menos de 1 mรณdulo fiscal Subtotal 1 De 1 a 2 mรณdulos fiscales
13,4
0,0
2.243.796
18.737.085,45
37,5
3,3
1.123.101
29.596.967,86
18,8
5,2
4.170.092
48.334.053,31
69,7
8,5
837.319
41.165.050,98
14,0
7,2
25.560.494,02
5,0
4,5
Mรกs de 3 a 4 mรณdulos fiscales
163.231
20.633.560,02
2,7
3,6
Mรกs de 4 a 5 mรณdulos fiscales
96.006
16.649.701,73
1,6
2,9
Mรกs de 5 a 6 mรณdulos fiscales
63.094
13.229.915,94
1,1
2,3
Mรกs de 6 a 10 mรณdulos fiscales
145.231
45.183.245,25
2,4
7,9
Mรกs de 10 a 15 mรณdulos fiscales
77.611
39.196.217,67
1,3
6,9
1.683.173
201.618.185,61
28,1
35,3
Mรกs de 15 a 20 mรณdulos fiscales
37.571
27.683.390,30
0,6
4,8
Mรกs de 20 a 50 mรณdulos fiscales
69.322
99.802.397,09
1,2
17,5
Mรกs de 50 a 100 mรณdulos fiscales
17.226
57.870.899,13
0,3
10,1
Mรกs de 100 a 200 mรณdulos fiscales
5.356
33.506.588,65
0,1
5,9
Mรกs de 200 a 400 mรณdulos fiscales
1.346
17.262.051,27
0,0
3,0
Mรกs de 400 a 600 mรณdulos fiscales
309
7.888.807,37
0,0
1,4
Mรกs de 600 mรณdulos fiscales
445
77.774.546,69
0,0
13,6
131.575
321.788.680,50
2,2
56,3
5.984.840
571.740.919,42
100
100
Subtotal 2
Perspectivas de la polรญtica social en Brasil
0
300.681
Mรกs de 2 a 3 mรณdulos fiscales
"%(
803.195
Subtotal 3 Total ร ndice de Gini
0,83649
Fuentes: SNCR/INCRA; Relaciรณn de Campamentos por Municipios y Nรบmero de Familias Acampadas/Ministerio del Desarrollo Agrario (MDA); y Censo Agropecuario 2006/IBGE. Elaboraciรณn: DISOC/IPEA.
c-2'(-2'2%0$%+.-2'&0"%0&(-2;'&)&$,&(-2'W',"%)&"#-2;')-+2.#./P W%+',&".%'(%'8&'(%$&+(&',-"'.#%""&'%+'J"&2#8;'2#%+(-'8-2',"#$%"-2;'-:V#&$%+P .%;'%8'0"/,-',"#-"#.&"#-'(%'8&',-8>.#)&'(%'"%(#2."#:/)#*+'(%'.%""#.-"#-2@'!&"&' VO FTUJNBEP EF MB EFNBOEB NยดT QSร YJNP B MB SFBMJEBE TF EFCF UPNBS FO DVFOUB RVF DBEB GBNJMJB IB EF UFOFS VOB TVQFSร DJF NยฟOJNB RVF HBSBOUJDF TV 2-:"%V#V%+)#&'W'2/'(%2&""-88-'%)-+*$#)-a'-'2%&;'/+&',&")%8&'+-'#+9%"#-"'&'/+' Nร EVMP ร TDBM NFOPT EF FTP MMFWBSยฟB B MB SFQSPEVDDJร O EF MPT NJOJGVOEJPT
G)./&8$%+.%'12.-2;'2%0\+'(&.-2'(%8'KLTA;'2/$&+'%+'.-(-'%8'.%""#.-"#-':"&P TJMFĂ&#x192;P NJMMPOFT EF QSFEJPT DPO VOB TVQFSĂ&#x153;DJF UPUBM EF NJMMPOFT EF _&;'D/%')-""%2,-+(%'&'RQh'(%'8-2'%2,&)#-2'"%0#2."&(-2;',%"-'2*8-'&'Oh'(%8' UPUBM EF MBT ´SFBT JOTQFDDJPOBEBT 1BSB SFTPMWFS MB DVFTUJĂ&#x201E;O EF MPT NJOJGVO EJPT TFSÂżB OFDFTBSJB VOB TVQFSĂ&#x153;DJF DPNQMFNFOUBSJB EF NJMMPOFT EF IB B Ă&#x153;O EF RVF EJDIBT GBNJMJBT UVWJFSBO VOB QBSDFMB EF BM NFOPT VO NĂ&#x201E;EVMP Ă&#x153;TDBM ,&"&'D/%'2/,%"%+'8&')-+(#)#*+'(%',%D/%7-2'&0"#)/8.-"%2@' G2>;' 8&' )&.%0-"#]&)#*+' ,"-,/%2.&' (%' 8-2' (%$&+(&+.%2' (%' .#%""&' &:&")&'8-2'0"/,-2'(%'9&$#8#&2'&)&$,&(&2;'&'&D/188&2')-+'&))%2-',"%)&"#-'&'8&' UJFSSB Z B MPT QFRVFĂ&#x192;PT BHSJDVMUPSFT MP RVF DPSSFTQPOEF BDUVBMNFOUF B N´T (%')/&."-'$#88-+%2'(%'9&$#8#&2;'(#2."#:/#(&2'(%'8&'2#0/#%+.%'$&+%"&3
''Tabla 5''
Fuentes: SNCR/INCRA; RelaciĂłn de Campamentos por Municipios y NĂşmero de Familias Acampadas/Ministerio del Desarrollo Agrario (MDA); y Censo Agropecuario 2006/IBGE. ElaboraciĂłn: DISOC/IPEA.
T&:%')-+2#(%"&"'D/%'%2%')-+.#+0%+.%'(%'(%$&+(&+.%2'(%'.#%""&2' OP RVFEBS´ FTUBODBEP DPO FM USBOTDVSSJS EF MPT BĂ&#x192;PT $PNP FO HFOFSBM )&(&' %2,&)#-' )-""%2,-+(%' &' /+' +\)8%-' 9&$#8#&"' W' .&8' )-+.#+0%+.%' .#%+(%' B SFQSPEVDJSTF FTUP QSPWPDBS´ RVF TF FMFWF MB QFUJDJĂ&#x201E;O GVUVSB EF UJFSSBT =-$&+(-')-$-'"%9%"%+)#&'%8'&7-'4544;'2%')&8)/8&'D/%'8-2'2-8#)#.&+.%2'2/P NBS´O NJMMPOFT EF GBNJMJBT 64 G2>;'%+'/+&',-8>.#)&'(%'"%,&".-'&0"&"#-;'8&'9-"$&)#*+'(%'"%2%"V&2' (%'.#%""&'(%:%'.-$&"'%+')-+2#(%"&)#*+'8&'"%,"-(/))#*+'(%'8&'&0"#)/8./"&' 9&$#8#&"' W;' ,-"' 8-' .&+.-;' %V#.&"' +/%V-2' ,"-)%2-2' (%' 9"&0$%+.&)#*+' (%' 8&' ,"-,#%(&('D/%'&)&:%+',-"'"%)-+(/)#"'&'8&'$#+#9/+(#]&)#*+'(%8')&$,-@'g+&' FTUSVDUVSB UFSSJUPSJBM N´T FRVJUBUJWB FT BRVFMMB RVF QFSNJUF MB SFQSPEVDDJĂ&#x201E;O (%' +/%V-2' %2.&:8%)#$#%+.-2' 9&$#8#&"%2' %+' )-+(#)#-+%2' .&8%2' D/%' ,%"$#P'' .&+'-9"%)%"'2/2.%+.-'W'(%2&""-88-'&'8&2'9&$#8#&2'(%'8-2'&0"#)/8.-"%2@ ProyecciĂłn realizada teniendo como base la evoluciĂłn estatal del nĂşmero de viviendas rurales entre 2004 y 2008, segĂşn la PNAD/IBGE.
12
CapĂtulo 6: Reforma y concentraciĂłn agrarias
Demanda de tierra en Brasil
"%)
Perspectivas de la polĂtica social en Brasil
"%*
dT*$-;'%+.-+)%2;')"%&"'/+&'"%2%"V&'.%""#.-"#&8',&"&'&.%+(%"',8%P +&$%+.%' 8&' (%$&+(&' (%' 8&2' 9&$#8#&2' W' ,"-$-V%"' /+&' %2."/)./"&' &0"&"#&' (%2)-+)%+."&(&'W':&2&(&'%+'%8'(%2&""-88-'(%'8&'&0"#)/8./"&'9&$#8#&"'W'%+'8&' QSPEVDDJĂ&#x201E;O TVTUFOUBCMF EF BMJNFOUPT #´TJDBNFOUF TFSÂżB DPO MB BQMJDBDJĂ&#x201E;O (%'8-2',"%)%,.-2')-+2.#./)#-+&8%2'(%'8&'9/+)#*+'2-)#&8'(%'8&'.#%""&6S'%+'2/2' (#$%+2#-+%2'%)-+*$#)&;'2-)#&8'W'&$:#%+.&8@'T&:">&;',/%2;'&8'E2.&(-'&,8#)&"' JOTUSVNFOUPT ´HJMFT Z FĂ&#x153;DBDFT QBSB MB FYQSPQJBDJĂ&#x201E;O EF HSBOEFT QSPQJFEBEFT RVF OP DVNQMBO DPO VOB P N´T EF MBT USFT DPOEJDJPOFT NFODJPOBEBT E+' "%8&)#*+' )-+' 8&' (#$%+2#*+' &$:#%+.&8;' _&2.&' (#)#%$:"%' (%' 455M;' 2%' %+)-+."&:&+' %$:&"0&(-2' ,-"' %8' C+2.#./.-' J"&2#8%7-' (%8' Y%(#-' G$:#%+.%'W'(%'8-2'A%)/"2-2'L&./"&8%2'A%+-V&:8%2'HCJGYGI;'%+'V#"./('(%' (%8#.-2'&$:#%+.&8%2;'6OS'%2.&:8%)#$#%+.-2')&"&).%"#]&(-2')-$-'0"&+(%2',"-P QJFEBEFT TVNBOEP VOB TVQFSĂ&#x153;DJF UPUBM EF NJMMPOFT EF IB EJTUSJCVJEBT FO 6S'%2.&(-2@ G' ,%2&"' (%8' +\$%"-' %8%V&(-' (%' .%""#.-"#-2' %Z,"-,#&(-2;' %2' #+P GSFDVFOUF FTUB NFEJEB QPS QSBDUJDBS VO EFMJUP BNCJFOUBM &O N´T EF BĂ&#x192;PT EF WJHFODJB EF MB $POTUJUVDJĂ&#x201E;O TĂ&#x201E;MP IBTUB TF Ă&#x153;SNĂ&#x201E; FM QSJNFS (%)"%.-'(%'%Z,"-,#&)#*+'(%'/+&'_&)#%+(&'(%'6@6O4'_&;'/:#)&(&'%+'Y#+&2' X%"&#2;',-"')-$%.%"'(%8#.-'&$:#%+.&8@ k."-')"#.%"#-'D/%'&/.-"#]&'(#)_&'&))#*+')-+)#%"+%'&'8&'V#-8&)#*+' (%'8-2'(%"%)_-2'8&:-"&8%2@'c&2')-+(#)#-+%2',"%)&"#&2'(%'."&:&U-'%+'%8'$%(#-' "/"&8'2-+')-+-)#(&2'(%2(%'_&)%'8&"0-'.#%$,-'W'(%:%">&+;'%+'.%-">&;'&/.-"#]&"' MB FYQSPQJBDJĂ&#x201E;O EF MPT QSFEJPT SVSBMFT &O MB QS´DUJDB MB GBMUB EF SFTQFUP B MB 8%0#28&)#*+'8&:-"&8'2%',"-,&0*'&'.&8',/+.-'D/%'8&'#+V%2.#0&)#*+'"%)#%+.%'(%' 8&'TLG;'%+')-+U/+.-')-+'8&'g+#V%"2#(&('`%(%"&8'(%'Y#+&2'X%"&#2'Hg`YXI' W'8&'`/+(&)#*+'X%./8#-'p&"0&2'H`XpI;')-+2.&.*'%+'V#2#.&2'"%&8#]&(&2'&',-P'' DP N´T EF NJM QSPQJFEBEFT RVF TĂ&#x201E;MP EF FMMBT DVNQMÂżB DPO MPT EFSFDIPT (%'8-2'."&:&U&(-"%2@6<'!&"&'%$,%-"&"'8&'2#./&)#*+;'(%2,/12'(%'8&'%V&8/&)#*+'(%' 8-2'#+V%2.#0&(-"%2;'2*8-'64h'(%'8&2'_&)#%+(&2')-""#0#%"-+'2/2'#""%0/8&"#(&(%2@ El tĂtulo del artĂculo 5Âş de la ConstituciĂłn Federal prescribe, en el orden aquĂ descrito, que todos los brasileĂąos y extranjeros residentes tienen derecho a la inviolabilidad del derecho a la vida, a la libertad, a la igualdad, a la seguridad y a la propiedad. A su vez, el inciso XX del Ăndice I del mismo artĂculo seĂąala que la propiedad atenderĂĄ a su funciĂłn social. Esta misma disposiciĂłn aparece en el artĂculo 170, inciso III, del Ăndice I, segĂşn el cual la funciĂłn social de la propiedad es principio general de la actividad econĂłmica. El tĂŠrmino reaparece cinco veces en la ConstituciĂłn indicando su condiciĂłn de principio: funciĂłn social de la ciudad (artĂculo 182, tĂtulo); funciĂłn social de la propiedad urbana (artĂculo 182,"! 2o) y funciĂłn social de los inmuebles rurales (artĂculos 184, tĂtulo, 185, pĂĄrrafo Ăşnico, y 186 e incisos). 13
Ese resultado, ademĂĄs de sugerir que 99% de esas haciendas podrĂan sufrir expropiaciĂłn por incumplimiento de la dimensiĂłn laboral de la funciĂłn social de la propiedad, confirma lo que numerosos estudios han reiterado: el problema de la persistencia de las relaciones de traba jo precarias en el medio rural.
14
Los â&#x20AC;&#x153;gatosâ&#x20AC;? son personas que se encargan de reclutar mano de obra para que labore en distintas actividades agropecuarias; ĂŠstos son contratados por hacendados para que convenzan a los traba jadores de realizar tareas a precios muy ba jos y en condiciones deplorables. (N. del E.)
15
16 Por traba jo esclavo contemporĂĄneo se entiende â&#x20AC;&#x153;aquel en que el empleador sujeta al empleado a condiciones de traba jo degradantes, incluso en cuanto al medio ambiente en que realizarĂĄ su actividad laboral, sometiĂŠndolo, en general, a constreĂąimiento fĂsico y moral, que va desde la deformaciĂłn de su consentimiento al celebrar el vĂnculo laboral, pasando por la prohibiciĂłn impuesta al obrero de rescindir del vĂnculo; todo motivado por el interĂŠs mezquino de ampliar los lucros a costa de la explotaciĂłn del traba jadorâ&#x20AC;? (Sento-SĂŠ, 2001: 27). 17 Se trata de las convenciones nĂşm. 29/1930 y nĂşm. 105/1957, ambas de la OrganizaciĂłn Internacional del Traba jo (OIT).
CapĂtulo 6: Reforma y concentraciĂłn agrarias
K#+' %$:&"0-;' 8-' D/%' 8&' TLG' (#&0+-2.#)*' %+."%' 2/2' ,&"%2' %2' (%' )-+-)#$#%+.-' ,\:8#)-' W' +-.-"#-a' 8-2' (&.-2' (%8' K#2.%$&' (%' C+2,%))#*+' W' K&8/('%+'%8'="&:&U-',&"&'%8'2%).-"'&0">)-8&'$/%2."&+'/+&')&+.#(&(')"%)#%+P UF EF OPUJĂ&#x153;DBDJPOFT Z BDUVBDJPOFT B MP MBSHP EFM UJFNQP $PNP FM &TUBEP OP UJFOF SFDVSTPT QBSB Ă&#x153;TDBMJ[BS UPEPT MPT UFSSJUPSJPT FT QSPCBCMF RVF FM OĂ&#x2030;NFSP EF WJPMBDJPOFT TFB FYQPOFODJBMNFOUF TVQFSJPS BM JEFOUJĂ&#x153;DBEP 4J 2%'.-$&'%+')-+2#(%"&)#*+'D/%;'2%0\+'(&.-2'(%'8&' !LG?^CJXE'455O;'<Sh' (%'8-2'%$,8%&(-2'(%8'"&$-'&0">)-8&'2-+'.%$,-"&8%2;'+-',&"%)%'#$,"-:&:8%' /+&'&8.&'.&2&'(%'"%#+)#(%+)#&@ -BT DPOEJDJPOFT EF USBCBKP FNQFPSBO BĂ&#x2030;O N´T DVBOEP TF USBUB EF 8&'%Z,&+2#*+'(%'&80/+-2'2%).-"%2'(%'8&'&0"#)/8./"&'%$,"%2&"#&8@'E8'&V&+)%' (%8'&0"-+%0-)#-')&7&V%"&8'2#.\&'+/%V&$%+.%'&8',&>2'&+.%'8&2'."&0%(#&2'(%' 2/',&2&(-3'."&:&U&(-"%2'%$#0"&+.%2'(%8'+-"%2.%;'2%(/)#(-2',-"'v0&.-2w;6Q' "%,#.%+'8&'$#2$&'_#2.-"#&'(%'8&2'0%+%"&)#-+%2',&2&(&2'%+'(#"%))#*+'&8'2/"' (%8',&>2@'E8'."&:&U-'%+'8-2'8&.#9/+(#-2'%2')-$\+$%+.%'#"&-H%"0$*,-',-"' /+'"10#$%+'2&8&"#&8':&2&(-'%+'$%.&2'(%',"-(/))#*+;'%8')/&8'_&'-:8#0&(-' &'8-2'."&:&U&(-"%2'&'2-$%.%"2%'&'%Z.%+2&2'U-"+&(&2'8&:-"&8%2'%+')-+(#)#-P'' +%2'(%0"&(&+.%2@ -P RVF PDVSSF FO FM JOUFSJPS QBVMJTUB TPO GPSNBT DPOUFNQPS´ +%&2'(%'."&:&U-'%2)8&V-@6R'E+'"%2/$%+;'%8',"-,#%.&"#-'D/%'%2)8&V#]&')-$%.%;' FO HFOFSBM DVBUSP EFMJUPT UJQJĂ&#x153;DBEPT FO FM $Ă&#x201E;EJHP 1FOBM #SBTJM SFEVDDJĂ&#x201E;O EF BMHVJFO B MB DPOEJDJĂ&#x201E;O BO´MPHB EF FTDMBWP BSUÂżDVMP GSVT ."&)#*+'(%'(%"%)_-2'8&:-"&8%2'$%(#&+.%'9"&/(%'-'V#-8%+)#&'H&".>)/8-'45SI;' %Z,-2#)#*+'(%'8&'V#(&'-'8&'2&8/('(%'-."-'-',%8#0"-'(#"%).-'%'#+$#+%+.%'(%P SJWBEP EFM USBOTQPSUF FO DPOEJDJPOFT JMFHBMFT BSUÂżDVMP Q´SSBGP Ă&#x2030;OJDP Z TPCPSOP EF USBCBKBEPSFT DPO FM Ă&#x153;O EF MMFWBSMPT EF VOB MPDBMJEBE B PUSB EFM UFSSJUPSJP OBDJPOBM BSUÂżDVMP "EFN´T EF FTP #SBTJM FT TJHOBUBSJP EF (-2')-+V%+)#-+%2'#+.%"+&)#-+&8%26N'D/%'8-')-$,"-$%.%+'&'#+)-",-"&"'%+'2/' -"(%+&$#%+.-'U/">(#)-'.&+.-'%8'"%)-+-)#$#%+.-'(%'8&'%Z#2.%+)#&'(%'."&:&U-' %2)8&V-'%+'2/'.%""#.-"#-;')-$-'8&'-:8#0&)#*+'&'%""&(#)&"8-@
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Perspectivas de la política social en Brasil
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''Tabla 6 ' Grandes propiedades improductivas
Fuentes: SNCR/INCRA Elaboración: DISOC/IPEA.
18 De estos, sĂłlo 21 538 no estĂĄn clasificados como improductivos. Los demĂĄs estarĂan sujetos a desapropiamiento por el criterio de productividad.
CapĂtulo 6: Reforma y concentraciĂłn agrarias
G/+'&($#.#%+(-'/+&'#+.%","%.&)#*+'&$,8#&'(%8')-+)%,.-'(%'9/+P )#*+' 2-)#&8' (%' 8&',"-,#%(&('(%'8&'.#%""&;'%+'%8'2%+.#(-'(%'D/%'12.&'+-'2%' BQMJDB JOEJWJEVBMNFOUF B VO QSFEJP SVSBM FTQFDÂżĂ&#x153;DP Z TÂż BM DPOKVOUP EF MPT &).-"%2'#+V-8/)"&(-2'%+'%8'$/+(-'"/"&8':"&2#8%7-;'2%')-+2.&.&'D/%'8&'&)./&8' %2."/)./"&' .%""#.-"#&8' :"&2#8%7&' %2' #+.">+2%)&$%+.%' 8%2#V&' &' %2%' ,"%)%,P'' .-')-+2.#./)#-+&8;'W&'D/%'%2'%Z."%$&(&$%+.%'#+#)/&'W;',-"'%88-;'#+U/2.&@'c&' )-+)%+."&)#*+'&0"&"#&'%+'$&+-2'(%'/+&'$#+-">&'#$,#(%'8&'"%,"-(/))#*+' (%'8&',%D/%7-',"%(#-'9&$#8#&"'(%'9-"$&'2/2.%+.&:8%;')-+'8-'D/%',"-8#9%"&' 8&' )-+2.#./)#*+' (%' $#+#9/+(#-2' W' 2%' %Z,/82&' &' 0"&+(%2' )-+.#+0%+.%2' ,-P CMBDJPOBMFT IBDJB MBT DJVEBEFT "EFN´T EF FMMP TPO JOIFSFOUFT B MB HSBO ,"-,#%(&(' 8-2' $-+-)/8.#V-2' &0">)-8&2' (%' 0"&+' %2)&8&;' &8.&$%+.%' $%P )&+#]&(-2'W'(%,%+(#%+.%2'(%'#+2/$-2'D/>$#)-2;')&,&)%2'(%')&/2&"'2%"#-2' #$,&).-2'&$:#%+.&8%2'W'2-)#&8%2;')-$-',"-$-V%"'%8'(%2,-:8&$#%+.-'(%8' )&$,-;',-"'2%"'%8#$#+&(-"%2'(%'$&+-'(%'-:"&@' G',&".#"'(%'%2&')-+2.&.&)#*+;'%+'4555'2%'2-$%.#*'%+'%8'T-+0"%2-' L&)#-+&8' /+&' #+#)#&.#V&' ,-,/8&";' 8&' !ET OĂ&#x2030;N RVF QSPQPOÂżB MB Ă&#x153;KB DJĂ&#x201E;O EF VO MÂżNJUF N´YJNP EF NĂ&#x201E;EVMPT Ă&#x153;TDBMFT QBSB MB QSPQJFEBE EF MB .#%""&@'G)./&8$%+.%;'2%0\+'(&.-2'(%8'KLTA;'%Z#2.%+'O<'QM<',"%(#-2'"/"&8%2' RVF FYDFEFO UBM OJWFM PDVQBOEP VOB TVQFSĂ&#x153;DJF EF DBTJ NJMMPOFT EF _&@' =&8' ,"-,/%2.&' 2%' %+)/%+."&' &)./&8$%+.%' &")_#V&(&' %+' %8' T-+0"%2-;' ,%"-'(%'88%V&"2%'&')&:-',%"$#.#">&'8&'8#:%"&)#*+'(%'"%2%"V&2'(%'.#%""&',-"' 45O@R'$#88-+%2'(%'_&@6O .FEJBOUF MB JOGPSNBDJĂ&#x201E;O EJTQPOJCMF TF CVTDĂ&#x201E; JEFOUJĂ&#x153;DBS MPT $'-&o$' (%' .#%""&2' 2/2)%,.#:8%2' (%' 2%"' /.#8#]&(-2' ,&"&' &.%+(%"' 8&' (%$&+(&' (%' .#%""&' &)./&8$%+.%' %Z#2.%+.%@' Ă&#x201E;2.-2' ,/%(%+' 2%"' $&W-"%2;' 2#' 2%' .-$&' %+')/%+.&'8&'&)./&8#]&)#*+'(%'8-2'>+(#)%2'(%',"-(/).#V#(&('W'2#'%Z#2.#%"&+' EBUPT TPCSF MB TVQFSĂ&#x153;DJF EF MPT QSFEJPT RVF IBDFO VTP EF USBCBKP FTDMBWP Z TF JEFOUJĂ&#x153;DBSBO MPT FTUBCMFDJNJFOUPT BHSPQFDVBSJPT RVF OP DVNQMFO MBT +-"$&2'D/%'"#0%+'8&2'"%8&)#-+%2'(%'."&:&U-@'G(%8&+.%;'2%',"%2%+.&'8&'"%8&P )#*+'"%2%"V&^(%$&+(&'(%'.#%""&',&"&')&(&'/+#(&('(%'8&'`%(%"&)#*+@
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''Tabla 7 '
Perspectivas de la política social en Brasil
Relación demanda/stock de tierras
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Fuentes: SNCR/INCRA; Relación de Campamentos por Municipios y Número de Familias Acampadas/Ministerio del Desarrollo Agrario (MDA); y Censo Agropecuario 2006/IBGE. Elaboración: DISOC/IPEA.
Y%(#&+.%'8&'.&:8&'N;'2%')-+2.&.&'D/%'%+'6<'%2.&(-2'i.-(&'8&'"%0#*+' 2/"'W')&2#'8&'.-.&8#(&('(%'8&2'"%0#-+%2'2/"%2.%'W'+-"%2.%i'%8'$'-&o JEFOUJÜDBEP +-')/:"#">&',8%+&$%+.%'8&'(%$&+(&'(%'.#%""&'(%'8&2'"%2,%).#V&2'9&$#8#&2@'E+'
Capítulo 6: Reforma y concentración agrarias
MPT EFN´T FTUBEPT QSPQPSDJPOBS¿B B MPT EFNBOEBOUFT VO ´SFB NBZPS RVF FM N¿OJNP DPSSFTQPOEJFOUF B VO NÄEVMP ÜTDBM !&"&'8&')-+2."/))#*+'(%8'%2)%+&"#-'(%2%&:8%;'2%'&)%,.&'8&',"%$#P 2&' (%' $&+.%+%"' &' 8&2' 9&$#8#&2' %+' 2/2' %2.&(-2' (%' -"#0%+;' %V#.&+(-' (%' %2&' NBOFSB MPT HSBOEFT ÝVKPT QPCMBDJPOBMFT "T¿ B EF MPT TPMJDJUBOUFT MBT SFTFSWBT EF UJFSSB JEFOUJÜDBEBT FO TVT FTUBEPT OP MFT QFSNJUJS¿BO TVQFSBS MB )-+(#)#*+'(%',%D/%7-2',"-(/).-"%2@ k:V#&$%+.%;')-$-'W&'2%'$%+)#-+*;'(#)_-2'%Z)%(%+.%2'.%""#.-P "#&8%2' %+' J"&2#8' 2-+' $/)_-' $&W-"%2' D/%' 8-2' )&8)/8&(-2@' ?%' &,8#)&"2%' NFDBOJTNPT FÜDBDFT EF WFSJÜDBDJÄO EF DBEB VOB EF MBT DVFTUJPOFT QSFWJTUBT %+' 8&' T&".&' T-+2.#./)#-+&8' ,&"&' 8&' %V&8/&)#*+' #+(#V#(/&8' (%' 8&' 9/+)#*+' 2-)#&8' (%' 8&' ,"-,#%(&(;' W' )-+2#(%"&+(-' 8-2' )-$,-".&$#%+.-2' &)./&8%2' (%' 8-2' 0"&+(%2' ,"-,#%.&"#-2' (%' .#%""&2;' _&:">&' )-+(#)#-+%2' ,&"&' ,"-$-P'' V%"'8&'(-.&)#*+',8%+&'&'8-2'&)./&8%2'(%$&+(&+.%2'(%'.#%""&2@'K#+'%$:&"0-;' 8&'&,8#)&)#*+'(%'8-2')"#.%"#-2',&"&'(#)_&'%V&8/&)#*+;',-"'2>'$#2$&;'+-'0&P SBOUJ[BS´ VO OVFWP NPEFMP BHSBSJP QBSB FM QB¿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´ FO GSBODB DPOUSBEJDDJÄO )-+' .&8' ,"%$#2&' )-+2.#./)#-+&8;' (%:#(-' &' D/%' #$,#(%' %8' (%2&""-88-' (%' 8&' $&W-">&' (%' 8-2' &0"#)/8.-"%2' 9&$#8#&"%2' D/%' ,-2%%+' ,-)&' .#%""&' W' 2-+' 8-2' ,"#+)#,&8%2',"-(/).-"%2'(%'&8#$%+.-2@'?%'%2-'2%'(%(/)%'D/%;',&"&'&8)&+]&"' /+',&"&(#0$&'U/2.-'%+'8&'(#2."#:/)#*+'(%'8&'.#%""&;'8&',"#+)#,&8'$-.#V&)#*+' ,&"&' /+&' ,-8>.#)&' (%' "%%2."/)./"&)#*+' &0"&"#&' (%:%' 2%"' %8' )-$:&.%' &' 8&' )-+)%+."&)#*+'"/"&8@ K#0/#%+(-' %2&' (#"%))#*+;' 2%' 2#$/8*' /+&' "%(#2."#:/)#*+' (%' MB TVQFSÜDJF FOUSF MPT HSVQPT EF NPEP RVF OJOHVOP EF MPT QSFEJPT UVWJFSB NFOPT EF VO NÄEVMP ÜTDBM TVTUSBZFOEP UFSSJUPSJPT B MPT HSVQPT DMBTJÜDBEPT DPNP HSBO QSPQJFEBE mTVQFSJPS B NÄEVMPTm EF GPSNB ,"-,-")#-+&8' &' 2/' ,&".#)#,&)#*+' &)./&8' %+' %2&' )&.%0-">&@' ?%' %2%' $-(-;' MPT UFSSJUPSJPT RVF UJFOFO N´T EF NÄEVMPT ÜTDBMFT QPS FKFNQMP MPT DVBMFT SFQSFTFOUBO BDUVBMNFOUF EFM ´SFB EF MBT HSBOEFT QSPQJFEBEFT DPOUSJCVZFO DPO NJMMPOFT EF IB EF MB TVQFSÜDJF OFDFTBSJB QBSB &.%+(%"'&'8&'(%$&+(&'(%'.#%""&@'G')-+.#+/&)#*+;'2%',"%2%+.&'8&'2#$/8&)#*+' (%'/+'$-(%8-'.%""#.-"#&8',&"&'4544@
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''Tabla 8 ' SimulaciĂłn estructura de la tierra con redistribuciĂłn de ĂĄreas
Perspectivas de la polĂtica social en Brasil
Fuentes: SNCR/INCRA; RelaciĂłn de Campamentos por Municipios y NĂşmero de Familias Acampadas/Ministerio del Desarrollo Agrario (MDA); y Censo Agropecuario 2006/IBGE. ElaboraciĂłn: DISOC/IPEA.
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?%2(%'8&'(1)&(&'(%'8-2'2%.%+.&;'8-2'$-V#$#%+.-2'2-)#&8%2'%+'%8')&$,-'_&+' )-+2-8#(&(-'+/%V&2'9-"$&2'(%'-"0&+#]&)#*+'W'"%#V#+(#)&)#*+;'&',&".#"'(%8' QSPDFTP EF BVUPJEFOUJĂ&#x153;DBDJĂ&#x201E;O DPMFDUJWB CBTBEP FO GPSNBT EJTUJOUBT EF WJEB W'(%'"%8&)#*+')-+'8&'+&./"&8%]&@'E8'&2)%+2-',-8>.#)-'(%'(#)_-2'0"/,-2'2%' SFĂ?FKB FO TV SFDPOPDJNJFOUP QPS QBSUF EF MB T`^OO'W'%+'8&2')-+V%+)#-+%2' JOUFSOBDJPOBMFT SBUJĂ&#x153;DBEBT QPS #SBTJM 6M E8' ,"-)%2-' (%' (%2&""-88-' )&,#.&8#2.&' %+' %8' )&$,-' :"&2#8%7-' +-' 2*8-'&9%).*'&'$#8%2'(%'9&$#8#&2'2#+'.#%""&'&2%+.&(&2'%+'%8',&>2@'G',%2&"'(%' 2/'#+)-",-"&)#*+'+-"$&.#V&;'8&2',%"2-+&2'W'8&2')-$/+#(&(%2'."&(#)#-+&8%2' 2%'V%+'_-W'9/%".%$%+.%'&9%).&(&2',-"'8-2'(%2&2."%2'&$:#%+.&8%2;'8&2'0"&+P (%2'-:"&2',\:8#)&2;'8&'#+V&2#*+'(%'2/2'.%""#.-"#-2'."&(#)#-+&8%2',-"'0"&+(%2' BDBQBSBEPSFT JMFHBMFT Z FTQFDVMBEPSFT BEFN´T EF MPT CMPRVFPT SVUJOB "#-2'&8'&))%2-'&'"%)/"2-2'+&./"&8%2'#$,"%2)#+(#:8%2',&"&'%8'(%2&""-88-'(%' 2/2'&).#V#(&(%2',"-(/).#V&2@ ?%' &)/%"(-' )-+' G8$%#(&' H455OI;' %2.&2' ,-:8&)#-+%2' V#V%+' %+' VOB TVQFSĂ&#x153;DJF UPUBM EF NJMMPOFT EF IB BQSPYJNBEBNFOUF EFM .%""#.-"#-'+&)#-+&8'H.&:8&'MI@
19 Las personas y comunidades tradicionales fueron jurĂdicamente reconocidas en los artĂculos 68, 231, 232 del Acto de las Disposiciones Constitucionales Transitorias (ADCT) de la ConstituciĂłn Federal; por la ley que instituye el Sistema Nacional de Unidades de ConservaciĂłn (Ley nĂşm. 9.985/2000, artĂculos 17 y 18); por el Decreto nĂşm. 6.040/2007, que instituye la PolĂtica Nacional de Desarrollo de las Personas y Comunidades Tradicionales; por la ratificaciĂłn de la ConvenciĂłn nĂşm. 169 de la OrganizaciĂłn Internacional del Traba jo y por la convenciĂłn relativa al patrimonio mundial, cultural y natural y otros dispositivos estatales y municipales.
CapĂtulo 6: Reforma y concentraciĂłn agrarias
3.2.2 Nuevas dimensiones de la cuestiĂłn agraria: las tierras tradicionalmente ocupadas
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''Tabla 9 ' Personas y comunidades tradicionales
Perspectivas de la polĂtica social en Brasil
Fuente: Almeida (2008).
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4. Factores condicionantes de los escenarios 1SFNJTB VOB WF[ RVF FYJTUB FM SFDPOPDJNJFOUP EFM DBS´DUFS DFOUSBM EF MB "%9-"$&'&0"&"#&')-$-',-8>.#)&',\:8#)&'(%'(#2."#:/)#*+'(%8',&."#$-+#-'iV#P WJFOEB Z USBCBKPm Z EF MB BHSJDVMUVSB GBNJMJBS DPNP PQDJĂ&#x201E;O EFNPDS´UJDB Z 2/2.%+.&:8%',&"&'%8'(%2&""-88-;')-+'%D/#(&('2-)#&8'W'"%2,%.-'&8'$%(#-'&$P :#%+.%;'dD/1'_&)%"e
4.1. Requisitos de la funciĂłn social de la propiedad E8',"#+)#,#-'(%'8&'9/+)#*+'2-)#&8'(%'8&',"-,#%(&('9/%'#+."-(/)#(-'%+'8&'8%P 0#28&)#*+':"&2#8%7&',-"'8&'ET'+\$@'65^6M<R'W'"%V&8#(&(-'%+'+-V#%$:"%'(%'
20
LecciĂłn dada por el constitucionalista Silva (2006: 274).
La tesis fue tomada de la obra de Gil (1969: 213). Para un anĂĄlisis profundo del papel de la funciĂłn social de la propiedad en el ordenamiento jurĂdico brasileĂąo, ~ (1995). consĂşltese el libro de Falcao
CapĂtulo 6: Reforma y concentraciĂłn agrarias
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Perspectivas de la polĂtica social en Brasil
4.1.1 Aprovechamiento racional y adecuado
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23 No pierde la calificaciĂłn de productiva la propiedad que, por caso fortuito o fuerza mayor, deje de llenar, en el respectivo aĂąo, el GEE fijado para su producto o su actividad.
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Capítulo 6: Reforma y concentración agrarias
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Perspectivas de la política social en Brasil
4.1.2 Utilización adecuada de los recursos naturales disponibles y preservación del medio ambiente
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24 La Amazonia Legal es un ĂĄrea que engloba nueve estados brasileĂąos pertenecientes a la cuenca amazĂłnica y a las zonas donde se desarrolla la vegetaciĂłn amazĂłnica.
El dendezeiro es un tipo de palma originaria de Ă frica occidental, pero fue naturalizada en Brasil; su tamaĂąo puede llegar hasta 30 metros de altura; contiene semillas y frutos de los cuales se extrae el aceite de dendĂŠ.
CapĂtulo 6: Reforma y concentraciĂłn agrarias
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25
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Perspectivas de la política social en Brasil
4.1.3 Observancia de las disposiciones que regulan las relaciones de trabajo
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Capítulo 6: Reforma y concentración agrarias
4.1.4 Explotación que favorezca el bienestar de los propietarios y de los trabajadores
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Perspectivas de la política social en Brasil
%'#+.%"V&8-'(%'2%0/"#(&('i%+."%'8&'&,8#)&)#*+'W'8&')-$%")#&8#]&)#*+i',&"&' )&(&')/8.#V-'&0">)-8&@'c&'&(/8.%"&)#*+'D/>$#)&'(%'8-2')-$,/%2.-2'W'%8'/2-' EF TVTUBODJBT QSPIJCJEBT QVFEFO DBVTBS D´ODFS Z EFTSFHVMBDJÄO FOEPDSJOB FO USBCBKBEPSFT SVSBMFT Z DPOTVNJEPSFT BEFN´T EF DPOUBNJOBS BOJNBMFT W'&8'$%(#-'&$:#%+.%@ E8'T%+2-'G0"-,%)/&"#-'455R')-+2.&.*'D/%'(%'Q@4'$#88-+%2'(%' )-$/+#(&(%2'"/"&8%2'%+'%8',&>2;'6@Q'$#88*+'/.#8#]&',8&0/#)#(&2a'%+'QR@Sh' (%'%2.-2')&2-2;'8&'&,8#)&)#*+'(%8'V%+%+-'2%'_&)%'2#+'-"#%+.&)#*+'.1)+#)&@' &M N»UPEP EF BQMJDBDJÄO N´T DPNÉO FT MB BUPNJ[BDJÄO NBOVBM BEPQUBEP %+' O<@Nh' (%' 8-2' 8/0&"%2' D/%' "%8&.&+' )&2-2' (%' #+.-Z#)&)#*+a' %8' &.-$#]&P (-";' &)-,8&(-' &' 8&' %2,&8(&;' %Z,-+%' &8' &,8#)&(-"' &8' "#%20-' (%' (%""&$%' W' (%')-+.&).-'(#"%).-')-+'2/2.&+)#&2'.*Z#)&2@'K%0\+'%8')%+2-;'%2',-)-'2#0P OJÜDBUJWP FM OÉNFSP EF TJUJPT RVF BEPQUBO QS´DUJDBT BMUFSOBUJWBT DPNP FM )-+."-8':#-8*0#)-'H6@ShI;'8&'D/%$&'(%'"%2#(/-2'&0">)-8&2'H5@MhI'W'%8'/2-' (%'"%,%8%+.%2;')&8(&2'-'&+]/%8-2'HN@OhI;')&,&)%2'(%'2/2.#./#"'-'&$#+-"&"' 8&'/.#8#]&)#*+'(%',8&0/#)#(&2@'!"-)%2-2')&"&).%">2.#)-2'(%'8&'&0"#)/8./"&'-"P H´OJDB P BHSPFDPMÄHJDB SFHJTUSBO UBNCJ»O VOB CBKB BEIFTJÄO E8'%+.%+(#$#%+.-'(%'D/%'%8'%$,8%-'#+(%:#(-'(%',8&0/#)#(&2'"%P ,"%2%+.&'/+')&2-'(%'#+)/$,8#$#%+.-'(%'8&'9/+)#*+'2-)#&8'(%'8&',"-,#%(&(' ,-(">&'+-'2*8-'&$,8#&"'8&2',-2#:#8#(&(%2'8%0&8%2'(%'%Z,"-,#&)#*+',-"')&/2&' (%'#+.%"12'2-)#&8;'2#+-'.&$:#1+'%2.#$/8&"'&'8-2',"-,#%.&"#-2'&')/$,8#"')-+' MPT QBS´NFUSPT PÜDJBMFT RVF SFHVMBO FM VTP EF TVTUBODJBT RV¿NJDBT FO MB &0"#)/8./"&'W'&')-+-)%"'W'&,8#)&";'%+'&80/+&'$%(#(&;'8-2'$1.-(-2'&0"-%)-P 8*0#)-2'(%')/8.#V-@
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4.2 El límite máximo de propiedad como instrumento de regulación del mercado agrario y de democratización del acceso a la tierra c&' (%$&+(&' _#2.*"#)&' (%' 8-2' $-V#$#%+.-2' 2-)#&8%2' D/%' $#8#.&+' %+' 9&P V-"' (%' 8&' (%$-)"&.#]&)#*+' (%8' &))%2-' &' 8&' .#%""&' W' (%' 8&' "%9-"$&' &0"&"#&' FT MB JOTUJUVDJÄO EF VO M¿NJUF N´YJNP QBSB MB QSPQJFEBE MP DVBM UJFOF ,-"' -:U%.#V-' %8#$#+&"' %8' 8&.#9/+(#-' ,-"' %Z.%+2#*+;' )-+2#(%"&+(-' D/%' 8&' DPODFOUSBDJÄO EF HSBOEFT ´SFBT SVSBMFT FO NBOPT EF VOB NJOPS¿B FT JO .">+2%)&$%+.%' &(V%"2&' &' 8&' #(%&' (%' 9/+)#*+' 2-)#&8' (%' 8&' ,"-,#%(&(@' c&' ÜKBDJÄO EF FTF M¿NJUF TFÃBMBS¿B VO DSJUFSJP SFHVMBEPS EFM NFSDBEP BHSBSJP -,%"&+(-;'&'8&'$&+%"&'(%'8-2'$%)&+#2$-2'D/%'#+_#:%+'8&'9-"$&)#*+'(%' $-+-,-8#-2'%+'-."-2'2%).-"%2',"-(/).#V-2;')-$-'/+',"#+)#,#-'+-"$&.#V-' DBQB[ EF NPEJÜDBS FM QBUSÄO EPNJOBOUF EF MB FTUSVDUVSB BHSBSJB CSBTJMFÃB
26
Carta Regia de 27 de diciembre de 1695 (apud Pinto Júnior y Farias, 2007).
Capítulo 6: Reforma y concentración agrarias
$&")&(&',-"'/+&'9/%".%',-8&"#]&)#*+'%+."%;',-"'/+'8&(-;'8&',%"2#2.%+)#&'W' %8'&V&+)%'(%8'8&.#9/+(#-'W;',-"'-."-;'8&',"-8#9%"&)#*+'(%'$#+#9/+(#-2@'E2&2' (-2'$-(&8#(&(%2'(%',"-,#%(&('"/"&8'2-+'%Z,"%2#-+%2'(%8',"-:8%$&'(%'8&' )-+)%+."&)#*+'&0"&"#&;'W'8&'"%9-"$&'&0"&"#&;'.&8')-$-'&(V%".>&'%8'E2.&./P'' .-'(%'8&'=#%""&;'%+'%8'! EFM BSU¿DVMP EFCFS´ QSPDVSBS MB FSSBEJDBDJÄO (%'&$:-2@ -B FYQFSJFODJB FO PUSPT QB¿TFT QBSB FTUBCMFDFS M¿NJUFT N´YJNPT &'8&',"-,#%(&('_&'V&"#&(-'2%0\+'2/2'"%2,%).#V&2'%2."/)./"&2'(%'8&'.#%""&'W' (#$%+2#-+%2' .%""#.-"#&8%2@' ?%' $-(-' 0%+%"&8;' 2%' ,/%(%' (%)#"' D/%' 8&' "%&P 8#]&)#*+'(%'/+&'"%9-"$&'&0"&"#&'%2'/+&'%.&,&')-$\+'%+'8&'."&W%).-"#&'(%' 8-2',&>2%2'(%2&""-88&(-2;'&/+D/%'12.&'+-'2#%$,"%'2%'_&W&'%9%)./&(-'%+'.-P EBT QBSUFT DPO MPT NJTNPT NPEFMPT &O &VSPQB EPOEF QS´DUJDBNFOUF OP %Z#2.%+',"-,#%(&(%2'"/"&8%2'(%'%Z.%+2#*+'2/,%"#-"'&'Q55'_&;'&80/+-2',&>2%2' BEPQUBSPO VO M¿NJUF N´YJNP EF MB QSPQJFEBE QPS FKFNQMP #VMHBSJB S5'_&I;'$#%+."&2'-."-2')-+2.#./W%"-+'*"0&+-2'(%')-+."-8'(%8'$%")&(-'(%' ,"%(#-2'&0">)-8&2'H%+'`"&+)#&;'(-+(%'8&2',"-,#%(&(%2'.#%+%+'/+'.&$&7-' QSPNFEJP EF IB Z BDUÉBO JOTUJUVDJPOFT FTQFD¿ÜDBNFOUF FOGPDBEBT B MMF V&"'&')&:-'8&',8&+%&)#*+'.%""#.-"#&8I@ E+' K/(&$1"#)&;' ,&>2%2' )-$-' !%"\;' g"/0/&W;' T_#8%' W' J-8#V#&' IBO QSBDUJDBEP QPM¿UJDBT TFNFKBOUFT EF EFMJNJUBDJÄO EFM ´SFB EF MBT QSP ,#%(&(%2' "/"&8%2a' %+' T_#8%;' ,-"' %U%$,8-;' %2%' 8>$#.%' V&">&' (%' O5' _&2.&'' S55'_&;',&"&'8&2'.#%""&2'(%',%-"')&8#(&(;'W'%+'J-8#V#&'/+',8%:#2)#.-'"%&8#]&(-' FM BÃP QBTBEP FTUBCMFDJÄ DPNP M¿NJUF N´YJNP MB FYUFOTJÄO EF NJM IB &O $PSFB EFM 4VS Z +BQÄO ÜHVSBO EJTQPTJDJPOFT EF PUSP H»OFSP FO MB QSJNF "&;',-"'%U%$,8-;'%8'0-:#%"+-',"-,/2-'"%)#%+.%$%+.%'%Z.%+(%"'%8'8>$#.%'(%'S'' B IB EF TVQFSÜDJF QPS QSPQJFEBE SVSBM &O &TUBEPT 6OJEPT EPOEF TF IB "%0#2."&(-'%+'8-2'\8.#$-2'&7-2'/+'&/$%+.-'(%'8&')-+)%+."&)#*+'&0"&"#&;'%8' ,"-)%2-'(%')-8-+#]&)#*+'(%8'#+.%"#-"'(%8',&>2;'$-(%8&(-',-"'%8'r-$%2.%&(' "DU PCFEFDJÄ JHVBMNFOUF B VO M¿NJUF EF ´SFB B TFS PDVQBEB QPS DBEB GBNJMJB IFDU´SFB "TJNJTNP FO #SBTJM VO QSPZFDUP EF MFZ RVF JOUFOUBSB ÜKBS 8>$#.%2' &' 8&' ,"-,#%(&(' (%' 8&' .#%""&' +-' 2%">&' /+&' %Z)%,)#*+' _#2.*"#)&@' c&2' )&".&2'"%0#&2'(%8'4N'(%'(#)#%$:"%'(%'6RMQ'W'N'(%'(#)#%$:"%'(%'6RMN;'D/%' "%0/8&:&+' 8&' )-+)%2#*+' (%' &2#0+&)#-+%2;' %2.&:8%)>&+' D/%' +-' (%:%">&+' %Z)%(%"'/+'.%""#.-"#-'#0/&8'&'4'<55'W'6'O55'_&;'"%2,%).#V&$%+.%;'.%+#%+(-' FO DVFOUB iRVF OP TF DVMUJWBS´O MBT UJFSSBT QPS MB NBZPS QBSUF Z QPS FO )-+."&"2%' $/)_-2' $-"&(-"%2' 2#+' 9%)_&' &80/+&w@4R' g+' ,%"$#2-' (%8' Q' (%' -)./:"%' 6NMQ' (%.%"$#+&:&' D/%' 8&2' .#%""&2' $/W' ,"*Z#$&2' &' 8&2' )&,#.&P MFT iEPOEF FT N´T GSFDVFOUF FM DPNFSDJP Z NVDIP NBZPS FM OÉNFSP EF
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Perspectivas de la polĂtica social en Brasil
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NPSBEPSFTu OP TF QPESÂżBO DPODFEFS FO UBNBĂ&#x192;P NBZPS B IB B Ă&#x153;O EF D/%'_/:#%"&'v%+."%'.-(-2'8-2'(#)_-2'$-"&(-"%2'8&'#0/&8(&('D/%'$%"%)%+w@' E2-2'(#2,-2#.#V-2'%2./V#%"-+'V#0%+.%2',-"',-)-'.#%$,-'W'8&'c%W'(%'=#%""&2' (%'6'OQ5;'D/%',"-$-V#*'8&'$%")&+.#8#]&)#*+'(%'8&'.#%""&'&8'(#2,-+%"'D/%'8&' \+#)&'V>&'(%'&))%2-'&'8&',"-,#%(&('(%'8&'$#2$&'2%">&'8&')-$,"&;'+-'2*8-' "%9-"]*'%8'V>+)/8-'%+."%',&."#$-+#-'W',-(%"',-8>.#)-;'2#+-'.&$:#1+'-,%"*'8&' DPOWFSTJĂ&#x201E;O N´HJDB EF '("##*$+(H%#-,<&'()*$'%+'#"$"#)*$+,"+)*.-# RVF FTU´ FO 8&':&2%'(%8',"-:8%$&':"&2#8%7-'(%'8&')-+)%+."&)#*+'&0"&"#&@ K#;',-"'/+'8&(-;'%2',-2#:8%'&."#:/#"'&'8&2'"&>)%2'_#2.*"#)&2'(%'8&')-P 8-+#]&)#*+' %8' ,&."*+' )-+)%+."&(-"' (%' 8&' %2."/)./"&' &0"&"#&' (%8' ,&>2;' ,-"' -."-;'8&',%"2#2.%+)#&'W'&/+'%8'&0"&V&$#%+.-'(%'%2&'%2."/)./"&'2%'%Z,8#)&+'%+' :/%+&'$%(#(&',-"'%8',"-)%2-'(%'."&+29-"$&)#*+'.1)+#)&'(%'8&',"-(/))#*+' &0">)-8&;' -)/""#(-' %+' 8&' 2%0/+(&' $#.&(' (%8' 2#08-' ll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´ NFODJPOBS FM FKFNQMP EF $BNQPT -JOEPT FM NVOJDJQJP EF 5PDBOUJOT RVF FODBCF[B MB MJTUB EF MPT N´T QPCSFT EFM QBÂżT W'D/%;'%+'455O;'"%)&/(*'&8'$%+-2'gKu'NO@Q'$#88-+%2'(%'(*8&"%2')-+'8&'%ZP ,-".&)#*+'(%'2-W&@ c-2' $-V#$#%+.-2' 2-)#&8%2' "/"&8%2' W' 8&2' %+.#(&(%2' (%9%+2-P'' "&2'(%'8&'"%9-"$&'&0"&"#&;'"%/+#(-2'(%2(%'4555'%+'%8'`-"-'L&)#-+&8',-"'8&' A%9-"$&'G0"&"#&'W'[/2.#)#&'H`LAGI;'_&+',"-$-V#(-'/+&')&$,&7&'%+'9&V-"' EFM FTUBCMFDJNJFOUP EF VO MÂżNJUF N´YJNP QBSB MB QSPQJFEBE EF UJFSSB 4V -:U%.#V-'%2'#+2%".&"'%+'%8'&".>)/8-'6OR'(%'8&'T-+2.#./)#*+'`%(%"&8'/+'#+P DJTP RVF Ă&#x153;KF FO NĂ&#x201E;EVMPT Ă&#x153;TDBMFT mFTUP FT WFDFT FM UBNBĂ&#x192;P EF VOB ,%D/%7&',"-,#%(&('(%8'$#2$-'$/+#)#,#-i4N'%8'.&$&7-'(%'8-2'.%""%+-2'"/P SBMFT 4FHĂ&#x2030;O MB QSPQVFTUB UPEBT MBT TVQFSĂ&#x153;DJFT NBZPSFT B FTF MÂżNJUF TFSÂżBO #+)-",-"&(&2'&8',&."#$-+#-',\:8#)-'W'(%2.#+&(&2'&'8&'"%9-"$&'&0"&"#&@ 27 De acuerdo con el !2o del artĂculo 50 de la Ley nĂşm. 6.746/1979, el mĂłdulo fiscal de cada municipio se determinarĂĄ tomando en cuenta: a) el tipo de explotaciĂłn predominante; b) el ingreso obtenido en ese tipo de explotaciĂłn; c) otras explotaciones existentes en el municipio que, aunque no predominantes, sean significativas en funciĂłn del ingreso o ĂĄrea utilizada, y d) el concepto de propiedad familiar.
K%' %2.#$&' D/%' 8&' &,"-:&)#*+' (%' %2&' %+$#%+(&' 8#:%"&">&' &,"-P YJNBEBNFOUF NJMMPOFT EF IB QBSB MB SFGPSNB Z BGFDUBS¿B B QPDP N´T (%'Q5'$#8',"-,#%(&(%2'"/"&8%2;'&,"-Z#$&(&$%+.%'6h'(%8'.-.&8@'E8' `LAG' ,8&+%&'"%&8#]&";'%+'2%,.#%$:"%'(%'4565;'/+',8%:#2)#.-'(%'#+#)#&.#V&',-,/8&"' QBSB EFÜOJS FM M¿NJUF EF MB QSPQJFEBE EF MB UJFSSB
T-+9-"$%'%8'&".>)/8-'6QPG;'&/$%+.&(-',-"'8&'Y!'+\$@'6@NN<P44^6MMM'iW' 2/2'2/:2%)/%+.%2'"%%(#)#-+%2i'&8'(%)"%.-'(%'c%W'+\$@'S@SRQ^6M<6;'2-+' 88&$&(-2')-$,%+2&.-"#-2'8-2'#+.%"%2%2'(%2.#+&(-2'&'"%,&"&"'8&',1"(#(&'(%8' #+0"%2-'2/9"#(&',-"'%8',"-,#%.&"#-')/&+(-;'_&:#%+(-'/+&'"%2-8/)#*+',"%P V#&'2-:"%'8&',-2%2#*+'%+'%8')/"2-'(%'/+&'&))#*+'(%'%Z,"-,#&)#*+',-"'#+.%"12' 2-)#&8;'_&W&'(#V%"0%+)#&'%+."%'%8',"%)#-'(%,-2#.&(-'%+'U/#)#-',-"'%8'CLTAG' Z FM WBMPS EFM CJFO ÜKBEP FO MB TFOUFODJB NFEJBOEP MB BTFTPS¿B EF BMHÉO ,%"#.-'%2,%)#&8#]&(-@'E+'2/'V%"2#*+'-"#0#+&8;'%8'.%Z.-'(%.%"$#+&:&'D/%'8-2' JOUFSFTFT DPNQFOTBUPSJPT EFCFS¿BO JODJEJS B VOB UBTB BOVBM N´YJNB EF TPCSF MB EJGFSFODJB FWFOUVBMNFOUF WFSJÜDBEB FOUSF FTBT FTUJNBDJPOFT IBTUB FM QBHP EF MB JOEFNOJ[BDJÄO EJDUBEB QPS EFDJTJÄO ÜOBM DPOGPSNF B EFSFDIP "SCJUSBEB FTUB ÉMUJNB FM SFUSBTP FO FM ÜOJRVJUP SFTQPOTBCJMJ[BS¿B &8'E2.&(-',-"'%8',&0-'(%'#+.%"%2%2'$-"&.-"#-2'&8',"-,#%.&"#-'D/%'_/:#%"&' 2/9"#(-'8&',1"(#(&'(%8':#%+@'E8'!4Ñ'(%8'"%9%"#(-'&".>)/8-'(#2,%+2&:&'&8'%+.%' ,\:8#)-' (%' ,&0&"' #+.%"%2%2' )-$,%+2&.-"#-2' )/&+(-' %8' ,"%(#-' ,-2%W%"&' HSBEPT EF VUJMJ[BDJÄO EF MB UJFSSB Z EF FÜDJFODJB FO MB FYQMPUBDJÄO JHVBMFT &')%"-@ ="%2' ,/+.-2' %2%+)#&8%2' (%' %2&' 8%W' 9/%"-+' 2/U%.-2' &' "%V#2#*+' &' ,%.#)#*+'(%8'K/,"%$-'="#:/+&8'`%(%"&8'HK=`I;'%+'%8'U/]0&(-'(%'G))#*+' ?#"%).&'(%'C+)-+2.#./)#-+&8#(&('HG?CLI'+\$@'4@SS4P4^?`;'%+'4556@'E+' 2/'(%)#2#*+',"%8#$#+&";'%V-)&+(-'%8',"#+)#,#-')-+2.#./)#-+&8'(%'8&'U/2.&'W' ,"%V#&'#+(%$+#]&)#*+;'%8'K=` TVTQFOEJÄ MB EFUFSNJOBDJÄO MFHBM RVF ÜKBCB %+'Rh'8&'.&2&'(%'#+.%"%2%2')-$,%+2&.-"#-2@'T-+'%2-;'2%'V-8V#*'&')-+2#(%"&";' DPNP QBS´NFUSP EF JOEFYBDJÄO EF MPT JOUFSFTFT DPNQFOTBUPSJPT MB UBTB &+/&8'(%'64h;',"%V#2.&'%+'%8'2/$&"#-'R6O'(%8'K=` EF &M USJCVOBM ÜS NÄ FM EJDUBNFO EF RVF MB CBTF EFM D´MDVMP EF FTPT JOUFSFTFT TFS¿B MB EJGFSFO DJB FOUSF EFM QSFDJP PGFSUBEP FO KVJDJP Z FM WBMPS EFM CJFO EFÜOJEP %+'2%+.%+)#&@'`#+&8$%+.%;'%8' K=`'"%)-+-)#*')-$-'#+)-+2.#./)#-+&8'8&'+-' #+)#(%+)#&'(%'#+.%"%2%2')-$,%+2&.-"#-2'%+'8-2')&2-2'(%'%Z,"-,#&)#*+'(%'
Capítulo 6: Reforma y concentración agrarias
4.3 Costos de la expropiación: el impacto de los intereses compensatorios sobre el valor de las indemnizaciones por interés social
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Perspectivas de la política social en Brasil
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,"%(#-2' )/W-' 0"&(-' (%' ,"-(/).#V#(&(' 9/%"&' +/8-a' %+' -."-2' .1"$#+-2;' 8&' %V%+./&8'#$,"-(/).#V#(&('(%8'#+$/%:8%'+-'%Z)8/W%'&8'%Z,"-,#&+.%'(%8',&0-' EF MBT DM´VTVMBT DPNQFOTBUPSJBT -B EFDJTJÄO UVWP QPS CBTF FM QSJODJQJP EF D/%'8&'#+(%$+#]&)#*+'-,%"&'+-'2*8-',&"&'"%,&"&"'8&',1"(#(&'(%8'#+0"%2-'(%8' :#%+;'2#+-',&"&')-$,%+2&"'8&',"-,#&',1"(#(&'(%8':#%+'2#+'_&:%"'"%)#:#(-'/+' ,"%)#-'U/2.-@ c&' #+.%","%.&)#*+' (%8' K=`' V-8V#*' (-$#+&+.%' 8&' U/"#2,"/(%+)#&' D/%;',"%V&8%)#%+(-'2-:"%'%8')-+.%+#(-'+-"$&.#V-'(%'8&' Y!;'_&'&(-,.&(-' 8&'.&2&'(%'64h'&&;'&'.>./8-'(%'&,8#)&)#*+'(%'8-2'#+.%"%2%2')-$,%+2&.-"#-2@' E8'CLTAG'_&'&(-,.&(-'2/)%2#V&2'V%)%2;'2#+'1Z#.-;'8&2'(%)#2#-+%2'D/%'_&'.-P $&(-'%8'"%9%"#(-'."#:/+&8@'c&')-+2%)/%+)#&'-:U%.#V&'(%'8&'"%2.&/"&)#*+'(%'8&' &8>)/-.&'(%'64h;'(%"#V&(&'(%'8&'2/2,%+2#*+'U/(#)#&8'(%'8&'.&2&'(%'Rh',"%V#2P .&'%+'8&' Y!;'%2'%8'&/$%+.-'(%'8-2')-2.-2'(%"#V&(-2'(%'8&'"%9-"$&'&0"&"#&' %+'%8',&>2@'E+'455R;',-"'%U%$,8-;'(%'8-2'Au6R5'$#88-+%2'/.#8#]&(-2',-"'%8' #+2.#./.-'%+',"-)%2-2'(%'-:.%+)#*+'(%'.#%""&2'&'."&V12'(%'8&'%Z,"-,#&)#*+' (%',"%(#-2'"/"&8%2;'&,"-Z#$&(&$%+.%'Q5h'2%'0&2.*'%+'%8',&0-'(%'#+.%"%2%2' )-$,%+2&.-"#-2@'E8'&/$%+.-'"%&8'(%'%2-2')-2.-2;'"%2/8.&+.%'(%'8&'&,8#)&P )#*+'(%'8&'.&2&'(%'64h;'+-'2%',/%(%',-+(%"&"'"#0/"-2&$%+.%'2#+'.-$&"'%+' )/%+.&'8&'(#2,&"#(&(;'(%2(%'%8',/+.-'(%'V#2.&'$&)"-%)-+*$#)-;'%+."%'%8' NPNFOUP FO RVF TF ÜKÄ BRVFMMB BM¿DVPUB mFO BRVFM BÃP MB JOÝBDJÄO TVQFSÄ MB NBSDB EF m Z MB TJUVBDJÄO BDUVBM RVF SFHJTUSB VOB JOÝBDJÄO EF BB BQSPYJNBEBNFOUF $PNP FM D´MDVMP EF JOEFNOJ[BDJÄO QSFTFOUBEP FO 8-2' #+9-"$%2' .1)+#)-2' (%8' CLTAG' %2' 9"%)/%+.%$%+.%' )-+.%2.&(-' %+' U/#P DJP FO FTQFDJBM FO MBT SFHJPOFT EPOEF FM NFSDBEP EF UJFSSBT FT EJO´NJDP 8&' "%)/""%+)#&' (%' 8-2' )&2-2' (%' (#9%"%+)#&' %+."%' %8' ,"%)#-' -9"%)#(-' ,-"' %8' &TUBEP Z FM WBMPS EFM CJFO ÜKBEP FO TFOUFODJB UJFOEF B WPMWFS SFHMB mZ OP /+&'%V%+./&8#(&(i'8&')-:"&+]&'(%'#+.%"12')-$,%+2&.-"#-2@ G/+D/%'9/+(&$%+.&(&'%+'%8',"#+)#,#-')-+2.#./)#-+&8'(%'8&'#+P (%$+#]&)#*+'U/2.&',&"&'%8',"-,#%.&"#-;')/W-':#%+'9/%'%Z,"-,#&(-',-"'/+' &).-'/+#8&.%"&8'(%8'!-(%"'EU%)/.#V-;'+-'(%U&'(%',&"%)%"'#+)-+0"/%+.%'D/%' 2%',&0/%+'#+.%"%2%2'&'.>./8-'(%')-$,%+2&)#*+',-"'8&2'0&+&+)#&2'2/2,%+(#P (&2' D/%' 0%+%"&' 8&' %Z,8-.&)#*+' (%' ,"%(#-2' #$,"-(/).#V-2;' 2-:"%' .-(-' 2#' 12.-2'.#%+%+'/+'>+(#)%'(%',"-(/).#V#(&('+/8-@'c&',"-,#%(&('D/%'0%+%"&' HBOBODJBT FT QSPEVDUJWB Z QPS EFÜOJDJÄO OP FT TVTDFQUJCMF B BDDJPOFT (%'%Z,"-,#&)#*+@ c&' Y!'D/%'&8.%"*'%8'(%)"%.-'(%'c%W'+\$@'S@SRQ^6M<6'W&'_&:>&' SFBMJ[BEP NPEJÜDBDJPOFT FO MB HFOFSBDJÄO EF JOUFSFTFT DPNQFOTBUPSJPT SFMBDJPO´OEPMPT OP DPO MB HBOBODJB TJOP DPO MPT JOHSFTPT -B TVTQFOTJÄO ,-"',&".%'(%8' K=`'(%8'(#2,-2#.#V-'D/%'%Z)8/>&'(%8'(%"%)_-'&'"%)#:#"'(#)_-2' #+.%"%2%2'&'8&2',"-,#%(&(%2')-+'0"&(-2'(%'/2-'(%'8&'.#%""&'W'%Z,8-.&)#*+'
28 Decreto-ley que define como ilegal la cobranza de tasas de interés superiores al doble de la tasa legal.
Capítulo 6: Reforma y concentración agrarias
FDPOÄNJDB JHVBMFT B DFSP BDBCB QPS JNQPOFS VOB JOÝBDJÄO BSUJÜDJBM Z FY )%2#V&'&'8-2')-2.-2'(%'8&'"%9-"$&'&0"&"#&@'G8')-+2#(%"&"'2*8-'%2%'&2,%).-' U/">(#)-P8%0&8;' /+' ,"%(#-' (%' 65' $#8' _&' %+' (-+(%' %Z#2.#%"&' /+' ,&.#-' )/8P .#V&(-' (%' 8%0/$:"%2' -' (-+(%' ,&2.&"&' /+&' ,&"%U&' (%' V&)&2' ,"-(/)#">&' #+0"%2-2' W;' ,-"' )-+2#0/#%+.%;' 2/' ,"-,#%.&"#-' 2%' _&">&' &)"%%(-"' &' 8-2' #+P .%"%2%2')-$,%+2&.-"#-2'%+')&2-'(%'2/9"#"'/+',"-)%2-'(%'%Z,"-,#&)#*+@'c&' _#,*.%2#2;'&',%2&"'(%'2%"'%Z&0%"&(&;'2#"V%',&"&'#8/2."&"')*$-'/+'$%)&+#2$-' (%'&,8#)&)#*+'"%2."#).&;')-$-'8-2'#+.%"%2%2')-$,%+2&.-"#-2;',/%(%'0%+%"&"' /+&'#+.%","%.&)#*+')-+."&"#&'&'8&'8%W'W'2/:-"(#+&"'8&'"%&8#]&)#*+'(%8'#+.%"12' 2-)#&8'&'8&'(%9%+2&'(%8'(%"%)_-'&:2-8/.-'(%'8&',"-,#%(&(@ &M $ÄEJHP $JWJM QSFW» FO FM BSU¿DVMP Q´SSBGP ÉOJDP FM QBHP (%'#+.%"12'$-"&.-"#-')-+'9/+)#*+'(%'"%,&"&)#*+'(%'(&7-2;'%8')/&8',/%(%' SFDJCJS VO DPNQMFNFOUP ÜOBODJFSP TJ TF QSVFCB RVF FM WBMPS JOEFNOJ[BEP OP FT TVÜDJFOUF QBSB DVCSJS FM QFSKVJDJP TVGSJEP &TUB TJUVBDJÄO OP TÄMP WJPMB 8&'8%W'(%'/2/"&4O EFDSFUP EF -FZ OÉN TJOP RVF DPOÜHVSB /+' &/.1+.#)-' %+"#D/%)#$#%+.-' 2#+' )&/2&;' ,8%+&$%+.%' V%(&(-' ,-"' 8&' )-P EJÜDBDJÄO DJWJM g+&'#+V%2.#0&)#*+'"%)#%+.%'%$,"%+(#(&',-"'8&'!"-)/"&(/">&'`%P (%"&8'(%8'CLTAG'(%$-2."*'D/%'8-2'#+.%"%2%2')-$,%+2&.-"#-2'"%,"%2%+.&+' /+'0&2.-'&+/&8'(%'&,"-Z#$&(&$%+.%'AuQ55'$#88-+%2a'&8"%(%(-"'(%'<Mh' EFM DVBM FT QBHBEP FO MBT BDDJPOFT EF FYQSPQJBDJÄO &TUP TJHOJÜDB RVF ,-"' )&(&' Au4@55' %$,8%&(-2' %+' #+(%$+#]&)#-+%2;' Au6@55' 2%' (%2.#+&' &8' QBHP EF JOUFSFTFT $POTJEFS´OEPTF MPT EFN´T JOUFSFTFT SFUSJCVJEPT B MPT ,"-,#%.&"#-2'"/"&8%2'i$-"&.-"#-2'W'"%$/+%"&.-"#-2i;'%8',-")%+.&U%'(%'0&2P .-2'2%'%8%V&'R4h'"%2,%).-'(%8'V&8-"'(%'8&2'#+(%$+#]&)#-+%2;'D/%'%D/#V&8%'&' )&2#'(-2'.%")#-2'(%8'.-.&8@ /P FT TVQFSÝVP TFÃBMBS RVF MPT JOUFSFTFT DSFDFO NJFOUSBT MPT ,"-)%2-2'(%'%Z,"-,#&)#*+'2%'."&$#.&+'%+'8&2')-".%2;'8-'D/%'&+#$&'&'8-2',"-P QJFUBSJPT B VTBS JOTUSVNFOUPT KVS¿EJDPT EJMBUPSJPT "EFN´T EF FTP MB MFZ &/.-"#]&'&8'%Z,"-,#&(-'&'"%)#:#";'&+.%2'(%'8&')-+)8/2#*+'(%8',"-)%2-;'O5h' (%8'V&8-"'(%,-2#.&(-'%+'8&'9-"$&'(%'=>./8-2'(%'8&'?%/(&'G0"&"#&'H=?GI@' c-2'#+.%"%2%2'2-+')-:"&(-2'2-:"%'%8'.-.&8'(%'8&'#+(%$+#]&)#*+')-+.%2.&(&@' E+'%2-2'.1"$#+-2;'8&'(%$-"&',"-)%2&8'#+.%"%2&'&8'%Z,"-,#&(-;'D/#%+',&2&' &' 2%"' ,"-,#%.&"#-' (%' .>./8-2' ,\:8#)-2' (%' &8.&' 8#D/#(%]' W' "%+.&:#8#(&(@' E+'' 455M;'(%'.-(-'%8',"%2/,/%2.-'(%'AuMQ5'$#88-+%2',&"&'-:.%+)#*+'(%'.#%""&2;' 8&'g+#*+',&0*'Au64R'$#88-+%2',-"'#+.%"%2%2')-$,%+2&.-"#-2'(%"#V&(-2'(%' ,"-)%2-2'(%'&7-2'&+.%"#-"%2@'?%'&)/%"(-')-+'/+'%2.#$&(-'(%8'CLTAG;'%2%' "%)/"2-',%"$#.#">&'&2%+.&"'&'4@6'$#8'9&$#8#&2'%+'<4'$#8'_&'(%'.#%""&@
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Perspectivas de la política social en Brasil
4.4 La explotación del trabajo esclavo: la PEC núm. 438/2001
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29 Autor de la tesis de doctorado Los accionistas de la โ Casa-grandeโ : la reinvenciรณn capitalista del trabajo esclavo contemporรกneo (2007).
Capรญtulo 6: Reforma y concentraciรณn agrarias
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Perspectivas de la polĂtica social en Brasil
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De acuerdo con los datos de la CPT y de la SIT, sĂłlo 62% de los casos denunciados son fiscalizados.
31
Datos de la CPT â&#x20AC;&#x201C;recolecciĂłn y procesamientoâ&#x20AC;&#x201C; actualizados el 26 de noviembre de 2009.
32
4.5 Los impasses jurídicos en torno del mecanismo de la resolución de la posesión /P FYJTUF VOB JOEFÜOJDJÄO MFHBM FO DVBOUP B MPT QSFTVQVFTUPT KVS¿EJDPT FYJHJEPT Z BM QMB[P ÜKBEP QBSB RVF FM CLTAG;'%+'8&')-+(#)#*+'(%'*"0&+-' 9%(%"&8'%U%)/.-"'(%'8&'"%9-"$&'&0"&"#&;'"%2/%8V&'8&',-2%2#*+'(%8',"%(#-')/W&' %Z,"-,#&)#*+'%2'-:U%.-'(%'&))#*+'U/(#)#&8@'G8'(%2,&)_&"'8&',%.#)#*+'#+#)#&8' (%'%2&'&))#*+;'%8'U/%];'$%(#&+.%'%8'&".>)/8-'RÑ'(%'8&'c%W'T-$,8%$%+.&"#&' +\$@' NR^6MMS;' (%:%' )-+)%(%"' _&2.&' <O' _-"&2' ,&"&' 8&' "%2-8/)#*+' 2-:"%' 8&',-2%2#*+'%+'9&V-"'(%8'E2.&(-@'c&'+-"$&'+-'(%8%0&'&8'&":#."#-'(%8'U/%]' %2&' (%)#2#*+3' &D/188&' (%.%"$#+&' D/%' 8&' ,-2%2#*+' 2%&' &,"-:&(&' %+' &).-' )-+.#+/-'(%2,/12'(%8'"%)#:#$#%+.-'(%'8&'&))#*+@'c&',%.#)#*+'#+#)#&8;'2%0\+'
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35 Aunque esté en desacuerdo con el valor de la indemnización, el propietario tiene derecho de elevar hasta 80% la cantidad depositada.
Capítulo 6: Reforma y concentración agrarias
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Algunos propietarios, anticipĂĄndose a cualquier providencia del INCRA, proponen acciones cautelosas para impedir la revisiĂłn inicial.
36
37 La constataciĂłn es referida por Almeida, Storel Filho y Moraes en el artĂculo â&#x20AC;&#x153;La legislaciĂłn y los impasses de la polĂtica agrariaâ&#x20AC;? (2005: 67-84). Los mismos autores proponen aumentar un quinto pĂĄrrafo al artĂculo 15-A de la Ley nĂşm. 3.365/1941, en el que se haga referencia expresa a la resoluciĂłn del INCRA de la posesiĂłn del inmueble despuĂŠs del despacho, por parte del juez, de la peticiĂłn inicial, desde que es comprobado el depĂłsito de la indemnizaciĂłn ofertada.
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Capítulo 6: Reforma y concentración agrarias
4.6 El Impuesto Territorial Rural (ITR) como instrumento de política de la tierra
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Perspectivas de la política social en Brasil
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Capítulo 6: Reforma y concentración agrarias
5. Consideraciones finales
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Capítulo 6: Reforma y concentración agrarias
Referencias
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Perspectivas de la política social en Brasil
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Capรญtulo 6: Reforma y concentraciรณn agrarias
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'''
T rabajo y riesgos sociales en Brasil
CapĂtulo 7
IntroducciĂłn E8' -:U%.#V-' (%' %2.%' )&,>./8-' %2' &+&8#]&"' 8-2' (%2&9>-2' ,&"&' 8&' %Z.%+2#*+' W;' %V%+./&8$%+.%;'/+#V%"2&8#]&)#*+'(%'8&',"-.%))#*+'2-)#&8'&+.%'8&'0"&+'_%.%P "-0%+%#(&('(%'"%8&)#-+%2'(%'."&:&U-'%+'J"&2#8@'E2.&'\8.#$&'%Z,"%2&;',-"'/+' 8&(-;'8&'(#2."#:/)#*+'(%2#0/&8'(%'8-2'2&8&"#-2'W;',-"'%8'-."-;'8&'0"&+'(#2,&"#(&(' (%'#+0"%2-2'W')-+(#)#-+%2'(%'."&:&U-'%+."%'8-2',"-,#-2'&2&8&"#&(-2@ E2'#$,-".&+.%'(#9%"%+)#&"'(%2(%'&_-"&'%+."%'8-2')-+)%,.-2'(%'2%P HVSJEBE TPDJBM Z QSPUFDDJĂ&#x201E;O TPDJBM MPT DVBMFT TF VUJMJ[BS´O FO FM USBOTDVSTP EFM UFYUP $VBOEP TF FNQMFF FM UÂťSNJOP TFHVSP TPDJBM TFS´ FO TV TFOUJEP N´T %2."#).-;'%+.%+(#1+(-2%')-$-'8&'0&"&+.>&')-+."&'"#%20-2'D/%'#$,-2#:#8#.%+'&' MPT USBCBKBEPSFT PCUFOFS JOHSFTPT TVĂ&#x153;DJFOUFT QBSB TBUJTGBDFS TVT OFDFTJEBEFT C´TJDBT6 QPS NFEJP EFM USBCBKP $PNP WFSFNPT UBMFT SJFTHPT FTU´O MJHBEPT .&+.-')-+'8&')&,&)#(&('#+(#V#(/&8',&"&'%8'."&:&U-'H%(&('W'2&8/(I;')-$-')-+'8&2' )-+(#)#-+%2'(%8'$%")&(-@'E+'%2%'2%+.#(-;'8&'+-)#*+'(%'2%0/"-'2-)#&8'"%$#.%'&' 8&',"-.%))#*+'(%'8-2'."&:&U&(-"%2')-+."&'2#./&)#-+%2'&U%+&2'&'2/'."&:&U-@ -B QSPUFDDJĂ&#x201E;O TPDJBM B TV WF[ TF QVFEF EFĂ&#x153;OJS DPNP MB HBSBOUÂżB (%'(%.%"$#+&(-2'(%"%)_-2;'#+(%,%+(#%+.%$%+.%'(%8'+#V%8'(%'#+0"%2-2'-'(%' MB QBSUJDJQBDJĂ&#x201E;O FO FM NFSDBEP EF USBCBKP EF MPT CFOFĂ&#x153;DJBEPT ÂĄTUB UJFOF VO TFOUJEP N´T BNQMJP BCBSDB TJUVBDJPOFT MBCPSBMFT Z OP MBCPSBMFT Z WB N´T BMM´ EF MPT CFOFĂ&#x153;DJPT EF MB TFHVSJEBE Z BTJTUFODJB TPDJBM BTÂż DPNP EF MPT TFSWJDJPT SFMBDJPOBEPT DPO FMMPT BQMJD´OEPTF JODMVTP B MB SFHVMBDJĂ&#x201E;O TPDJBM (%8'."&:&U-'H_-"&"#-'8&:-"&8;'"%$/+%"&)#*+;')-+."&.&)#*+'W'8#D/#(&)#*+I@' &O MP SFGFSFOUF B MBT SFMBDJPOFT EF USBCBKP TF IBS´ EJTUJODJĂ&#x201E;O FOUSF ."&:&U&(-"%2'*$*.*#(*,-$'W'0-+*$*.*#(*,-$ &O FTUF BO´MJTJT MPT QSJNFSPT TPO #+(#V#(/-2'D/%'V%+(%+'2/'9/%"]&'(%'."&:&U-'&')&$:#-'(%'/+&'"%$/+%"&)#*+;' TVCPSEJO´OEPTF B MB BVUPSJEBE EF FNQSFTBT PSHBOJTNPT QĂ&#x2030;CMJDPT P GBNJMJBT &O FM HSVQP EF MPT OP BTBMBSJBEPT FTU´O BRVFMMPT RVF FKFSDFO QPS TV DVFOUB4' El tipo y el nivel bĂĄsico de necesidad varĂa de acuerdo con el momento histĂłrico y el contexto cultural.
1
El concepto de autonomĂa estĂĄ asociado con la idea de no sumisiĂłn del traba jador al mando de terceros. Es verdad que en situaciones concretas pueden aparecer serias dificultades para medir si el traba jo se ejecuta de modo independiente o no. En estos casos, algunos aspectos se pueden tener en consideraciĂłn, por ejemplo, cĂłmo traba ja, en dĂłnde y cĂłmo se remunera. De acuerdo con el primer aspecto, se puede considerar la inserciĂłn del prestador de servicios en la estructura organizativa del beneficiario de la actividad; si presta servicios segĂşn las instrucciones y ba jo el control de otra persona; si el servicio se debe ejecutar
2
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Perspectivas de la polĂtica social en Brasil
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personalmente por el traba jador en un horario determinado; si es de cierta duraciĂłn y tiene cierta continuidad o requiere disponibilidad del traba jador; si quien encomienda el traba jo proporciona herramientas, materiales y mĂĄquinas, entre otras cuestiones. De acuerdo con el segundo criterio, se puede considerar si se brinda el servicio en la empresa beneficiaria de la actividad, en un local controlado por ĂŠsta o en el lugar indicado o aceptado por quien solicita el empleo. Finalmente, se puede considerar si el prestador de los servicios se encuentra en una situaciĂłn de dependencia econĂłmica; si la remuneraciĂłn se da periĂłdicamente, representando la Ăşnica fuente o fuente principal de ingresos del traba jador; si hay pagos en especie, tales como alimentaciĂłn, vivienda o transporte; si se reconocen derechos como el descanso semanal y las vacaciones anuales. AdemĂĄs de eso, si el pago considera el traba jo que se efectĂşa en horario nocturno o en domingos y dĂas festivos.
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Capítulo 7: Trabajo y riesgos sociales en Brasil
1. Formación del mercado de trabajo brasileño y cobertura limitada de la protección social
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Perspectivas de la política social en Brasil
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3
A este respecto, vĂŠase a Jaccoud (2009: 9).
Ya que en el medio rural esas personas se podrĂan catalogar como asegurados especiales.
4
CapĂtulo 7: Trabajo y riesgos sociales en Brasil
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Perspectivas de la polĂtica social en Brasil
2. Mundo del trabajo y categorĂas de riesgo(
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K%')-+2#(%"&'D/%'8&'"%8&)#*+'%+."%'%8'$/+(-'(%8'."&:&U-'W'8&',"-.%))#*+' TPDJBM TF QVFEF EFĂ&#x153;OJS QPS EPT HSBOEFT WBSJBCMFT -B QSJNFSB SFTQFDUP B MBT )&"&).%">2.#)&2'(%'8&2'-)/,&)#-+%2'%Z#2.%+.%2a'+-'2*8-'%8'.#,-'(%'&).#V#(&(' "%&8#]&(&;'2#+-'.&$:#1+'2/'+#V%8'(%'"%$/+%"&)#*+;'8&'(/"&)#*+'(%'8-2'%$P ,8%-2;'8&'9-"$&')-$-'2%'#+2%".&+'%+'8&'%2."/)./"&',"-(/).#V&;'8&2'+-"$&2' MBCPSBMFT WJHFOUFT Z FM HSBEP EF PCTFSWBODJB EF ÂťTUBT -B TFHVOEB TF SFĂ&#x153;FSF &'8-2'"#%20-2'2-)#&8%2'"%8&)#-+&(-2')-+'%8'."&:&U-@'G/+D/%'12.-2'2%',/%(&+' EFĂ&#x153;OJS EF NBOFSB CBTUBOUF HFOÂťSJDB TV JODJEFODJB Z TVT FGFDUPT TPCSF MPT ."&:&U&(-"%2' V&">&+' (%' &)/%"(-' )-+' 8&2' )&"&).%">2.#)&2' (%' 8&2' -)/,&)#-P +%2@' !-"' %U%$,8-;' 8-2' ."&:&U&(-"%2' (%' 8-2' 2%).-"%2' (%' 8&' )-+2."/))#*+' -' FM USBOTQPSUF FTU´O N´T QSPQFOTPT B BDDJEFOUFT MBCPSBMFT OP TĂ&#x201E;MP QPS )&/2&'(%8'.#,-'(%'&).#V#(&('D/%'%U%")%+;'2#+-'.&$:#1+',-"'2/')&,&)#(&('(%' 5 Variaciones calculadas a partir de los datos de la InvestigaciĂłn Nacional por Muestra de Viviendas (PNAD), presentadas en IPEA (2009), secciĂłn 2, p. 23.
Se plantearon diferentes hipĂłtesis sobre cĂłmo los factores explicarĂan la relaciĂłn entre crecimiento econĂłmico y formalizaciĂłn del empleo en los aĂąos recientes. ExĂsten dos traba jos con visiones diferentes, el primero detalla varias contribuciones de la acciĂłn gubernamental y el segundo enfatiza el crecimiento del tamaĂąo promedio de las contrataciones formales, vĂŠase respectivamente a Cardoso Jr. (2007) y Corsuil, Mora y Ramos (2009).
6
En el caso de algunos paĂses escandinavos, eso pasĂł, incluso, al mismo tiempo, que la inclusiĂłn de los asalariados. Al respecto, veĂĄse a Baldwin (1990).
7
CapĂtulo 7: Trabajo y riesgos sociales en Brasil
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8
Contrario a lo que histĂłricamente ocurriĂł en los paĂses desarrollados y de lo que pasa actualmente en otros servicios sociales en Brasil, como educaciĂłn y salud.
9
CapĂtulo 7: Trabajo y riesgos sociales en Brasil
,&"&'."&:&U&(-"%2'(%'%$,"%2&2'%+'D/#%:"&;'8-2')-+."&.-2')-8%).#V-2')-+' )-:%"./"&'&$,8#&;'%8'&))%2-'&'2%"V#)#-2'2-)#&8%2'/+#V%"2&8%2'W'0"&./#.-2;' W'-."-2@' E+."%'$&W-"')-:%"./"&'.%+>&+;'8-2'&2&8&"#&(-2'2%'V-8V>&+'"%8&.#P'' WBNFOUF N´T (0H<0"$'&'8-2'"#%20-2'.>,#)-2'(%'8&'&).#V#(&(')&,#.&8#2.&'%+9"%+P UBEPT QPS TVT FNQMFBEPSFT /P PCTUBOUF NVDIBT NFEJEBT EF Ă?FYJCJMJ[BDJĂ&#x201E;O 8&:-"&8':/2)&"-+'"%2.#./#"'&'8-2'%$,8%&(-"%2'8&',-2#:#8#(&('(%'(%.%"$#+&"'8&2' )-+(#)#-+%2'(%'."&:&U-'W;'&2>;'(%')-+(#)#-+&"8&2'&'8&2')&"&).%">2.#)&2'(%'8&'%$P ,"%2&'&8'$-$%+.-'(%8')#)8-'%)-+*$#)-@ E+'2%0/+(-'8/0&";'2%'(#8/W*'8&'9"-+.%"&'%+."%'8-'D/%'%2'8&',"-.%)P )#*+'2-)#&8'W'8&',"-$-)#*+'(%'8&',"-,#&'&).#V#(&('%)-+*$#)&@'c&'"%,-2#)#*+' EFM JOHSFTP EF FTPT USBCBKBEPSFT B WFDFT FTU´ MJHBEB DPO MB QSFTFSWBDJĂ&#x201E;O EF 2/2'#+2."/$%+.-2'8&:-"&8%2@'!-"'%U%$,8-;'/+'2%0/"-')-+."&'8&',1"(#(&'(%'8&' )-2%)_&'2%',/%(%'%+.%+(%"')-$-'/+&'$%(#(&'(%',"-.%))#*+'2-)#&8'(#"#0#(&'&' 8-2'&0"#)/8.-"%2'W'.&$:#1+')-$-'/+&',-8>.#)&'(%'&,-W-'&'8&',"-(/))#*+'&0">P )-8&;'%+'8&'$%(#(&'%+'D/%'&2%0/"&;',-"'8-'$%+-2;',&".%'(%8'"%)/"2-'#+V%".#(-' ,-"'%8'&0"#)/8.-"@'E+'-."&2'-)&2#-+%2;'8&'0&"&+.>&'(%'#+0"%2-2'(%,%+(%'(%'8&' #+.%"V%+)#*+'%+'%8'$%")&(-;',-"'%U%$,8-;'$%(#&+.%',"-0"&$&2'(%'0&"&+.>&' EF DPNQSB 4JNVMU´OFBNFOUF TF FTUBCMFDFO VO OJWFM NÂżOJNP EF JOHSFTPT ,&"&'%8',"-(/).-"'W'/+&',-8>.#)&'(%'&,-W-'&'8&')-$%")#&8#]&)#*+@ &TB SFĂ?FYJĂ&#x201E;O HBOB NBZPS JNQPSUBODJB FO FM DBTP CSBTJMFĂ&#x192;P EF :#(-' .&+.-' &8' &8)&+)%' "%8&.#V&$%+.%' 8#$#.&(-' (%' 8-2' 2&8&"#-2' )-$-' &' 8&2' 0"&+(%2' (#2,&"#(&(%2' %+' 8&2' )-+(#)#-+%2' 8&:-"&8%2' %+."%' 8-2' &2&8&"#&(-2@' G8' )-+."&"#-' (%' 8-2' ,"#+)#,&8%2' ,&>2%2' )&,#.&8#2.&2;' 8&' $&W-"' ,&".%' (%' 8-2' %$,8%&(-2'+-'&2&8&"#&(-2'%+'J"&2#8'2-+;'%+'"%&8#(&(;'."&:&U&(-"%2')-+'#+P 0"%2-2'$/W':&U-2'%'#+%2.&:8%2;'W'+-',"-9%2#-+&8%2'%2,%)#&8#]&(-2@'E8'."&P CBKP JOEFQFOEJFOUF OP DPOĂ&#x153;HVSB VOB GPSNB EF JOTFSDJĂ&#x201E;O BVUPTVĂ&#x153;DJFOUF FO FM NFSDBEP MBCPSBM Z TÂż VO SFĂ?FKP EF MB GBMUB EF PQPSUVOJEBEFT EF FNQMFP &2&8&"#&(-',&"&'8&',-:8&)#*+'%)-+*$#)&$%+.%'&).#V&@'c-'$#2$-'2%',/%(%' (%)#"',&"&'8&'$&W-">&'(%'8-2',%D/%7-2'%$,8%&(-"%2a'%8'0"&+'+\$%"-'(%'+-' &2&8&"#&(-2'+-'%2'2%7&8'(%8'%$,/U%'(%'8&2'$#)"-%$,"%2&2;'W'2>'(%'8&'-9%".&' 8#$#.&(&'(%',/%2.-2'(%'."&:&U-'&2&8&"#&(-2@' T-+2%)/%+.%$%+.%;'+-'2%'."&.&'(%'*'#*"#'_&)#&'%8'2#2.%$&',\:8#)-' /+&',-")#*+'(%'8&',-:8&)#*+'D/%'.#%+%'8&2',-2#:#8#(&(%2',&"&',"-.%0%"2%'(%8' "#%20-'(%'9-"$&',"#V&(&'-'&'."&V12'(%8'$%")&(-'W'D/%'2%'"%2#2.%'&'#+.%0"&"P 2%'%+'%8'$#2$-'2#2.%$&')-+'-."-2'0"/,-2')-+'$&W-"%2'0"&(-2'(%'"#%20-@M' "M DPOUSBSJP MB NBZPSÂżB EF MPT USBCBKBEPSFT OP BTBMBSJBEPT QPDP QPES´ BQPSUBS B MB TFHVSJEBE TPDJBM QFSP QPTJCMFNFOUF EFNBOEBS´ QSFTUBDJPOFT
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Perspectivas de la polĂtica social en Brasil
TVTUBODJBMFT EBEP RVF TVT DPOEJDJPOFT MBCPSBMFT TPO QFPSFT Z FTU´O QSP QFOTPT B UFOFS JOHSFTPT JOTVĂ&#x153;DJFOUFT QBSB TBUJTGBDFS TVT OFDFTJEBEFT "EF N´T EF FTP FO WF[ EF IBCFS VO IFDIP DMBSBNFOUF EFĂ&#x153;OJEP RVF HFOFSF MB ,1"(#(&'.%$,-"&8'(%8'#+0"%2-'8&:-"&8'i)-$-'8&'8#D/#(&)#*+i;'_&W'(#V%"2&2' 2#./&)#-+%2'D/%',/%(%+')-$,"-$%.%"'%8'%U%")#)#-'(%'8&'&).#V#(&(@ E+' %2%' 2%+.#(-;' 2%' &"0/$%+.*' D/%' &)./&8$%+.%' 8&' #+)-",-"&P )#*+'(%'(#)_-2'."&:&U&(-"%2'%+'%8'2#2.%$&'(%',"-.%))#*+'2-)#&8':"&2#8%P 7-'_&'-:%(%)#(-;'0%+%"&8$%+.%;'&'8&2',-8>.#)&2',\:8#)&2'(%')-$:&.%'&'8&' QPCSF[B &TUP TJHOJĂ&#x153;DB RVF MB OP JODPSQPSBDJĂ&#x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6@' c&2'0&"&+.>&2'(&(&2',-"'8&'8%W'2-+'(#9%"%+)#&(&2'(%'&)/%"(-')-+'(%P .%"$#+&(-2'%2.&./.-2'i9/+)#-+&"#-2',\:8#)-2;'."&:&U&(-"%2'"/"&8%2'W'' %$,8%&(-2' (-$12.#)-2' .#%+%+' 8%0#28&)#-+%2' ,"-,#&2i' W' 9-"$&2' (%' )-+."&.-'H,-"',8&]-'(%.%"$#+&(-;'.#%$,-',&")#&8;'.%$,-"&8;'&'.1"$#P OP JOEFQFOEJFOUF Z QPS DPTFDIB BEFN´T EF MBT TVCDPOUSBUBDJPOFT 4@' C+)8/2-'%+'%8')-+."&.-'8&:-"&8'%2.&+(&"#]&(-',-"'8&'T-+2-8#(&)#*+' (%'8&2'c%W%2'(%8'="&:&U-'HTc=I;'8&')-".&',%"$&+%+)#&'%+'%8'%$,8%-' #$,#(%'%8')/$,8#$#%+.-'(%'&80/+-2',%"#-(-2'-:8#0&.-"#-2',&"&'.%+%"' &))%2-'&'(#V%"2&2',"%2.&)#-+%2@ S@' r&W'0"&(-2'V&"#&(-2'(%'%9%).#V#(&('(%'8&2'+-"$&2'8&:-"&8%2;'2%0\+'%8' OJWFM EF PSHBOJ[BDJĂ&#x201E;O EF MPT USBCBKBEPSFT Z MB BDUVBDJĂ&#x201E;O EF MB Ă&#x153;TDB 8#]&)#*+'0/:%"+&$%+.&8@ E2' ,%".#+%+.%' (%2.&)&"' %+' %8' )&2-' (%' 8-2' &2&8&"#&(-2' D/%;' &/+' %+'&/2%+)#&'(%',"-.%))#*+'2-)#&8;'_&W'2#%$,"%'/+'%$,8%&(-"'D/%'2%',/%P (%' )-""%2,-+2&:#8#]&";' &2>' )-$-' /+' )-+U/+.-' (%' (%"%)_-2' /2/&8%2' (%8' Sobre el significado y las implicaciones del fortalecimiento de la categorĂa riesgo de pobreza en los sistemas de protecciĂłn social, vĂŠase el capĂtulo â&#x20AC;&#x153;Perspectivas para el sistema de garantĂa de ingresos en Brasilâ&#x20AC;? de esta publicaciĂłn.
10
11
SegĂşn la ya clĂĄsica interpretaciĂłn de Castel (1998).
MĂĄs adelante, se detallarĂĄn casos excepcionales, por ejemplo, el de los traba jadores independientes, que estĂĄn subordinados sĂłlo a una empresa o un empleador.
12
Entendemos como precarias las ocupaciones cuyas condiciones de traba jo y de remuneraciĂłn estĂĄn por deba jo de los niveles mĂnimos establecidos por la regulaciĂłn del contrato estĂĄndar: jornada entera, por plazo indeterminado, remuneraciĂłn igual o superior al salario mĂnimo y de base profesional y protecciĂłn contra riesgos a la salud.
13
CapĂtulo 7: Trabajo y riesgos sociales en Brasil
."&:&U-'"%$/+%"&(-'D/%'2%',/%(%+'"%#V#+(#)&"'%+'8&'U/2.#)#&@'E+'%8')&2-' (%'8-2'+-'&2&8&"#&(-2;'#+(%,%+(#%+.%$%+.%'(%8'+#V%8'(%'#+0"%2-2'D/%'-:P UVWJFSPO FYJTUFO DBSBDUFSÂżTUJDBT FTQFDÂżĂ&#x153;DBT EF MB SFMBDJĂ&#x201E;O EF ÂťTUPT DPO 2/2'#+2."/$%+.-2'W')-+'%8'$%")&(-'8&:-"&8')/W-2'"#%20-2'+-',/%(%+'2%"' )-$,&".#(-2')-+'8&'%$,"%2&'-')-+'/+'%$,8%&(-"'D/%'2%&'%"#$-0*+F/$(&*@64' !-"'8-'.&+.-;'%2'"%8%V&+.%')-+2#(%"&"'%8'$/+(-'(%8'."&:&U-'&',&".#"'(%'%2&2' (-2')&.%0-">&2@ ?%:#(-'&'%2.-;'%2'#$,-".&+.%'(%2.&)&"'8-2'"#%20-2'&2-)#&(-2'&' MPT BTBMBSJBEPT Z B MPT OP BTBMBSJBEPT 'JOBMNFOUF TF MJNJUBS´ FM BO´MJ 2#2' &' 8-2' "#%20-2' (%' #+)&,&)#(&(;' .%$,-"&8' -' ,%"$&+%+.%;' ,&"&' %U%")%"' /+&'&).#V#(&('%)-+*$#)&'W'(%'#+2%")#*+',"-(/).#V&',"%)&"#&;'.%$,-"&8'-' ,%"$&+%+.%@6S'c&'#+)#(%+)#&'(%'12.-2'#$,8#)&'8&'#+)&,&)#(&('(%'-:.%+%"' JOHSFTPT NFEJBOUF FM USBCBKP P MB JOTVĂ&#x153;DJFODJB EF JOHSFTPT QBSB DVCSJS MBT OFDFTJEBEFT C´TJDBT 0 TFB TF BSHVNFOUB RVF FM MMBNBEP #("$?-+ ,"+ %-D#"G*' %Z#2.%' )-$-' )-+2%)/%+)#&' (%' /+&' 2#./&)#*+' (%' (%2,"-.%))#*+' 2-)#&8'&2-)#&(&')-+'/+&'2%"#%'(%'"#%20-2'2-)#&8%2'&+.%"#-"%2@ r&W' V&"#&2' "&]-+%2' ,-"' 8&2' )/&8%2' %2.-2' "#%20-2' -)/""%+a' %2P RVFN´UJDBNFOUF TF QVFEF EFDJS RVF TF EFSJWBO EF MBT DPOEJDJPOFT FO 8&2')/&8%2'8-2'."&:&U&(-"%2'V%+(%+'-'/2&+'2/'9/%"]&'(%'."&:&U-'H"#%20-2'8&P :-"&8%2I'-;'%+'%8')&2-'(%'8-2'+-'&2&8&"#&(-2;'(%'8&2')-+(#)#-+%2'$%(#&+.%2' 8&2')/&8%2'2/2'#+2."/$%+.-2'8%2',-2#:#8#.&+'0%+%"&"'W'&,"-,#&"2%'(%'V&8-"' H"#%20-2'(%8'$%")&(-I@ c&' #+)&,&)#(&(' .%$,-"&8' (%' %U%")%"' /+&' &).#V#(&(' ,"-(/).#V&' FTU´ MJHBEB B USFT TJUVBDJPOFT EJGFSFOUFT -B QSJNFSB FT MB EFM EFTFNQMFP "%)/""%+.%;'.>,#)&'%+'."&:&U&(-"%2')-+'%$,8%-2'(%'&8.&'"-.&)#*+a'%2.%')&2-' 2/,-+%'D/%'8-2'(%2%$,8%&(-2'2-+')&,&)%2'(%'%+)-+."&"'-."&'-,-"./+#(&(' 8&:-"&8' )-+' "%8&.#V&' "&,#(%]@' c&' 2%0/+(&;' "%2,%).-' &' ."&:&U&(-"%2' D/%' &8' QSJODJQJP FTU´O FNQMFBEPT P OPSNBMNFOUF FKFSDFO EFUFSNJOBEB BDUJWJ (&(;' ,%"-' D/%' ,-"' )/&8D/#%"' $-.#V-' i&))#(%+.%;' %+9%"$%(&(;' )/#(&(-' EF MPT IJKPT V PUSPm FTU´O UFNQPSBMNFOUF BMFKBEPT EFM FNQMFP %JDIB TJ ./&)#*+'&:&")&'.&+.-'&'&2&8&"#&(-2')-$-'&'+-'&2&8&"#&(-2@'`#+&8$%+.%;'8&' .%")%"&'%2'.>,#)&'(%'%2.-2'\8.#$-23'2%'."&.&'(%'8&'#$,-2#:#8#(&('(%')-+.#+/&"' %U%")#%+(-'2/'&).#V#(&(@'E2.-',/%(%'-)/""#"',-"'/+&'V&"#%(&('(%'9&).-"%23' B BRVFMMB BDUJWJEBE OP TF QVFEF SFBMJ[BS N´T QPS FKFNQMP FM DPNFS
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Perspectivas de la política social en Brasil
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)#-'&$:/8&+.%'%+')#%".-2',/+.-2'(%'8&')#/(&(;'8-2'2%"V#)#-2'(%'."&+2,-".%'-' QPSRVF FTU´ GVFSUFNFOUF EFUFSNJOBEB QPS GBDUPSFT FTUBDJPOBMFT C FM USB :&U&(-"'+-')-+2#0/%'$&+.%+%"2%'%+'%8'$%")&(-'(%:#(-'&8'&/$%+.-'%+'8&' )-$,%.%+)#&;'W')I'8&',1"(#(&'(%'%D/#,-2'-'#+2/$-2',-"'%V%+.-2'9-"./#.-2' i&))#(%+.%2;'"-:-2;'%+."%'-."-2i;',-"'&,"%_%+2#*+',\:8#)&'H%+')&2-'(%'&).#P V#(&(%2'#8%0&8%2I'-',-"'(%/(&2@ X%+%"&8$%+.%;' 2%' %+.#%+(%' D/%' 8&' #$,-2#:#8#(&(' ,%"$&+%+.%' ,&"&'%U%")%"'/+&'&).#V#(&(',"-(/).#V&',"-V#%+%'(%'8&'."&+2#)#*+'&'8&'V#(&' ,-28&:-"&8@'E2.-'2%',/%(%'(&"'%+'9/+)#*+'(%'/+&'#+)&,&)#(&('9>2#)&',&"&' %8'."&:&U-;'%+'V#"./('(%'8&'%(&('-',-"'$-.#V-2'(%'2&8/(;'(%"#V&(-2'-'+-'(%8' %U%")#)#-'8&:-"&8@'K#+'%$:&"0-;'8&'$#2$&')#")/+2.&+)#&',/%(%'2/"0#"'.&$P :#1+',-"'8&'&/2%+)#&'(%'-,-"./+#(&(%2'-'$%(#-2',&"&'%U%")%"'%8'."&:&U-@' E+'%8')&2-'(%'8-2'&2&8&"#&(-2;'%2-'-)/""%')/&+(-'%8'(%2%$,8%-' TF FYUJFOEF B UBM QVOUP RVF OP IBZ N´T PQDJÄO RVF JODPSQPSBSTF B MBT WB )&+.%2'&:#%".&2;'(%2%$,8%-'D/%',/%(%'2%"'(%'8&"0&'(/"&)#*+@'E+')/&+.-'&' MPT OP BTBMBSJBEPT BMHP TJNJMBS TVDFEF DVBOEP OP QVFEFO FKFSDFS N´T TV &).#V#(&('W'2-+'#+)&,&)%2'(%'%+)-+."&"'-."&'-)/,&)#*+@'E+'&$:-2'2/,/%2P .-2;'%8',/+.-')8&V%'%2'2#'8&2',%"2-+&2'2-+')&,&)%2'(%')&$:#&"'&'-."&'&).#V#(&(' FDPOÄNJDB FO DBTP OFHBUJWP TF WPMWFS´O JODBQBDFT EF PCUFOFS JOHSFTPT B ."&V12'(%8'."&:&U-;'&/+D/%'%2.1+'9>2#)&$%+.%'&,.&2',&"&'%88-@ K#+'%$:&"0-;'D/#%+%2'8-0"&+'#+0"%2-2'&'."&V12'(%8'."&:&U-',/%P (%+'%+9"%+.&"2%')-+'%8'_%)_-'(%'D/%'12.-2'2-+'.&+',"%)&"#-2'D/%'"%2/8.&+' JOTVÜDJFOUFT QBSB TBUJTGBDFS TVT OFDFTJEBEFT C´TJDBT 6OB WF[ N´T FTF "#%20-;'(%+-$#+&(-'#("$?-+,"+.*+(0$"#&(30+%#"&*#(*B',/%(%'2%"'.%$,-"&8@'E+' )/&+.-' &' 8-2' &2&8&"#&(-2;' %2-' ,/%(%' %2.&"' "%8&)#-+&(-' )-+' 8&' +&./"&8%]&' .%$,-"&8'(%8',/%2.-'8&:-"&8'H)-+."&.-2'*'/%(&-$I'-')-+'%8'_%)_-'(%'D/%'2%' ."&.&'(%'/+'%$,8%-'(%'&8.&'"-.&)#*+;'D/%'&)%,.&+'$#%+."&2')-+2#0/%+'/+-' $%U-"@'A%2,%).-'&'8-2'+-'&2&8&"#&(-2;'8-2'#+0"%2-2',/%(%+'2%"'.%$,-"&8P NFOUF JOTVÜDJFOUFT UFOJFOEP FO DVFOUB TV BMUB WPMBUJMJEBE FO WJTUB EF 9&).-"%2'%2.&)#-+&8%2'-'(%'8&'%V%+./&8#(&('(%'8&'(%$&+(&',-"'%8':#%+'(%8' 2%"V#)#-'-9"%)#(-@ E2' ,-2#:8%' D/%' %2&' #+2%")#*+' ,"%)&"#&' +-' 2%&' .%$,-"&8;' 2-:"%' UPEP DVBOEP MPT USBCBKBEPSFT FTU»O DPOÜOBEPT B FNQMFPT DPO CBKPT JO 0"%2-2'W'.%+0&+',-)&'$-V#8#(&(a'%2'(%)#";'D/%'2%&+'#+)&,&)%2'(%'$#0"&"' &' -."&2' -)/,&)#-+%2@' Ä2.&' 2%">&' 8&' 2#./&)#*+' .&+.-' (%' %$,8%&(-2' )-+' 2&P 8&"#-2'"%(/)#(-2'iW')-+',-)&')&,&)#(&('(%'%8%V&"8-2'&'."&V12'(%'8&'&))#*+' )-8%).#V&i')-$-'(%'8-2'+-'&2&8&"#&(-2'D/%'2%'%$,8%&+'%+'&).#V#(&(%2'(%' :&U&',"-(/).#V#(&('-'D/%'2-+'#+)&,&)%2'(%'&,"-,#&"2%'(%8'V&8-"',"-(/)#P (-;' %+' 0%+%"&8;' (%:#(-' &' 8&' (%,%+(%+)#&' (%' #+.%"$%(#&"#-2@' EU%$,8-2' (%8' ,"#$%"' )&2-' 2%">&+' 8-2' %$,8%&(-2' (-$12.#)-2;' $#%+."&2' D/%' V&"#&2'
CapĂtulo 7: Trabajo y riesgos sociales en Brasil
)&.%0-">&2'(%'."&:&U&(-"%2'#+(%,%+(#%+.%2'i"%)-8%).-"%2'(%'$&.%"#&8'"%P DJDMBCMF DPTUVSFSBTm FKFNQMJĂ&#x153;DBO FM TFHVOEP 6<' c&')-$,8%U#(&(',&"&'#+)-",-"&"'.-(-2'%2-2'"#%20-2;')-$-',"%-P DVQBDJĂ&#x201E;O EF MBT QPMÂżUJDBT EF QSPUFDDJĂ&#x201E;O TPDJBM FT HSBOEF "EFN´T EF FTP RVFEB DMBSP RVF OP IBZ GPSNB EF NPEJĂ&#x153;DBS FM TJTUFNB EF QSPUFDDJĂ&#x201E;O TP )#&8'2#+')-+2#(%"&"'&2,%).-2'"%8&)#-+&(-2')-+'8&'"%0/8&)#*+'2-)#&8'(%8'."&:&P'' U-@'c&2'."&+29%"%+)#&2',\:8#)&2',/%(%+'&-H%."H"0'*#'%8'#+0"%2-'(%8'."&:&U-a' &8'_&)%"8-;'2%'&2/$%'D/%')-""%2,-+(%'&'8&2',-8>.#)&2'(%',"-.%))#*+'2-)#&8' HBSBOUJ[BS VO OJWFM NÂżOJNP EF JOHSFTPT Z FO VO TFOUJEP N´T BNQMJP TBUJTGBDFS MBT OFDFTJEBEFT C´TJDBT 4JO FNCBSHP ÂťTUB FT TĂ&#x201E;MP VOB EF MBT 9-"$&2' (%' ,"-.%))#*+' 2-)#&8a' -."&' %2' #+.%"V%+#"' %+' 8&' (%.%"$#+&)#*+' (%' MPT JOHSFTPT MBCPSBMFT NFEJBOUF MB Ă&#x153;KBDJĂ&#x201E;O EF VO TBMBSJP NÂżOJNP JOHSFTPT ,"-9%2#-+&8%2;' 0&"&+.>&' (%' ,"%)#-2' $>+#$-2' (%' V%+.&;' -9%".&' 8&:-"&8' ,-"' %8'E2.&(-;'%+."%'-."-2@'=&8%2'$%(#(&2;'&/+D/%'%2.1+'9/%"&'(%8'-:U%.#V-'(%' 8&' 2%0/"#(&(;' 2-+' 9/+(&$%+.&8%2' ,&"&' ,"-.%0%"' &' 8-2' ."&:&U&(-"%2' )/W-2' JOHSFTPT TPO N´T CBKPT F JOFTUBCMFT "OUF FTUB DPNQMFKJEBE Z VOB TFSJF (%')&"&).%">2.#)&2'_#2.*"#)&2'%2."/)./"&8%2'(%8'$%")&(-'(%'."&:&U-':"&2#8%P 7-;'%8'2#2.%$&'(%',"-.%))#*+'2-)#&8'#+)-",-"*'.-(&2'%2&2'(#$%+2#-+%2'%+' /+&'\+#)&')&.%0-">&3'%8'"#%20-'(%',-:"%]&@'c#$#.&(&'&'12.&;'8&',"-.%))#*+' 2-)#&8'#0+-"&'2#./&)#-+%2'(%8'$/+(-'(%8'."&:&U-'D/%'2-+')&/2&'(%',-:"%]&;' FOGPD´OEPTF Ă&#x2030;OJDBNFOUF FO TVT DPOTFDVFODJBT
Esa situaciĂłn corresponde a lo que fue denominado en documentos de la OrganizaciĂłn Internacional del Traba jo (OIT) como â&#x20AC;&#x153;pobres que traba janâ&#x20AC;? (working poor).
14
'(#
''Cuadro 1 ' Tipos de riesgos RelaciĂłn con el mundo laboral
Incapacidad temporal de ejercer actividad productiva
Incapacidad permanente de ejercer actividad productiva
InserciĂłn precaria permanente
InserciĂłn precaria temporal
Riesgos de traba jo Riesgos de traba jo
Empleo asalariado
Desempleo temporal Inactividad temporal por accidente, enfermedad, etc.
Riesgos de traba jo
Traba jadores no asalariados
Inactividad temporal por accidente, enfermedad, etc.
Desempleo de larga duraciĂłn Incapacidad fĂsica para el traba jo (portadores del virus de inmunodeficiencia adquirida y adultos mayores)
Riesgos de traba jo Ba jo salario en empleo temporal y/o con perspectiva de modalidad
Riesgos de traba jo Ba jo salario en empleo sin movilidad y con ba ja capacidad de organizaciĂłn colectiva
Riesgos de traba jo Incapacidad fĂsica para el traba jo (portadores del virus de inmunodeficiencia adquirida y adultos mayores)
Riesgos de mercado ExclusiĂłn de la actividad por motivos legales o de mercado
Riesgos de traba jo y de mercado Inestabilidad y/o estacionalidad de rendimientos por fluctuaciones de mercado
Riesgos de traba jo y de mercado Ba jos rendimientos debido a la ba ja productividad y a la dificultad de apropiarse del valor generado
PĂŠrdida de equipos, insumos, etc.
Perspectivas de la polĂtica social en Brasil
Fuente: elaboraciĂłn de los autores.
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3. Condiciones de trabajo y riesgos sociales c&'%Z,-2#)#*+'"%&8#]&(&'"%V%8&'D/%'8&'&)%+./&(&'_%.%"-0%+%#(&('(%8'$%")&P (-'(%'."&:&U-':"&2#8%7-'#$,8#)&'%+-"$%2'(%2&9>-2',&"&'8&'#$,8%$%+.&)#*+' EF VO TJTUFNB EF QSPUFDDJĂ&#x201E;O TPDJBM N´T BEFDVBEP B MB TJUVBDJĂ&#x201E;O EFM QBÂż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Ă&#x153;FTUP MB EJĂ&#x153;DVMUBE EF DPOTUSVJS VO TJTUFNB EF TFHVSP TPDJBM VOJGPSNF RVF DPO .%$,8%'&'.-(-2'8-2'."&:&U&(-"%2'&'."&V12'(%'$%)&+#2$-2'2%$%U&+.%2@'
15
No se abordarĂĄ en este estudio a los trabajadores rurales, debido al objetivo del texto.
Es importante seĂąalar que la relaciĂłn de subordinaciĂłn directa del traba jo no es obvia o fĂĄcilmente identificable, en el caso de que las metodologĂas de investigaciĂłn sobre empleo quisieran obtenerla. La implementaciĂłn de tal concepto exigirĂa un esfuerzo para delimitar fronteras que, en realidad, son bastante diluidas. 16
CapĂtulo 7: Trabajo y riesgos sociales en Brasil
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Perspectivas de la polĂtica social en Brasil
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c-' D/%' (&' #(%+.#(&(' &' %2%' 0"/,-;' )&:%' (%2.&)&";' %2' %8' _%)_-' (%' %Z#2.#"' /+' %$,8%&(-"' D/%' 2%' ,/%(%' "%2,-+2&:#8#]&"' 8%0&8$%+.%' ,-"' 8&2')-+(#)#-+%2'%+'D/%'2%'"%&8#]&'%8'."&:&U-'W',-"'%8',"-(/).-'0%+%"&(-;' &:2-":#%+(-' ,&".%' (%' 8-2' "#%20-2' &2-)#&(-2' )-+' 8&' &).#V#(&(' ,"-(/).#V&@' !-"'%U%$,8-;')-$-'2%'$%+)#-+*'&+.%"#-"$%+.%;'%8',"#+)#,#-'(%'D/%'+-' TF SFEVDJS´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a'2/'(%2%$,%7-'2%'%+)/%+."&'2/:-"(#+&(-'&'8&' EJO´NJDB FDPOĂ&#x201E;NJDB Z BTPDJBEP DPO FM HSBEP EF EPNJOBDJĂ&#x201E;O Z FYQMPUBDJĂ&#x201E;O BM RVF FTU´O TPNFUJEPT B MP MBSHP EF MB DBEFOB QSPEVDUJWB &OUSF FTUF HSVQP EF USBCBKBEPSFT FTU´O 17 La subordinaciĂłn directa consiste en el deber del traba jador de someterse a las Ăłrdenes de su empleador, dentro de los lĂmites del contrato.
T-+2#(%"&+(-'8&2'#+9-"$&)#-+%2'(#2,-+#:8%2'%+'8&2',"#+)#,&P 8%2' #+V%2.#0&)#-+%2' 2-:"%' %8' %$,8%-' %+' %8' ,&>2;' 2%' (%9#+#%"-+' )-$-' ."&:&U&(-"%2' &2&8&"#&(-2' 8-2' 9-"$&8%2' i2#+' (#2.#+)#*+' %+."%' &.>,#)-2' W' 2/:)-+."&.&(-2i;' #+9-"$&8%2;' 9/+)#-+&"#-2' ,\:8#)-2;' $#8#.&"%2' W' %$P ,8%&(-2' (-$12.#)-2@' K%0\+' 8&' !LG?' 455O;' %8' .-.&8' (%' ,%"2-+&2' %+' %2.&' )-+(#)#*+'%2'(%'Q4@N'$#88-+%2'HRR@Qh'(%'8&' !EGIa'%2',%".#+%+.%'(%2.&)&"' D/%'%2.%'+\$%"-'2%'%+)/%+."&'2/:%2.#$&(-',-"D/%'+-'2%'#+)8/W%"-+'8-2' DMBTJĂ&#x153;DBEPT DPNP JOEFQFOEJFOUFT DVZP USBCBKP FTU´ EJSFDUBNFOUF TVCPS (#+&(-'&'%$,"%2&2;'9&$#8#&2'-'%8'E2.&(-@ 4F EFĂ&#x153;OJFSPO DPNP OP BTBMBSJBEPT B UPEPT MPT RVF USBCBKBO EF 9-"$&'#+(%,%+(#%+.%'W'&'8-2'%$,8%&(-"%2')-+'_&2.&')#+)-'%$,8%&(-2a6M' %2'.&$:#1+'#$,-".&+.%'(%2.&)&"'D/%'$/)_-2'(%'%88-2'+-'2-+'."&:&U&(-P SFT JOEFQFOEJFOUFT QFSP TV GPSNB EF USBCBKP FTU´ EFUFSNJOBEB QPS FM )-+."&.&+.%@'?#)_-'%2.-;'%8'.-.&8'(%'+-'&2&8&"#&(-2;'2%0\+'8&' !LG?'455O;'' FT EF N´YJNP NJMMPOFT EF MB !EGI@ G,&".%'(%'%2&2')&.%0-">&2;'%2.&'2%))#*+'&+&8#]&'8&'2#./&)#*+'(%'8-2' ."&:&U&(-"%2'2#+'"%$/+%"&)#*+'W'(%'8-2'(%2%$,8%&(-2a'%2'(%)#";'(%'&D/%P MMPT RVF FTU´O QSJWBEPT EF VOB PDVQBDJĂ&#x201E;O RVF MFT QSPQPSDJPOF JOHSFTPT E+' %2.%' )&2-;' 8&' !LG?' 455O' 2%7&8&' D/%' &,"-Z#$&(&$%+.%' R@<' $#88-+%2' HO@6h'(%'8&'!EG FTU´O EFTFNQMFBEPT Z VOPT NJMMPOFT TPO USBCBKBEPSFT 2#+'"%$/+%"&)#*+'HS@QhI;')-$-'2%'-:2%"V&'%+'8&'#$&0%+'&')-+.#+/&)#*+@ 18 El hecho de que el individuo sea propietario de algunos instrumentos de traba jo, mediante los cuales consigue ofrecer algunos empleos â&#x20AC;&#x201C;formales e informalesâ&#x20AC;&#x201C;, no es condiciĂłn suficiente para que sea considerado un capitalista. Mientras no haya una clara separaciĂłn entre capital y traba jo, o, en otras palabras, en tanto la rentabilidad del emprendimiento estĂŠ asociada con la participaciĂłn del propietario en el proceso de producciĂłn, ĂŠste continuarĂĄ dependiendo de su propio traba jo y, por lo tanto, estĂĄ sujeto a los riesgos que enfrentan los demĂĄs traba jadores. 19 La muestra utilizada para definir empleador de pequeĂąa escala es reconocidamente arbitraria. La condiciĂłn de traba jador no asalariado, desde el punto de vista teĂłrico, no debe ser concebida por el tamaĂąo del emprendimiento, sino por la particular divisiĂłn tĂŠcnica y social del traba jo que se establece en ĂŠste. En la operacionalizaciĂłn del concepto, se admite que esa divisiĂłn tiende a establecerse por el nĂşmero de personas ocupadas. AdemĂĄs de eso, ĂŠste es la muestra frecuentemente utilizada en las estadĂsticas y en las investigaciones que versan sobre la economĂa informal.
CapĂtulo 7: Trabajo y riesgos sociales en Brasil
6@' ="&:&U&(-"%2'#+(%,%+(#%+.%2;'%Z)8/W%+(-'&'&D/%88-2'D/%'.#%+%+'2/' ."&:&U-'2/:-"(#+&(-'&'8&'&/.-"#(&('(#"%).&'(%'%$,"%2&2;'(%8'E2.&(-' -'(%'9&$#8#&2;'(#2.#+0/#1+(-2%'2%0\+'%8'0"&(-'(%'%2."/)./"&)#*+'(%' MB BDUJWJEBE Z MB GPSNB DPNP TF JOTFSUBO FO MB EJO´NJDB QSPEVDUJWB 4@' E$,8%&(-"%2'(%',%D/%7&'%2)&8&;6O'D/%'2%'(#9%"%+)#&+'2%0\+'%8'0"&(-' EF FTUSVDUVSBDJĂ&#x201E;O EF MB BDUJWJEBE Z DĂ&#x201E;NP TF JOTFSUBO FO MB EJO´NJ )&',"-(/).#V&@'
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(6.3%)
(9.9%)
1 millón
(1.3%)
Enseñanza superior completa
7.9 millones
Hasta la enseñanza superior incompleta, ingreso > = SM
5 millones
Hasta la enseñanza superior incompleta, ingreso < SM
''Figura 1 '
2.6 millones
(3.3%)
(17.5%)
5.8 millones
(7.3%)
30.3 millones
Formales
Formales2
(20.7%)
Traba jadores no asalariados
16.4 millones
Burócratas con plaza y militantes
Pequeños empleadores
13.9 millones
Cuenta propia
2.8 millones
No remunerados
(38.2%)
(3.5%)
79.3 millones
PEA urbana
52.7 millones
52.7 millones
Domésticos
Traba jadores asalariados1
9.2 millones
(7.2%)
(66.5%)
(11.6%)
Traba jadores privados de una ocupación que proporcione ingresos
PEA urbana por posición en la ocupación (Brasil: PNAD 2008)
Perspectivas de la política social en Brasil
16.6 millones
(8.1%)
Informales
Informales
(20.9%)
Empleadores con más de cinco empleados
Desempleados
943.8 mil
6.4 millones
(1.2%)
Fuente: PNAD 2008. 1.6 millones (2%) 4.2 millones (5.3%) Elaboración de los autores. Notas: 1 Debido a las limitaciones de la PNAD, no fueron incluidos entre los asalariados, los traba jadores independientes que tienen su traba jo subordinado el mando directo de empresas, del Estado o de las familias. Por razones semejantes, no fueron excluídos de la categoría de traba jadores independientes que tienen su traba jo subordinado al mando directo de aquellas instituciones. 2 Debido a limitaciones de la PNAD, no es posible distinguir traba jadores subcontratados y con contratos atípicos de los demás. La única desagregación realizada fue la de la categoría de traba jadores domésticos.
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La Ley nĂşm. 10.208/2001 permitiĂł que el empleador domĂŠstico incluya, facultativamente, a su(s) empleado(s) en el FGTS, lo que les garantiza el derecho al beneficio del seguro de desempleo con el valor de un salario mĂnimo por un periodo no mayor a tres meses. Entonces, si, por un lado, el surgimiento de esta ley ampliĂł la protecciĂłn social a los traba jadores domĂŠsticos, por otro lado, la no obligatoriedad de la inscripciĂłn en el FGTS, como las restrictivas reglas de acceso al beneficio del seguro de desempleo, reforzaron la condiciĂłn de inferioridad del traba jo domĂŠstico en relaciĂłn con las demĂĄs ocupaciones. Cabe seĂąalar tambiĂŠn que sĂłlo en 2006, a partir de la Ley nĂşm. 11.324, los empleados domĂŠsticos alcanzaron el derecho a vacaciones anuales remuneradas durante 30 dĂas con, por lo menos, un tercio mĂĄs de su salario normal; estabilidad para las embarazadas y prohibiciĂłn al empleador
21
CapĂtulo 7: Trabajo y riesgos sociales en Brasil
3.1 Trabajadores asalariados
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Perspectivas de la política social en Brasil
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La legislaciĂłn laboral brasileĂąa admite que la contrataciĂłn de un traba jador se realice a travĂŠs de un contrato de experiencia con duraciĂłn mĂĄxima de 90 dĂas. Durante ese periodo, el traba jador no tiene derecho al aviso previo ni a la indemnizaciĂłn de 40% sobre el depĂłsito del FGTS, y la estabilidad provisional se limita al periodo de vigencia del contrato de experiencia. A pesar de no haber estadĂsticas que midan su aplicaciĂłn, sin duda es la modalidad de contrataciĂłn por tiempo determinado mĂĄs utilizada en Brasil. La informaciĂłn disponible en el Registro General de Empleados y Desempleados (CAGED) ofrece una dimensiĂłn del uso de esta modalidad de contrataciĂłn: cerca de 20% del total de liquidados permanecen menos de tres meses en el empleo. 22
23 Ese plazo no serĂĄ exigido en el caso de accidente de cualquier naturaleza (dentro del traba jo o fuera de ĂŠl) o de enfermedad profesional o laboral. TambiĂŠn tendrĂĄ derecho al beneficio sin la necesidad de cumplir el plazo mĂnimo de contribuciĂłn, y siempre que disponga de un seguro, cuando al inicio de la incapacidad el traba jador presente tuberculosis activa, lepra, enfermedad mental, neoplasia maligna, ceguera, parĂĄlisis irreversible e incapacitante, cardiopatĂa grave, mal de Parkinson, espondilo artrosis espondilitis, nefropatĂa grave, enfermedad de Paget en etapa avanzada (osteĂtis deformante), SIDA, contaminaciĂłn por radiaciĂłn â&#x20AC;&#x201C;comprobada por un informe mĂŠdicoâ&#x20AC;&#x201C; o algĂşn padecimiento grave en el hĂgado.
CapĂtulo 7: Trabajo y riesgos sociales en Brasil
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Capítulo 7: Trabajo y riesgos sociales en Brasil
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CapĂtulo 7: Trabajo y riesgos sociales en Brasil
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Perspectivas de la polĂtica social en Brasil
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Capítulo 7: Trabajo y riesgos sociales en Brasil
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Capítulo 7: Trabajo y riesgos sociales en Brasil
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'*'
Perspectivas de la política social en Brasil
'*(
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CapĂtulo 7: Trabajo y riesgos sociales en Brasil
3.3 Trabajadores que carecen de una ocupaciĂłn que les genere ingresos
'*)
Perspectivas de la política social en Brasil
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4. Consideraciones finales
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Capítulo 7: Trabajo y riesgos sociales en Brasil
4.1 La protección social y el trabajo pueden andar caminos divergentes?
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Perspectivas de la política social en Brasil
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28 Una estimaciĂłn del IPEA ubica la tasa de crecimiento anual de la poblaciĂłn de entre 15 y 59 aĂąos de edad en 0.7% entre 2010-2022; en comparaciĂłn, en los censos demogrĂĄficos del Instituto BrasileĂąo de GeografĂa y EstadĂstica (IBGE) de 1991 y 2000, el mismo grupo etario creciĂł 1.76% al aĂąo. Esta variaciĂłn fue calculada a partir de datos del Sistema de RecuperaciĂłn AutomĂĄtica (SIDRA), del IBGE.
CapĂtulo 7: Trabajo y riesgos sociales en Brasil
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Perspectivas de la polĂtica social en Brasil
Referencias
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Capítulo 8
P erspectivas para la tasa de mortalidad infantil en 2022 Introducción
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Perspectivas de la polĂtica social en Brasil
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1
Disponible en: www.pnud.org.br/atlas/instalacal/index.php.
AdemĂĄs de las desigualdades entre los niveles subnacionales, surge otro tipo de desigualdad importante respecto a los diferentes grupos poblacionales. Por ejemplo, la TMI indĂgena fue mĂĄs del doble que la registrada en el resto de la poblaciĂłn entre 2000 y 2008 (Ministerio de PlaneaciĂłn, 2009). Sin embargo, los datos disponibles no nos permiten hacer un anĂĄlisis mĂĄs detallado de las desigualdades entre los subgrupos poblacionales, restringiendo el estudio a las desigualdades entre los niveles subnacionales.
2
1. Lo que sabemos y las limitaciones de lo que sabemos
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La subnotificaciĂłn se refiere al nacimiento o muerte ocurridos en un determinado aĂąo y no notificados en los sistemas de informaciĂłn (SIM o SINASC). El subregistro se refiere al nacimiento o muerte ocurridos en un determinado aĂąo y que no fueron registrados en las notarĂas. Una muerte o nacimiento pueden haber sido registrados en las notarĂas, pero no notificados al SIM o al SINASC. Lo contrario tambiĂŠn puede ocurrir: aun es posible que tanto un fallecimiento como un nacimiento no hayan sido informados ni al SIM, o al SINASC, ni registrados en las notarĂas. 4
5 Las estimaciones que usan mĂŠtodos indirectos estĂĄn, en general, basadas en los traba jos de Brass et al. (1974 apud IBGE, 2008), Brass (1975 apud IBGE, 2008), Trusell (1975 apud IBGE, 2008) y Coale y Trusell (1974 apud IBGE, 2008). Se puede encontrar en los documentos mencionados del IBGE (2008: 32, nota a pie de pĂĄgina nĂşm. 5) una discusiĂłn mĂĄs detallada sobre sus mĂŠtodos utilizados.
La RIPSA fue constituida en 1996 a partir de una cooperaciĂłn entre el MS y la OrganizaciĂłn Panamericana de la Salud (OPS); busca â&#x20AC;&#x153;atender dos objetivos
6
CapĂtulo 8: Perspectivas para la tasa de mortalidad infantil en 2022
1.1 Cuestiones metodolĂłgicas relacionadas con el cĂĄlculo de la TMI
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Perspectivas de la polĂtica social en Brasil
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convergentes: a) potencializar la utilizaciĂłn de las bases de informaciĂłn disponibles para apoyar la construcciĂłn del Sistema Ă&#x161;nico de Salud y b) contribuir a la sistematizaciĂłn de datos e informaciones producidas por los paĂses de las AmĂŠricas, a partir de la Iniciativa Regional de Datos BĂĄsicos en Saludâ&#x20AC;? (BVS; RIPSA, 2010). Entre otras instituciones, componen la RIPSA el MS y sus Ăłrganos vinculados, instituciones acadĂŠmicas, consejos, asociaciones, el IBGE y el IPEA. En el ĂĄmbito de la RIPSA, la decisiĂłn de adoptar el cĂĄlculo directo depende de un anĂĄlisis de cobertura y regularidad del SIM y del SINASC presentada en el anexo. Estas estimaciones son hechas por el MS para la RIPSA a partir de metodologĂa elaborada y discutida en esta red (Flores, 2009). 7
Las estimaciones fueron publicadas en SĂntesis de Indicadores Sociales 2009.
Las series completas para Brasil, las regiones y las UF referentes al periodo de 1985 a 2007 se presentan en la tabla 1B del anexo. Su monta je se basĂł en estimaciones hechas por diferentes instituciones y mĂŠtodos, pero muestran una evoluciĂłn bastante consistente. Esa opciĂłn metodolĂłgica de organizar una serie a partir de estimaciones hechas por varias instituciones y a partir de diferentes mĂŠtodos tambiĂŠn se hizo en un estudio elaborado por Lansky et al. (2009). La serie organizada a partir de esas estimaciones es consistente a lo largo de esta etapa de anĂĄlisis.
8
1.2 Tendencias de la mortalidad infantil: Brasil, macrorregiones y unidades de la federaciĂłn E+."%'6MOQ'W'455N;'8&' =YC'%+'J"&2#8'(%2)%+(#*'(%'RR@R'&'45'(%)%2-2',-"' DBEB NJM OBDJEPT WJWPT MP RVF SFQSFTFOUB VOB EJTNJOVDJĂ&#x201E;O EF N´T EF EPT UFSDJPT &TUB TJHOJĂ&#x153;DBUJWB SFEVDDJĂ&#x201E;O GVF N´T BDFOUVBEB FO WBMPSFT &:2-8/.-2;'%+'8-2'%2.&(-2'(%8'+-"%2.%@'!-"'8-'.&+.-;'8&2'(%2#0/&8(&(%2'"%P 0#-+&8%2',%"2#2.%+;M DPNP TF QVFEF PCTFSWBS FO MB HS´Ă&#x153;DB
''GrĂĄfica 1 '
Fuente: IBGE (2008); RIPSA (2008) y hoja de cĂĄlculo con estimaciones publicadas por Celso SimĂľes. Nota: 1 Los datos de 1985 a 1993 fueron extraĂdos de IBGE (2008). Los datos de 1994 a 1996 se refieren a estimaciones hechas por Celso SimĂľes y disponibles en plantilla Excel. Los datos de 1997 a 2007 fueron extraĂdos de RIPSA (2008).
E+'6MOQ;'8&' =YC'(%'8&'"%0#*+'+-"%2.%'%"&'MQ@S'$/%".%2',-"')&(&' $#8'+&)#(-2'V#V-2;'&8'.#%$,-'D/%'%+'8&'"%0#*+'2/"'%"&'(%'<6@4@'E+'455N;' (#)_&2'.&2&2':&U&"-+'&'4O@N'W'64@M;'"%2,%).#V&$%+.%a'2#+'%$:&"0-;'.-(&V>&' La reducciĂłn de la mortalidad infantil a lo largo de las Ăşltimas dĂŠcadas y sus diferencias regionales han sido objeto de realce y anĂĄlisis en varios estudios, entre ellos los de Szwarcwald et al. (1997), SimĂľes (2001) y Lansky et al. (2009).
CapĂtulo 8: Perspectivas para la tasa de mortalidad infantil en 2022
Decesos por cada mil nacidos vivos
Tasa de mortalidad infantil â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Brasil y regiones, 1985-20071
9
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''GrĂĄfica 2 '
'#*
Decesos por cada mil nacidos vivos
Perspectivas de la polĂtica social en Brasil
Tasa de mortalidad infantil â&#x20AC;&#x201C; CearĂĄ, Alagoas, ParanĂĄ y Rio Grande do Sul, 1985-20071
Fuente: IBGE (2008); RIPSA (2008) y hoja de cĂĄlculo con estimaciones publicadas por Celso SimĂľes. Nota: 1 Los datos de 1985 a 1993 fueron extraĂdos de IBGE (2008). Los datos de 1994 a 1996 se refieren a estimaciones hechas por Celso SimĂľes y disponibles en plantilla Excel. Los datos de 1997 a 2007 fueron extraĂdos de RIPSA (2008).
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En el momento de elaboraciĂłn de este traba jo, las estimaciones preliminares de la TMI para el aĂąo de 2008 sĂłlo estaban disponibles para Brasil. Las estimaciones por UF sĂłlo se encontraban hasta el aĂąo 2007.
CapĂtulo 8: Perspectivas para la tasa de mortalidad infantil en 2022
1.3 Mortalidad infantil y evoluciĂłn de sus componentes
10
'##
''GrĂĄfica 3 ' EvoluciĂłn de la taza de mortalidad infantil por componentes (muertes por cada mil nacidos vivos) - Brasil, 1990-20081
Decesos por cada mil nacidos vivos
40
20
Perspectivas de la polĂtica social en Brasil
Posneonatal (28 -365 d)
'#$
Neoâ&#x20AC;&#x201C;tardĂa (7 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; 27 d)
2008
2007
2006
2005
2004
2003
2002
2001
2000
1999
1998
1997
1996
1995
1994
1993
1992
1991
1990
0
Neoâ&#x20AC;&#x201C;precoz (0 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; 6 d)
Fuente: CGIAE/DASIS/SVS/MS; IBGE. en: IPEA (2010). Nota:1 Dato preliminar.
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''GrĂĄfica 4 '
Neonatal precoz
Neonatal tardĂo
Posneonatal
Fuente: RIPSA (2009).
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CapĂtulo 8: Perspectivas para la tasa de mortalidad infantil en 2022
Decesos por cada mil nacidos vivos
Tasa de mortalidad infantil, segĂşn los componentes (decesos por cada mil nacidos vivos) y proporciĂłn del componente posneonatal (%) â&#x20AC;&#x201C; macroregiones brasileĂąas, 1997 y 2007
'#%
''GrĂĄfica 5 ' Mortalidad infantil proporcional segĂşn causas seleccionadas â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Brasil, 1990- 20081
Perspectivas de la polĂtica social en Brasil
Fuente: SIMâ&#x20AC;&#x201C;CGIAE/DASIS/SVS/MS. Nota: 1 Dato preliminar.
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Antes este programa tenĂa la denominaciĂłn de Programa de Salud de la Familia (PSF). MĂĄs recientemente, el Ministerio adoptĂł Salud de la Familia para referirse a una estrategia mĂĄs amplia que involucra a los equipos de salud de la familia y otras acciones relacionadas con la atenciĂłn bĂĄsica. 12
CapĂtulo 8: Perspectivas para la tasa de mortalidad infantil en 2022
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Perspectivas de la política social en Brasil
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Capítulo 8: Perspectivas para la tasa de mortalidad infantil en 2022
2. Proyecciones para la mortalidad infantil en Brasil en los próximos años
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Perspectivas de la polĂtica social en Brasil
13
adhesiĂłn al sistema por parte de las diversas ĂĄreas. Esos nĂşmeros mostraban que, en relaciĂłn con el total del paĂs, 80.4% de los municipios ya estaban cubiertos. A finales de 1997, con la Base de AtenciĂłn BĂĄsica, la implantaciĂłn y utilizaciĂłn de los sistemas de informaciĂłn pasaron a ser obligatorias, lo que hizo que, en 1998, el SINASC estuviera en funcionamiento en todos los municipios del paĂs [...] Se han realizado evaluaciones sucesivas, considerĂĄndose que los datos de Brasil se pueden usar a partir de 1994â&#x20AC;?. 14
VĂŠase anexo A y Flores (2009).
Las diferencias en la TMI entre las estimaciones del IBGE y del Ministerio de Salud fueron analizadas por varios investigadores, entre ellos, Szwarcwald et al. (2002). Al evaluar la cobertura de los sistemas de informaciĂłn del Ministerio y su uso potencial para el cĂĄlculo directo de la TMI, los autores muestran que en las UF donde la cobertura era reconocida como de buena calidad, habĂa importantes inconsistencias en las estimaciones del IBGE, las cuales indicaban una sobrestimaciĂłn de la tasa. En ese momento se conformĂł un grupo de traba jo de la RIPSA que indicĂł la utilizaciĂłn del mix (combinaciĂłn de mĂŠtodos directos e indirectos) para el cĂĄlculo de la TMI. Esa definiciĂłn fue bien documentada por Flores (2009). 15
Considerando la tendencia de la serie de 1990 a 2007, el MS proyectĂł la TMI hasta 2015. El equipo del IPEA, a justando la misma lĂnea de tendencia utilizada por el MS, proyectĂł cuĂĄl serĂa la TMI hasta 2022. 16
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SegĂşn Jorge, Laurenti y Gotlieb (2007: 651), â&#x20AC;&#x153;En julio de 1995, la cobertura del
SINASC, en relaciĂłn con el momento de la implantaciĂłn, era ya bastante significativa: en 19 UF estaba implantado en 100% de los municipios, lo que evidencia una fuerte
''GrĂĄfica 6 '
Fuentes: IBGE (2008) e IPEA (2010). Nota: 1 El modelo de a juste de tendencia utiliza la serie de datos de 1990 a 2008 del Ministerio de Salud y a justa una funciĂłn exponencial de 2010 a 2022. La funciĂłn exponencial estimada fue Y =!Ó ŕĄ?Ó&#x201A;Y, siendo Ó 'W'Ó&#x201A;'estimados a partir de la ecuaciĂłn de tendencia de los datos para Brasil y â&#x20AC;&#x153;xâ&#x20AC;? la distancia entre el aĂąo que se quiere estimar y el aĂąo inicial de la serie â&#x20AC;&#x201C; por ejemplo, ĂŠl estimaba para 2010, â&#x20AC;&#x153;xâ&#x20AC;? es igual a 21. O sea, los valores dependen del punto de partida y consideraron apenas la tendencia de la serie para estimar y proyectar una lĂnea de tendencia. Ese mĂŠtodo fue utilizado por el MS para proyectar la tendencia de la TMI cuando de la elaboraciĂłn del Reporte de AcompaĂąamiento de los Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio para 2010 (IPEA, 2010).
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CapĂtulo 8: Perspectivas para la tasa de mortalidad infantil en 2022
Estimativa y proyecciones de la tasa de mortalidad infantil1 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Brasil, 1990-2022
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Perspectivas de la política social en Brasil
2.2 Políticas públicas y mortalidad infantil: algunas evidencias
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Capítulo 8: Perspectivas para la tasa de mortalidad infantil en 2022
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Capítulo 8: Perspectivas para la tasa de mortalidad infantil en 2022
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Perspectivas de la política social en Brasil
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Capítulo 8: Perspectivas para la tasa de mortalidad infantil en 2022
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Perspectivas de la polĂtica social en Brasil
2.3 ElaboraciĂłn de un modelo a partir de los determinantes de la mortalidad infantil
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Acuerdo nĂşm. 2.669, de 3 de noviembre de 2009.
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El 2000 fue excluido por problemas en los indicadores de este aĂąo.
Para un estudio de las diferencias entre la cobertura de saneamiento entre las poblaciones viviendo en åreas urbanas y rurales, veåse a Mendonça y Motta (2005).
21
Los bancos de leche materna serĂan un ejemplo de servicios que contribuyen a la salud infantil.
22
CapĂtulo 8: Perspectivas para la tasa de mortalidad infantil en 2022
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Perspectivas de la política social en Brasil
c&' .&:8&' &' )-+.#+/&)#*+' )-+.#%+%' /+&' (%2)"#,)#*+' (%' )&(&' V&"#&:8%' /2&(&' %+' 8&2' %2.#$&)#-+%2;' 2/2' $%(#(&2' )-""%2,-+(#%+.%2' W' 8&2' )&"&).%">2.#)&2'(%'8&'$/%2."&',&"&'6MMO'W'455N@'E+'6MMO;'%8',"-$%(#-'(%'8&' =YC'%+'8&2'g`'%"&'(%'S4@5R',-"')&(&'$#8'+&)#(-2'V#V-2;')-+'/+&'(%2V#&)#*+' $%(#&'(%'6S@66;'$%+-"'V&8-"'&8"%(%(-"'(%'6O'W'$&W-"'(%'<Q',-"')&(&'$#8' +&)#(-2'V#V-2@'E+'455N;'8&'.&2&'&8)&+]*'46@54;')-+'/+&'(%2V#&)#*+'$%(#&' (%' N@S<@' E2-' "%,"%2%+.&' /+&' "%(/))#*+' (%' 66' $/%".%2' ,-"' )&(&' $#8' +&P )#(-2'V#V-2'%+'/+&'(1)&(&;'&2>')-$-'/+&'#$,-".&+.%'(#2$#+/)#*+'%+'8&' (%2V#&)#*+'$%(#&@'K#'8&' =YC'W'2/2'(#9%"%+)#&2'%+."%'8&2' g`',"%2%+.&"-+'/+' TJHOJÜDBUJWP EFTDFOTP TF PCTFSWB RVF BMHVOBT EF MBT WBSJBCMFT FYQMJDBUJ V&2'/.#8#]&(&2'%+'%2%'$-(%8-'+-'$-2."&"-+'/+&'V&"#&)#*+'.&+'$&")&(&'%+' %8' ,%"#-(-@' Ä2%' %2' %8' )&2-' (%' 8&' ,"-,-")#*+' (%8' !CJ' (%' 8&' ,-:8&)#*+' D/%' WJWF FO ´SFBT VSCBOBT BT¿ DPNP FM QPSDFOUBKF EF QBSUPT FGFDUVBEPT FO IPT ,#.&8%2@'G/+D/%'%8',"-$%(#-'_&W&'V&"#&(-',-)-;'8&2'(#9%"%+)#&2'%+."%'8&2' g`')-+.#+\&+'2#%+(-'+-.&:8%23'%+'455N;',-"'%U%$,8-;'%+'&80/+&2'(%'%88&2'%8' !CJ'"%,"%2%+.&:&'SS@4O'(%8',"-(/).-'+&)#-+&8;'&8'.#%$,-'D/%'%+'-."&2'%"&' N´T EF TVQFSJPS BM OBDJPOBM "EFN´T EF FTP BMHVOPT EFUFSNJOBOUFT EF MB =YC' $-2."&"-+' VOB TJHOJÜDBUJWB BMUFSBDJÄO FO FM QFSJPEP ¡TF FT FM DBTP EFM QPSDFOUBKF EF $&("%2')-+'_#U-2'+&)#(-2'V#V-2'D/%'+-'_&:>&+'"%)#:#(-'+#+0/+&')-+2/8.&' ,"%+&.&8a'&D/>'%8',"-$%(#-'(%'8&2'g`'2%'"%(/U-'(%'65h'&'4@QMh'W'8&'V&"#&+]&' UBNCJ»O TF SFEVKP TJHOJÜDBUJWBNFOUF -B QPCMBDJÄO DVCJFSUB QPS FM !K`' ,&2*'(%'O@N5h'%+'6MMO'&'QR@45'%+'455N@
'%(
''Tabla 1'' Descripciรณn de las variables y caracterรญsticas de las muestras โ 1998 y 2007
Variable
Definiciรณn
2007
Promedio
Desviaciรณn estandar
Promedio
Desviaciรณn estandar
TMI
Tasa de mortalidad infantil
32,06
13,11
21,02
7,34
razpib
Razรณn PIB per cรกpita de la UF y PIB per cรกpita nacional
77,90
46,82
84,63
51,35
escol
Porcenta je de mujeres con 8 o mรกs aรฑos de estudio
37,36
8,42
52,45
8,18
urbana
Porcenta je de la poblaciรณn viviendo en รกreas urbanas
75,83
10,30
81,19
8,40
prenatal
Porcenta je de madres con hijos nacidos vivos que no realizaron ninguna consulta prenatal
10,33
8,10
2,59
2,52
PSF
Porcenta je de la poblaciรณn de la UF cubierto por el PSF
8,70
11,64
56,20
21,09
parthosp
Porcenta je de los partos realizados en hospitales
95,67
4,84
96,32
3,92
Fuente: elaboraciรณn propia.
!&"&' %2.#$&"' 8&' %)/&)#*+' $%+)#-+&(&;' 2%' ,/%(%+' &(-,.&"' (-2' FOGPRVFT &M QSJNFSP EFOPNJOBEP EF FGFDUPT ร KPT TVQPOF RVF *('%2.1')-""%P MBDJPOBEP DPO MBT EFNยดT WBSJBCMFT FYQMJDBUJWBT Z TF CBTB FO MB USBOTGPSNBDJร O (%'8&2'V&"#&:8%2'(%8'$-(%8-')-+'%8'-:U%.#V-'(%')-+."-8&"'8-2'%9%).-2'(%'8-2' 9&).-"%2'+-'-:2%"V&(-2@'E8'2%0/+(-'&2/$%'D/%'+-'%Z#2.%')-""%8&)#*+'%+."%' *( Z MBT EFNยดT WBSJBCMFT FYQMJDBUJWBT EF NPEP RVF *('2%&'."&.&(-')-$-'/+' DPNQPOFOUF EFM FSSPS IBCJUVBM Z UPNBEP FO DVFOUB BQFOBT FO FM DยดMDVMP EF 8&2'V&"#&+]&2^)-V&"#&+]&2@' ?%2(%'%8',/+.-'(%'V#2.&'.%*"#)-;'%Z#2.%+'&8'$%+-2'(-2'"&]-+%2' QBSB DSFFS RVF FM QSJNFS FOGPRVF FT NยดT BQSPQJBEP &O QSJNFS MVHBS OP 2%',/%(%+')-+2#(%"&"'8&2'-:2%"V&)#-+%2')-$-'$/%2."&2'&8%&.-"#&2'(%'/+&' HSBO QPCMBDJร O QVFT MBT VOJEBEFT EF BOยดMJTJT TPO MBT g`@'G(#)#-+&8$%+P .%;'%Z#2.%+'&"0/$%+.-2',&"&',%+2&"'D/%'8-2'9&).-"%2')-+2.&+.%2'+-'.-$&(-2' FO DVFOUB TFBO DPSSFMBDJPOBEPT DPO QPS MP NFOPT BMHVOBT EF MBT EFNยดT V&"#&:8%2'%Z,8#)&.#V&2@4S'!-"'%U%$,8-;'8&')&,&)#(&('&($#+#2."&.#V&'(%8'0-P'' :#%"+-' (%' 8&' g`' ,/%(%' %2.&"' V#+)/8&(&' )-+' 8&2' )-+(#)#-+%2' 2-)#-%)-P +*$#)&2'%Z#2.%+.%2'%+'12.&@' Vรฉase a Wooldridge (2002) y Baltagi (1995) para mรกs detalles respecto a los dos enfoques.
23
Capรญtulo 8: Perspectivas para la tasa de mortalidad infantil en 2022
1998
'%)
Perspectivas de la polĂtica social en Brasil
'%*
c&' .&:8&' 4' $/%2."&' 8-2' "%2/8.&(-2' (%' 8&2' %2.#$&)#-+%2' (%' %9%)P'' UPT Ă&#x153;KPT VTBOEP MB WBSJBCMF QSFOBUBM EFTDSJUB BOUFSJPSNFOUF DPNP NFEJEB (%' 8&' &.%+)#*+' ,"%+&.&8;' $-(%8-' 6;' W' %8' !K`' )-$-' $%(#(&' &8.%"+&.#V&;' $-(%8-'4@4< &O FM QSJNFS NPEFMP MPT DPFĂ&#x153;DJFOUFT FTUJNBEPT EFM JOHSFTP W'8&'&.%+)#*+'_-2,#.&8&"#&'+-'2-+'%2.&(>2.#)&$%+.%'#$,-".&+.%2',&"&')/&8P RVJFS OJWFM EF TJHOJĂ&#x153;DBODJB BDFQUBCMF NJFOUSBT RVF MPT EFN´T TÂż MP TPO BM &O FM TFHVOEP TPMBNFOUF FM DPFĂ&#x153;DJFOUF FTUJNBEP EF JOHSFTP OP FT FT UBEÂżTUJDBNFOUF TJHOJĂ&#x153;DBUJWP FM DPFĂ&#x153;DJFOUF EF BUFODJĂ&#x201E;O IPTQJUBMBSJB MP FT BM Z MPT EFN´T BM QPS DJFOUP c-2' "%2/8.&(-2' $/%2."&+' )8&"&$%+.%' D/%' 8&' %(/)&)#*+;' 8&2' )-+P'' (#)#-+%2' &$:#%+.&8%2' W' 8&' &.%+)#*+' ,"%+&.&8' 2-+' V&"#&:8%2' )8&V%' ,&"&' 8&' "%(/))#*+'(%'8&'$-".&8#(&('#+9&+.#8@'?%'&)/%"(-')-+'8-2'"%2/8.&(-2'(%8'$-P (%8-'6;'%8'&/$%+.-'(%'/+&'/+#(&('%+'%8',-")%+.&U%'(%'$/U%"%2'D/%'.#%+%+'&8' $%+-2'-)_-'&7-2'(%'%2./(#-2'#$,8#)&">&'/+&'"%(/))#*+'(%'5@46<'$/%".%2' ,-"')&(&'$#8'+&)#(-2'V#V-2@'G'2/'V%];'/+'#+)"%$%+.-'(%'/+&'/+#(&('%+'%8',-"P'' DFOUBKF EF MB QPCMBDJĂ&#x201E;O RVF WJWF FO ´SFBT VSCBOBT EJTNJOVJSÂżB MB =YC' %+' 5@<R6'9&88%)#$#%+.-2@'E2-'2/,-+%'/+'(%2)%+2-')-+2#(%"&:8%'%+')-$,&"&)#*+' )-+'8&'"%(/))#*+'(%:#(&'&'8&2'$%U-"&2'%+'8&'%(/)&)#*+@4Q'T&:%'"%)-"(&"'D/%' 8&'V&"#&:8%'/":&+&',/%(%'%2.&"')&,.&+(-'.&$:#1+'%8'%9%).-'(%'&80/+-2'-."-2' 9&).-"%2' 2-:"%' 8&' $-".&8#(&(' #+9&+.#8;' )-$-' $&W-"' &))%2-' &' 8&' &2#2.%+)#&' $1(#)&;'#+)8/W%+(-')&$&2'(#2,-+#:8%2'%+'8&2' g=C;'8-'D/%'&W/(&">&'&'%Z,8#P )&"'/+'%9%).-'"%8&.#V-'.&+'2/2.&+)#&8@ E+')/&+.-'&'8-2'%9%).-2'(%'8&'&.%+)#*+'&'8&'2&8/(;'8-2'"%2/8.&(-2' $/%2."&+'D/%'8&'9&8.&'(%'&))%2-'&'8&'&.%+)#*+',"%+&.&8'2%')-+2.#./W*')-$-' /+&'0"&+'."&:&',&"&'8&')-+."&))#*+'(%'8&'$-".&8#(&(@'T&(&'/+#(&('&(#)#-P +&8'%+'%8',-")%+.&U%'(%'$/U%"%2'D/%'+-'"%&8#]&+'+#+0/+&')-+2/8.&',"%+&.&8' %8%V&' 5@N66' 8&' =YC 6O FGFDUP BĂ&#x2030;O N´T TVTUBODJBM RVF FM EF MBT NFKPSBT %+'8&')-+(#)#*+'&$:#%+.&8;'8-')/&8'2/0#%"%'D/%;'%+'8&2'&)./&8%2')#")/+2.&+P )#&2;'8&2',-8>.#)&2',&"&'$%U-"&"'%8'&))%2-'&'8&'&.%+)#*+',"%+&.&8',/%(%+'2%"' N´T FGFDUJWBT RVF BRVÂťMMBT QBSB PQUJNJ[BS MB FEVDBDJĂ&#x201E;O EF MBT NVKFSFT P MBT DPOEJDJPOFT BNCJFOUBMFT &TUF SFTVMUBEP FTU´ SFGPS[BEP QPS FM DPFĂ&#x153;DJFO .%'%2.#$&(-',&"&'%8' !K`' %+'%8'$-(%8-'4a'8-2'&/$%+.-2'%+'8&')-:%"./"&'(%' %2.%',"-0"&$&',&"%)%+'0&"&+.#]&"'/+'$&W-"'&))%2-'&'8-2'2%"V#)#-2'(%'&.%+P'' )#*+' ,"#$&"#&;' D/%' #+)8/W%+' 8-2' (%' &.%+)#*+' ,"%+&.&8@' c&' #$,-".&+)#&' "%8&.#V&'(%'8&'&.%+)#*+',"%+&.&8'2%'%Z,8#)&',-"'8&')-+)%+."&(&'.&2&'(%'$-"P .&8#(&('-)/""#(&'%+'%8',%"#-(-'+%-+&.&8'%+'8-2'\8.#$-2'&7-2@'E88-'+-2'88%V&'&' 24 La prueba de Hausman no permitiĂł rechazar la hipĂłtesis nula, esto es, que el modelo de efectos aleatorios sea apropiado. Pero los coeficientes estimados son muy semejantes y se prefiriĂł reportar los coeficientes de efectos fijos por las razones descritas en el pĂĄrrafo anterior. 25
La distancia resulta aĂşn mayor si comparamos los coeficientes del modelo 2.
DSFFS RVF MB BUFODJĂ&#x201E;O FO FM QBSUP UBNCJÂťO QBTĂ&#x201E; B EFTFNQFĂ&#x192;BS VO QBQFM N´T TJHOJĂ&#x153;DBUJWP QFSP FTUP OP FTU´ DPOĂ&#x153;SNBEP QPS OVFTUSPT SFTVMUBEPT
''Tabla 2''
Fuente: elaboraciĂłn propia. Nota: El valor presentado corresponde al coeficiente Ă&#x; de la regresiĂłn y el valor entre parĂŠntesis es el p-valor. R2 se refiere al R2 dentro de la muestra (within).
G/+D/%'8-2'"%2/8.&(-2'2/0#%"&+'D/%'8&2'$%U-"&2'%+'8&'&.%+)#*+' &8',&".-'.&$:#1+'2%&+'"%8%V&+.%2',&"&'8&'"%(/))#*+'(%'8&'$-".&8#(&('#+9&+P'' UJM FM FGFDUP FTUJNBEP FT NVZ JOGFSJPS BM EF MB BUFODJĂ&#x201E;O QSFOBUBM -B EJĂ&#x153;DVM .&(',&"&')&8)/8&"'%8'%9%).-',&")#&8'(%8',-")%+.&U%'(%',&".-2'"%&8#]&(-2'%+' _-2,#.&8%2'H%*#'O-$%I'2-:"%'8&'=YC'%+'%8'$-(%8-'6',/%(%'2%"'%Z,8#)&(&',-"' 8&'&8.&')-""%8&)#*+'%+."%'%2.&'V&"#&:8%'W'8&'$%(#(&'(%'&.%+)#*+',"%+&.&8a'%+' 455N;' 8&' )-""%8&)#*+'%+."%'8&2'V&"#&:8%2'%"&'(%'P5@OQ<N@'G(#)#-+&8$%+.%;' OP IVCP DBNCJPT TJHOJĂ&#x153;DBUJWPT FO MB WBSJBCMF VTBEB DPNP JOEJDBEPS EF MB BUFODJĂ&#x201E;O BM QBSUP B MP MBSHP EFM QFSJPEP EF BO´MJTJT DPNP QVFEF PCTFSWBSTF %+'8&'.&:8&'6;'(%2)"#,)#*+'(%'8&2'V&"#&:8%2'W')&"&).%">2.#)&2'(%'8&2'$/%2."&2@' `#+&8$%+.%;' 8&' ,"-,-")#*+' (%' ,&".-2' %9%)./&(-2' %+' _-2,#.&8%2' +-' ,&"%P DF TFS MB NFEJEB N´T BEFDVBEB QBSB DBQUBS MPT FGFDUPT EF MB BUFODJĂ&#x201E;O BM
CapĂtulo 8: Perspectivas para la tasa de mortalidad infantil en 2022
Variable dependiente â&#x20AC;&#x201C; TMI
'%#
Perspectivas de la polĂtica social en Brasil
QBSUP TPCSF MB NPSUBMJEBE JOGBOUJM 6OB GPSNB N´T BQSPQJBEB EF IBDFSMP 2%">&'.-$&"'%8',-")%+.&U%'(%',&".-2'&.%+(#(-2',-"'$1(#)-2;'&2>')-$-'#+P 9-"$&)#*+'2-:"%'8&'(#2,-+#:#8#(&('(%'%D/#,-2'_-2,#.&8&"#-2',&"&'&.%+(%"' &8'"%)#1+'+&)#(-;')-$-;',-"'%U%$,8-;'.%+%"'%+'9/+)#-+&$#%+.-'g+#(&(%2' (%' T/#(&(-2' C+.%+2#V-2' L%-+&.&8%2' HgTCLI;' ,%"-' %2.-2' #+(#)&(-"%2' +-' FTU´O EJTQPOJCMFT FO FM NPNFOUP 4R'?%')/&8D/#%"'9-"$&;'(%'&)/%"(-')-+' 8-2'"%2/8.&(-2'(%8'$-(%8-'4;'/+'&/$%+.-'(%'/+&'/+#(&('%+'%8',-")%+.&U%' (%' ,&".-2' "%&8#]&(-2' %+' /+' _-2,#.&8' )-+."#:/#">&' &' "%(/)#"' 8&' =YC' %+' 5@4' $/%".%2',-"')&(&'$#8'+&)#(-2'V#V-2@ T&:%' 2%7&8&";' .&$:#1+;' D/%' &/+D/%' 8&' $-".&8#(&(' #+9&+.#8' %2.1' DPODFOUS´OEPTF FO FM QFSJPEP OFPOBUBM MPT GBMMFDJNJFOUPT PDVSSJEPT FOUSF FM Â&#x152; Z FM Â&#x152; EÂżB EF WJEB BĂ&#x2030;O SFTQPOEFO QPS N´T EF EF MBT NVFSUFT (%' +#7-2' $%+-"%2' (%' /+' &7-' %+' %8' ,&>2@' E2-' %Z,8#)&' 8&' #$,-".&+)#&' D/%' .-(&V>&'2%'-:2%"V&'%+'8&2')-+(#)#-+%2'2-)#-%)-+*$#)&2'W'&$:#%+.&8%2')-P $-'9&).-"%2'D/%'%Z,8#)&+'8&'$-".&8#(&('#+9&+.#8@ G/+' &2>;' 8-2' "%2/8.&(-2' (%8' $-(%8-' $/%2."&+' D/%' 8&' &.%+)#*+' QSJNBSJB N´T FTQFDÂżĂ&#x153;DBNFOUF MB QSFOBUBM UJFOF VO JNQBDUP TJHOJĂ&#x153;DBUJ V-'2-:"%'8&'$-".&8#(&('#+9&+.#8;',-"'8-'D/%'%2'9/+(&$%+.&8'#+V%".#"'%+'2/' ,%"9%))#-+&$#%+.-;' $%(#&+.%' 8&' &$,8#&)#*+' (%' 8&' )-:%"./"&' W' %8' $%U-P "&$#%+.-' (%' 8&' )&8#(&(@' G(#)#-+&8$%+.%;' (&(&' 8&' )"%)#%+.%' #$,-".&+)#&' "%8&.#V&'(%'8&'$-".&8#(&('#+9&+.#8'%+'%8',%"#-(-'+%-+&.&8;'.&$:#1+'2%'V/%8P WFO DBEB WF[ N´T OFDFTBSJBT MBT JOWFSTJPOFT FO IPTQJUBMFT EF DBMJEBE Z %+'gTCL@
'%$
3. Consideraciones finales -B NPSUBMJEBE JOGBOUJM IB EJTNJOVJEP TJHOJĂ&#x153;DBUJWBNFOUF FO #SBTJM FO MBT \8.#$&2' (1)&(&2;' ,%"-' &\+' $/%2."&' )#9"&2' :&2.&+.%' %8%V&(&2@' E8' %2.#$&P'' EP N´T PQUJNJTUB BQVOUB B VOB =YC')%")&+&'&'8&2'45'$/%".%2',-"')&(&'$#8' +&)#(-2'V#V-2'%+'%8'&7-'455N;'W'&/+'%2',-2#:8%'%+)-+."&"'$/+#)#,#-2':"&P 2#8%7-2'(-+(%'8&'.&2&'+-'(#2.&'(%'655'$/%".%2'%+'8&'$#2$&',"-,-")#*+@' "EFN´T UPEBWÂżB QFSTJTUFO GVFSUFT EFTJHVBMEBEFT FOUSF MPT OJWFMFT TVCOB )#-+&8%2a'%2,%)#&8$%+.%;'%+."%'8&2'"%0#-+%2'2/"'W'+-"%2.%@'E+'455N;'8&'=YC' %+' 8&' "%0#*+' +-"%2.%' 9/%' %2.#$&(&' %+' 4@4' V%)%2' 8&' .&2&' "%0#2."&(&' %+' %8' TVS Z MB EJGFSFODJB TF BDFOUĂ&#x2030;B BĂ&#x2030;O N´T DVBOEP TF DPNQBSBO MBT g`'(%'8&2' 26 La InvestigaciĂłn Nacional DemogrĂĄfica y Salud aporta informaciones sobre la presencia de mĂŠdicos, pero permite la construcciĂłn de este indicador solamente a escala regional y nacional. Adicionalmente, el periodo de estudio va de 1998 a 2007, y sĂłlo en 2006 fue realizada la investigaciĂłn.
Capítulo 8: Perspectivas para la tasa de mortalidad infantil en 2022
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Perspectivas de la política social en Brasil
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Capítulo 8: Perspectivas para la tasa de mortalidad infantil en 2022
Referencias
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Perspectivas de la política social en Brasil
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Capítulo 8: Perspectivas para la tasa de mortalidad infantil en 2022
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Anexo
Perspectivas de la polĂtica social en Brasil
Diferencias en las estimaciones de la Tasa de Mortalidad Infantil
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G+.%2'(%'8&'(1)&(&'(%'8-2'+-V%+.&;'+-'_&:>&'%+'J"&2#8'/+'2#2.%$&'(%'#+9-"$&P )#*+' +&)#-+&8' 2-:"%' 8-2' +&)#(-2' V#V-2@' G2>;' &/+D/%' (%2(%' 8&' (1)&(&' (%' 8-2' 2%.%+.&'%2./V#%"&'(#2,-+#:8%'%8'K#2.%$&'(%'C+9-"$&)#*+'2-:"%'Y-".&8#(&(;'8&2' %2.#$&)#-+%2'2-:"%'8&'$-".&8#(&('#+9&+.#8'+-'.%+>&+'/+'(%+-$#+&(-"'+&)#-P' OBM EF MPT OBDJEPT WJWPT RVF QFSNJUJFSB TV D´MDVMP EJSFDUP %F FTB GPSNB BOUFT (%' 8&' #$,8&+.&)#*+' (%8' KCLGKT' %+' 8&' (1)&(&' (%' 8-2' +-V%+.&;' 8&2' %2.#$&)#-P'' +%2'(%'8&'=YC QBSB #SBTJM TF CBTBCBO FO MPT NÂťUPEPT EFNPHS´Ă&#x153;DPT JOEJSFDUPT c&'#$,8&+.&)#*+'(%8' KCLGKT'W'2/'/.#8#]&)#*+')-+U/+.&')-+'%8' KCY' ,%"$#.#%"-+' D/%' .1)+#)-2' (%' &80/+-2' %2.&(-2' &,8#)&"&+' 8-2' (&.-2' "%)-0#P'' EPT EJSFDUBNFOUF EF FTPT TJTUFNBT FO FM D´MDVMP EJSFDUP EF MB NPSUBMJEBE #+9&+.#8@'E+',&".%'(%'%2-2'%2.&(-2'2%'%$,%]*'&')/%2.#-+&"'%8'_%)_-'(%'D/%'8&2'' FTUJNBDJPOFT DPOUJOVBSBO CBT´OEPTF TĂ&#x201E;MP FO NÂťUPEPT JOEJSFDUPT ZB RVF ÂťT .&2' ,"%2%+.&:&+' .&2&2' 2#%$,"%' 2/,%"#-"%2' &' 8&2' -:.%+#(&2' ,-"' 8-2' $1.-(-2' (#"%).-2'-',-"'/+&'$%])8&'(%'$1.-(-2'(#"%).-2')-+'#+(#"%).-2'HH(:I@ ?#)_&'(#2)/2#*+'2-:"%'8&2'(#V%"0%+)#&2'%+'8&2'%2.#$&)#-+%2'_%P )_&2'&'."&V12'(%'$1.-(-2'(#"%).-;'#+(#"%).-'-'H(:'88%V*'&'8&')"%&)#*+'(%'/+' )-$#.1'(%'$-".&8#(&('V#+)/8&(-')-+'8&'AC!KG QBSB RVF ÂťTUF EJTDVUJFSB DV´M NFUPEPMPHÂżB FSB N´T BEFDVBEB QBSB FM D´MDVMP EF MB =YC'%+'J"&2#8@'?#)_-' (%:&.%'2%'%+)/%+."&'$/W':#%+'"%9%"%+)#&(-'%+'`8-"%2'H455MI@ c-2',"#+)#,&8%2',"-:8%$&2'D/%'(%2.&)&"-+'9/%"-+3 o' c&2' =YC' -:.%+#(&2' ,-"' $1.-(-2' #+(#"%).-2' ,&"&' &80/+&2' g`' "%2/8P UBCBO TJTUFN´UJDBNFOUF TVQFSJPSFT B MBT DBMDVMBEBT QPS MPT EJSFDUPT %'#+(#)&:&+'8&'%Z#2.%+)#&'(%'/+'2/:"%0#2."-'(%'$/%".%2'#+9&+.#8%2@4N' c&'$&0+#./('(%'%2%'2/:"%0#2."-'2%'V#-')/%2.#-+&(&',-"'8-2'%D/#,-2' (%'%2-2'%2.&(-2;',/%2.-'D/%'2/2'2#2.%$&2'(%'#+9-"$&)#*+'%"&+')-+P 2#(%"&(-2'(%'$/W':/%+&')&8#(&(@ o' G8')-$,&"&"'8-2'9&88%)#$#%+.-2'#+9&+.#8%2'-:.%+#(-2'$%(#&+.%',"-W%)P DJPOFT EFNPHS´Ă&#x153;DBT DPO BRVFMMPT FYUSBÂżEPT EFM KCY;'&D/188&2',&"%)>&+' #+(#)&"'/+&'"%(/))#*+'(%'8&')-:%"./"&'%+'%2.%'2#2.%$&'(%'#+9-"$&)#*+;' W'%2-'.&$:#1+'%"&')/%2.#-+&(-',-"'8-2'%2.&(-2@ 27 Al final de la dĂŠcada de los noventa, cuando esa discusiĂłn tuvo inicio, cuatro unidades de la federaciĂłn cuestionaban los mĂŠtodos indirectos; ĂŠstas eran SĂŁo Paulo, ParanĂĄ, Rio Grande do Sul y el Distrito Federal.
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Capítulo 8: Perspectivas para la tasa de mortalidad infantil en 2022
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Perspectivas de la política social en Brasil
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''Cuadro 1A'' Diferentes métodos para estimación de la mortalidad infantil: estudios seleccionados
''Tabla 1B''
Capítulo 8: Perspectivas para la tasa de mortalidad infantil en 2022
RIPSA (2008)
Tasa de Mortalidad Infantil (< 1 año por cada mil nacidos vivos)
Fuentes: IBGE (2008), RIPSA (2008) y plantilla Excel cedida por Celso Simões.
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CapĂtulo 9
P erspectivas para el sistema de garantĂa de ingresos en Brasil IntroducciĂłn ?%2(%'_&)%'(-2'(1)&(&2;'%8'(%:&.%'+&)#-+&8'%'#+.%"+&)#-+&8'2-:"%'8-2'2#2P .%$&2'(%',"-.%))#*+'2-)#&8'2%'_&'"%&8#]&(-'%+'/+')-+.%Z.-'$&")&(-',-"'8&' (%$&+(&'(%'"%9-"$&2@'Ă&#x201E;2.&'2%'(#"#0%;')-+',&".#)/8&"'1+9&2#2;'&'8&2',-8>.#)&2' RVF PQFSBO CFOFĂ&#x153;DJPT NPOFUBSJPT TFBO PSHBOJ[BEPT FO GPSNB EF TFHVSP 2-)#&8;' -' :#%+' $%(#&+.%' -,%"&(-"%2' (%' ."&+29%"%+)#&2' +-' )-+."#:/.#V&2@' E+' 0%+%"&8;' .&8%2' (%$&+(&2' 2%' 2/2.%+.&+' %+' )">.#)&2' (#"#0#(&2' &' 8&' 9-"$&' )-$-'2%')-+2-8#(*;'&',&".#"'(%'$%(#&(-2'(%8'2#08-',&2&(-;'8&',&".#)#,&)#*+' (%8'E2.&(-'%+'%8')&$,-'2-)#&8@'?#)_&',&".#)#,&)#*+'2%'_&'2%7&8&(-')-$-' %Z)%2#V&;',&".#)/8&"$%+.%'(%:#(-'&8'0&2.-',\:8#)-'D/%'8&'&)-$,&7&@'c&2' )">.#)&2'2%'%Z.#%+(%+'#+)8/2-'&8'#$,&).-'2-)#&8'(%'%2.%'0&2.-;'D/%'-,%"&+P EP B USBWÂťT EF VOB TPMJEBSJEBE PTDVSB FO FM ´NCJUP EFM Ă&#x153;OBODJBNJFO .-;'0%+%"&">&'%8'(%2)&"0-'(%'"%2,-+2&:#8#(&('(%'8-2'#+(#V#(/-2'(%:#(-'&'8-2' "#%20-2'D/%',%"$%&+'."&W%).-"#&2'W')#)8-2'(%'V#(&@' 1BSBMFMBNFOUF MBT USBOTGPSNBDJPOFT PCTFSWBEBT FO FM ´NCJUP (%8' ."&:&U-' W' (%' 8&' (%$-0"&9>&' .&$:#1+' _&+' &8#$%+.&(-' ,"-,/%2.&2' (%' "%9-"$&2@'c-2')&$:#-2'-)/""#(-2'%+'%8'$/+(-'8&:-"&8'"%9/%"]&+'%8')/%2P .#-+&$#%+.-' 2-:"%' 8&' )%+."&8#(&(' (%' 8-2' ,"-0"&$&2' (%' 2%0/"-' 2-)#&8@' 4V DBS´DUFS DPOUSJCVUJWP PCMJHBUPSJP Z BTPDJBEP DPO VOB FYQFDUBUJWB EF ."&W%).-"#&'%2.&:8%'%+'%8'$%")&(-'(%'."&:&U-;',&"%)%',-)-')-$,&.#:8%')-+' MB QFSTQFDUJWB EF USBZFDUPSJBT QSPGFTJPOBMFT N´T JOFTUBCMFT BTÂż DPNP DPO MB (%$&+(&'(%'"%(/))#*+'(%')-2.-2'2&8&"#&8%2',-"',&".%'(%'8&2'%$,"%2&2',"%P 2#-+&(&2',-"'8&':\2D/%(&'(%'$&W-"')-$,%.#.#V#(&(@'?%'8&'$#2$&'9-"$&;' %8'%+V%U%)#$#%+.-',"-0"%2#V-'(%'8&',-:8&)#*+'#$,/82&'%8'(%:&.%'2-:"%'8&' ,"%2#*+')"%)#%+.%'2-:"%'8-2'&)./&8%2',"-0"&$&2'(%'U/:#8&)#*+;'%2.#$/8&+P EP MB QSFTFOUBDJĂ&#x201E;O EF QSPQVFTUBT EF SFGPSNBT FO FTUF ´NCJUP E+' J"&2#8;' 8&' "%9-"$&' (%' 8-2' 2#2.%$&2' (%' ,"-.%))#*+' 2-)#&8' _&' 2#(-' -:U%.-' (%' (%:&.%' (%2(%' 8&' ,"-$/80&)#*+' (%' 8&' T-+2.#./)#*+' `%(%P "&8' (%' 6MOO' HT`^OOI@' G:"&]&+(-' /+' $-(%8-' 0%+%"-2-' %' #+)8/W%+.%' (%' ,"-.%))#*+'2-)#&8;'8&' T`^OO'2%'V-8V#*':8&+)-'(%')">.#)&2;'W'8&2',"-,/%2.&2' (%'"%9-"$&'2%'_&+'2/)%(#(-'&'8-'8&"0-'(%'8-2'\8.#$-2'V%#+.%'&7-2@'?/"&+.%' 8&'(1)&(&'(%'8-2'+-V%+.&;'8-2')&$:#-2'9/%"-+'%9%).#V&$%+.%'"%&8#]&(-2'%+' FM ´NCJUP EF MB 4FHVSJEBE 4PDJBM 6'K#+'%$:&"0-;'%+'%88&2'2%'"%0#2."*'/+&' Sobre las reformas a la seguridad social implantadas durante la dĂŠcada de los noventa, vĂŠase a Fagnani (2007). Sobre su impacto restrictivo respecto al acceso,
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Perspectivas de la polĂtica social en Brasil
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3
VeĂĄse al respecto IPEA (2009).
TambiĂŠn en el ĂĄmbito internacional, se observa la progresiva expansiĂłn de programas no contributivos de garantĂa de ingresos que estĂĄn acompaĂąados por la adopciĂłn de medidas restrictivas, especialmente en lo referente al acceso a los programas de seguro de desempleo y de jubilaciĂłn. Sin embargo, a pesar de las reformas adoptadas, es cada vez mayor el nĂşmero de autores que afirman que la trayectoria reciente de aquellos sistemas en Europa y AmĂŠrica del Norte no ha implicado una efectiva reducciĂłn de la intervenciĂłn del Estado en el campo social, pero sĂ en su transformaciĂłn. VeĂĄse al respecto a ThĂŠret y Barbier (2004) y a Dufour, Boismenu y Noel (2003).
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1. El sistema de garantía de ingresos en Brasil 1.1 Panorama general c&'0&"&+.>&'(%'#+0"%2-2'2%'_&')-+2-8#(&(-')-$-'-:U%.#V-')%+."&8'(%8'K#2P .%$&'(%'!"-.%))#*+'K-)#&8@'c-2',"-0"&$&2'D/%'-,%"&+'.&8'-:U%.#V-'8-'_&)%+' B USBW»T EF EJGFSFOUFT CFOFÜDJPT NPOFUBSJPT ÜOBODJBEPT QPS FTRVFNBT DPOUSJCVUJWPT P QPS JNQVFTUPT HFOFSBMFT %F IFDIP EFTEF ÜOBMFT EFM TJHMP lCl' (#V%"2-2' 0-:#%"+-2' %+' %8' ,&>2' #+2.#./W%"-+' ,"-0"&$&2' (%' 2%0/"#(&(' 2-)#&8;' &' ,&".#"' (%8' "%)-+-)#$#%+.-' (%' D/%' 8&' 2#./&)#*+' 8&:-"&8' %Z,-+>&' &'8-2'."&:&U&(-"%2'&8'"#%20-'(%'%$,-:"%)#$#%+.-'W'(%'2-:"%V#V%+)#&'%+'
Capítulo 9: Perspectivas para el sistema de garantía de ingresos en Brasil
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En algunos países, antes de instituir seguros sociales.
(%'#+0"%2-2@'T-+(#)#-+&(-2' W'+-')-+."#:/.#V-2;'12.-2R GVFSPO VOJร DBEPT %+' 455<' )-+' 8&' )"%&)#*+' (%8' !J`@' G/+D/%' "%0/8&(-2' ,-"' $&")-2' U/">(#P )-2'(#2.#+.-2;'"-$,#%"-+')-+'8&'."&(#)#*+'%Z)8/2#V&$%+.%'(%'8-2'2%0/"-2' (%' ,"-.%))#*+' 2-)#&8' :"&2#8%7&;' 2-$%.#%+(-' &' 8&' #+.%"V%+)#*+' %2.&.&8' +-' 2*8-'8-2'"#%20-2'#+_%"%+.%2'&'8&'(%,%+(%+)#&'(%8'."&:&U-'&2&8&"#&(-;'2#+-' 8&',"-,#&')-+(#)#*+'(%',-:"%]&;'D/%'%+9"%+.&'/+&',&".%'"&]-+&:8%'(%'8&' ,-:8&)#*+;'."&:&U&(-"&'-'+-@
6OB FTUJNBDJร O QSFMJNJOBS EF MPT CFOFร DJPT DPODFEJEPT FO QPS 8-2',"-0"&$&2')-+."#:/.#V-2'W'+-')-+."#:/.#V-2'V#0%+.%2'%+'J"&2#8'#+(#)&' VO BNQMJP FTGVFS[P FO FM HBTUP Qร CMJDP FM DVBM TVTUFOUB VO TJHOJร DBUJ WP VOJWFSTP EF CFOFร DJPT BUFOEJFOEP B USBCBKBEPSFT BDUJWPT F JOBDUJWPT QFSTPOBT DPO EFร DJFODJBT BEVMUPT NBZPSFT Z GBNJMJBT QPCSFT $PNP TF ,/%(%'-:2%"V&"'%+'8&'.&:8&'6;'%+'(#)#%$:"%'(%'455M;'%8'KJ!K')-+)%(#*')%")&' (%' <4@Q' $#88-+%2' (%' &,-W-2@' ?%' 12.-2;' 4<@<' $#88-+%2' 9/%"-+' "%8&)#-+&P (-2')-+'8&',"%V#2#*+'2-)#&8;'"%9%"%+.%2'&'8&')-:%"./"&'(%'."&:&U&(-"%2'(%' 8-2' 2%).-"%2' ,\:8#)-' W' ,"#V&(-' iA10#$%+' X%+%"&8' (%' K%0/"#(&(' K-)#&8' HAX!KI' W' A10#$%+' !"-,#-' (%' K%0/"#(&(' K-)#&8' HA!!KIi' &+.%' (#V%"2-2' %V%+.-2'HU/:#8&)#-+%2;'%+9%"$%(&(%2'W'$&.%"+#(&(;'%+."%'-."-2I@'E8' J!T' QBHร BRVFM NFT NJMMPOFT EF CFOFร DJPT EFTUJOBEPT B BEVMUPT NBZPSFT Z B EJTDBQBDJUBEPT QPCSFT &M TFHVSP EF EFTFNQMFP GVF DPODFEJEP B NยดT EF NJMMPOFT EF USBCBKBEPSFT EFTFNQMFBEPT Z NยดT EF NJMMPOFT EF GBNJMJBT "%)#:#%"-+'%8'!J`@
Se trata de los programas Bolsa Escolar, Tarjeta Alimentaciรณn, Auxilio-Gas y Bolsa Alimentaciรณn, creados entre 2001 y 2003. Para mรกs informaciรณn sobre estos programas veรกse IPEA (2007).
Capรญtulo 9: Perspectivas para el sistema de garantรญa de ingresos en Brasil
1.2 El diseรฑo del actual Sistema de Garantรญa de Ingresos
6
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''Tabla 1 ' Beneficios concedidos por los diversos programas de garantĂa de ingresos â&#x20AC;&#x201C; diciembre de 2009 Tipos de beneficios Seguridad social sector privado (â&#x20AC;&#x201C; RGPS) Seguridad social sector pĂşblico (â&#x20AC;&#x201C; RPPS)1 BPC + RMV2
Bolsa Familia Seguro de desempleo3 TOTAL
Cantidad de beneficios 23.534.497 936.733 3.504.080 12.370.915 2.235.083 42.581.308
Perspectivas de la polĂtica social en Brasil
Fuentes: AEPS Infologo, BoletĂn EstadĂstico del Ministerio de la PlaneaciĂłn, Matriz de Informaciones Sociales del MDS, Sistema de AcompaĂąamiento EstadĂstico-Gerencial del Seguro de Desempleo (SAEG)/ MTE, CoordinaciĂłn General del Seguro de Desempleo y Abono Salarial (CGSDAS)/MTE; y Sistema de Informaciones Gerenciales y de PlaneaciĂłn (SIGPLAN). Notas: 1 Datos referentes a los jubilados y pensionistas de la UniĂłn, extraĂdos del BoletĂn EstadĂstico del Ministerio de PlaneaciĂłn. 2 La RMV se extinguiĂł en 1995 cuando se iniciĂł la implementaciĂłn del BPC y sĂłlo se mantuvo el pago de los beneficiarios existentes desde aquella fecha. 3 Se refiere sĂłlo a la modalidad traba jador formal.
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%F FTUF UPUBM EF CFOFĂ&#x153;DJPT BTJTUFODJBMFT Z EF QSFWJTJĂ&#x201E;O TPDJBM MB &$,8#&'$&W-">&'HNRhI'.#%+%'V&8-"%2'$%+-"%2'-'#0/&8%2'&'/+'2&8&"#-'$>+#$-;' $#%+."&2'D/%'4@S6h;'$%+-"%2@'c&')&2#'.-.&8#(&('(%'8-2'\8.#$-2'%2'"%9%"%+.%' &8'!J` QSPHSBNB RVF PQFSBCB DPO WBMPSFT QSPNFEJP EF CFOFĂ&#x153;DJPT EF 3
''Tabla 2 '
Seguro de Desempleo2
Total
% sobre total de beneficios
-
12.991.642
31,2
721.644
18.778.952
45,1
8.360.542
1.513.439
9.873.981
23,7
23.534.497
2.235.083
41.644.575
100
Rangos de valor de los benefĂcios
PBF
BPC1
Total de beneficios menor a 1 SM
12.370.915
-
Total de beneficios igual a 1 SM
-
3.504.080
14.553.228
Total de beneficios mayores a 1 SM
-
-
No total de beneficios
12.370.915
3.504.080
RGPS
620.727
Fuentes: BoletĂn EstadĂstico del Ministerio y de la Seguridad Social, vol. 14, nĂşm. 12, Ministerio del Traba jo y Matriz de InformaciĂłn Social del MDS. ElaboraciĂłn: IPEA/ DISOC. Notas: 1 Monto que incluye los beneficios del Ingreso Mensual Vitalicio (RMV). 2 Cantidad de partes pagadas en la modalidad traba jador formal sĂłlo en diciembre de 2009.
E2.&')-:%"./"&;'&8'8&(-'(%'8&'V#+)/8&)#*+'(%'0"&+',&".%'(%'8&2' ,"%2.&)#-+%2' &8' 2&8&"#-' $>+#$-;N TF IB SFĂ?FKBEP QPTJUJWBNFOUF TPCSF 8-2'+#V%8%2'(%'(%2#0/&8(&('W'(%',-:"%]&'%+'%8',&>2@'T-+'"%2,%).-'&'8&'"%P (/))#*+'(%'8&'(%2#0/&8(&(;'8&')-+."#:/)#*+'(%'%2.-2',"-0"&$&2'_&'2#(-' EFTUBDBEB QPS EJGFSFOUFT FTUVEJPT FO FM ´SFB O 4PBSFT Z 4´UZSP C QPS FKFNQMP NVFTUSBO RVF FOUSF Z FM DPFĂ&#x153;DJFOUF EF (JOJ :&U*')&2#'/+',/+.-@'E8' !J`'W'%8' J!T;')/W-',%2-'%+'%8'#+0"%2-'.-.&8'(%'8&2'' 9&$#8#&2'%2'(%'&,"-Z#$&(&$%+.%'6h;')-+."#:/W%"-+')-+'/+'.%")#-',&"&' %2.&')&>(&@'c-2'#+0"%2-2'(%8'."&:&U-;'(%'8&2'U/:#8&)#-+%2'W'(%'8&2',%+2#-+%2' ,\:8#)&2'iAX!Ki')-+."#:/W%"-+'.&$:#1+')-+'&,"-Z#$&(&$%+.%'/+'.%"P DJP &M BO´MJTJT SFBMJ[BEP B QBSUJS EF MB .BUSJ[ EF $POUBCJMJEBE 4PDJBM C!EG;' 4565IM'.&$:#1+'"%V%8&'8&'"%(/))#*+'(%'8&2'(%2#0/&8(&(%2'0%+%"&(&2',-"' 8&2'."&+29%"%+)#&2'$-+%.&"#&2'(%8'2#2.%$&'(%',"-.%))#*+'2-)#&8':"&2#8%7-;' Los beneficios de seguridad social y de seguro de desempleo tienen como valor bĂĄsico el salario mĂnimo (SM), mientras que el BPC tiene su beneficio asociado con el valor del SM. Solamente el PBF no se encuentra vinculado con ĂŠste. 7
Un conjunto de estudios se ha centrado en el impacto distributivo de esos programas. Se puede mencionar, entre aquĂŠllos producidos por el IPEA, el periĂłdico PolĂticas sociales: acompaĂąamiento y anĂĄlisis. VeĂĄse tambiĂŠn la serie de Textos para DiscusiĂłn, en especial los 1228, 1248, 1283, 1293, 1396. Todos estĂĄn disponibles en: www.ipea.gov.br. 8
9
VeĂĄse el capĂtulo 3, â&#x20AC;&#x153;Efectos econĂłmicos del gasto social en Brasilâ&#x20AC;?, de esta publicaciĂłn.
CapĂtulo 9: Perspectivas para el sistema de garantĂa de ingresos en Brasil
Cantidad de beneficios de la seguridad social y asistenciales pagados, segĂşn el valor â&#x20AC;&#x201C; diciembre de 2009
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+-'2*8-',-"'%8'_%)_-'(%'D/%'2%'V-8V#%"&+'/+&'(#2."#:/)#*+'(%'#+0"%2-2' N´T QSPHSFTJWB TJOP BEFN´T QPSRVF TVT JNQBDUPT NBDSPFDPOĂ&#x201E;NJDPT 9/%"-+':&2.&+.%',-2#.#V-2@ c&2' %2.#$&)#-+%2' 2-:"%' 8&' %V-8/)#*+' "%)#%+.%' (%' 8&2' .&2&2' (%' ,-:"%]&'%'#+(#0%+)#&'%+'%8',&>2'.&$:#1+'(%U&+'%+."%V%"'%9%).-2',-2#.#V-2' (%'%2.-2',"-0"&$&2@'T-$-'$/%2."&'8&'.&:8&'S;'8&'.&2&'(%'#+(#0%+)#&'H-' ,-:"%]&'%Z."%$&I'&8)&+]&:&;'%+'455O;'&'65@Nh'(%'8&',-:8&)#*+'+&)#-+&8;' BM DPOTJEFSBS B BRVFMMBT GBNJMJBT RVF WJWÂżBO DPO VO JOHSFTP QFS D´QJUB #+9%"#-"'&'/+')/&".-'(%8'2&8&"#-'$>+#$-@'K#+'%$:&"0-;'%+')&2-'(%'D/%'2%' SFUJSBSBO EFM JOHSFTP EF MBT GBNJMJBT MPT WBMPSFT SFGFSFOUFT B MPT CFOFĂ&#x153;DJPT $-+%.&"#-2'(%'8-2'KJ!K;'%2.&'.&2&'.%+(%">&'&'(/,8#)&"'2/'.&$&7-@
''Tabla 3 '
Perspectivas de la polĂtica social en Brasil
EstimaciĂłn de incidencia de la indigencia sobre la poblaciĂłn brasileĂąa, con y sin los ingresos de beneficios â&#x20AC;&#x201C; 2008
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Fuente: InvestigaciĂłn Nacional por Muestra de Viviendas (PNAD)/Instituto BrasileĂąo de GeografĂa y EstadĂstica (IBGE). ElaboraciĂłn: DISOC/IPEA. Obs.: LĂnea de indigencia = ingreso familiar de hasta un cuarto de salario mĂnimo per cĂĄpita.
K#+' %$:&"0-;' &8' )-+2#(%"&"' %8' "%8%V&+.%' ,&,%8' D/%' %2.-2' ,"-P 0"&$&2' _&+' )/$,8#(-' &8' 0&"&+.#]&"' #+0"%2-2' &' &$,8#-2' 2%).-"%2' (%' 8&' QPCMBDJĂ&#x201E;O MB FWBMVBDJĂ&#x201E;O EF TV EFTFNQFĂ&#x192;P FTU´ MFKPT EF TFS VO´OJNF FOUSF MPT BOBMJTUBT -B QSJODJQBM SFTUSJDDJĂ&#x201E;O TF SFĂ&#x153;FSF B MB NBHOJUVE EFM HBTUP ,\:8#)-' #+V-8/)"&(-@' T-$-' ,/%(%' V%"2%' %+' 8&' .&:8&' <;' 8-2' 0&2.-2' %+' 8-2' QSPHSBNBT QĂ&#x2030;CMJDPT RVF PGSFDFO CFOFĂ&#x153;DJPT NPOFUBSJPT TPO TJHOJĂ&#x153;DBUJWPT W'2/$&"-+')%")&'(%'AuSR4@R'$#8'$#88-+%2'%+'455O;'8-'D/%'"%,"%2%+.&:&' &,"-Z#$&(&$%+.%'64@QRh'(%8'!CJ':"&2#8%7-'(%'&D/%8'&7-@'E2.-2'0&2.-2'2%' )-+)%+."&+' ,"#+)#,&8$%+.%' %+' 8-2' "%0>$%+%2' (%' ,"%V#2#*+' 2-)#&8@' Y#%+P ."&2;'%+'&D/%8'&7-'%8' AX!K'"%,"%2%+.*'QQh'(%'%2.%'.#,-'(%'0&2.-;'%8' A!!K;' BUFOEJFOEP B VO QĂ&#x2030;CMJDP TJHOJĂ&#x153;DBUJWBNFOUF NFOPS FRVJWBMJĂ&#x201E; B EF &D/%88-2'0&2.-2@
''Tabla 4 '
Fuente: BoletĂn EstadĂstico del Ministerio y de la Seguridad Social, SAEG/TEM, SIGPLAN y SIAFI/STN. ElaboraciĂłn: IPEA/ DISOC. Notas: 1 Incluye gasto en beneficios de Ingreso Mensual Vitalicio. 2 Incluye todas las modalidades del seguro: traba jador formal, pescador artesanal, traba jador domĂŠstico y traba jador rescatado. SĂłlo en la modalidad traba jador formal el gasto fue de R$13.9 billones.
c&' +&./"&8%]&' W' %8' #$,&).-' (%' %2.-2' ,"-0"&$&2;' &2>' )-$-' (%' 8-2'0&2.-2'D/%'8%2')-""%2,-+(%+;'2-+'2#%$,"%;'%+')/&8D/#%"'2-)#%(&(;'.%P $&' (%' (%:&.%' ,\:8#)-' W' (%' %V&8/&)#-+%2' ,%"$&+%+.%2@' E9%).#V&$%+.%;' FNFSHFO OP TĂ&#x201E;MP FO DVFTUJPOFT SFGFSFOUFT B MB FRVJEBE Z B MB FĂ&#x153;DJFODJB EF MB #+.%"V%+)#*+',\:8#)&;'2#+-'%+'&2/+.-2'"%8&)#-+&(-2')-+'8&'-,%"&)#*+'(%'8-2' $%)&+#2$-2'(%'2-8#(&"#(&('%+'2-)#%(&(%2'2-$%.#(&2'&'.%+2#-+%2',"-(/).-' (%'8-2'$%)&+#2$-2'(%'(%2#0/&8(&('%'#+2%0/"#(&('2-)#&8@ c&' (%2,"-.%))#*+' &+.%' 8&2' 2#./&)#-+%2' (%' V/8+%"&:#8#(&(' (%' #+P'' 0"%2-2' _&' 2#(-' )-$,"%+(#(&' +-' 2*8-' )-$-' /+&' &$%+&]&' &8' :#%+%2.&"' #+(#V#(/&8;' 2#+-' )-$-' /+' %9%).#V-' ,"-:8%$&' D/%' 2%' ,"%2%+.&' %+' 8&2' 2-P )#%(&(%2'$-(%"+&2;'#+)8/2-'%+'8-'"%9%"%+.%'&'2/')-_%2#*+'2-)#&8@'c-2'#$P ,&).-2'2-)#&8%2'+%0&.#V-2'&2-)#&(-2')-+'%8')"%)#$#%+.-'-'$&+.%+#$#%+.-' (%' &8.&2' .&2&2' (%' ,-:"%]&' 2-+' :#%+' "%)-+-)#(-2;' &2>' )-$-' 8-2' #$,&).-2' OFHBUJWPT BTPDJBEPT DPO MB JOTVĂ&#x153;DJFODJB EF NFDBOJTNPT RVF QPTJCJMJ .%+'8&'&2-)#&)#*+'%+."%'%8'."&:&U-'W'8&2')-+(#)#-+%2'(%':#%+%2.&";'#+)8/2-' %+'8&2'2#./&)#-+%2'%+'D/%'%8'."&:&U&(-"'+-',/%(%',&".#)#,&"'(%8'$%")&(-'' (%'."&:&U-@ &O FM ´NCJUP EF MB QSPUFDDJĂ&#x201E;O DPOUSB MPT SJFTHPT TPDJBMFT JHVBM $%+.%' 2%' "%)-+-)%+' 8&2' 8#$#.&(&2' ,-2#:#8#(&(%2' (%' D/%' 2/' &:-"(&U%' 2%&' %9%)./&(-'&',&".#"'(%'"%)/"2-2',"#V&(-2'-'9&$#8#&"%2@'!&"&'8&'$&W-">&'(%' 8-2'."&:&U&(-"%2;'8-2'V>+)/8-2')-+2."/#(-2'%+'%8'$%")&(-'(%'."&:&U-'2-+' NBSDBEPT QPS JOHSFTPT MJNJUBEPT P JOTVĂ&#x153;DJFOUFT mZ NVDIBT WFDFT JOFT .&:8%2i'W'+-',-2#:#8#.&+'8&'"%&8#]&)#*+'(%'/+'&_-""-',"#V&(-'W'V-8/+.&"#-'
CapĂtulo 9: Perspectivas para el sistema de garantĂa de ingresos en Brasil
Gastos en beneficios de la seguridad social y asistenciales en 2008
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Perspectivas de la polĂtica social en Brasil
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2. La protecciĂłn contra riesgos sociales: la seguridad social c&',"#$%"&',-8>.#)&',\:8#)&':"&2#8%7&'(#"#0#(&'&'8&'0&"&+.>&'(%'#+0"%2-2'9/%' #+2.#./#(&' %+'8&'9-"$&'(%'2%0/"-'2-)#&8@65'G'8-'8&"0-'(%'8&2'\8.#$&2'-)_-' EÂťDBEBT MB 4FHVSJEBE 4PDJBM CSBTJMFĂ&#x192;B TVGSJĂ&#x201E; QSPGVOEBT NPEJĂ&#x153;DBDJPOFT D/%' &$,8#&"-+' 2/' &8)&+)%' W' 2/' #$,-".&+)#&' )-$-' #+2."/$%+.-' (%' ,"-P .%))#*+' (%' 8-2' #+0"%2-2' (%8' ."&:&U&(-";' ,/(#%+(-' 2%"' )&"&).%"#]&(&' _-W' La Seguridad Social se organizĂł, durante la dĂŠcada de los treinta, de forma segmentada, a travĂŠs de siete Institutos de JubilaciĂłn y PensiĂłn (IAP), cada uno dedicado a la cobertura de los riesgos sociales de segmentos especĂficos de traba jadores urbanos. 10
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''Tabla 5 '
Fuente: PNAD. ElaboraciĂłn: IPEA. Notas: 1 Individuos que aportan contribuciones a la seguridad social, independiente del contrato de traba jo formal. 2 Productores rurales en rĂŠgimen de economĂa familiar; caucheros, extractores y pescadores.
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CapĂtulo 9: Perspectivas para el sistema de garantĂa de ingresos en Brasil
Cobertura de seguridad social por posiciĂłn en la ocupaciĂłn 2008
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2.1 El RĂŠgimen General de Seguridad Social
Perspectivas de la polĂtica social en Brasil
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los fondos gestores de los diferentes RegĂmenes de PrevisiĂłn complementaria que sean creados por la UniĂłn, los estados y los municipios.
''Cuadro 1 '
CategorĂ?as de asegurados
CaracterĂstica de clasificaciĂłn
Empleados
â&#x20AC;˘ Traba jadores contratados ba jo el rĂŠgimen de la CLT, que prestan servicios a empresas en carĂĄcter no eventual, ba jo su subordinaciĂłn y mediante remuneraciĂłn. â&#x20AC;˘ Traba jador independiente, esto es, aquel que presta su fuerza de traba jo a una o mĂĄs empresas, sin vĂnculo laboral de sindicatos o de Ăłrganos gestores de mano de obra.
Traba jadores autĂłnomos
â&#x20AC;˘ Prestadores de servicios, en carĂĄcter eventual, a una o mĂĄs empresas sin relaciĂłn de empleo. â&#x20AC;˘ Aquellos que ejercen, por cuenta propia, actividad econĂłmica remunerada de naturaleza urbana o rural, y â&#x20AC;˘ Empresarios.
Empleados domĂŠsticos
â&#x20AC;˘ Aquellos que prestan servicios de carĂĄcter permanente, mediante remuneraciĂłn mensual, a personas o familias.
Asegurados especiales
â&#x20AC;˘ Personas fĂsicas, residentes en inmueble rural, o conjunto urbano o rural prĂłximo, que traba jen, individualmente o en famĂlia, como: a) productores rurales (propietarios, usufructuario, poseedor, asentado, socio o mediero, comodatario o arrendatario), sus cĂłnyuges e hijos mayores de 16 aĂąos; b) caucheros extractores, sus cĂłnyugues e hijos mayores de 16 aĂąos, y c) pescadores.
Asegurados facultativos
â&#x20AC;˘ Individuos mayores de 16 aĂąos que se afilien y contribuyan para el RGPS, siempre que no estĂŠn ejerciendo actividad remunerada que los encuadre como asegurados obligatorio o que estĂŠn vinculados a otro rĂŠgimen de seguridad social.
Fuente: MPS. Disponible en: www.mop.gov.br. ElaboraciĂłn propia.
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Las contribuciones de los asegurados especiales son recaudadas por aquellos
CapĂtulo 9: Perspectivas para el sistema de garantĂa de ingresos en Brasil
CategorĂas de asegurados
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''Cuadro 2 ' CategorĂas de asegurados y formas de contribuciĂłn â&#x20AC;˘ Traba jadores contratados por la CLT y traba jadores independientes contribuyen con impuestos progresivos (8, 9 a 11%) en funciĂłn del valor de sus ingresos totales, nunca inferiores al valor de 1 salario mĂnimo, ni a los beneficios de seguridad social y es establecido periĂłdicamente Empleados
(R$3,415.54 en 2010). â&#x20AC;˘ Las empresas empleadoras contribuyen con valor equivalente a 20% de su nĂłmina, ademĂĄs de un porcenta je relativo al seguro de accidentes de traba jo, que puede ser de 1, 2 o 3%, conforme el riesgo de la actividad de la empresa, esto es, el grado de incidencia de incapacidad derivado de los riesgos del traba jo. â&#x20AC;˘ Pueden contribuir con base en dos alĂcuotas: 11% del salario mĂnimo; o 20% sobre cualquier valor entre el salario mĂnimo y el tope de los beneficios
Traba jadores autĂłnomos
de previsiĂłn social. Los que contribuyen con la alĂcuota de 11% del salario mĂnimo se encuadran en el Plan Simplificado de Seguridad Social (Ley Complementaria nĂşm. 123, de 14 de diciembre de 2006) y hacen justicia
Perspectivas de la polĂtica social en Brasil
a beneficios diferenciados, como se muestra adelante.
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Empleados domĂŠsticos
â&#x20AC;˘ Traba jadores que contribuyen con alĂcuotas progresivas (8, 9 u 11%) en funciĂłn del valor de sus ingresos totales. Los empleadores contribuyen con 12% sobre el salario pagado al empleado. â&#x20AC;˘ Contribuyen con 2.3% incidente sobre el valor bruto de la comercializaciĂłn de su producciĂłn rural, que es retenido por el comprador de la misma,
Asegurados especiales
sea persona moral, consumidora o consignataria, la cual debe efectuar su respectiva contribuciĂłn al INSS. â&#x20AC;˘ TambiĂŠn podrĂĄ contribuir facultativamente con 20% sobre el respectivo salario de contribuciĂłn para hacer justicia a los beneficios de seguridad social con valores superiores a un salario mĂnimo.
Asegurados facultativos
Contribuyen con 20% sobre el valor por ĂŠl elegido, observados los lĂmites mĂnimos y mĂĄximos del salario de contribuciĂłn. Si es de ba jos ingresos, podrĂĄ pagar 11% del salario mĂnimo en vigor.
Fuente: MPS. Disponible en: www.mps.gov.br. ElaboraciĂłn propia.
que adquieren su producciĂłn (persona moral, consumidor o consignatario), los cuales tienen la obligaciĂłn de entregarlas al Instituto Nacional del Seguro Social (INSS).
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Beneficios de pensiĂłn, segĂşn categorĂa ocupacional Beneficios
Empleados
Empleado, domĂŠsticos, autĂłnomos y asegurados facultativos
Asegurados especiales
JubilaciĂłn por edad
x
x
x
JubilaciĂłn por tiempo de contribuciĂłn
x
x (1)
(2)
JubilaciĂłn por incapacidad
x
x
x
JubilaciĂłn especial
x (3)
Auxilio por enfermedad
x
x
x
Auxilio por accidente
x
Auxilio por reclusiĂłn
x
x
x
PensiĂłn por muerte
x
x
x
Salario maternidad
x
x
x
Salario familiar
x
x
Fuente: MPS. Disponible en: www.mps.gov.br. ElaboraciĂłn propia. Notas: 1 Solamente para los que contribuyen mĂnimo 15 aĂąos, ba jo la alĂcuota de 20%. 2 Los que contribuyan adicionalmente como asegurados facultativos podrĂĄn obtener la jubilaciĂłn por tiempo de contribuciĂłn. 3 Garantizada solamente a profesores de educaciĂłn bĂĄsica y media superior; son exigidos 25 aĂąos de contribuciĂłn para las mujeres y 30 para los hombres.
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''Cuadro 3 '
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Perspectivas de la polĂtica social en Brasil
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Sumada a los demĂĄs ingresos provenientes del sector agrĂcola â&#x20AC;&#x201C;que incluye a todos los productores rurales, personas fĂsicas y morales y al segmento de la agroindustriaâ&#x20AC;&#x201C;, la contribuciĂłn rural total representaba cerca de 1.5% del conjunto de la recaudaciĂłn del RGPS en 2008.
13
4,117,972
Tiempo de contribución
170,654
272,511
Auxilio por enfermedad
Auxilio por accidente
0.67
0.35
1.20
0.75
0.56
79,131
266,635
162,563
123,530
143,545
775,404
997
38,488
19,500
14,543
1,025,686
1,059,729
4,278,743
4,105,329
2,404,291
2,374,689
8,884,309
14,262,266
15,037,670
Urbana
-
5,876
8,091
4,455
9,715
28,137
-
16,064
2,877
7,368
119,010
129,255
1,995,933
12,643
431,100
5,125,403
5,569,146
7,710,398
7,738,535
Rural
Clientela
9,200,903
102,085,388
127,658,609
82,227,832
112,283,407
433,456,138
397,170
20,449,494
11,358,565
7,645,806
803,890,415
822,894,786
3,367,458,103
4,360,661,654
1,565,175,540
3,247,331,211
9,173,168,405
13,384,367,958
13,817,824.096
Total
0.07
0.74
0.92
0.60
0.81
3.14
0.00
0.15
0.08
0.06
5.82
5.96
24.37
31.56
11.33
23.50
66.39
96.86
100
%
9,200,903
100,839,912
124,643,806
80,419,378
108,470,378
423,574,378
397,170
15,334,395
10,166,007
6,100,383
757,345,033
773,611,423
2,605,046,888
4,352,989,231
1,398,877,369
1,291,666,077
7,043,532,676
10,437,922,552
Rural
-
1,245,475
3,014,802
1,808,454
3,813,029
9,881,760
-
5,115,099
1,192,558
1,545,424
46,545,382
49,283,363
762,411,215
7,672,423
166,298,171
1,955,665,135
2,129,635,729
2,946,445,406
2,956,327,166
Clientela
10,861,496,930
Urbana
Valor (R$ mil)
116.27
374.61
748.06
642.48
732.63
539.43
398.36
374.86
507.60
348.95
702.27
692.10
536.67
1,058.93
552.01
432.97
634.67
609.14
606.68
Total
116.27
378.19
766.74
651.01
755.65
546.26
398.36
398.42
521.33
419.47
738.38
730.01
608.83
1,060.33
581.83
543.93
792.81
731.86
722.29
Urbana
-
211.96
372.61
405.94
392.49
351.20
-
318.42
414.51
209.75
391.10
381.29
381.98
606.85
385.75
381.56
382.40
382.14
382.03
Rural
Clientela
Valor promedio (R$)
Capítulo 9: Perspectivas para el sistema de garantía de ingresos en Brasil
Fuente: Boletín Estadístico de la Seguridad Social, diciembre de 2008/Ministerio de la Seguridad Social. Nota: 1 Incluye las categorías 47: abono de permanencia en servicio (25%); 48: abono de permanencia en servicio (20%); 68: ahorro especial de jubilación; y 79: abono de servidor jubilado por la autarquía empleadora.
79,131
127,985
Pensión por muerte
Auxilio complementario
153,260
Jubilación por discapacidad
3.53
0.00
997
0.10
0.10
5.03
5.22
27.55
18.08
12.45
32.93
63.46
96.47
100
%
Cantidad
0.24
803,541
''Tabla 6 ' Prestaciones pagadas por el RGPS - diciembre, 2008
54,552
Por accidente
Otros(1)
Salario – maternidad
21,911
22,377
Reclusión
1,144,696
Accidente
Enfermedad
1,188,984
2,835,391
Discapacidad
Auxilios
7,500,092
Edad
6,274,676
14,453,455
Jubilación
Pensión por muerte
21,972,664
Asegurados
Total
22,776,205
Grupos
Beneficios del RGPS
(")
Perspectivas de la polĂtica social en Brasil
E+' 455O;' 8&2' U/:#8&)#-+%2' "%,"%2%+.&"-+' RSh' (%8' .-.&8' (%' :%P OFĂ&#x153;DJPT QBHBEPT Z EF MPT HBTUPT EFM QFSJPEP -B TFHVOEB QSFTUBDJĂ&#x201E;O N´T PUPSHBEB DPSSFTQPOEÂżB B MBT QFOTJPOFT QPS NVFSUF EFM UPUBM MBT DVBMFT FO DPOKVOUP DPO MBT KVCJMBDJPOFT BCTPSCJFSPO N´T EF EF MPT CFOFĂ&#x153;DJPT QBHBEPT QPS FM AX!K'%+'&D/%8'&7-@'!-"'8-'.&+.-;'%2')-+' :&2%'%+'8-2'"#%20-2'(%'V%U%]'W'V#/(%]')-$-'2%'-"0&+#]&'8&'$&W-"',&".%'(%' MB QSPUFDDJĂ&#x201E;O HBSBOUJ[BEB QPS FM SÂťHJNFO HFOFSBM -PT CFOFĂ&#x153;DJPT SVSBMFT SFQSFTFOUBO DFSDB EF VO UFSDJP EFM UPUBM EF MPT CFOFĂ&#x153;DJPT QBHBEPT DPNP %8'0&2.-'(%8'"10#$%+;'2#%+(-'2/'V&8-"',"-$%(#-'#0/&8'&')&2#'8&'$#.&('(%8' )-+)%"+#%+.%'&'8&2',"%2.&)#-+%2'/":&+&2@ ?/"&+.%' 8-2' &7-2' +-V%+.&' iW&' %+' V#0%+)#&' 8&' +/%V&' T&".&' Y&0+&i;'%8'AX!K TVGSJĂ&#x201E; BMHVOBT NPEJĂ&#x153;DBDJPOFT FTQFDJBMNFOUF B QBSUJS EF 8&'E+$#%+(&'T-+2.#./)#-+&8'HETI'+\$@'45;'(%'(#)#%$:"%'(%'6MMO@'E+."%' %2.&2' "%9-"$&2;' 8&2' (%' $&W-"' #$,&).-' 9/%"-+' (-23' 8&' D/%' 2/2.#./W*' %8' )"#.%"#-' (%' .#%$,-' (%' 2%"V#)#-' ,-"' %8' (%' .#%$,-' (%' )-+."#:/)#*+' ,&"&' MB DPODFTJĂ&#x201E;O EF KVCJMBDJPOFT Z MB FMJNJOBDJĂ&#x201E;O EF MB SFHMB EF D´MDVMP EF FTUPT CFOFĂ&#x153;DJPT EFM UFYUP DPOTUJUVDJPOBM RVF TF IBCÂżB FTUBCMFDJEP PSJ 0#+&8$%+.%' %+' 8&' T`^OO@6<' E2.&2' #++-V&)#-+%2' )"%&"-+' 8&2' )-+(#)#-+%2' ,&"&'8&',"-$/80&)#*+'(%'8&'c%W'+\$@'M@ONR;'8&'(%8'9&).-"'&2-)#&(-'&'8&',"%P'' WJTJĂ&#x201E;O TPDJBM FO ÂĄTUB WJOP B DBNCJBS MBT SFHMBT EFM D´MDVMP EF MB ,"%2.&)#*+' #+#)#&8' (%' U/:#8&)#*+' ,-"' .#%$,-' (%' )-+."#:/)#*+;' #+2%".&+P'' EP FO FM NPEFMP EF Ă&#x153;OBODJBNJFOUP EFM AX!K'i/+'$-(%8-'(%'"%,&".#)#*+' 2#$,8%i' /+' %8%$%+.-' .>,#)-' (%8' $-(%8-' (%' )&,#.&8#]&)#*+@' E2.-' %2;' 8&' )-$:#+&)#*+'(%8'.#%$,-'(%')-+."#:/)#*+'(%8'&2%0/"&(-;')-+'2/'%(&('W'2/' %Z,%).&.#V&'(%'V#(&;'%2.#$&(&',-"'8&'.&2&'(%'%Z,%).&.#V&'(%'V#(&')&8)/8&P'' (&',-"'%8'C+2.#./.-'J"&2#8%7-'(%'X%-0"&9>&'W'E2.&(>2.#)&'HCJXEI@'G8'_&)%"8-;' 8&' 9*"$/8&' ,"%.%+(>&' #+2%".&"' %+' %8' 2#2.%$&' /+' $%)&+#2$-' (%' &U/2.%' BVUPN´UJDP EFM QBS´NFUSP EF FEBE DPNQBUJCMF DPO MB FYQFDUBUJWB EF WJEB %2.#$&(&' (%8' &2%0/"&(-;' .-$&+(-' %+' )/%+.&' D/%' %+' 8&2' +%0-)#&)#-+%2' ,&"&' 8&' &,"-:&)#*+' (%' 8&' "%9-"$&' (%' 8&' ,"%V#2#*+' 2-)#&8;' -)/""#(&2' %+' %8' T-+0"%2-' L&)#-+&8;' +-' ./V-' 1Z#.-' 8&' ,"-,/%2.&' (%' %2.&:8%)#$#%+.-' (%' /+&'%(&('$>+#$&'"%08&$%+.&"#&',&"&'%8'&))%2-'&'8&'U/:#8&)#*+',-"'.#%$,-'' (%')-+."#:/)#*+@ "EFN´T EF MB BVTFODJB EF VOB SFHMB TPCSF MB FEBE NÂżOJNB EF U/:#8&)#*+;' 8%' ,"%-)/,&:&' &8' !-(%"' EU%)/.#V-' 8&' ."&W%).-"#&' )"%)#%+.%' (%' 8-2' 0&2.-2' %+' 8&' ,"%V#2#*+' 2-)#&8;' #+#)#&(&' %+' 6MM<' W' (%"#V&(&' (%' ."%2' GBDUPSFT FM DPOUSPM EF MB JOĂ?BDJĂ&#x201E;O RVF QFSNJUJĂ&#x201E; VO NFKPS D´MDVMP EFM La ConstituciĂłn Federal preveĂa, en su texto original, que los beneficios iniciales de las jubilaciones serĂan iguales al promedio de los 36 Ăşltimos salarios de contribuciĂłn del asegurado, entregados monetariamente cada mes.
14
("*
Capítulo 9: Perspectivas para el sistema de garantía de ingresos en Brasil
HBTUP FM BVNFOUP EF MB DBOUJEBE EF CFOFÜDJPT DPODFEJEPT JODMVZFOEP MPT SVSBMFT Z FM BVNFOUP FO FM WBMPS EF MB NBTB EF CFOFÜDJPT ZB RVF FM QFTP (%'12.-2',&2*'&'%2.&"'V#+)/8&(-'&8'2&8&"#-'$>+#$-@'G8'2%"'8&2'U/:#8&)#-+%2' "%2,-+2&:8%2',-"'RSh'(%8'0&2.-'%+'2%0/"#(&('2-)#&8;'%8')-+."-8'2-:"%'%2.&' QBSUF QBSFD¿B VO SFDVSTP FÜDB[ QBSB MB SFEVDDJÄO B DPSUP Z NFEJBOP QMB[P EF MB OFDFTJEBE EF ÜOBODJBNJFOUP EFM TJTUFNB K#+' %$:&"0-;' &8' )"%&"' #+)%+.#V-2' ,&"&' D/%' 8-2' &2%0/"&(-2' ,-2,/2#%"&+' 2/' U/:#8&)#*+;' 8&' 9*"$/8&' (%8' 9&).-"' ,&2*' &' (%.%"$#+&"' (#2P NJOVDJPOFT TJHOJÜDBUJWBT FO MBT QSFTUBDJPOFT JOJDJBMFT G8'.-$&"'%+')/%+.&'D/%3'&I'8&2'"%(/))#-+%2'V&">&+')-+9-"$%'8&'.&P :8&'(%'%Z,%).&.#V&'(%'V#(&'%+'V#0-"a':I'12.&2'2-+'"%%(#.&(&2',%"#*(#)&$%+.%;' W')I'8&'%Z,%).&.#V&'(%'V#(&'_&'&/$%+.&(-'%+'8-2'&7-2'"%)#%+.%2;'8-2'"%)-"P UFT FO MBT QSFTUBDJPOFT QBTBSPO UBNCJ»O B DSFDFS EF GPSNB TJHOJÜDBUJWB B MP MBSHP EF MPT ÉMUJNPT EJF[ BÃPT $´MDVMPT EFM C!EG'(%$/%2."&+'D/%;'%+'6MMO;' VO IPNCSF EFCFS¿B UFOFS BÃPT EF FEBE BEFN´T EF EF BQPSUBDJPOFT ,&"&' ,-(%"' "%)#:#"' O5h' (%' 8-' D/%' ,"-$%(#&"&+' 8-2' $%U-"%2' 2&8&"#-2' (%' TV USBZFDUPSJB MBCPSBM N´YJNP WBMPS QPTJCMF QBSB DVBMRVJFS QSFTUBDJÄO (%'U/:#8&)#*+',-"'.#%$,-'(%'&,-".&)#*+@' E+' 455O;' 8&' %(&(' (%:>&' 2%"' (%'' R<'&7-2@'!-"'8-'.&+.-;'/+'&2%0/"&(-'D/%'%+'455O',"%.%+(#%"&'U/:#8&"2%'&' 8-2'Q<'&7-2'2/9"#">&'/+&'"%(/))#*+'(%')%")&'(%'S5@<h'%+'%8'V&8-"'(%'2/2' CFOFÜDJPT JOJDJBMFT Y&8' "%)#:#(-' ,-"' 8&2' %+.#(&(%2' "%,"%2%+.&.#V&2' (%' ."&:&U&(-P'' "%2'W'U/:#8&(-2'W'(%'$#%$:"-2'(%8',"-,#-'T-+0"%2-'L&)#-+&8;'%8'9&).-"'(%' ,"%V#2#*+'2-)#&8'9/%;'&'8-'8&"0-'(%'8&'\8.#$&'(1)&(&;'-:U%.-'(%')-+."-V%"2#&' Z EFTDPOUFOUPT MFHJTMBUJWPT RVF MP WPMWJFSPO QPM¿UJDBNFOUF GS´HJM -B TV ,%"&)#*+' (%' %2.%' (%2)%+2-' (%$&+(&' 8&' +%0-)#&)#*+' %+."%' 8-2' (#V%"2-2' &).-"%2'#+.%"%2&(-2;'8&')/&8'(%:%'.%+%"')-$-'"%2/8.&(-'/+'&)/%"(-'%2.&:8%' Z EVSBEFSP TPCSF VOB BMUFSOBUJWB BM GBDUPS B ÜO EF IBDFS N´T USBOTQBSFOUF MB SFHMB EF D´MDVMP EF MBT QSFTUBDJPOFT JOJDJBMFT EF KVCJMBDJÄO Z WPMWFS N´T &(%)/&(-2'W',"%V#2#:8%2'2/2'V&8-"%2@
("#
''Tabla 7 ' Contribuyentes del RGPS â&#x20AC;&#x201C; 2008 NĂşm.
categorĂa
Perspectivas de la polĂtica social en Brasil
Fuente: BoletĂn EstadĂstico de la Seguridad Social/MPS, diciembre de 2008. ElaboraciĂłn: DISOC/IPEA.
?%' &)/%"(-' )-+' 8&' .&:8&' N;' SO@R' $#88-+%2' (%' ."&:&U&(-"%2' &,-".&:&+' (#"%).&$%+.%6Q' &8' AX!K' %+' 455O@' ?%' 12.-2;' (%2.&)&:&+' 8-2' %$,8%&(-2' 9-"$&8%2;' "%2,-+2&:8%2' ,-"' NNh' (%' 8&2' &,-".&)#-+%2@' !-"' -."-' 8&(-;' 8&' .&:8&' _&)%' %V#(%+.%' 8&' 9&8.&' (%' )-:%"./"&' (%' 2%).-"%2' $/W' &$,8#-2'(%'."&:&U&(-"%2;'%2,%)#&8$%+.%'8-2'D/%'2%'%+)/%+."&+'%+'2%0$%+P'' .-2' ,-)-' 9-"$&8#]&(-2;' )-$-' 8-2' ."&:&U&(-"%2' #+9-"$&8%2' i#+)8/W%+(-' 8-2'(-$12.#)-2i;'8-2'#+(%,%+(#%+.%2'W'8-2'&/.*+-$-2@'E2.%'.%$&'2%',"-P GVOEJ[BS´ FO MB TFDDJĂ&#x201E;O EF FTUF UFYUP
2.2 Los regĂmenes propios de seguridad social -B QSFWJTJĂ&#x201E;O EFM TFDUPS QĂ&#x2030;CMJDP B TV WF[ FTU´ PSHBOJ[BEB FO EJGFSFO .%2'"%0>$%+%2',"-,#-2'(%'2%0/"#(&('2-)#&8;'D/%'-9"%)%+',"-.%))#*+'&'8-2' USBCBKBEPSFT CBTJĂ&#x153;DBEPT <DPO QMB[B> EFM TFSWJDJP QĂ&#x2030;CMJDP EF MB 6OJĂ&#x201E;O EF 8-2'%2.&(-2;'(%8'?#2."#.-'`%(%"&8'W'(%'8-2'$/+#)#,#-2@ EstĂĄn excluidas aquĂ las contribuciones de los asegurados especiales, que se hacen, como ya se vio, por subrogaciĂłn al adquiriente de su producciĂłn (agrĂcola, extractiva o pesquera).
15
("$
16 Estas reglas fueron reglamentadas por la Ley núm. 8.112/1990, la del Régimen Jurídico del Funcionario Público.
Capítulo 9: Perspectivas para el sistema de garantía de ingresos en Brasil
c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ÜKBO EF DPNÉO BDVFSEP 1PS PUSB QBSUF FO FM TFSWJDJP QÉCMJDP 8-2'."&:&U&(-"%2'2%'&(_#%"%+'&'/+'%2.&./.-'iD/%'&)./&8$%+.%'%+'J"&2#8'%2'%8' 3»HJNFO +VS¿EJDP ¯OJDPm JNQVFTUP QPS FM &TUBEP FO FM DVBM FTU´O QSFWJTUPT (%"%)_-2'W'(%:%"%2'(%'8-2'."&:&U&(-"%2@'k."&2'(#9%"%+)#&2')-+2#2.%+'%+'8&' JNQPTJCJMJEBE EF MPT GVODJPOBSJPT QÉCMJDPT EF BDVNVMBS N´T EF VO QVFTUP P FNQMFP mTBMWP FO DBTPT NVZ FTQFD¿ÜDPTm Z EF QBSUJDJQBS EFM DBQJUBM EF %$,"%2&2',"#V&(&2@'E2.&2'(#9%"%+)#&2'_&+'8%0#.#$&(-'i&'8-'8&"0-'(%8'.#%$,-' Z FO EJWFSTPT DPOUFYUPT OBDJPOBMFTm MB FYJTUFODJB EF SFH¿NFOFT FTQFD¿ÜDPT (%',"%V#2#*+'2-)#&8',&"&'9/+)#-+&"#-2',\:8#)-2@ E+'8-2'#+#)#-2'(%'8&'2%0/"#(&('2-)#&8':"&2#8%7&;'8-2'9/+)#-+&"#-2' ,\:8#)-2'(%'8&'g+#*+'(#2,-+>&+'(%'/+'#+2.#./.-'(%'U/:#8&)#-+%2'W',%+2#-P +%2;')-$-'8-2')-+2.#./#(-2',&"&'(#9%"%+.%2')&.%0-">&2'-)/,&)#-+&8%2'(%8' 2%).-"',"#V&(-@'E8'C+2.#./.-'(%'[/:#8&)#-+%2'W'!%+2#-+%2'(%'8-2'`/+)#-+&P'' "#-2'(%8'E2.&(-'HC!GKEI'9/%')"%&(-'%+'6M<O'W',%"(/"*'_&2.&'6MNN;')/&+(-' 9/%'(#2/%8.-@'G',&".#"'(%'%+.-+)%2;'8&2'U/:#8&)#-+%2'W'8-2'(#V%"2-2'&,-W-2' (%2.#+&(-2' &' 8-2' 9/+)#-+&"#-2' 2%">&+' ,&0&(-2' (#"%).&$%+.%' &8' .%2-"-' (%'' 8&' &($#+#2."&)#*+' ,\:8#)&;' &' ."&V12' (%' 8&' +*$#+&@' L-' _&:>&' ,"%V#2#*+'' EF BQPSUBDJÄO QSFWJB EFM GVODJPOBSJP OJ GPSNBDJÄO EF SFTFSWBT ÜOBODJF SBT P NBUFN´UJDBT RVF QSPQBHBSBO MPT QBTJWPT EFSJWBEPT EF MB QSFWJTJÄO &O FM DBTP EF MPT FTUBEPT MBT BQPSUBDJPOFT TÄMP FSBO FYJHJEBT QBSB FM Ü +&+)#&$#%+.-' (%' 8&2' ,%+2#-+%2' ,&"&' 2-:"%V#V#%+.%2;' 8&2' )/&8%2' %"&+' "%P DBVEBEBT QPS MBT JOTUJUVDJPOFT FTUBUBMFT Z FSBO FO HFOFSBM ÜKBEBT FO DFSDB (%'Rh'(%'8-2'2/%8(-2'(%'8-2'9/+)#-+&"#-2@ E+' 6MOO;' 8&' T-+2.#./)#*+' `%(%"&8' (%.%"$#+*' +/%V&2' "%08&2' (%' U/:#8&)#*+',&"&'8-2'9/+)#-+&"#-2',\:8#)-2;')-$-',&".%'(%8',"-,#-'"10#$%+' (%' ."&:&U-' %+' %8' 2%).-"@6R' E+' 2/' "%(&))#*+' -"#0#+&8;' 8&' T&".&' Y&0+&' +-' ,"%V%>&'8&')"%&)#*+'(%'8-2'A!!K;'8-')/&8'-)/""#*'&',&".#"'(%'8&',"-$/80&)#*+' (%'8&'c%W'+\$@'M@N6N^6MMO'W'(%'8&'ET'+\$@'45^6MMO@'E2.-2'#+2."/$%+.-2' 8%0&8%2' %2.&:8%)#%"-+' +/%V&2' "%08&2' 0%+%"&8%2' ,&"&' 8&' -"0&+#]&)#*+' W' 9/+)#-+&$#%+.-' (%' .-(-2' 8-2' "%0>$%+%2' ,"-,#-2' (%' 8-2' 9/+)#-+&"#-2' %+' %8',&>2;'#+)8/W%+(-'8-2'(%'%2.&(-2'W'$/+#)#,#-2@'G',&".#"'(%'%+.-+)%2;'8&2'
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Perspectivas de la polĂtica social en Brasil
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18 A partir de la Enmienda nĂşm. 20/1998, se exigiĂł que el servidor tuviera una antigĂźedad mĂnima de diez aĂąos en el servicio pĂşblico y cinco aĂąos en el puesto para hacerse acreedor a la jubilaciĂłn integral. Antes de esta enmienda bastaba con que el servidor contabilizara 35 aĂąos (hombres) o 30 aĂąos (mujeres) de servicio en cualquier segmento de la economĂa. DespuĂŠs de la Enmienda nĂşm. 41/2003, aĂşn tienen derecho a la jubilaciĂłn integral todos los servidores que ingresaron hasta 1998.
CapĂtulo 9: Perspectivas para el sistema de garantĂa de ingresos en Brasil
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''Cuadro 4 ' Principales reglas de jubilaciĂłn en el RGPS y en el RPPS RGPS
RPPS
R$3.400,00
El salario del Ministro del STF que equivale a R$25.000,00
FĂłrmula de cĂĄlculo del beneficio
A) JubilaciĂłn por tiempo de contribuciĂłn: promedio de 80% de los mayores salarios + factor de previsiĂłn social. B) JubilaciĂłn por edad: promedio de 80% de los mayores salarios (sin aplicaciĂłn del factor previsiĂłn social.).
Promedio de 80% de los mayores salarios (para los funcionarios que ingresaron despuĂŠs de la promulgaciĂłn de la EC 41. Los demĂĄs reciben una jubilaciĂłn igual al Ăşltimo salario).
Elegibilidad
A) JubilaciĂłn por tiempo de contribuciĂłn: Hombres: 35 aĂąos de contribuciĂłn Mujeres: 30 aĂąos de contribuciĂłn B) JubilaciĂłn por edad: Hombres: 65 aĂąos de edad y 15 aĂąos de contribuciĂłn Mujeres: 60 aĂąos de edad y 15 aĂąos de contribuciĂłn
Hombres: 60 aĂąos de edad y 35 de contribuciĂłn; Mujeres: 55 aĂąos de edad y 30 de contribuciĂłn
FĂłrmula de rea justes de los beneficios
Hasta 1 salario mĂnimo: paridad con el salario mĂnimo superior a 1 SM: correcciĂłn por el Ăndice de inflaciĂłn de precios (eventualmente son negociados aumentos reales).
A los funcionarios que ingresaron antes de la promulgaciĂłn de la EC 41/2003: paridad con su salario de la vida activa; A los que ingresaron despuĂŠs de la EC 41/2003: correcciĂłn por el Ăndice de inflaciĂłn de precios.
Perspectivas de la polĂtica social en Brasil
Tope del beneficio
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Fuente: MPS. Disponible en: www.mps.gov.br. ElaboraciĂłn: DISOC/IPEA.
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-)/""%+'%+'8-2'%2.&(-2'(%'8&'9%(%"&)#*+a'-'2%&;'&/+D/%'8&2'"%08&2'2%&+'8&2' $#2$&2;'&2>')-$-'8&'9/%+.%'(%'"%)/"2-2',&"&'%8')-2.%-'(%'8&2',"%2.&)#-+%2;' )&(&',-(%"'(%.%"$#+&'2/',"-,#&',-8>.#)&'2&8&"#&8@'E2.-'&)&:&',-"'#$,-+%"' 0"&+'9"&0#8#(&('&'8-2',-(%"%2'%U%)/.#V-2'H.&+.-'(%'8&'g+#*+;')-$-'(%'8-2'%2P .&(-2I'%+'8&'0%2.#*+'(%8'0&2.-'%+',"%V#2#*+'2-)#&8;'W&'D/%'2-+'"%2,-+2&:8%2' ,-"'%8',&0-'(%8'0&2.-;',%"-'+-',-"'2/')-+."-8@ E+'455O;'8-2' A!!K QBHBSPO N´T EF NJM NJMMPOFT FO QSFTUB DJPOFT B DFSDB EF NJMMPOFT EF CFOFĂ&#x153;DJBSJPT FOUSF JOBDUJWPT Z QFOTJPOJTUBT
''Tabla 8 '
Fuente: Anuario EstadĂstico de la Seguridad Social (AEPS, 2008)/InfoLogo. ElaboraciĂłn: DISOC/IPEA.
T-$-'2%'_&'$%+)#-+&(-;'%2.-2'"%0>$%+%2'#$,&).&+'+%0&.#V&P NFOUF FM QFSĂ&#x153;M EF MB SFEJTUSJCVDJĂ&#x201E;O EF JOHSFTPT FO FM QBÂżT EFCJEP BM BMUP WBMPS EFM UPQF EF MPT CFOFĂ&#x153;DJPT 3 BM WBMPS QSPNFEJP EF MBT ,"%2.&)#-+%2' D/%' ,&0&' i$/W' 2/,%"#-"%2' &8' (%8' AX!Ki' W' &8' "%(/)#(-' +\P'' NFSP EF CFOFĂ&#x153;DJBEPT %F FTUB GPSNB NJFOUSBT FM WBMPS QSPNFEJP EF MBT ,"%2.&)#-+%2' (%8' AX!K;' %+' 455O;' %"&' (%' AuQO4@RM;' ,&"&' 8-2' A!!K' %"&' (%' Au4'MO4@55@'T-$-'9/%'(%$-2."&(-',-"'A&+0%8'"'+*.K'H455M&I;'2-+'8-2':%P OFĂ&#x153;DJPT EFM A!!K'8-2'"%2,-+2&:8%2'(%')-+9%"#"'"%0"%2#V#(&('&8'0&2.-':"&P 2#8%7-'%+',"%V#2#*+'2-)#&8@
3. La garantĂa de ingresos no contributivos en Brasil +VOUP DPO MPT SJFTHPT TPDJBMFT DM´TJDPT RVF BNFOB[BO MB DBQBDJEBE EF PC .%+%"'#+0"%2-2'&'."&V12'(%8'%U%")#)#-'(%8'."&:&U-;'8&',-:"%]&'W'8&'#+(#0%+)#&' .&$:#1+'2-+'&)./&8$%+.%'-:U%.-'(%'8&',"-.%))#*+'2-)#&8':"&2#8%7&@'?%'_%P
CapĂtulo 9: Perspectivas para el sistema de garantĂa de ingresos en Brasil
Resultados financieros del RPPS â&#x20AC;&#x201C; 2008
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Perspectivas de la política social en Brasil
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)_-;'/+')-+U/+.-'(%'#+#)#&.#V&2',\:8#)&2;'$&.%"#&8#]&(&2'%2,%)#&8$%+.%'%+'8-2' ,"-0"&$&2'9%(%"&8%2'(%'."&+29%"%+)#&'(%'#+0"%2-2;'2%'(#"#0%'&'8&2',-:8&)#-+%2' FO TJUVBDJPOFT EF DBSFODJB Z EFTFNQMFP DPO MB ÜOBMJEBE EF FOGSFOUBS MBT TJUVBDJPOFT EF JOTVÜDJFODJB EF JOHSFTPT QSPCMFNB IJTUÄSJDBNFOUF NBM SF 2/%8.-' ,-"' 8&2',-8>.#)&2'2-)#&8%2'%+'%8',&>2@'E+'%2.%'2%+.#(-;'8&'%$%"0%+)#&' Z MB FYQBOTJÄO SFDJFOUFT EF MPT CFOFÜDJPT BTJTUFODJBMFT EF OBUVSBMF[B OP )-+."#:/.#V&;' &$,8#&"-+' %8' )&$,-' (%' #+.%"V%+)#*+' 2-)#&8' (%8' E2.&(-;' 9-"P .&8%)#%+(-'/+',#8&"'"%8%V&+.%'%+'8&'0&"&+.>&'(%'#+0"%2-2',"-$-V#(&',-"'8&'2%P 0/"#(&('2-)#&8@ E+' 8&' $&."#]' &)./&8' (%' 8&' ,"-.%))#*+' 2-)#&8' :"&2#8%7&' 2-+' (-2' 8-2' CFOFÜDJPT NPOFUBSJPT BTJTUFODJBMFT FM 1SPHSBNB #PMTB 'BNJMJB !J`I'W'%8'J%P'' OFÜDJP EF 1SFTUBDJÄO $POUJOVBEB J!TI@' C+2.&/"&(-' %+' 8&' T-+2.#./)#*+' `%(%"&8;'%8' J!T'0&"&+.#]&'/+'#+0"%2-'$%+2/&8'&'8-2'&(/8.-2'$&W-"%2'(%'RQ' &7-2'W'&'8&2',%"2-+&2')-+'&80/+&'(#2)&,&)#(&(;'D/%'8&2'#$,-2#:#8#.&',&"&'%8' ."&:&U-'W'8&'V#(&'#+(%,%+(#%+.%;'D/%'V#V%+'%+'2#./&)#*+'(%',-:"%]&'%Z."%$&@' !-"'-."&',&".%;'%8' !J` TF PSJHJOÄ EF MB VOJÜDBDJÄO EF EJWFSTPT QSPHSBNBT EF ."&+29%"%+)#&'(%'#+0"%2-2'-,%"&(-2'(%2(%'4555',-"'%8'0-:#%"+-'9%(%"&8@'Ä2.%' 0&"&+.#]&'/+&'."&+29%"%+)#&'$-+%.&"#&'&'8&2'9&$#8#&2'%+'2#./&)#*+'(%',-:"%]&' W',-:"%]&'%Z."%$&@'!-"'8-'.&+.-;'%8' J!T DPOTJTUF FO VO CFOFÜDJP JOEJWJEVBM $#%+."&2'D/%'%8'!J`'0&"&+.#]&'/+-'(%'.#,-'9&$#8#&"')-+',"#-"#(&(',&"&'8-2'+#7-2@ &O DVBOUP BM WBMPS EF MPT CFOFÜDJPT MBT EJGFSFODJBT FOUSF BNCPT QSPHSBNBT UBNCJ»O TPO TJHOJÜDBUJWBT &M WBMPS EFM CFOFÜDJP EFM J!T' 2%' EFÜOJÄ FO MB $POTUJUVDJÄO Z HBSBOUJ[B FM BQPSUF EF VO TBMBSJP N¿OJNP B MPT &(/8.-2'$&W-"%2'W'&'8&2',%"2-+&2')-+'(#2)&,&)#(&('%+'2#./&)#*+'(%',-:"%]&' FYUSFNB 1PS TV QBSUF MPT CFOFÜDJPT RVF FM !J`' 0&"&+.#]&' 2-+' $%+-"%2@' $PNP TF WFS´ N´T BEFMBOUF FM N´YJNP RVF VOB GBNJMJB QVFEF SFDJCJS FT Au455@55;'D/%'"%,"%2%+.&:&')%")&'(%'SMh'(%8'2&8&"#-'$>+#$-'%+'V#0-"'%+' KVOJP EF %FUS´T EF MB EJGFSFODJB FOUSF MPT WBMPSFT USBOTGFSJEPT SFTJ (%+'(#9%"%+)#&2'#$,-".&+.%2'%+')/&+.-'&'8-2'-:U%.#V-2'(%'8&2'(-2'#+#)#&.#V&2' FO BO´MJTJT "M DPOTJEFSBS RVF FM QÉCMJDP NFUB UFOHB DPNP DPNÉO EFOPNJOB EPS FODPOUSBSTF FO TJUVBDJÄO EF QPCSF[B P QPCSF[B FYUSFNB MPT CFOFÜDJPT )/$,8%+',&,%8%2'(#2.#+.-2@'E8'J!T'2/2.#./W%'8-2'#+0"%2-2'(%'&D/%88&2',%"2-P +&2' #+)&,&)#.&(&2' ,&"&' %8' ."&:&U-;' 2%&' ,-"' %(&(' &V&+]&(&' -' ,-"' ,-2%%"'' &80/+&'(#2)&,&)#(&(@'G'2/'V%];'%8'!J`' &2%0/"&'/+'#+0"%2-'$>+#$-'&'8&2'9&P $#8#&2',-:"%2@' &O »TUBT HFOFSBMNFOUF MPT NJFNCSPT BEVMUPT NBZPSFT FTU´O FO %(&('8&:-"&8'&).#V&'W',&".#)#,&+'(%8'$%")&(-'(%'."&:&U-@'!-"'8-'.&+.-;'%8':%P OFÜDJP EFM !J`'0&"&+.#]&'#+0"%2-2'&(#)#-+&8%2'&'D/#%+%2'8-'"%)#:%+;')/W&2'9&P $#8#&2'+-'_&+'2-:"%,&2&(-'8&'8>+%&'(%'8&',-:"%]&')-+'8-2'#+0"%2-2'-:.%+#(-2' %Z)8/2#V&$%+.%'&'."&V12'(%8'."&:&U-@'
19 Cabe recordar que se está tramitando en el Congreso Nacional un conjunto de iniciativas de ley cuyo objetivo es ampliar el valor de la línea de pobreza que da acceso a este beneficio.
Capítulo 9: Perspectivas para el sistema de garantía de ingresos en Brasil
"EFN´T B QFTBS EF FOGSFOUBS BQBSFOUFNFOUF FM NJTNP QSPCMFNB mMB JOTVÜDJFODJB EF JOHSFTPTm FTPT QSPHSBNBT GVODJPOBO DPO EJGFSFOUFT M¿ +%&2'(%',-:"%]&@ c&'-,%"&.#V#(&('(%8' J!T TF BNQBSB FO MB EFÜOJDJÄO EF QPCSF[B FYUSFNB EBEB QPS MB -FZ 0SH´OJDB EF MB "TJTUFODJB 4PDJBM ckGKI'W'2%'&2-)#&' &8'V&8-"'(%'/+')/&".-'(%8'2&8&"#-'$>+#$-@'G2>;'%8',\:8#)-'$%.&'(%8',"-0"&$&' TF JEFOUJÜDB DPNP BRVFMMPT BEVMUPT NBZPSFT P EJTDBQBDJUBEPT RVF WJWFO DPO VO JOHSFTP GBNJMJBS QFS D´QJUB JOGFSJPS B VO DVBSUP EFM TBMBSJP N¿OJNP MP RVF FO KVOJP EF TJHOJÜDBCB WJWJS DPO NFOPT EF 3 &O FM )&2-'(%8' !J` MPT CFOFÜDJPT TPO DPODFEJEPT TFHÉO MB TJUVBDJÄO ÜOBODJFSB EF MBT GBNJMJBT Z EF BDVFSEP DPO EPT M¿OFBT BENJOJTUSBUJWBT EFÜOJEBT QPS FM QSPHSBNB VO JOHSFTP NFOTVBM QFS D´QJUB EF IBTUB 3 TJUVBDJÄO EF ,-:"%]&'%Z."%$&I'-'(%'%+."%'AuN5@56'W'Au6<5@55'H2#./&)#*+'(%',-:"%]&I@' k'2%&;'%8'J!T GVODJPOB DPO VOB M¿OFB EF QPCSF[B FYUSFNB RVF FTU´ WJODVMBEB BM TBMBSJP N¿OJNP MP RVF TJHOJÜDB FO MB QS´DUJDB VOB SFWJTJÄO BOVBM EF »T .&;'$#%+."&2'D/%'%8'!J`'$&+%U&'/+&'8>+%&'(%',-:"%]&')/W&'&)./&8#]&)#*+'%2' $%+-2'"%0/8&"@'T-+'8&'V#+)/8&)#*+'&8'2&8&"#-'$>+#$-;'8&'8>+%&'(%'&))%2-'&8' J!T TVGSF VOB DPSSFDDJÄO BVUPN´UJDB $PNP DPOTFDVFODJB DBEB BVNFOUP BM TBMBSJP N¿OJNP TF SFÝFKB FO MB UPUBMJEBE EF MPT JOEJWJEVPT FMFHJCMFT QBSB FM CFOFÜDJP 1PS PUSB QBSUF EFTEF MB DSFBDJÄO EFM !J`;'%+'455<;'_/:-'2*8-' (-2'"%V#2#-+%2'(%'8&2'8>+%&2'(%',-:"%]&'W',-:"%]&'%Z."%$&'D/%'0&"&+.#]&+' 8&'%8%0#:#8#(&('&8',"-0"&$&@ 4J BNCPT CFOFÜDJPT PQFSBO VOB QSPUFDDJÄO GSFOUF B MB BVTFODJB JOTVÜDJFODJB EF JOHSFTPT BM DPOTJEFSBS MBT EJGFSFOUFT GVODJPOFT DVNQMJEBT ,-"'8-2'V&8-"%2'."&+29%"#(-2;'d)*$-'%Z,8#)&"'8&2'(#2.#+.&2'8>+%&2'(%',-:"%]&' FO MB DPODFTJÄO EF MPT CFOFÜDJPT 4JO EVEB MB QSJODJQBM SB[ÄO SFTJEF FO MB JOTUJUVDJPOBMJEBE EJWFSTB EF DBEB UJQP EF CFOFÜDJP &M J!T' ./V-' 2/2' QBS´NFUSPT QSFWJBNFOUF EFÜOJEPT FO FM NBSDP KVS¿EJDP MFHBM DPNP VO EF "%)_-' 2-)#&8;' 8-' )/&8' #$,-+%' &8' ,-(%"' ,\:8#)-' 8&' -:8#0&)#*+' (%' &.%+(%"' B UPEPT MPT RVF DVNQMBO DPO MBT DPOEJDJPOFT EF BDDFTP BM CFOFÜDJP Z 8-'2-8#)#.%+@'E2.-'#$,8#)&'D/%'%8',"-0"&$&'2%'"%)-+-])&')-$-'/+&'v)&U&' &:#%".&w;')-$-'.&$:#1+'2/)%(%')-+'8&2',"%2.&)#-+%2'(%'8&',"%V#2#*+'2-)#&8;' MP RVF IBDF OFDFTBSJB VOB QPM¿UJDB EF SFTUSJDDJÄO BM BDDFTP EFÜOJEB QPS MB 8>+%&'(%',-:"%]&'%+'V#0-"@6M'Ä2.%;'2#+'%$:&"0-;'+-'%2'%8')&2-'(%8'!J`@'G8'+-' 2%"'"%)-+-)#(-')-$-'/+'(%"%)_-'2-)#&8;'(%,%+(%'(%'/+&'(#2,-+#:#8#(&(' QSFTVQVFTUBM QSFWJBNFOUF EFÜOJEB DPO CBTF FO NFUBT ÜKBEBT QBSB FM QSP 0"&$&@'G8'$#2$-'.#%$,-;'%8' !J`;'&8'2%"')/%2.#-+&(-')-+'9"%)/%+)#&'2-:"%'
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8&'8%0#.#$#(&('(%':"#+(&"'&W/(&'$-+%.&"#&'&'9&$#8#&2'D/%'(%:%">&+'%2.&"' PCUFOJFOEP TVT JOHSFTPT EFM FKFSDJDJP EFM USBCBKP UJFOF EJĂ&#x153;DVMUBEFT QBSB JOTUJUVJS VO NFDBOJTNP QFSNBOFOUF EF SFBKVTUF EFM WBMPS EFM CFOFĂ&#x153;DJP P (%'8&2'8>+%&2'(%'#+0"%2-2',&"&'%8'&))%2-'&8'$#2$-@ G' ,&".#"' (%' %2.%' ,8&+.%&$#%+.-;' %+' 8&2' ,"*Z#$&2' 2%))#-+%2;' 2%' BOBMJ[BO EFUBMMBEBNFOUF MB DPOĂ&#x153;HVSBDJĂ&#x201E;O MB DPCFSUVSB FM QFSĂ&#x153;M EFM QĂ&#x2030;CMJDP &.%+(#(-'W'8-2'"%2/8.&(-2'(%'%2.&2'(-2'#+#)#&.#V&2'D/%'-"0&+#]&+'%8')&$,-' (%'8&'0&"&+.>&'(%'#+0"%2-2'+-')-+."#:/.#V&@
Perspectivas de la polĂtica social en Brasil
3.1 La garantĂa de ingresos asegurada por el Beneficio de PrestaciĂłn Continuada
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T-$-' (%"%)_-' )-+2.#./)#-+&8' #+2.#./#(-' %+' 6MOO;' "%08&$%+.&(-' ,-"' 8&' /"(&'%+'6MMS;'%8'J!T DPNFO[Ă&#x201E; B DPODFEFSTF FO &M CFOFĂ&#x153;DJP DPO FM V&8-"'(%'/+'2&8&"#-'$>+#$-'$%+2/&8;')-+2#2.%'%+'/+&'0&"&+.>&'(%'#+0"%2-2' EFTUJOBEB B MBT QFSTPOBT EF BĂ&#x192;PT P N´T Z B MPT JOEJWJEVPT JODBQBDJUBEPT ,&"&'8&'V#(&'#+(%,%+(#%+.%'W',&"&'%8'."&:&U-;'D/%'V#V%+'%+',-:"%]&'%Z."%$&a' TJUVBDJĂ&#x201E;O DBSBDUFSJ[BEB QPS UFOFS VO JOHSFTP GBNJMJBS QFS D´QJUB JOGFSJPS B /+')/&".-'(%'2&8&"#-'$>+#$-@ K%'."&.&;',-"'8-'.&+.-;'(%'/+'#+0"%2-'(%'2/2.#./)#*+'0&"&+.#]&(-' ,&"&'&D/%88-2')/W&'2#./&)#*+'(%',-:"%]&'2%'2/$&'&'8&'#$,-2#:#8#(&(;'-'&' 8&' #""%2,-+2&:#8#(&(;' (%' 0&"&+.#]&"' 2/' 2-:"%V#V%+)#&' ,-"' $%(#-' (%8' ."&P :&U-@' G($#+#2."&(-' ,-"' %8' Y#+#2.%"#-' (%' ?%2&""-88-' K-)#&8' W' T-$:&.%' &8'r&$:"%;'&)./&8$%+.%'%8' J!T'#+.%0"&'8&2'&))#-+%2'(%',"-.%))#*+'2-)#&8' C´TJDB FO FM ´NCJUP EFM 4JTUFNB ÂŻOJDP EF "TJTUFODJB 4PDJBM c&' )-+)%2#*+' (%8' J!T' +-' (%,%+(%' (%' )/&8D/#%"&' (%' 8&2' &,-"P .&)#-+%2' ,"%V#&2;' ,-"D/%' 2%' 9/+(&$%+.&' %Z)8/2#V&$%+.%' %+' %8' ,"#+)#,#-' EF MB TPMJEBSJEBE TPDJBM 1PS TFS FM QSJNFS CFOFĂ&#x153;DJP RVF NBUFSJBMJ[B FM ,"#+)#,#-'-"0&+#]&(-"'(%'8&'2%0/"#(&('2-)#&8':"&2#8%7&;'%8' J!T' )-+2.#./W%' VOB EF MBT N´T TJHOJĂ&#x153;DBUJWBT JOOPWBDJPOFT EF MB QPMÂżUJDB TPDJBM FO MBT EPT Ă&#x2030;MUJNBT EÂťDBEBT "EFN´T EF TFS FM QSJNFS JOHSFTP NÂżOJNP TPDJBM CSBTJMFĂ&#x192;P 0&"&+.#]&(-')-+2.#./)#-+&8$%+.%;'%8'J!T'2%'(%2.#+&'&'/+',\:8#)-'D/%;'_&2.&' %+.-+)%2;' 2%' %+)-+."&:&' $&W-"#.&"#&$%+.%' %Z)8/#(-' (%' )/&8D/#%"' $%P )&+#2$-',\:8#)-'(%'0&"&+.>&'(%'#+0"%2-2@'r&2.&'2/')"%&)#*+;'%8',&."*+'(%' ,"-.%))#*+'2-)#&8':"&2#8%7-'%+'%8')&$,-'(%'8&'2%0/"#(&('(%'#+0"%2-2'%2.&P' CB FNJOFOUFNFOUF JEFOUJĂ&#x153;DBEP DPO MPT TFHVSPT TPDJBMFT DPOUSJCVUJWPT 45' 20 Cabe destacar, sin embargo, que la creaciĂłn del Ingreso Mensual Vitalicio (RMV) representĂł, de cierto modo, la flexibilizaciĂłn del vĂnculo contributivo en la estructura de prestaciones de la protecciĂłn social brasileĂąa. Creado en 1974, la RMV consistĂa en un beneficio de la previsiĂłn social destinado a los discapacitados
o personas de 70 aĂąos o mĂĄs en situaciĂłn de pobreza extrema. Para acceder al beneficio, se exigĂa a los potenciales beneficiarios haber realizado, mĂnimo, 12 contribuciones a la seguridad social a lo largo de su vida activa. En ese sentido, se puede comprender como un precursor del BPC. El Ingreso Mensual Vitalicio (RMV) fue creado mediante la Ley nĂşm. 74/6.179 como pensiĂłn para las personas mayores de 70 aĂąos o definitivamente incapacitadas para el traba jo, que no ejercĂan actividades remuneradas, no obtenĂan ingresos superiores a 60% del valor del salario mĂnimo, no podĂan ser mantenidas por sus familias y no tenĂan otro medio para proveerse su propio sustento. (N. del E.)
21
22 Evaluaciones del BPC han mostrado su importante papel en la reducciĂłn de la pobreza y la desigualdad social en el paĂs, asĂ como en la mejora de las condiciones de vida de las familias beneficiadas. VeĂĄnse Textos para DiscusiĂłn nĂşm. 1184, 1228 y 1248, disponibles en: www.ipea.gov.br.
CapĂtulo 9: Perspectivas para el sistema de garantĂa de ingresos en Brasil
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Perspectivas de la polĂtica social en Brasil
3.2 El Programa Bolsa Familia
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24 Hasta entonces, predominaban para este pĂşblico polĂticas discontinuas y precarias de oferta de productos de primera necesidad, principalmente en lo relacionado con la distribuciĂłn de las â&#x20AC;&#x153;canastas bĂĄsicasâ&#x20AC;?.
Cuando se creĂł el programa, su lĂnea de pobreza extrema abarcaba a familias cuyo ingreso mensual per cĂĄpita era inferior a R$50.00, y la de pobreza incluĂa a aquĂŠllos con ingresos de R$50.01 a R$100.00. En 2006, el Ministerio de Desarrollo Social realizĂł la primera actualizaciĂłn de los valores de referencia del ingreso en el PBF. El ingreso mensual per cĂĄpita de hasta R$60.00 pasĂł a caracterizar a las familias extremadamente pobres y el ingreso mensual per cĂĄpita de R$60.01 hasta R$120.00 a las familias en situaciĂłn de pobreza. En abril de 2009, ocurriĂł la segunda actualizaciĂłn de los valores, fijando los niveles en R$70.00 y R$140.00. El criterio que definĂa la condiciĂłn de pobreza pasĂł de R$120.00 a R$137.00 y el de pobreza extrema de R$60.00 a R$69.00.
25
26 El beneficio bĂĄsico tenĂa el valor de R$50.00, cuando se creĂł el programa, y el beneficio variable era de R$15.00. La primera actualizaciĂłn de los valores de los beneficios del PBF ocurriĂł en agosto de 2007, con un rea juste de 18.25%. En 2008, un segundo rea juste elevĂł el beneficio en 8%. En 2009, ocurriĂł la tercera recomposiciĂłn, con la fijaciĂłn de los aquĂ descritos.
CapĂtulo 9: Perspectivas para el sistema de garantĂa de ingresos en Brasil
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''Cuadro 5 ' Diferentes beneficios del Programa Bolsa Familia, junio de 2010
Tipos de beneficios
Familias con ingreso mensual per cĂĄpita de hasta R$70
Familias con ingreso mensual per cĂĄpita entre R$70,01 y R$140 y con niĂąos y/o adolescentes de 0 a 17 aĂąos
Tope bĂĄsico
R$68,00
Beneficio variable â&#x20AC;&#x201C; niĂąos
R$22,00 por niĂąo (pago por hasta 3 niĂąos)
R$22,00 por niĂąo (pago por hasta 3 niĂąos)
Beneficio variable â&#x20AC;&#x201C; jĂłvenes
R$33,00 por joven de 16 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; 17 aĂąos (pago por hasta 2 jĂłvenes)
R$33,00 por joven de 16 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; 17 aĂąos (pago por hasta jĂłvenes)
Valor mĂĄximo del pago por familia
R$200,00
R$132,00
2
Perspectivas de la polĂtica social en Brasil
Fuente: Ministerio de Desarrollo Social y Combate al Hambre (MDS).
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Sobre los requisitos del PBF, vĂŠase a Chaibub, Jaccoud y El-Moor (2010).
28 Soares et al. (2009) destacan la relevancia del fenĂłmeno de la volatilidad de los ingresos de los mĂĄs pobres cuando se trata de evaluar el grado de focalizaciĂłn del PBF. SegĂşn estos autores, el anĂĄlisis de la focalizaciĂłn del programa con base en los ingresos declarados en la PNAD lleva a identificar un alto porcenta je de â&#x20AC;&#x153;no elegiblesâ&#x20AC;? entre los beneficiarios â&#x20AC;&#x201C;casi la mitad en 2006. Esto se debe al hecho de que los ingresos informados en la PNAD, referentes a un determinado mes del aĂąo, son incapaces de traducir con precisiĂłn la variabilidad y la incertidumbre en los ingresos de las familias mĂĄs pobres. O sea, muchos de los que son identificados
CapĂtulo 9: Perspectivas para el sistema de garantĂa de ingresos en Brasil
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Perspectivas de la polĂtica social en Brasil
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Capítulo 9: Perspectivas para el sistema de garantía de ingresos en Brasil
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Perspectivas de la política social en Brasil
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CapĂtulo 9: Perspectivas para el sistema de garantĂa de ingresos en Brasil
4. La protecciĂłn social entre los riesgos sociales y la pobreza
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Perspectivas de la polĂtica social en Brasil
4.1 El montaje de un sistema de garantĂa de ingresos: riesgos sociales y pobreza
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30 Estuvo en el centro de esas disputas la creaciĂłn del marco infraconstitucional necesario para la reglamentaciĂłn de muchos derechos constitucionales y, consecuentemente, su operatividad. Caso emblemĂĄtico del derecho a los ingresos asistenciales, el BPC fue reglamentado hasta 1993, siendo efectivamente pagado a partir de 1996.
CapĂtulo 9: Perspectivas para el sistema de garantĂa de ingresos en Brasil
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Perspectivas de la política social en Brasil
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4.2 La desigualdad social y la diversidad de la protección &O FM ´NCJUP EFM EFCBUF DPOUFNQPS´OFP MPT BO´MJTJT TPCSF FM UFNB EF 8-2' "#%20-2' 2-)#&8%2;' &2>' )-$-' 2-:"%' 8&2' +%)%2#(&(%2' (%' "%9-"$&"' 8-2' TJTUFNBT EF QSPUFDDJÄO TPDJBM IBO TJEP JOÝVJEPT QPS MBT USBOTGPSNBDJP +%2' %Z,%"#$%+.&(&2' %+' %8' $/+(-' (%8' ."&:&U-@' c&2' )">.#)&2' &' 8&' %8%))#*+' 31
Esta discusión está desarrollada en Jaccoud (2009).
32 Rosanvallon (1995), por ejemplo, considera que el crecimiento del desempleo y de la precarizaciĂłn de las formas de traba jo, instituyendo nuevas formas de pobreza, habrĂan llevado a la inadecuaciĂłn de los mĂŠtodos de gestiĂłn social tradicionalmente utilizados por los sistemas de protecciĂłn social. Nuevas situaciones sociales como la inseguridad laboral, la vulnerabilidad y la exclusiĂłn se habrĂan tornado en la protecciĂłn contra riesgos sociales objetos inadecuados de garantĂa de protecciĂłn. 33 Los estudios que sustentan esta perspectiva son abundantes; de ĂŠstos pueden mencionarse, ba jo perspectivas diferentes, a Holzmann y Jorgensen (2000) y a Giddens (1998). 34
Este debate lo recupera con mĂĄs detalles Jaccoud (2010).
35
VĂŠase a Castel (1998).
CapĂtulo 9: Perspectivas para el sistema de garantĂa de ingresos en Brasil
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Perspectivas de la política social en Brasil
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5.1 La protecciĂłn a los adultos mayores L-',&"%)%'_&:%"'+#+0/+&'(/(&'%+."%'8-2'&+&8#2.&2'(%'D/%'%8'$&W-"'&V&+)%' (%8'KJ!K FO FM ´NCJUP EF MB HBSBOUÂżB EF JOHSFTPT GVF MB QSPUFDDJĂ&#x201E;O PUPSHBEB &'8-2'&(/8.-2'$&W-"%2@'G'."&V12'(%8'J!T'W'8&'2%0/"#(&('2-)#&8'(%8'AX!K;'#+P )8/#(-'%8',8&+'(%',%+2#-+%2'"/"&8%2;'8&2'2#./&)#-+%2'(%',-:"%]&'%'#+(#0%+)#&' 9/%"-+'"%(/)#(&2'%+'%2.%'2%).-"'(%'8&',-:8&)#*+3'%+'455O;'2*8-'6@Qh'(%' 8-2'&(/8.-2'$&W-"%2':"&2#8%7-2'2%'%+)-+."&:&'%+'2#./&)#*+'(%'#+(#0%+)#&;' Z FO QPCSF[B FT EFDJS WJWÂżBO DPO VO JOHSFTP NFOTVBM QFS D´QJUB JO 9%"#-"'&'/+')/&".-'W'$%(#-'(%8'2&8&"#-'$>+#$-;'"%2,%).#V&$%+.%'H.&:8&'MI@' T-$-' $-2."&"-+' 8&2' 2#$/8&)#-+%2' _%)_&2' ,-"' J&.#2.&' "'+ *.K' H455MI;' (%' +-'2%"',-"'8-2'#+0"%2-2'0&"&+.#]&(-2',-"'8&2',"%2.&)#-+%2'&2#2.%+)#&8%2'W' (%'8&',"%V#2#*+'2-)#&8;'_&:">&'/+&'#+)#(%+)#&'2%V%"&'(%'8&',-:"%]&'2-:"%'8&' QPCMBDJĂ&#x201E;O EF BĂ&#x192;PT P N´T RVF BMDBO[BSÂżB B DBTJ EF ÂťTUB SR Analizando los datos de la poblaciĂłn mayor de mĂĄs de 65 aĂąos en situaciĂłn de pobreza, sĂłlo una evaluaciĂłn minuciosa de ese grupo permitirĂa concluir si se trata de una poblaciĂłn desamparada, cuya protecciĂłn social, si existente, no es capaz de protegerlos de la pobreza. De hecho, se puede tratar de adultos mayores que aun llenando los requisitos de edad e ingresos no tienen acceso al beneficio. Pero los datos tambiĂŠn pueden indicar la existencia de adultos mayores beneficiarios
36
CapĂtulo 9: Perspectivas para el sistema de garantĂa de ingresos en Brasil
5. Los desafĂos de la protecciĂłn social en la afirmaciĂłn del derecho a la garantĂa de ingresos
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''Tabla 9'' PoblaciĂłn brasileĂąa (65 aĂąos o mĂĄs) con ingreso familiar per cĂĄpita de cero a medio salario mĂnimo, segĂşn rango etario â&#x20AC;&#x201C; 2008 (%) Superior a 0 y menos de 1/4 SM
Entre 1/4 y 1/2
Rango etario
Sin ingresos
65 a 69
0.5
1.4
6.7
70 a 74
0.2
0.9
5.3
75 a 79
0.5
1.1
5.2
MĂĄs de 80
0.3
0.9
5.4
Total
0.4
1.1
5.8
SM
Fuente: IBGE/ PNAD (2008). ElaboraciĂłn: IPEA/ DISOC.
Perspectivas de la polĂtica social en Brasil
?%'_%)_-;'(%'&)/%"(-')-+'8&'!LG? VOB QBSUF TJHOJĂ&#x153;DBUJWB EF MPT BEVMUPT NBZPSFT EF N´T EF BĂ&#x192;PT UJFOF VO JOHSFTP GBNJMJBS QFS D´QJUB EF FOUSF VOP Z EPT TBMBSJPT NÂżOJNPT KYI;'$#%+."&2'D/%'4S@<h' -:.#%+%'#+0"%2-2'%+."%'$%(#-'W'/+'KY'H.&:8&'65I@'E2'(%)#";'(-2'.%")#-2'(%' MPT BEVMUPT NBZPSFT CSBTJMFĂ&#x192;PT WJWFO FO IPHBSFT DPO JOHSFTPT QFS D´QJUB (%'%+."%'$%(#-'W'(-2'KY@'E2.%'(&.-'"%V%8&'8&'#$,-".&+)#&'(%'8&',"-.%))#*+' "%&8#]&(&;',"#+)#,&8$%+.%',-"'%8'AX!K@
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que viven en familias bastante numerosas, lo que en la prĂĄctica vuelve el valor del beneficio insuficiente para cruzar la lĂnea de indigencia del BPC.
''Tabla 10'' PoblaciĂłn brasileĂąa (65 aĂąos o mĂĄs), por rango de ingreso familiar per cĂĄpita â&#x20AC;&#x201C; 2008 (%) Rango etario
0 a 1/2 SM
1/2 a 1 SM
1a2 SM
2a3 SM
3a5 SM
MĂĄs de 5 SM
Total
65 a 69
8.6
24.3
41.9
11.2
7.4
6.6
100
70 a 74
6.4
23.9
43.8
11.8
7.4
6.7
100
75 a 79
6.8
22.3
44.7
12.6
7.1
6.5
100
MĂĄs de 80
6.6
22.3
44.3
11.1
8.0
7.6
100
Total
7.3
23.4
43.4
11.6
7.5
6.8
100
c&2'%V#(%+)#&2'&+.%"#-"%2',%"$#.%+')-+)8/#"'D/%'J"&2#8'_&',"&)P'' .#)&(-'/+&',-8>.#)&'(%',"-.%))#*+'(%'&$,8#&')-:%"./"&'&'8-2'&(/8.-2'$&P ZPSFT SFTVMUBOUF EF QSPHSBNBT RVF PQFSBO CFOFĂ&#x153;DJPT DPOUSJCVUJWPT ,&")#&8$%+.%' )-+."#:/.#V-2' W' +-' )-+."#:/.#V-2@' K%0\+' 8-2' (&.-2' (%' 8&'' !LG? FO TĂ&#x201E;MP EF MPT BEVMUPT NBZPSFT EF BĂ&#x192;PT P N´T OP )-+.&:&' )-+' 2%0/"#(&(' 2-)#&8@' E+' -."&2' ,&8&:"&2;' OM@4h' (%' 8-2' &(/8.-2' NBZPSFT CSBTJMFĂ&#x192;PT SFDJCÂżB CFOFĂ&#x153;DJPT EF MB TFHVSJEBE TPDJBM ZB TFBO KV :#8&)#-+%2' -' J!T@'T-+2#(%"&+(-'D/%'%+'&D/%8'&7-'S@Qh'(%'8-2'&(/8.-2' $&W-"%2'&\+'%2.&:&'&).#V-'%+'%8'$%")&(-'(%'."&:&U-'W')-+."#:/>&'&'8&'2%P 0/"#(&(' 2-)#&8;' 8&' )-:%"./"&' (#"%).&' (%' %2.%' 2%0$%+.-' 88%0&:&' &' MSh@SN' "M UPNBS FO DVFOUB B MPT BEVMUPT NBZPSFT RVF OP FSBO CFOFĂ&#x153;DJBSJPT EJ "%).-2'(%'8&',"-.%))#*+'2-)#&8'-')-+."#:/W%+.%2'(%8'2#2.%$&'(%'2%0/"#(&(' TPDJBM QFSP RVF FSBO DĂ&#x201E;OZVHFT EF BEVMUPT NBZPSFT CFOFĂ&#x153;DJBSJPT P DPO ."#:/W%+.%2;'%8',-")%+.&U%'(%'8-2'D/%'(#29"/.&:&+'(%'8&',"-.%))#*+'2-)#&8' 88%0*'&'MN@R',-"')#%+.-@SO G',%2&"'(%'%2.-2'&V&+)%2;'8&',%"2,%).#V&'9/./"&'(%'8&',"-.%))#*+' 2-)#&8',&"&'8-2'&(/8.-2'$&W-"%2'W'(#2)&,&)#.&(-2'%+'%8',&>2'+-'D/%(&')8&"&;' BVORVF ZB IB TJEP FTCP[BEB &M DBNCJP EFNPHS´Ă&#x153;DP FO DVSTP RVF BQVOUB IBDJB VO S´QJEP FOWFKFDJNJFOUP QPCMBDJPOBM Z FM BHSBWBNJFOUP EF MB UBTB EF 37 La cobertura de los adultos mayores es aĂşn mayor si se considera que 4.5% de aquĂŠllos de 65 aĂąos o mĂĄs que no reciben ningĂşn tipo de jubilaciĂłn pĂşblica son cĂłnyuges de jubilados o de adultos mayores contribuyentes, debido a lo cual se benefician indirectamente de aquel sistema de garantĂa de ingresos. 38
IPEA (2010).
CapĂtulo 9: Perspectivas para el sistema de garantĂa de ingresos en Brasil
Fuente: IBGE/ PNAD (2008). ElaboraciĂłn: IPEA/ DISOC.
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Perspectivas de la polรญtica social en Brasil
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Vรฉase a Paiva (2009).
Cabe recordar que entre el grupo de personas no protegidas estĂĄn incluidos los adultos mayores que tienen acceso a otras fuentes de ingresos, por lo que para asegurar niveles mĂnimos de bienestar no dependen de la polĂtica de seguridad social. Para los otros, aĂşn estĂĄn por ser adoptadas medidas concretas. Sin embargo, aĂşn son necesarios estudios especĂficos para conocer el perfil de los adultos mayores que no cuentan con beneficios de la seguridad social.
42
CapĂtulo 9: Perspectivas para el sistema de garantĂa de ingresos en Brasil
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Perspectivas de la polĂtica social en Brasil
5.2 La protecciĂłn a la PEA y el desafĂo del gasto en previsiĂłn social
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-B WJBCJMJEBE EF GVFOUFT BEFDVBEBT EF Ă&#x153;OBODJBNJFOUP Z MB TVTUFOUBCJMJEBE (%8'2#2.%$&'(%'2%0/"#(&('2-)#&8'2-+'.%$&2')%+."&8%2;'+-'2*8-'%+'"%8&)#*+' )-+'8&',"-.%))#*+'&'8-2'&(/8.-2'$&W-"%2;'2#+-'.&$:#1+'&8'<5h'(%'8&' !EG' (%2,"-.%0#(&' )-+."&' "#%20-2' 2-)#&8%2' ,-"' 8&' #+.%""/,)#*+' .%$,-"&8' (%8' ."&:&U-@' c-2' 0&2.-2' %+' 8&' ,"%V#2#*+' 2-)#&8' :"&2#8%7&' _&+' 0%+%"&(-' ,"%-P )/,&)#*+'W'(%:&.%2'#+.%+2-2;'%2,%)#&8$%+.%'(%2,/12'(%'8&'&$,8#&)#*+'(%'8&' )-:%"./"&',"-$-V#(&',-"'8&'T`^OO@ K#'2%')-+2#(%"&'D/%'8&2'9/%+.%2'(%'#+0"%2-2'(%2.#+&(-2'&8',&0-' EF MPT OVFWPT CFOFĂ&#x153;DJPT DSFBEPT QPS MB $BSUB .BHOB OP GVFSPO DPNP %2.&:&' ,"%V#2.-;' #+.%0"&(&2' &8' ,"%2/,/%2.-' (%' 8&' 2%0/"#(&(' 2-)#&8;<S' %8' FRVJMJCSJP Ă&#x153;OBODJFSP EFM QSFTVQVFTUP EF QSFWJTJĂ&#x201E;O TPDJBM QBTĂ&#x201E; B EFQFO EFS EFTEF NFEJBEPT EF MPT BĂ&#x192;PT OPWFOUB EF MPT GPOEPT TJTUFN´UJDPT EFM =%2-"-'L&)#-+&8@'=-$&(-2'%+')-+U/+.-;'8-2'0&2.-2'(%8' AX!K'W'(%8' A!!K' "%,"%2%+.&"-+'%+'455O')%")&'(%'64h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Ă&#x153;M EFNPHS´Ă&#x153;DP EF MB QPCMBDJĂ&#x201E;O BTPDJBEPT B MB JOFYJTUFO DJB EF VOB SFHMB RVF EFĂ&#x153;OB MBT FEBEFT NÂżOJNBT QBSB MB KVCJMBDJĂ&#x201E;O La CF/88 previĂł que, para el financiamiento del sistema de salud y de seguridad social, asĂ como de los beneficios de seguridad social por ella creados â&#x20AC;&#x201C;previsiĂłn rural y beneficio asistencial para adultos mayores pobres y personas con discapacidadâ&#x20AC;&#x201C; se instituirĂa el presupuesto de la seguridad social, integrado por fuentes diversas, tales como las contribuciones a la seguridad social; la ContribuciĂłn para el Financiamiento de la Seguridad Social (COFINES); la ContribuciĂłn Social sobre las Ganancias Netas (CSLL); parte de los fondos recaudados para el Programa de IntegraciĂłn Social (PIS)/ Programa de FormaciĂłn del Patrimonio del Funcionario PĂşblico (PASEP), y la ContribuciĂłn Provisoria sobre Movimiento Financiero (CPMF) â&#x20AC;&#x201C;extinta en 2007â&#x20AC;&#x201C;. Sin embargo, este presupuesto jamĂĄs ganĂł institucionalidad y los beneficios de la seguridad social pasaron a ser financiados Ăşnicamente por las contribuciones de seguridad social y, cuando fuera necesario, complementados con recursos fiscales.
43
44
Véase Ribe, Robalino y Walker (2010).
Capítulo 9: Perspectivas para el sistema de garantía de ingresos en Brasil
"OUFT EF QBTBS B VO BO´MJTJT N´T EFUBMMBEP EF MPT EFTBG¿PT QBSB 8-0"&"' 8&' 2-2.%+#:#8#(&(' (%' 8-2' 0&2.-2' (%8' 2#2.%$&' (%' 2%0/"#(&(' 2-)#&8' OBDJPOBM DBCF TFÃBMBS RVF MPT QSPCMFNBT EF FTUBCJMJEBE ÜOBODJFSB Z &)./&"#&8'(%'8-2'(-2'"%0>$%+%2'(%',"%V#2#*+'2-)#&8'HAX!K'W' A!!KI'2%'_&+' .-$&(-'%+')-+U/+.-'(%'$&+%"&'"%)/""%+.%a'%2'(%)#";')-$-'/+-'2-8-'W'%8' $#2$-' (%2&9>-@' ?%2(%' %2.&' ,%"2,%).#V&;' .&8%2' ,"-:8%$&2' _&+' 2#(-' .&$P CJ»O PCKFUP EF QSPQVFTUBT TPMBNFOUF UFSBQ»VUJDBT &O FM ´NCJUP EF FTUF FTUVEJP TJO FNCBSHP TF QBSUF EFM FOUFOEJNJFOUP EF RVF MBT DVFTUJPOFT Ü +&+)#%"&'W'&)./&"#&8'(%')&(&'"10#$%+'(%',"%V#2#*+'2-)#&8'_&)%+'"%9%"%+)#&' B QSPCMFN´UJDBT EJTUJOUBT DBEB VOB EF MBT DVBMFT NFSFDF USBUBNJFOUPT FT QFD¿ÜDPT %FM NJTNP NPEP FM AX!K'W'%8'A!!K',"%2%+.&+'(#2.#+.-2'(%2&9>-2'&' 2%"'%+9"%+.&(-2;',&"&'%8':#%+'+-'2*8-'(%'2/'2/2.%+.&:#8#(&('&'8&"0-',8&]-;'2#+-' ,&"&'8&')-+2-8#(&)#*+'(%8',&,%8'"%(#2."#:/.#V-'(%'8&',"%V#2#*+'2-)#&8@ p&8%'8&',%+&'(%2.&)&"'/+'.%")%"',/+.-'D/%'_&'%2.&(-':&U-'9"%)/%+P .%')-+."-V%"2#&3'%+'D/1'$%(#(&')&:">&'&8'2#2.%$&'(%'2%0/"#(&('2-)#&8'/+' ,&,%8'"%(#2."#:/.#V-'i%+."%'8-2'(#9%"%+.%2'%2."&.-2'(%'#+0"%2-2i;'W'+-'2*8-' %+."%' 0%+%"&)#-+%2@' K%0\+' &80/+&2' ,%"2,%).#V&2' &+&8>.#)&2' W' +-"$&.#V&2;' MPT CFOFÜDJPT UFOES¿BO DPNP GVODJÄO QSJNPSEJBM SFQPOFS MPT JOHSFTPT (%8' ."&:&U-' (%' &D/%88-2' D/%' )-+."#:/W%"-+' ,"%V#&$%+.%' &8' 2#2.%$&;' )-+' $-+.-2'%D/#V&8%+.%2'&'8-2'"%)&/(&(-2'&'$-(-'(%'&,-".&)#*+@'K%0\+'%2.&' 8*0#)&;'2%">&'9&82-;',-"'%U%$,8-;')/&8D/#%"'V&8-"'D/%'+-')-""%2,-+(&'&'8&' 2/$&'(%'8&2')-.#]&)#-+%2'&,-".&(&2',-"'%8'&2%0/"&(-;'-'D/%;'#+V%"2&$%+.%;' 8&'2/,%"%@<<'A%2/8.&'D/%'12.%'%2',"%)#2&$%+.%'%8')&2-'(%8'A10#$%+'X%+%"&8' EF 1SFWJTJÄO 4PDJBM #SBTJMFÃP RVF HBSBOUJ[B QPS FKFNQMP VO CFOFÜDJP #0/&8'&'/+'2&8&"#-'$>+#$-'&'.-(-2'8-2'&2%0/"&(-2;'#+(%,%+(#%+.%$%+.%'(%8' $-+.-'(%'2/2'&,-".&)#-+%2;'(#V#(#(-'%+."%'%8'.#%$,-'%2,%"&(-'(%'(#29"/.%' (%'8&',"%2.&)#*+;'%D/#V&8%+.%'&'%2.%'V&8-"@ &O FM ´NCJUP EF FTUF BO´MJTJT TF DPOTJEFSB MB SFMFWBODJB EFM DB S´DUFS SFEJTUSJCVUJWP BTVNJEP QPS MB TFHVSJEBE TPDJBM CSBTJMFÃB FO SB[ÄO (%' 2/' ,&,%8;' %2.&:8%)#(-' )-+2.#./)#-+&8$%+.%;' (%' 0&"&+.#]&"' /+' #+0"%2-' 2/2.#./.#V-' (%8' 2&8&"#-' &' &D/%88-2' D/%;' ,-"' %(&(;' #+V&8#(%]' -' ,"-:8%$&2' (%'2&8/(;'V%+')-$,"-$%.#(&'2/',&".#)#,&)#*+'%+'%8'$%")&(-'(%'."&:&U-@' K%0\+' 8&' T-+2.#./)#*+' `%(%"&8;' %8' #+0"%2-' 2/2.#./.#V-' (%:%' 2%"' )&,&]' (%' iBUFOEFS MBT OFDFTJEBEFT WJUBMFT C´TJDBTu EF MPT CFOFÜDJBSJPT "M UFOFS FO )/%+.&'D/%;',-"'8&2'V#)#2#./(%2'(%8',"-,#-'$%")&(-'8&:-"&8;'0"&+',&".%'(%' 8-2'."&:&U&(-"%2'+-'_&'2#(-')&,&]'(%'0%+%"&"'"%2%"V&2'D/%'8%2'0&"&+.#)%+'/+' CFOFÜDJP DPO WBMPS BM NFOPT JHVBM B VO TBMBSJP N¿OJNP mFYQSFTJÄO QBDUB (&' ,-"' 8&' 2-)#%(&(' (%8' V&8-"' &(%)/&(-' &8' &.%+(#$#%+.-' (%' +%)%2#(&(%2' WJUBMFT C´TJDBTm QBSFDF SFMFWBOUF RVF MB TPDJFEBE QPS NFEJP EFM &TUBEP
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''Grรกfica 1 ' Evoluciรณn de la necesidad de financiamiento del INSS, 2003-2009 (R$ billones)
% de Ingresos recaudados
Perspectivas de la polรญtica social en Brasil
TF TPMJEBSJDF DPO FTUPT JOEJWJEVPT Z ร OBODJF QBSUF EF TVT CFOFร DJPT EF $-(-'D/%'12.-2'&8)&+)%+',-"'8-'$%+-2'%8'V&8-"'(%'/+'2&8&"#-'$>+#$-@'K#+' FNCBSHP TJ MPT NFDBOJTNPT EF ร OBODJBNJFOUP HFOFSBM FO QSP EFM AX!K' 2%'(%2.#+&+'&'0&"&+.#]&"'%8',&0-'(%'8&2',"%2.&)#-+%2'2%0\+'%8'V&8-"'(%'/+' 2&8&"#-'$>+#$-'i2-:"%'.-(-'(%'8-2'&2%0/"&(-2'%2,%)#&8%2i;'12.%'+-'%2'%8' )&2-' (%' 8-2' A!!K &M QFSร M SFEJTUSJCVUJWP EF FTUF SยปHJNFO TF DBSBDUFSJ[B ,-"'2/'9/%".%'"%0"%2#V#(&(;')-+'#$,8#)&)#-+%2'#$,-".&+.%2',&"&'%8'"%2/8.&P'' EP BHSFHBEP EFM TJTUFNB &TUF QVOUP TFSยด USBUBEP DPO EFUBMMF NยดT BEFMBOUF $PO SFTQFDUP B MB TPTUFOJCJMJEBE ร OBODJFSB EFM AX!K'i-'2%&;'&8' %D/#8#:"#-' ,"%2%+.%' %+."%' 2/2' #+0"%2-2' W' 0&2.-2i;' :/%+&' ,&".%' (%' 8-2' .%P $-"%2'%+')/&+.-'&'2/'9"&0#8#(&('2%':&2&+'%+'%8'"%)-+-)#$#%+.-'(%'D/%'%8' DPTUP EFM DPOKVOUP EF MPT CFOFร DJPT HBSBOUJ[BEPT FYDFEF B MPT JOHSFTPT %2."#).&$%+.%'(%"#V&(-2'(%'8&',"%V#2#*+'2-)#&8a'%2'(%)#";'8&2')-+."#:/)#-+%2' D/%'2-+'&,-".&(&2',-"'."&:&U&(-"%2'W',&."-+%2'2-:"%'2&8&"#-2'W'+*$#+&2@' &TUP HFOFSB MB NFODJPOBEB OFDFTJEBE EFM ร OBODJBNJFOUP FTUBUBM EF FTUF HBTUP RVF TF SFBMJ[B DPO SFDVSTPT EF PSJHFO ร TDBM K#+'%$:&"0-;',&"&')-$,"%+(%"'$%U-"'%2.%',"-)%2-')&:%'2%7&P MBS FO QSJNFS MVHBS RVF MB OFDFTJEBE EF ร OBODJBNJFOUP EFM AX!K'2%'_&' "%(/)#(-'%+'8-2'\8.#$-2'&7-2;'0"&)#&2'&8':/%+'(%2%$,%7-'(%8'$%")&(-'(%' ."&:&U-'9-"$&8;'D/%',%"$#.#*'%8'&/$%+.-'(%'8&'"%)&/(&)#*+'(%'&,-".&)#-+%2' (%'8&',"%V#2#*+'2-)#&8@'E2.-'#+(#)&'D/%'%8'$&+.%+#$#%+.-'-'%8'&/$%+.-'(%' 8&2'.&2&2'(%')"%)#$#%+.-'%)-+*$#)-;'D/%',%"$#.%+'%8')"%)#$#%+.-'(%'8-2'%$P QMFPT GPSNBMFT UJFOEF B NBOUFOFS P NFKPSBS FM ร VKP EF FGFDUJWP EFM AX!K@
Fuente: Flujo de efectivo del INSS, a justado por el sistema INFOMAR/ DATAPREV. Elaboraciรณn: SPS/MPS. Obs.: Actualizados por el ร ndice Nacional de Precios al Consumidor (INPC) de diciembre de 2009.
"EFN´T FT JNQPSUBOUF SFTBMUBS RVF FM QSJODJQBM DPNQPOFOUF EF MB OFDFTJEBE EF Ă&#x153;OBODJBNJFOUP EFM AX!K'_&'2#(-'8&',"%V#2#*+'2-)#&8'"/"&8;' EBEP FM DBS´DUFS TVCTJEJBEP EF TVT CFOFĂ&#x153;DJPT DVZB MFHJUJNJEBE FT BN ,8#&$%+.%'"%)-+-)#(&@<Q
''GrĂĄfica 2 '
Fuente: Flujo de efectivo del INSS, a justado por el sistema INFOMAR/ DATAPREV. ElaboraciĂłn: SPS/MPS. Obs.: Actualizados por el INPC de diciembre de 2009.
!-"' -."-' 8&(-;' 8-2' ,-")%+.&U%2' :&2.&+.%' :&U-2' "%D/%"#(-2' ,&"&' Ă&#x153;OBODJBS MPT CFOFĂ&#x153;DJPT VSCBOPT SFMBUJWPT B MB SFDBVEBDJĂ&#x201E;O FO MPT Ă&#x2030;MUJNPT &7-2;'#+(#)&+'D/%'2%'_&'"%(/)#(-'8&',-")#*+'2/:2#(#&(&'%+'%2.%'2%0$%+.-@
Como argumentĂł Schwarzer (2000), el subsidio del Estado a la seguridad social de los traba jadores rurales en rĂŠgimen de economĂa familiar es recurrente en diferentes contextos nacionales.
CapĂtulo 9: Perspectivas para el sistema de garantĂa de ingresos en Brasil
EvoluciĂłn de la recaudaciĂłn, gasto de beneficios y necesidad de financiamiento del RGPS rural, 2003-2009 (R$ billones)
45
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''Grรกfica 3 ' ' Evoluciรณn de la recaudaciรณn, gasto de beneficios y necesidad de financiamiento del RGPS urbano, 2003-2009 (R$ billones)
Perspectivas de la polรญtica social en Brasil
Fuente: Flujo de efectivo del INSS, a justado por el sistema INFOMAR/ DATAPREV. Elaboraciรณn: SPS/MPS. Obs.: Valores actualizados por el INPC de diciembre de 2009.
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"VORVF TFBO MPT CFOFร DJPT SVSBMFT MPT RVF NยดT QSFTJPOBO MB OF DFTJEBE EF ร OBODJBNJFOUP EF MB QSFWJTJร O TPDJBM FT GBDUJCMF FTQFSBS B $%(#&+-',8&]-'8&'"%(/))#*+'(%'%2.&',"%2#*+;'(&(&'8&')-+.#+/&')&>(&'(%'8&' -)/,&)#*+'(%'$&+-'(%'-:"&'%+'%8')&$,-'W'8&')-+2%)/%+.%'/":&+#]&)#*+'(%' 8-2',/%2.-2'(%'."&:&U-@'?%'%2.&'$&+%"&;'+-'2%">&'#+&(%)/&(-'%2.#$&"'D/%' &8'$&+.%+%"'8&'."&W%).-"#&')"%)#%+.%'(%'8-2'%$,8%-2'9-"$&8%2;'&/+D/%'8&2' UBTBT IBO TJEP NFOPSFT B MBT WFSJร DBEBT FO MPT ร MUJNPT Bร PT MB OFDFTJEBE EF ร OBODJBNJFOUP EFM TFHNFOUP VSCBOP TF NBOUFOESยด FTUBCMF TJ OP FT RVF EFDSFDF &O FM TFDUPS SVSBM B TV WF[ MBT QSFTJPOFT TF SFEVDJSยดO B NFEJ (&'D/%'(#2$#+/W&'8&'(%$&+(&'(%'U/:#8&)#-+%2'"/"&8%2;'W&'D/%;')-$-'2%'&"P 0/$%+.*;'8&',-:8&)#*+'."&:&U&(-"&'(%8')&$,-')-+.#+\&'(%)"%)#%+(-@'c&' FTUBCJMJEBE ร OBODJFSB EFM AX!K;',-"'8-'.&+.-;'+-',&"%)%'&9"-+.&"'/+'"#%2P'' 0-'%8%V&(-@ ?%')/&8D/#%"'9-"$&;'+-'2%'(%:%'#0+-"&"'/+')-+U/+.-'(%'$%(#(&2' D/%',/%(%+')-+."#:/#"'&'8&'"%(/))#*+'(%8'0&2.-'%+',"%V#2#*+'2-)#&8'W;',-"'
El debate sobre inconsistencias e incongruencias de las reglas de acceso a los beneficios es extenso, y existen interpretaciones variadas, distintas y a veces discrepantes acerca de ellas. Se pueden encontrar diferentes propuestas en Schwarzer (2009), Caetano (2008) y Fagnani et al. (2008).
46
CapĂtulo 9: Perspectivas para el sistema de garantĂa de ingresos en Brasil
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Perspectivas de la política social en Brasil
(*"
+&:8%'D/%;'9"%+.%'&'8&'%Z,%).&.#V&'(%'D/%'&/$%+.%'8&'%2,%"&+]&'(%'V#(&;'8-2'' ,%"#-(-2')-+."#:/.#V-2'2%'%Z.#%+(&+;'(%'$&+%"&'D/%'2%&+'$&W-"%2'D/%'%8' 8&,2-'(%'(#29"/.%'(%'8&2'U/:#8&)#-+%2@ c&')-$:#+&)#*+'(%8'&/$%+.-'(%'8&'8-+0%V#(&(')-+'8&'"%(/))#*+'(%' 8&'9/%"]&'(%'."&:&U-')-+."#:/W%+.%')#%".&$%+.%'#$,-+%'&'8-2'"%0>$%+%2'(%'"%P'' ,&".#)#*+'8&'-:8#0&)#*+'(%'"%V#2&"'8-2')"#.%"#-2'(%'&))%2-'&'8&2',"%2.&)#-+%2' (%'8&'U/:#8&)#*+'W',%+2#*+;'.&8%2')-$-'8&'%(&('$>+#$&',&"&'%+."&"'%+'#+&).#P V#(&(;'&2>')-$-',&"&'"%)#:#"',%+2#-+%2@ &TUP OP TJHOJÜDB RVF MB FEBE N¿OJNB TF EFCB FTUBCMFDFS EJSFDUB Z BVUPN´UJDBNFOUF B QBSUJS EF VOB FTQFSBO[B EF WJEB FTUJNBEB NBUF N´UJDBNFOUF ZB RVF TF USBUB WBMHB MB SFEVOEBODJB EF iFYQFDUBUJWBTu Z EF v%2.#$&)#-+%2w' D/%' ,/%(%+' W' (%:%+' 2%"' 8&' :&2%' (%8' (%:&.%' 2-:"%' 8&' %(&(' $>+#$&;'%+'%8'D/%'_&'(%',&".#)#,&"'.-(&'8&'2-)#%(&('&+.%2'(%'.-$&"')/&8D/#%"' (%)#2#*+'%+'%2.%'2%+.#(-@'c&'9*"$/8&'(%8'9&).-"',%+2#*+;'&(-,.&(&'%+'6MMM' QBSB EFÜOJS FM WBMPS EF MBT QSFTUBDJPOFT JOJDJBMFT EF MB KVCJMBDJÄO QBSUF EF BM 0/+&2',"-:&:#8#(&(%2'D/%'+-'+%)%2&"#&$%+.%'2%'&,8#)&+'&8'/+#V%"2-'(%'8-2' ."&:&U&(-"%2':"&2#8%7-2'%'#$,-+%+'"%(/))#-+%2'&'8&2',"%2.&)#-+%2'D/%'_&+' TJEP DBEB WF[ N´T FMFWBEBT &TUP IB DBVTBEP VO DSFDJFOUF EFTDPOUFOUP %+'8&'2-)#%(&('W;'%+'8-2'\8.#$-2'&7-2;'_&'(&(-',#%'&'8&',"-,/%2.&'(%'V&"#&2' #+#)#&.#V&2'(%'8%W'%+'%8'T-+0"%2-'L&)#-+&8'(%2.#+&(&2'&'%Z.#+0/#"'%8'9&).-"'(%' ,%+2#-+%2;'8-'D/%',/%(%'"%,"%2%+.&"'/+&'0"&+'#+%2.&:#8#(&(',&"&'8&'#+0%+#%P ">&'%)-+*$#)&'(%'8&',"%V#2#*+'2-)#&8@'K#+'%$:&"0-;'8&'%Z.#+)#*+'(%'12.%;'2#+'%8' FTUBCMFDJNJFOUP EF PUSB SFHMB RVF FTUBCMF[DB QBS´NFUSPT KVTUPT EF FEBE QBSB MB KVCJMBDJÄO DPOÜHVSBS¿B QBSB FM AX!K'/+'%2)%+&"#-'+%0&.#V-@ c-2' A!!K TF FOGSFOUBO DPO DVFTUJPOFT EF ÜOBODJBNJFOUP NVZ EJTUJOUBT -PT SFTVMUBEPT ÜOBODJFSPT EF FTUPT SFH¿NFOFT IBO QSFTFOUBEP E»ÜDJUT DPSSJFOUFT JNQPSUBOUFT RVF SFTVMUBO QSJODJQBMNFOUF EF QBTJWPT &)/$/8&(-2',-"'8&2'"%08&2'(%'&))%2-'&'8&2',"%2.&)#-+%2;'V#0%+.%2'_&2.&'8&' ,"-$/80&)#*+' (%' 8&2' %+$#%+(&2' )-+2.#./)#-+&8%2' 45^6MMO' W' <6^455S;' UBMFT DPNP JOFYJTUFODJB EF VO UPQF EF CFOFÜDJPT EF FEBE N¿OJNB QBSB U/:#8&)#-+%2' W' (%' 8&2' &,-".&)#-+%2' ,-"' ,&".%' (%' 8-2' &2%0/"&(-2@' K#+' %$P :&"0-;'&',&".#"'(%'%2.&2'"%9-"$&2')-+2.#./)#-+&8%2;'(%'8&'"%08&$%+.&)#*+' (%' 8-2' "%0>$%+%2' ,"-,#-2' i&' ."&V12' (%' 8&' c%W' +\$@' M@N6N^6MMOi' W' (%' 2/'&U/2.%;',-2#:#8#.&(-',-"'%8' !GAKE! TF IB WFSJÜDBEP VOB DMBSB UFOEFO DJB B MB SFEVDDJÄO EF FTUPT E»ÜDJUT -BT HS´ÜDBT Z Z MB UBCMB &' )-+.#+/&)#*+;' ,"%2%+.&+' 8&' %V-8/)#*+' (%' 8-2' #+0"%2-2' W' 0&2.-2' (%' 8-2' A!!K'%+'%8',%"#-(-'455QP455O@'k:2%"V%'D/%'8-2'(&.-2'(%'8-2'$/+#)#,#-2' DBQJUBMFT FTU´O TFHSFHBEPT EF BRV»MMPT EFM JOUFSJPS
''Gráfica 4 ' RPPS de la Unión, evolución del ingreso y del gasto, 2005-2008
Fuente: Informe Resumido de Ejecución Presupuestal 2001–2009 de la Secretaría del Tesoro Nacional (SNT). Elaboración: DISOC/IPEA. Obs.: Gastos en pensiones; gastos erogados en el periodo: subfunciones de seguridad social del régimen complementario y especial, de los funcionarios, como transferencias y otros encargos especiales. En la asignación del gasto militar, están incluidos los gastos en personal civil del Ministerio de Defensa. Ingresos realizados en el periodo.
''Gráfica 5 '
'
RPPS de los estados, evolución del ingreso y del gasto – 2005-2008
(en billones)
Fuente: Resultado pensionario de los RPPS, por Unidad de la Federación (UF)/AEPS InfoLogo. Elaboración:DISOC/ IPEA. Obs.: el gasto en seguridad social está compuesto por gasto en prestaciones y pensiones de los funcionarios civiles y de los militares. El resultado es igual a la diferencia entre los ingresos y los gastos en previsión social. Las contribuciones patronales y de la unidad gestora de los civiles se calcularon considerando el doble del valor de la contribución del funcionario activo.
Capítulo 9: Perspectivas para el sistema de garantía de ingresos en Brasil
(en billones)
(*'
''Grรกfica 6 '
'
RPPS municipios capitales, evoluciรณn del ingreso y del gasto
2005-2008 (en billones)
Fuente: Resultado pensionario de los RPPS, por UF/AEPS InfoLogo. Elaboraciรณn: DISOC/IPEA. Obs.: El gasto en seguridad social estรก compuesto por gasto en prestaciones y pensiones de los funcionarios civiles y de los militares. El resultado es igual a la diferencia entre los ingresos y los gastos en previsiรณn social. Las contribuciones patronales y de la unidad gestora de los civiles se calcularon considerando el doble del valor de la contribuciรณn del funcionario activo.
''Grรกfica 7 '
'
RPPS de los municipios del interior, evoluciรณn de ingreso y del gasto
Perspectivas de la polรญtica social en Brasil
2005-2008 (en billones)
(*(
Fuente: Resultado pensionario de los RPPS, por UF/AEPS InfoLogo. Elaboraciรณn: DISOC/IPEA. Obs.: El gasto en seguridad social estรก compuesto por gasto en prestaciones y pensiones de los funcionarios civiles y de los militares. El resultado es igual a la diferencia entre los ingresos y los gastos en previsiรณn social. Las contribuciones patronales y de la unidad gestora de los civiles se calcularon considerando el doble del valor de la contribuciรณn del funcionario activo.
''Tabla 11 ' ' VariaciĂłn de los ingresos y gastos de los RPPS, 2005-2008
Municipios (capital)
Fuente: Resultado pensionario de los RPPS, por UF/AEPS InfoLogo. ElaboraciĂłn: DISOC/ IPEA. Obs.: El gasto en seguridad social estĂĄ compuesto por gasto en prestaciones y pensiones de los funcionarios civiles y de los militares. El resultado es igual a la diferencia entre los ingresos y los gastos en previsiĂłn social. Las contribuciones patronales y de la unidad gestora de los civiles se calcularon considerando el doble del valor de la contribuciĂłn del funcionario activo.
T-$-'2%',/%(%'-:2%"V&";'8-2'#+0"%2-2'(%'8-2' A!!K'_&+')"%)#(-' N´T RVF MPT HBTUPT FO UPEPT MPT ´NCJUPT BENJOJTUSBUJWPT MP RVF QFSNJUF QSPZFDUBS VO FTDFOBSJP N´T QSPQJDJP QBSB FM FRVJMJCSJP Ă&#x153;OBODJFSP EF MPT TJTUFNBT B NFEJBOP QMB[P -PT TVQFS´WJUT SFHJTUSBEPT FO MPT SFHÂżNF +%2' (%' 8-2' $/+#)#,#-2' (%8' #+.%"#-"' 2%' (%:%+;' %+' 0"&+' $%(#(&;' &' 8&' )-".&' _#2.-"#&' (%' 2/' -,%"&)#*+@' E+' $/)_-2' (%' %2.-2' $/+#)#,#-2;' _&2.&' %8' &(P V%+#$#%+.-' (%8' A10#$%+' [/">(#)-' +#)-;' &' ,"#+)#,#-2' (%' 8&' (1)&(&' (%' 8-2' +-V%+.&;' 8-2' 9/+)#-+&"#-2' %"&+' )-+."&.&(-2' )-+9-"$%' &' 8&2' +-"$&2'' (%'8&'T-+2-8#(&)#*+'(%'8&2'c%W%2'(%8'="&:&U-;'(%'$-(-'D/%'2/')-.#]&)#*+'&' 8&',"%V#2#*+'2-)#&8'2%'&,-".&:&'&'8&'#+2.#./)#*+'9%(%"&8'i,"#$%"-'&8'C+2.#./.-' L&)#-+&8'(%'!"%V#2#*+'K-)#&8'W'8/%0-'&8'C+2.#./.-'L&)#-+&8'(%'K%0/"#(&(' K-)#&8' HCL!KIi@' E+' -."-2' $/+#)#,#-2;' &/+D/%' %Z#2.#%"&+' 9/+)#-+&"#-2' ,\:8#)-2;'8&',"-.%))#*+'2-)#&8'(%'12.-2'.&$:#1+'2%'-"0&+#]&:&'&'."&V12'(%8' "10#$%+'0%+%"&8@'E2.&2'%+.#(&(%2'2*8-'&($#+#2."&"-+'(#"%).&$%+.%'8&2' &,-".&)#-+%2' (%' 2/2' 9/+)#-+&"#-2' (%2,/12' (%' 8&2' "%9-"$&2' (%' 6MMO'' W'455S'iET'+\$@'45^6MMO'W'<6^455Si@'c-2'$/+#)#,#-2'(%'8&')&,#.&8'W' (%'8-2'%2.&(-2',"%2%+.&+'$&W-"%2',&2#V-2'(%'8&',"%V#2#*+'2-)#&8;'8-'D/%' "%98%U&'2/'&+.#0t%(&(;'&2>')-$-'8&'0%+%"-2#(&('(%'8&2'"%08&2'(%'&))%2-' W' 9#+&+)#&$#%+.-' (%' 8&2' ,"%2.&)#-+%2' D/%' &+.%)%(#%"-+' &' 8&2' "%9-"P'' $&2'$%+)#-+&(&2@' 'JOBMNFOUF FM EFTFRVJMJCSJP Ă&#x153;OBODJFSP EF MB QSFWJTJĂ&#x201E;O TPDJBM (%'8-2'9/+)#-+&"#-2'(%'8&'g+#*+'2%'(&'+-'2*8-',-"'%2.&2'"&]-+%2;'2#+-',-"' %8' _%)_-' W&' $%+)#-+&(-' (%' D/%' %2.%' 2#2.%$&' &:&")&' (#V%"2-2' 2%0$%+P .-2'(%'2%"V#(-"%2'i(%'8-2',-(%"%2'EU%)/.#V-;'c%0#28&.#V-'W'[/(#)#&8'W'(%8'
CapĂtulo 9: Perspectivas para el sistema de garantĂa de ingresos en Brasil
Municipios (interior)
(*)
Y#+#2.%"#-'!\:8#)-'(%'8&'g+#*+i;'2/U%.-2'&',-8>.#)&2'2&8&"#&8%2'&/.*+-$&2' &+.%'&8'!-(%"'EU%)/.#V-@'T&:%'"%)-"(&"'D/%'8&',-8>.#)&'2&8&"#&8')-+2#2.%'%+' %2.&:8%)%"'V&"#&:8%2')8&V%',&"&'%8')-+."-8'(%8'0&2.-'%+',"%V#2#*+'2-)#&8;'W&' D/%'8&2',"%2.&)#-+%2'(%'U/:#8&)#*+'W',%+2#*+'(%'8-2'9/+)#-+&"#-2'0/&"(&+' JTPOPNÂżB DPO MPT TBMBSJPT EF MPT BTFHVSBEPT BDUJWPT "EFN´T TF USBUB EF TFHNFOUPT BTPDJBEPT B QSPGFTJPOFT EF BMUB DBMJĂ&#x153;DBDJĂ&#x201E;O Z SFNVOFSBDJĂ&#x201E;O $PNP TF QVFEF DPOTUBUBS FO MB UBCMB FT FM QBHP EF MPT CFOFĂ&#x153;DJPT EF %2.-2'2%0$%+.-2'8-'D/%'#$,-+%'$&W-"'"%0"%2#V#(&('&8'2#2.%$&@
''Tabla 12 '
'
PrevisiĂłn social de los funcionarios de la UniĂłn, nĂşmero de beneficios pagados, gasto anual y valor del beneficio promedio mensual por segmento de funcionarios â&#x20AC;&#x201C; 2008 NĂşm. total de
Perspectivas de la polĂtica social en Brasil
Servidores civiles
(**
Fuente: BoletĂn EstadĂstico del Personal (2008)/Ministerio de PlaneaciĂłn, Presupuesto y GestiĂłn (MPOG). ElaboraciĂłn: DISOC/ IPEA.
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g+#*+;'(%,%+(%'(%'8&'&,"-:&)#*+'(%'/+&'8%W;')/W-',"-W%).-'i!c'+\$@' m BĂ&#x2030;O TF FTU´ EFCBUJFOEP FO FM $POHSFTP /BDJPOBM
K#' 8&' 2/2.%+.&:#8#(&(' (%' 8-2' 2#2.%$&2' (%' ,%+2#-+%2' W' 2/2' #$,&).-2' (#2P ."#:/.#V-2' )-+2.#./W%+' (%2&9>-2' "%8%V&+.%2' ,&"&' %8' 2#2.%$&' :"&2#8%7-' (%' ,"-.%))#*+'2-)#&8;'8&'&$,8#&)#*+'(%'2/')-:%"./"&'.&8'V%]'2%&'8&',"#+)#,&8'$%P .&'&',%"2%0/#"'%+'8-2',"*Z#$-2'&7-2;'.%+#%+(-'%+')/%+.&'8&'&(_%2#*+'(%8',&>2' &'8&'G0%+(&'r%$#291"#)&'(%8'="&:&U-'?%)%+.%'%+'8&2'G$1"#)&2;',"-,/%2.&' ,-"' 8&' k"0&+#]&)#*+' C+.%"+&)#-+&8' (%8' ="&:&U-' %+' 455R@<N' K#+' %$:&"0-;' 12.&' +-' %2' /+&' .&"%&' ."#V#&8;' (&(&' 8&' (#V%"2#(&(' (%' )-+(#)#-+%2' i8&:-"&P MFT Z TPDJBMFTm B MBT RVF FTU´O TPNFUJEPT MPT USBCBKBEPSFT EFTQSPUFHJEPT T&"&).%"#]&(-2'(%'$&+%"&'0%+%"&8')-$-'#+9-"$&8%2;'%2.-2'."&:&U&(-"%2'2%' %+)/%+."&+;'%+'%2."#).-'2%+.#(-;'%+'2#./&)#-+%2'$/W'(#V%"2&2@ ?%'_%)_-;'(%'&)/%"(-')-+'8&'!LG?'455O;'_&:>&'%+'%8',&>2')%")&'(%' S6@R'$#88-+%2'(%',%"2-+&2'D/%'2%'(%)8&"&:&+'."&:&U&(-"%2'#+(%,%+(#%+.%2;' %$,8%&(-2'#+9-"$&8%2'W'%$,8%&(-2'(-$12.#)-2'#+9-"$&8%2;'(%'8-2')/&8%2' &,%+&2' 6Rh' &,-".&:&' &' 8&' ,"%V#2#*+' 2-)#&8' %+' &D/%8' &7-;' ,-"' #+#)#&.#V&' ,"-,#&@<O' E+."%' 8-2' ."&:&U&(-"%2' &/.*+-$-2' H-' #+(%,%+(#%+.%2I;' 8&' .&2&' (%' &,-".&)#*+' 9/%' (%' 6Nh;' 8&' (%' 8-2' #+9-"$&8%2' 88%0*' &' 6Oh' W' 8&' (%' 8-2' USBCBKBEPSFT EPNÂťTUJDPT JOGPSNBMFT BQFOBT BMDBO[Ă&#x201E; QPDP N´T EF DP $-'8-'$/%2."&'8&'.&:8&'6S@
La Agenda HemisfĂŠrica del Traba jo Decente propone que, en un plazo de diez aĂąos (2006-2015), la cobertura de la protecciĂłn social sea aumentada en 20%. Esta meta se puede entender de acuerdo con los siguientes escenarios: 1) aumento de 20% en el nĂşmero de traba jadores socialmente protegidos; 2) incremento de 20% en la tasa de protecciĂłn social de los traba jadores, y 3) aumento de 20% en la tasa de protecciĂłn social de los traba jadores. En el caso brasileĂąo, el escenario 1 implicarĂa extender la cobertura a 68% de la poblaciĂłn ocupada (PO); para el escenario 2, la cobertura deberĂa alcanzar a 77% de la PO, y para el escenario 3, a 84% de la PO. CĂĄlculos de los SPS/MPS (Donadon y Montenegro, 2009). 47
48 Como ya se mencionĂł, el RGPS admite la categorĂa de contribuyente individual, a travĂŠs de la cual el traba jador puede garantizar su protecciĂłn de seguridad social, aun sin la contraparte del empleador.
CapĂtulo 9: Perspectivas para el sistema de garantĂa de ingresos en Brasil
5.3 ProtecciĂłn a la PEA informal y mercado de trabajo
(*#
''Tabla 13 '
'
DistribuciĂłn de los trabajadores informales (1) segĂşn ocupaciĂłn, ingresos del trabajo principal y contribuciĂłn a la seguridad social â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Brasil, 2008 Empleado informal Contribuyentes de la PS % DomĂŠstico informal Contribuyentes de la PS % Traba jador independiente Contribuyentes de la PS %
Total
< 1 SM
12,834,179
4,368,090
18.29
1 SM
1 a 2 SM
2 SM o +
1,935,523
4,140,908
2,389,658
5.55
25.09
18.24
36.15
4,255,762
2,846,336
576,215
710,336
122,875
5.12
2.68
7.02
10.87
19.41
14,515,153
5,143,655
675,700
3,813,256
4,882,542
17.43
4.76
13.62
14.95
33.24
Perspectivas de la polĂtica social en Brasil
Fuente: IBGE/PNAD. Elaboraçión: IPEA/DICOS/NISOC (Núcleo de Gestión de Informaciones Sociales). Notas: 1 Considerada la población urbana con 15 aùos o mås.
(*$
&M BO´MJTJT EF MPT EBUPT TPCSF MPT JOHSFTPT EF FTUPT USBCBKBEPSFT TVHJFSF RVF EF NBOFSB HFOFSBM MB CBKB BĂ&#x153;MJBDJĂ&#x201E;O B MB QSFWJTJĂ&#x201E;O TPDJBM FTU´ "%8&)#-+&(&')-+'2/2':&U-2'#+0"%2-2@'T&:%'(%2.&)&"'D/%'<5h'(%'%88-2'"%)#:>&' $%+-2'(%'/+'2&8&"#-'$>+#$-;'"&+0-'(%'#+0"%2-'$/W':&U-',&"&'8&'&,-".&P )#*+'&'8&',"%V#2#*+'2-)#&8'%+'.-(&2'8&2')&.%0-">&2@ E2.-2' +\$%"-2' $/%2."&+' .&$:#1+' /+&' #$,-".&+.%' V&"#&)#*+' %+."%'8&2')&.%0-">&2'(%'."&:&U&(-"%2'(%+-$#+&(-2'v#+9-"$&8%2w;'%+')/&+P .-'&'2/'(#2."#:/)#*+',-"'"&+0-2'(%'#+0"%2-2@'c-2'."&:&U&(-"%2'(-$12.#)-2' #+9-"$&8%2'%"&+'8-2'D/%'"%)#:>&+'8&',%-"'"%$/+%"&)#*+3'O5h'2%'#+)8/>&'%+' %8'"&+0-'(%'_&2.&'/+'KY;'W'2*8-'4@Oh'(%)8&"*'#+0"%2-2'#0/&8%2'-'2/,%"#-"%2' &' (-2' 2&8&"#-2' $>+#$-2@' E+' )/&+.-' &' 8-2' %$,8%&(-2' #+9-"$&8%2;' <Mh' 2%' %+)-+."&:&'%+'%8'"&+0-'(%'#+0"%2-2'(%'_&2.&'/+' KY;'W'6O@Rh'%2.&:&+'%+' %8'"&+0-'#0/&8'-'2/,%"#-"'&'(-2'2&8&"#-2@'c-2'."&:&U&(-"%2'#+(%,%+(#%+.%2;' &/+D/%'+/$%"-2-2'%+'8&')&.%0-"#&'(%'_&2.&'/+'KY UFOÂżBO B N´T EF EF TVT NJFNCSPT FO FM TFDUPS EF JOHSFTPT EF EPT P N´T TBMBSJPT NÂż +#$-2;'8-'D/%'%V#(%+)#&'$&W-"'_%.%"-0%+%#(&('(%'#+0"%2-2'%+'%2.%'0"/,-;' %+'"%8&)#*+')-+'-."-2@ G/+D/%' %+."%' 8-2' #+9-"$&8%2;' (%' $-(-' 0%+%"&8;' %8' +\$%"-' (%' )-+."#:/W%+.%2'&'8&',"%V#2#*+'2-)#&8'&/$%+.&'(%'&)/%"(-')-+'%8'#+)"%$%+.-'
''Tabla 14 '
'
DistribuciĂłn de los traba jadores informales (1) segĂşn edad y contribuciĂłn a la seguridad social â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Brasil, 2008 15-20
21-29
30-39
40-44
45-59
50-54
55-59
60-64
65-69
70 o +
Total
Otro empleado informal
9.49
15.22
23.12
24.35
27.85
28.15
27.37
21.37
11.35
12.89
18.29
Traba jador domĂŠstico informal
0.75
1.81
3.66
5.93
6.62
9.92
13.67
10.78
10.03
2.79
5.12
Independiente
2.69
11.07
15.75
19.41
22.38
25.22
23.18
18.3
11.36
6.62
17.43
Total
7.56
12.36
16.65
18.62
21.47
23.63
23.02
18.17
11.24
7.40
16.12
Fuente: IBGE/PNAD 2008. ElaboraciĂłn: IPEA/DICOS/NISOC. Notas: (1) Considerada la poblaciĂłn urbana con 15 aĂąos o mĂĄs.
49
VĂŠase a Schwarzer (2009).
CapĂtulo 9: Perspectivas para el sistema de garantĂa de ingresos en Brasil
(%' 8-2' #+0"%2-2;' 2%' -:2%"V&' )#%".&' (#9%"%+)#&' %+' %8' $-(%8-' )-+."#:/.#V-' %+."%'8&2'."%2')&.%0-">&2')-+2#(%"&(&2;'&/+')/&+(-'2%'8%2'2/U%.&'&'#+0"%2-2' 2#$#8&"%2@'Y#%+."&2'D/%'4Qh'(%'8-2'%$,8%&(-2'#+9-"$&8%2')-+'/+'2&8&"#-' $>+#$-'&,-".*'&'8&',"%V#2#*+'2-)#&8'%+'%8'&7-'(%'455O;'2*8-'6Sh'(%'8-2' #+(%,%+(#%+.%2' W' Nh' (%' 8-2' (-$12.#)-2' #+9-"$&8%2' 8-' _#)#%"-+;' %+' %8' $#2$-' "&+0-@' EZ)%,./&+(-' &' 8-2' #+9-"$&8%2;' 8&2' )&.%0-">&2' &+&8#]&(&2' TF WPMWJFSPO N´T DPOUSJCVUJWBT B NFEJEB RVF BMDBO[BCBO JOHSFTPT JHVB 8%2'-'$&W-"%2'&'(-2'2&8&"#-2'$>+#$-2@'E2.-2'(&.-2'$/%2."&+'.&$:#1+'D/%' MB DBQBDJEBE DPOUSJCVUJWB EF MPT USBCBKBEPSFT JOGPSNBMFT TF WVFMWF N´T %9%).#V&'&',&".#"'(%'%2.%'+#V%8'(%'#+0"%2-2'W'+-'&',&".#"'(%'/+'KY;')-$-'8-' )-+2#(%"&'%8'Y#+#2.%"#-'(%'!"%V#2#*+'K-)#&8'HY!KI@<M !-"'-."-'8&(-;'%+."%'8-2'."&:&U&(-"%2'#+(%,%+(#%+.%2'D/%',-2%>&+' #+0"%2-2'2/,%"#-"%2'&'(-2' KY;'4Qh'i)%")&'(%'6@6'$#88-+%2'(%'."&:&U&(-P SFTm EFDMBSĂ&#x201E; QPTFFS FEVDBDJĂ&#x201E;O EF OJWFM TVQFSJPS BEFN´T EF VO JOHSFTP ,"-$%(#-'$%+2/&8'(%')%")&'(%'Au4'Q55@55;'2%0\+'8&'!LG?'455O@'?%'%2.%' 0"/,-'i(-.&(-'(%'#+(#2)/.#:8%')&,&)#(&(')-+."#:/.#V&i;'2*8-'<4h'%2.&:&' BĂ&#x153;MJBEP B MB QSFWJTJĂ&#x201E;O TPDJBM QĂ&#x2030;CMJDB FO 1PS MP UBOUP B EJGFSFODJB EF -."&2')&.%0-">&2'%+'8&2')/&8%2'8-2':&U-2'#+0"%2-2',&"%)%+'2%"'%8',"#+)#,&8' PCTU´DVMP QBSB MB BĂ&#x153;MJBDJĂ&#x201E;O B MB QSFWJTJĂ&#x201E;O TPDJBM FO FTUF HSVQP IVCP VOB #$,-".&+.%'%V&2#*+')-+."#:/.#V&'+-'&2-)#&(&'&8'#+0"%2-@ c&' &,-".&)#*+' (%' 8-2' %$,8%&(-2' #+9-"$&8%2' .&$:#1+' &/$%+.&' )-+'8&'%(&(;')-$-'2%')-+2.&.&'%+'8&'.&:8&'6<@
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Perspectivas de la política social en Brasil
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''Tabla 15 '
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DistribuciĂłn porcentual de viviendas con niĂąos, dirigidas por traba jadores informales, no filiados a la seguridad social, por rango de Ingreso Familiar Per CĂĄpita (RDPC). (%)
Hasta!" de SM Otro empleado informal Traba jador domĂŠstico informal Independiente
Fuente: PNAD 2008/IBGE. ElaboraciĂłn: DISOC/ IPEA.
4F DPOĂ&#x153;SNB QPS UBOUP RVF MPT USBCBKBEPSFT BOBMJ[BEPT Z TVT 9&$#8#&2' 2%' %+)/%+."&+' %+' )-+(#)#*+' (%' 0"&+' V/8+%"&:#8#(&(;' &' ,%2&"' (%'
CapĂtulo 9: Perspectivas para el sistema de garantĂa de ingresos en Brasil
FTU´O BDUJWPT GSFOUF B MPT SJFTHPT UFNQPSBMFT mFOGFSNFEBEFT BDDJEFOUF $&.%"+#(&('W'%+)&")%8&$#%+.-ia'%2.&'(%2,"-.%))#*+'%2'9/%+.%'(%'/+&'V/8P +%"&:#8#(&('"%&8',&"&'%2.-2'#+(#V#(/-2'W'2/2'9&$#8#&2@ &T JNQPSUBOUF SFTBMUBS RVF BEFN´T EF MB EFTQSPUFDDJĂ&#x201E;O GSFOUF B 8-2'"#%20-2'2-)#&8%2')-+2#(%"&(-2'i(%2%$,8%-'-',1"(#(&'(%'8&')&,&)#(&(' 8&:-"&8',-"'%+9%"$%(&(;'$&.%"+#(&('/'-."-2i;'8-2'."&:&U&(-"%2'%+'2#./&)#*+' (%'(%2,"-.%))#*+'2-)#&8'2-+'V/8+%"&:8%2',"#+)#,&8$%+.%',-"'8&2':&U&2'"%P NVOFSBDJPOFT B MBT RVF FTU´O TVKFUBT TVT PDVQBDJPOFT FO FM NFSDBEP EF ."&:&U-;'8-'D/%'V/%8V%'&'8&',-:"%]&'W'8&'#+(#0%+)#&'/+&'"%&8#(&(',&"&'$/)_-2' (%'%88-2@'E+'%2-2')&2-2;'&80\+'_%)_-'D/%')-$,"-$%.&'8&')&,&)#(&('8&:-"&8' &0"&V&'%8')/&("-'(%',-:"%]&'%'#+(#0%+)#&'W&'#+2.&8&(-@'K%'(%:%'.&$:#1+' )-+2#(%"&"'D/%'8&',"%2%+)#&'(%'+#7-2'%+'8-2'_-0&"%2'%2'/+&'&0"&V&+.%',&"&' 8&'%Z,-2#)#*+'&'8&',-:"%]&'(%'8&2'9&$#8#&2'%+)&:%]&(&2',-"'."&:&U&(-"%2'%+' 2#./&)#-+%2',"%)&"#&2'iW&'2%&+'#+(%,%+(#%+.%2;'#+9-"$&8%2'-'(-$12.#)-2'#+P GPSNBMFTm OP BĂ&#x153;MJBEPT B MB QSFWJTJĂ&#x201E;O TPDJBM &TUP TF PCTFSWB FO MB UBCMB E+'12.&;'2%'%V#(%+)#&'D/%'SOh'(%'8-2'_-0&"%2')-+'+#7-2;'%+)&:%]&(-2',-"' ."&:&U&(-"%2'#+9-"$&8%2'+-')-+."#:/W%+.%2'(%'8&',"%V#2#*+'2-)#&8;'.%+>&'%+' JOHSFTPT QFS D´QJUB EF IBTUB NFEJP TBMBSJP NÂżOJNP
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Perspectivas de la política social en Brasil
2/',&".#)#,&)#*+'&).#V&'%+'%8'$%")&(-'8&:-"&8@'E2',-2#:8%'&"0/$%+.&"'D/%' .&8' V/8+%"&:#8#(&(' %2.&">&' V#"./&8$%+.%' $#.#0&(&;' W&' D/%' 8&2' 9&$#8#&2' )-+' JOHSFTPT QFS D´QJUB EF IBTUB VO DVBSUP EF KY' %' #+.%0"&(&2' ,-"' +#7-2' 2%' DBMJÜDBS¿BO DPNP CFOFÜDJBSJBT EFM !J`;'%8')/&8'&8)&+]&'_-W'/+'+\$%"-'(%' _-0&"%2',"*Z#$-'&'8-2')-+.&:#8#]&(-2'&+.%"#-"$%+.%;')-$-'2%'V%'%+'8&'.&P CMB *HVBMNFOUF DBCF DPOUSBBSHVNFOUBS RVF FM CFOFÜDJP NFODJPOBEP BVORVF CJFOWFOJEP TF WVFMWF QPDP TJHOJÜDBUJWP GSFOUF B DPOEJDJPOFT N´T 0"&V%2'(%'V/8+%"&:#8#(&(')-$-'8&'(%',1"(#(&'.%$,-"&8'(%'8&')&,&)#(&('8&P :-"&8',-"',&".%'(%'%2.-2'."&:&U&(-"%2@ T-+'8&'#+.%+)#*+'(%'&$,8#&"'8&')-:%"./"&'(%8'2%0/"-'2-)#&8')-+."#P :/.#V-;'%8'0-:#%"+-':"&2#8%7-'_&'&(-,.&(-'$%(#(&2'D/%'-9"%)%+'#+)%+.#V-2' FDPOÄNJDPT B MB BÜMJBDJÄO B MB QSFWJTJÄO TPDJBM UBOUP QBSB QFRVFÃPT FN ,"%2&"#-2' )-$-' ,&"&' ."&:&U&(-"%2' &/.*+-$-2;' 9/+(&$%+.&8$%+.%;' &' ."&P W»T EF MB SFEVDDJÄO EF MPT DPTUPT ÜOBODJFSPT EF BÜMJBDJÄO 1PS MP UBOUP #+2.#./W*' ,"-0"&$&2' .&8%2' )-$-' vK#$,8%w' H-' K#$,8%' `%(%"&8;' c%W' +\$@' M@S6N^6MMRIa'%8'#+)%+.#V-'&'8&'&,-".&)#*+'(%'8-2'#+(%,%+(#%+.%2'Hc%W'+\$@' 65@RRR^455SIa'%8'vK\,%"'K#$,8%w'H-'K#$,8%'L&)#-+&8;'c%W'T-$,8%$%+.&P SJB OÉN FM 1SPHSBNB 4JNQMJÜDBEP EF *ODMVTJÄO B MB 1SFWJTJÄO 4PDJBM -FZ $PNQMFNFOUBSJB OÉN Z N´T SFDJFOUFNFOUF FM 1SP 0"&$&' (%8' Y#)"-' E$,"%+(%(-"' C+(#V#(/&8' HYECI' Hc%W' T-$,8%$%+.&"#&' +\$@'64O^455OI@'c-2'#+2."/$%+.-2'8%0&8%2'"%9%"%+.%2'&'%2.&2'$%(#(&2'W'2/2' -:U%.#V-2'2-+'(%.&88&(-2'&')-+.#+/&)#*+@'
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Ley núm. 9.317/1996 !"-$/80&(&' %+' )/$,8#$#%+.-' &' 8&' +-"$&' )-+2.#./)#-+&8' D/%' (%.%"$#P +&:&' %8' %2.>$/8-' &' 8&2' $#)"-' W' ,%D/%7&2' %$,"%2&2' %+' %8' ,&>2;' %2.&' 8%W' #+2.#./W*'%8'K#2.%$&'C+.%0"&(-'(%'!&0-'(%'C$,/%2.-2'W'T-+."#:/)#-+%2;' RVF TF IJ[P DPOPDJEP DPNP i4JNQMFu 4V PCKFUJWP FSB VOJÜDBS Z TJNQMJÜDBS 8&' "%)&/(&)#*+' (%' #$,/%2.-2' 9%(%"&8%2' (%' 8-2' $#)"-' W' ,%D/%7-2' %2.&P CMFDJNJFOUPT DPO FM ÜO EF WPMWFSMPT GPSNBMFT 1PS MP UBOUP EFUFSNJOÄ #$,/%2.-2'"%(/)#(-2'i&/+D/%',"-0"%2#V-2i',&"&'%2.-2'%2.&:8%)#$#%+.-2' Z RVF TPO BQMJDBEPT TPCSF TV GBDUVSBDJÄO CSVUB 'VF BT¿ VOJÜDBEP FM 1BHP (%8'C$,/%2.-'2-:"%'%8'C+0"%2-'(%'!%"2-+&'Y-"&8'HCA![Ia'%8'C$,/%2.-'2-:"%' !"-(/).-2'C+(/2."#&8#]&(-2'HC!CIa'8&'T-+."#:/)#*+'K-)#&8'2-:"%'%8'c/)"-' c>D/#(-a' 8&' T-+."#:/)#*+' &8' `#+&+)#&$#%+.-' (%' 8&' K%0/"#(&(' K-)#&8a' 8&2' )-+."#:/)#-+%2'&8'!"-0"&$&'(%'C+.%0"&)#*+'K-)#&8'W',&"&'%8'!"-0"&$&'(%' `-"$&)#*+'(%8'!&."#$-+#-'(%8'`/+)#-+&"#-'!\:8#)-'W'8&2'&,-".&)#-+%2'&' 8&',"%V#2#*+'2-)#&8'(%'8&2',%"2-+&2'$-"&8%2;'#+)#(%+.%2'2-:"%'8&2'+*$#+&2;'
.&8')-$-'9/%',"%V#2.-',-"'8&'c%W'T-$,8%$%+.&"#&'+\$@'O@46O^6MM6'W'8&' -FZ GFEFSBM OÉN "EFN´T MBT FNQSFTBT DBUBMPHBEBT DPNP $#)"-'-'(%',%D/%7&'%2)&8&'D/%(&"-+'%Z%+.&2'(%8',&0-'(%')-+."#:/)#-+%2' &8'2#2.%$&'@ FOUSF PUSPT CFOFÜDJPT
.PEJÜDÄ FM TJTUFNB EF SFDBVEBDJÄO EF DPOUSJCVZFOUFT JOEJWJEVBMFT BV .*+-$-2I;'D/%',"%2.&+'2%"V#)#-2'&'%$,"%2&2'2#+'/+'V>+)/8-'(%'%$,8%-@'K%P 0\+'%2.&'+-"$&;'%+'V%]'(%',&0&"'(#"%).&$%+.%'%8'."&:&U&(-"'2/'&,-".&)#*+;' MB DPNQBÿB SFUFOES´ EF TV SFNVOFSBDJÄO Z TFS´ SFTQPOTBCMF EFM QBHP (%'%2.&'&,-".&)#*+'&8' CLKK;'U/+.-')-+'2/')/-.&@'E2.&'$%(#(&'"%,"%2%+.*'/+' DSFDJNJFOUP EF FO MB BÜMJBDJÄO EF DPOUSJCVZFOUFT JOEJWJEVBMFT FOUSF 4554P455S;'W'(%'O4@Sh'%+."%'6MMOP455N@
Ley complementaria núm. 123/2006 E2.%'\+#)-'#+2."/$%+.-'2%'-"#%+.*'%+'(-2'(#"%))#-+%23 ' r &M 1MBO 4JNQMJÜDBEP EF *ODMVTJÄO B MB 1SFWJTJÄO 4PDJBM RVF CVTDB MB &$,8#&)#*+'(%'8&')-:%"./"&'&'8-2')#/(&(&+-2'(%':&U-2'#+0"%2-2@'p#0%+P .%' (%2(%' $&W-' (%' 455N;' %2.&' 8%W' )-$,8%$%+.&"#&' "%(/U-' 8&' .&2&' (%' &,-".&)#*+'(%'8-2'."&:&U&(-"%2'&/.*+-$-2'W'(%'8-2'&2%0/"&(-2'(%':&P U-2'#+0"%2-2'(%'45h'&'66h;'0&"&+.#]&+(-'.-(&2'8&2',"%2.&)#-+%2'(%8' AX!K;'%Z)%,.-'8&'U/:#8&)#*+',-"'.#%$,-'(%'&,-".&)#*+@ o'E8'!"-0"&$&'K#$,8%'L&)#-+&8;'-'K\,%"'K#$,8%;'D/%'V#+-'&'2/2.#./#"'&8' K#$,8%'`%(%"&8'Hc%W'+\$@'M@S6N^6MMRI'W'&0"%0*'&'8&'8#2.&'(%'#$,/%2P UPT GFEFSBMFT SFDBVEBEPT EF NBOFSB TJNQMJÜDBEB B MBT NJDSP Z QFRVF 7&2'%$,"%2&2'HCA![;'TKcc;'C!C;'Tk`CLK;'!CK^!GKE!'W'&,-".&)#-+%2'&'8&' ,"%V#2#*+'2-)#&8I'%8'C$,/%2.-'2-:"%'T#")/8&)#*+'(%'Y%")&+)>&2'W'!"%2P .&)#*+'(%'K%"V#)#-2'HCTYKI;'(%8'E2.&(-'W'%8'C$,/%2.-'K-:"%'K%"V#)#-2' HCKKI;'(%2.#+&(-'&'8-2'$/+#)#,#-2@' G\+'%+',"-)%2-'(%'#$,8%$%+.&)#*+;'2%'%+)/%+."&'8&'#+2.#./)#*+' EF MB ÜHVSB MFHBM EFM NJDSP FNQSFOEFEPS JOEJWJEVBM EFSJWBEB EF MB -FZ T-$,8%$%+.&"#&'+\$@'64O;'(%8'6M'(%'(#)#%$:"%'(%'455O@'Ä2.&',%"$#.%'8&' GPSNBMJ[BDJÄO EF MPT USBCBKBEPSFT JOEFQFOEJFOUFT EF MBT ´SFBT VSCBOBT DPO #+0"%2-2'(%'_&2.&'AuSR'$#8',-"'&7-'W'_&2.&'/+'%$,8%&(-;'#$,-+#1+(-8%'
Capítulo 9: Perspectivas para el sistema de garantía de ingresos en Brasil
Ley núm. 10.666/2003
(#'
Perspectivas de la polĂtica social en Brasil
(#(
&' %2.%' .#,-' (%' %$,"%2&2' .&$:#1+' /+' #$,/%2.-' \+#)-;' %+' 2/2.#./)#*+' (%8' CTYK;'(%8' CKK'W'(%'8&2'&,-".&)#-+%2'(%'8&'2%0/"#(&('2-)#&8'"%8&)#-+&P'' (&2')-+'%8'."&:&U&(-"@'c&'$%(#(&'.&$:#1+'%Z%+.&'&'8-2' YEC'(%'#$,/%2.-2'' W')-+."#:/)#-+%2'9%(%"&8%2'HCA![;' TKcc;' C!C;' Tk`CLK;' !CK^!GKE!I'W'(%'8&' &,-".&)#*+'&'8&',"%V#2#*+'2-)#&8'(%8'%$,8%&(-"@ G',%2&"'(%'%2.&2'$%(#(&2'iW'(%'8&'%2)&2%]'(%'%2./(#-2')-+)8/2#P WPT TPCSF TVT JNQBDUPTm FM DSFDJNJFOUP EFM OĂ&#x2030;NFSP EF BĂ&#x153;MJBEPT B MB ,"%V#2#*+' 2-)#&8' %+' 8-2' \8.#$-2' &7-2' _&' %2.&(-' 9/%".%$%+.%' &2-)#&(-' )-+' %8'&/$%+.-'(%' 8-2'%$,8%-2' 9-"$&8%2;'%8')/&8;',-"'2/',&".%;'2%'V#+P )/8&' )-+' %8' #+)"%$%+.-' (%8' !CJ@' ?%' _%)_-;' 8&' ."&W%).-"#&' "%)#%+.%' (%' BĂ&#x153;MJBDJĂ&#x201E;O QBSFDF JOEJDBS RVF FM GBDUPS EFUFSNJOBOUF EF TV BTDFOTP TJHVF TJFOEP FM FNQMFP GPSNBM $BCF SFĂ?FYJPOBS TJO FNCBSHP RVF FO VO 9/./"-',"*Z#$-'8&2'.&2&2'(%')"%)#$#%+.-'(%8' !CJ mQPS N´T PQUJNJTUB RVF TFBO MPT QSPOĂ&#x201E;TUJDPTm OP BMDBO[BS´O OJWFMFT TVĂ&#x153;DJFOUFT QBSB HBSBOUJ[BS MB 9-"$&8#]&)#*+'(%'.-(&2'8&2'"%8&)#-+%2'8&:-"&8%2'%+'%8',&>2@'E+'%2.%'2%+.#(-;' MB FYQBOTJĂ&#x201E;O EF MB DPCFSUVSB EF MB QSFWJTJĂ&#x201E;O TPDJBM QBTBS´ OFDFTBSJBNFOUF QPS MPHSBS VOB NBZPS FĂ&#x153;DBDJB EF MPT JODFOUJWPT EJSJHJEPT B MPT HSVQPT %Z)8/#(-2' (%' 8&' ,"-.%))#*+' )-+9%"#(&' ,-"' 8&' "%8&)#*+' &2&8&"#&(&' 9-"$&8@' %FCF SFDPSEBSTF RVF MB QBSUF N´T TJHOJĂ&#x153;DBUJWB EFM HBTUP FO QSFWJTJĂ&#x201E;O TPDJBM TF SFĂ&#x153;FSF B KVCJMBDJPOFT "M DPOTJEFSBS RVF MB QSPUFDDJĂ&#x201E;O DPOUSB FM SJFTHP EF MB WFKF[ JOEJHFOUF ZB GVF QS´DUJDBNFOUF VOJWFSTBMJ[BEB FO #SBTJM MB FYUFOTJĂ&#x201E;O EF MB DPCFSUVSB JNQMJDBS´ HBTUPT MJNJUBEPT B MPT EFN´T SJFT 0-2')-$-'%+9%"$%(&(;'$&.%"+#(&('%'#+V&8#(%]@'{'&/+'%+'%2.%'2%+.#(-;'%2' +%)%2&"#-'%V&8/&"'$%U-"'%+'D/1'$%(#(&'8&',-8>.#)&'(%'&2#2.%+)#&'2-)#&8'W&' &.#%+(%',&".%'(%'%2.&2'(%$&+(&2'(%',"-.%))#*+@Q5 &GFDUJWBNFOUF FT FO FM ´NCJUP EF MB TFHVSJEBE TPDJBM EPOEF FM QBÂżT BGSPOUB FM EFTBGÂżP EF VOJWFSTBMJ[BS MB QSPUFDDJĂ&#x201E;O TPDJBM FM DVBM TFS´ %+9"%+.&(-',-"'%8'2%0$%+.-')-+."#:/.#V-'W',-"'%8',#8&"'+-')-+."#:/.#V-'(%8' 2#2.%$&':"&2#8%7-'(%'0&"&+.>&'(%'#+0"%2-2@'G'2/'V%];'.&8'."&.&$#%+.-'#$,8#P 50 De hecho, en varios municipios los llamados beneficios eventuales de la asistencia social ofrecen beneficio a la maternidad, mientras el BPC dirigido a los discapacitados parece atender parte de la demanda del riesgo de invalidez no cubierto por la seguridad social. El programa Auxilio por Natalidad constituye una modalidad de los beneficios eventuales previstos en la LOAS. SegĂşn este proyecto, tienen derecho a ese auxilio las familias cuyo ingreso mensual per cĂĄpita sea inferior a un cuarto del salario mĂnimo. Se constituye como una prestaciĂłn temporal no contributiva de la asistencia social, para reducir la vulnerabilidad provocada por el nacimiento de nuevos miembros en familias pobres. Como se trata de un beneficio ba jo responsabilidad de las esferas subnacionales, no posee un valor fijo determinado. Su valor y su concesiĂłn son reglamentados por los consejos de asistencia social de los estados, el Distrito Federal y los municipios, debiendo, sin embargo, observar algunas disposiciones de carĂĄcter nacional â&#x20AC;&#x201C;LOAS, ResoluciĂłn del Consejo Nacional de Asistencia Social nĂşm. 212/2006 y Decreto nĂşm. 6.307/2007.
)&' ,-+%"' %+' %8' )%+."-' (%8' (%:&.%' 2-:"%' ,"-.%))#*+' 2-)#&8' 8&' 0%+%"&)#*+' EF QPCSF[B Z MB SFQSPEVDDJÄO EF MB EFTJHVBMEBE FO FM ´NCJUP EFM NFSDB EP EF USBCBKP 4F USBUB EF JS N´T BMM´ EF MB DPODFQDJÄO USBEJDJPOBM EF QPCSF[B DPNP SFÝFKP EF MB JODBQBDJEBE QBSB FM USBCBKP P EF MB FYDMVTJÄO (%8'$/+(-'8&:-"&8@'E8',"-,#-'%U%")#)#-'(%8'."&:&U-'+-'_&'0&"&+.#]&(-'8&',"-P .%))#*+'&'8-2'"#%20-2'(%',-:"%]&'%'#+(#0%+)#&;'&8'"%,"-(/)#"'2#./&)#-+%2'(%' QSFDBSJFEBE B USBW»T EF MB DPNCJOBDJÄO FOUSF JOHSFTPT JOTVÜDJFOUFT Z MB GBMUB EF BDDFTP B MB QSPUFDDJÄO DPOUSB MPT SJFTHPT TPDJBMFT DM´TJDPT
" ÜO EF DPNQSFOEFS NFKPS MB FTQFDJÜDJEBE EF MB QSPUFDDJÄO EF MPT JO 0"%2-2' -,%"&(&' &' ."&V12' (%8' 2#2.%$&' (%' ,"-.%))#*+' 2-)#&8' W' (%8' !J`;' %+' QBSUJDVMBS FT OFDFTBSJP TVQFSBS MB JODFSUJEVNCSF RVF QFSNFB MB EFÜOJDJÄO EFM QÉCMJDP NFUB EF FTF QSPHSBNB DPNP iMPT QPCSFTu "ÜSNBS RVF TF USB UB EF VO CFOFÜDJP QBSB MPT QPCSFT FYQSFTB JOTVÜDJFOUFNFOUF MB EJO´NJDB (%'V/8+%"&:#8#(&('D/%'&9%).&'&'%2%',\:8#)-'W;',-"'8-'.&+.-;'%8'&8)&+)%'(%' 8&2'."&+29%"%+)#&2'9"%+.%'&'8&'2#./&)#*+'2-)#&8'D/%'%Z,%"#$%+.&+@'G8'.%+%"' DPNP PCKFUJWP VOB NFKPS JEFOUJÜDBDJÄO EF MBT TJUVBDJPOFT TPDJBMFT BCBSDB EBT FO FM ´NCJUP EF FTUF QSPHSBNB TF QSFTFOUBS´ JOGPSNBDJÄO SFMBUJWB B MB FEVDBDJÄO Z B MB JOTFSDJÄO FO FM NFSDBEP EF USBCBKP EF TVT CFOFÜDJBSJPT Q6 -PT EBUPT EF MBT GBNJMJBT RVF FTU´O FO FM !J`'#+(#)&+'%8':&U-'+#V%8' EF FTDPMBSJEBE EF MPT CFOFÜDJBSJPT Z TV QSFDBSJB JOTFSDJÄO FO FM NFSDBEP MBCPSBM %F IFDIP EF MPT CFOFÜDJBSJPT PDVQBEPT DPO FEBEFT FOUSF Z BÃPT UJFOF DPNP N´YJNP DVBUSP BÃPT EF FTUVEJPT MP RVF FT OF )%2&"#-' ,&"&' )-+)8/#"' &,%+&2' 8&' $#.&(' (%' 8&' ,"#$&"#&@' p&8%' (%2.&)&"' D/%' 6O@<h'(%'%88-2'+-'.#%+%'2#D/#%"&'/+'&7-'(%'%2./(#-;')-$-'8-'$/%2."&'8&'.&P'' CMB 1FSP BEFN´T EF MB CBKB FTDPMBSJEBE FTPT CFOFÜDJBSJPT TF DBSBDUFSJ ]&+',-"'2/2':&U>2#$-2'#+0"%2-2'(%8'."&:&U-@'E+'%9%).-;'8-2'-:.%+#(-2',-"'%88-2' FTU´O QPS EFCBKP EF MPT QFSDJCJEPT QPS PUSPT USBCBKBEPSFT DPO FM NJTNP OJWFM EF FTDPMBSJEBE 6O USBCBKBEPS CFOFÜDJBSJP EFM !J`')-+'+/%V%'&7-2' (%'%2./(#-;'8-'D/%')-""%2,-+(%'&'8&',"#$&"#&')-$,8%.&;',%")#:%'/+'#+0"%2-' ,"-$%(#-')%")&'(%'<Sh'$%+-"'D/%'-."-')-+'%8'$#2$-'+#V%8'(%'%2)-8&"#(&(' UBCMB %F JHVBM GPSNB VO CFOFÜDJBSJP EFM !J`' )-+' 64' &7-2' (%' %2P ./(#-2;'2%)/+(&"#&')-$,8%.&;'"%)#:%'8&'$#.&('(%'8&'"%$/+%"&)#*+',&0&(&'&' MPT EFN´T USBCBKBEPSFT DPO JE»OUJDP OJWFM EF FTDPMBSJEBE DPNQBS´OEPTF Para ese análisis, se recurrió a los datos de la PNAD 2006, pues en el momento de la realización de este traba jo, era la PNAD más reciente la que tenía disponible un suplemento sobre transferencia de ingresos.
Capítulo 9: Perspectivas para el sistema de garantía de ingresos en Brasil
5.4 Pobreza y mercado de trabajo
51
(#)
VOB WF[ N´T DPO FM JOHSFTP QSPNFEJP EFM USBCBKP QSJODJQBM 'JOBMNFOUF 8&'(#9%"%+)#&'88%0&'&'RQ',-"')#%+.-@ "M DPOTJEFSBS B MBT QFSTPOBT DPO BĂ&#x192;PT P N´T EF FTUVEJPT TF ,%")#:%'D/%'_&W'/+',"-:8%$&'(%'#+2%")#*+'%+'%8'$%")&(-'(%'."&:&U-'(%8' ,\:8#)-'$%.&'(%8'!J`'D/%'+-'2%'"%(/)%'&'8&'%2)-8&"#(&(@
''Tabla 16 '
'
ComparaciĂłn entre ingresos y escolaridad de la poblaciĂłn ocupada y de la poblaciĂłn beneficiaria del PBF, de 16 a 65 aĂąos - 2006
Perspectivas de la polĂtica social en Brasil
Ingreso promedio trab principal (R$)
(#*
Fuente: IBGE/PNAD 2006. ElaboraciĂłn: IPEA/DISOC.
Ingreso promedio trab principal (PBF) (R$)
Diferencia entre ingreso promedio del trab princ (%)
''Tabla 17''
'
Indicadores de participaciรณn en el mercado de traba jo y contribuciรณn a la seguridad social de los beneficiarios y no beneficiarios del PBF โ 2006 No beneficiarios de PBF
Ocupados * Desempleados ** Ocupados no cubiertos por la seguridad social Fuente: IBGE / PNAD 2006. Elaboraciรณn: IPEA / DISOC. * Condiciรณn de la actividad para personas con mรกs de 15 aรฑos de edad. ** Condiciรณn de ocupaciรณn para personas con mรกs de 15 aรฑos de edad.
Capรญtulo 9: Perspectivas para el sistema de garantรญa de ingresos en Brasil
E+' )/&+.-' &' 8&' #+2%")#*+' 8&:-"&8;' %2' #$,-".&+.%' %+9&.#]&"' 8&' TJHOJร DBUJWB QBSUJDJQBDJร O FO FM NFSDBEP EF USBCBKP EF MB QPCMBDJร O FO FEBE BDUJWB RVF SFTJEF FO IPHBSFT CFOFร DJBEPT QPS FM !J`@' T-$-' 8-' $/%2."&' 8&' .&:8&' 6N;' 8&' .&2&' (%' ,&".#)#,&)#*+' &8)&+]&' N4@Qh;' 2/,%"#-"' #+)8/2-'&'8&')-""%2,-+(#%+.%'&8'$%")&(-'(%'."&:&U-'%+'0%+%"&83'N5@6h;'W' B MB EF MPT OP CFOFร DJBSJPT EFM QSPHSBNB -B QBSUJDJQBDJร O FO FM NFSDBEP MBCPSBM UJFOF CBTFT NยดT QSFDBSJBT QBSB MPT CFOFร DJBSJPT EFM !J`@' c&'.&2&'(%'(%2%$,8%-'%+."%'%88-2'HM@6hI'%2'$&W-"'D/%'8&'"%0#2."&(&'%+."%'%8' Qร CMJDP OP CFOFร DJBSJP Z RVF FO MB UPUBMJEBE EFM NFSDBEP EF USBCB KP "EFNยดT TF QFSDJCF UBNCJยปO RVF BEFNยดT EF MPT CBKPT JOHSFTPT BQVOUBEPT BOUFSJPSNFOUF MB NBZPS QBSUF EF MPT USBCBKBEPSFT CFOFร DJB "#-2'(%8'!J`'2%'%+)-+."&:&'&8'$&"0%+'(%'8&',"-.%))#*+'2-)#&8'%+'455R3'NQ@4h' (%'8-2'-)/,&(-2'+-'%2.&:&'V#+)/8&(-'&'8&',"%V#2#*+'2-)#&8a'.&2&':&2.&+.%' 2/,%"#-"'&'8&'"%0#2."&(&',&"&'8&'.-.&8#(&('(%'8-2'-)/,&(-2'H<M@OhI'%+'%8' $#2$-' ,%"#-(-@' !&"&' %2.-2' ."&:&U&(-"%2;' $/)_&2' V%)%2' 8&' ."&+29%"%+)#&' (%8' !J`' )/$,8%' 8&2' 9/+)#-+%2' (%2%$,%7&(&2' ,-"' 8&2' ,"%2.&)#-+%2' (%' 8&' QSFWJTJร O TPDJBM DPNP FO FM DBTP EF BRVFMMPT CFOFร DJBSJPT EFTFNQMFBEPT 2#+'2%0/"-'(%'(%2%$,8%-'-'&'8-2'."&:&U&(-"%2'2#+'&))%2-'&8'&,-W-'$1(#)-' -'(%'$&.%"+#(&(@
(##
-B QSFDBSJFEBE EF MPT WÂżODVMPT EF USBCBKP EF MPT CFOFĂ&#x153;DJBSJPT EFM !J` FT BĂ&#x2030;O N´T FWJEFOUF DVBOEP TF DPOTJEFSB TV QPTJDJĂ&#x201E;O FO FM FNQMFP H.&:8&'6OI@'?%'&)/%"(-')-+'8&' !LG? VO UFSDJP EF MPT CFOFĂ&#x153;DJBSJPT (%8' !J`' -)/,&(-2' %"&+' %$,8%&(-2' #+9-"$&8%2' -' (-$12.#)-2' #+9-"$&8%2;'
W')%")&'(%'/+')/&".-'H4Q@MhI;'."&:&U&(-"%2'#+(%,%+(#%+.%2@'E2':&2.&+.%' TJHOJĂ&#x153;DBUJWB UBNCJÂťO MB DBOUJEBE EF FTUPT CFOFĂ&#x153;DJBSJPT RVF MBCPSBCBO TJO "%$/+%"&)#*+;'%+'8&',"-(/))#*+',&"&'%8'&/.-)-+2/$-'-'%+'8&'&/.-)-+2P ."/))#*+3' 6O@<h' %+' .-.&8@' c-2' :&U-2' #+0"%2-2' W' 8&' #+)%".#(/$:"%' D/%' 8-2' SPEFBO TPO TJO EVEB GBDUPSFT JNQPSUBOUFT RVF MJNJUBO MB BĂ&#x153;MJBDJĂ&#x201E;O B MB QSFWJTJĂ&#x201E;O TPDJBM EF FTUF QĂ&#x2030;CMJDP BVORVF TFBO CFOFĂ&#x153;DJBSJPT EF QSPHSBNBT DPNP FM .JDSP &NQSFOEFEPS *OEJWJEVBM 1SPHSBNB 4JNQMJĂ&#x153;DBEP EF *O )8/2#*+'&'8&'K%0/"#(&('K-)#&8'W'-."-2@
''Tabla 18 '
'
ComparaciĂłn entre ingresos de la poblaciĂłn ocupada de 16 a 65 aĂąos, beneficiaria y no beneficiaria del PBF, segĂşn posiciĂłn en la ocupaciĂłn â&#x20AC;&#x201C; 2006 CategorĂas seleccionadas
PoblaciĂłn ocupada con 16 a 65 aĂąos
PoblaciĂłn ocupada con 16 a 65 aĂąos (PBF)
%
% (PBF)
PosiciĂłn en el traba jo principal en la semana de referencia
Perspectivas de la polĂtica social en Brasil
Empleado formal
(#$
Militar Funcionario pĂşblico basificado Otros empleados informales Empleado no registrado
Ingreso promedio trab principal
Ingreso promedio del trab principal (PBF)
R$
R$
27.913.126
2.490.414
33,4
17,4
600
400
268.668
15.800
0,3
0,1
900
312
5.534.530
329.092
6,6
2,3
1000
350
14.965.966
3.457.856
17,9
24,2
350
260
1500
0
572
-
-
-
Traba jador domĂŠstico formal
1.805.350
225.315
2,2
1,6
350
350
Traba jador domĂŠstico informal
4.672.477
1.276.696
5,6
8,9
200
150
Traba jador domĂŠstico no registrado
783
-
-
400
0
-
Independiente
17.547.538
3.712.039
21,0
26,0
400
200
Empleador
3.724.802
160.091
4,5
1,1
1500
500
Traba jador en la producciĂłn para el autoconsumo
2.899.018
1.154.741
3,5
8,1
0
0
104.989
21.368
0,1
0,2
0
0
4,8
10,2
Traba jador en la autoconstrucciĂłn Traba jador no remunerado
4.040.896
1.450.103
Total
83.478.715
14.293.515
Fuente: IBGE / PNAD 2006. ElaboraciĂłn: IPEA / DISOC.
100,0
100,0
0
0
450
240
Capítulo 9: Perspectivas para el sistema de garantía de ingresos en Brasil
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Kerstenetzky (2009).
CapĂtulo 9: Perspectivas para el sistema de garantĂa de ingresos en Brasil
6.1 Perspectivas para la consolidaciĂłn del sistema de garantĂa de Ingresos
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6.2 ProtecciĂłn residual c&'#+2)"#,)#*+'(%'+/%V-2'(%"%)_-2'2-)#&8%2'%+'8&' T`^OO'9/%'"%)#:#(&')-+' FOUVTJBTNP QPS RVJFOFT DPOTJEFSBCBO MB BĂ&#x153;SNBDJĂ&#x201E;O Z BNQMJBDJĂ&#x201E;O EF FTUPT (%"%)_-2')-$-'/+'2/,/%2.-',&"&'8&')-+2-8#(&)#*+'(%'8&'(%$-)"&)#&'W'(%' /+'$-(%8-'(%'(%2&""-88-'#+)8/2#V-'%+'%8',&>2@'K#+'%$:&"0-;'12.&'+-'9/%'8&' \+#)&'"%&))#*+'D/%'2/2)#.*'%2.%'_%)_-@ E+'2%+.#(-'#+V%"2-;'8-2')">.#)-2')-+'(#9%"%+.%2'$&.#)%2'2%'2/$&"-+' B VOB DPOEFOB FOG´UJDB EF FTUF QSPZFDUP BM TFS QFSDJCJEP DPNP iFYDFTJWPu W'v&+&)"*+#)-w;')&,&]'(%')-$,"-$%.%"'+-'2*8-'%8'%D/#8#:"#-'(%'8&2')/%+.&2' ,\:8#)&2;'2#+-'%8',"-,#-')"%)#$#%+.-'%)-+*$#)-@'!&"&'_&)%"8%'9"%+.%;'2%'%8&:-"*' /+&'+/%V&'&0%+(&'D/%',"-,-+%'/+')-+U/+.-'(%'"%9-"$&2@Q<'?#)_&'&0%+(&' 2%'-"0&+#]*')-+':&2%'%+'%8',"#+)#,#-'(%'8&'#$,%"#-2&'+%)%2#(&('(%'8#$#.&"'8&' #+.%"V%+)#*+'(%8'E2.&(-;'W'2%')-+)%+."*'%+'%8'-:U%.#V-'(%'%""&(#)&"'8&',-:"%]&;' &8'.%+%"')-$-'%2."&.%0#&',"#+)#,&8'8&'&(-,)#*+'(%',"-0"&$&2'(%'."&+29%"%+)#&' EF JOHSFTPT FOGPDBEPT FO MPT TFHNFOUPT N´T QPCSFT EF MB QPCMBDJĂ&#x201E;O %F BIÂż 2/'(%+-$#+&)#*+;',"-.%))#*+'"%2#(/&8;'D/%'"%$#.%'&'8&'.#,-8-0>&'(%'E2.&(-2'(%' J#%+%2.&"'(%'=#.$/2'H6MQOI;'*%<,'E2,#+0PG+(%"2%+'H6MOMI;',&"&'(%2)"#:#"' /+'.#,-'(%'E2.&(-'D/%'%+'%8')&$,-'(%'8&2',-8>.#)&2'2-)#&8%2'2%')-$,"-$%.%' 2*8-')-+'8-2'v0"/,-2'$&"0#+&8%2'(%'8&'2-)#%(&(w'HE2,#+0PG+(%"2%+;'6MOMI@QQ Sobre las reacciones al texto constitucional y las reformas que ĂŠstas inspiraron durante la dĂŠcada de 1990, vĂŠase a Fagnani (2007). 54
55
En contraste con el modelo institucional â&#x20AC;&#x201C;que preconiza la intervenciĂłn amplia
CapĂtulo 9: Perspectivas para el sistema de garantĂa de ingresos en Brasil
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Perspectivas de la polĂtica social en Brasil
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Tal como lo presentĂł Titmus, op. cit.
57
Holzmann y Jorgensen (2000).
Capítulo 9: Perspectivas para el sistema de garantía de ingresos en Brasil
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Perspectivas de la política social en Brasil
6.3 Universalismo básico
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c&')">.#)&'&8'$-(%8-'/+#V%"2&8#2.&'(%',"-.%))#*+'2-)#&8':"&2#8%7-;'%+'%2,%P DJBM FO MP RVF TF SFÜFSF B TV BMUP OJWFM EF HBTUP Z B TV CBKB FGFDUJWJEBE FOUSF MPT N´T QPCSFT IB FWPMVDJPOBEP FO BÃPT SFDJFOUFT IBDJB VOB OVFWB &0%+(&',"-,-2#.#V&@'Ä2.&'.&$:#1+'2%'2/2.%+.&'%+'/+&'%V&8/&)#*+')">.#)&'(%' 8-2',"-0"&$&2'(%'."&+29%"%+)#&'(%'#+0"%2-2'#$,8%$%+.&(-2'%+'8&2'\8.#$&2' (1)&(&2',-"'8-2',&>2%2'%+'(%2&""-88-;'%+'%2,%)#&8'8-2'(%'G$1"#)&'c&.#+&@' G',%2&"'(%8'"%)-+-)#$#%+.-'(%'8-2'#$,&).-2',-2#.#V-2'(%'.&8%2',"-0"&$&2' %+' 8&' "%(/))#*+' (%' 8&' ,-:"%]&;' 8&' )">.#)&' 2%' )-+)%+."&' %+' &80/+&2' (%' 2/2' )&"&).%">2.#)&23'2/2',-8>.#)&2'."&+2#.-"#&2;'(%':&U&')&8#(&('W;'%+'8&'$&W-">&' EF MPT QB¿TFT JODBQBDFT EF JODMVJS B QBSUFT TJHOJÜDBUJWBT EF MPT TFDUP "%2'V/8+%"&:8%2@QO !-"' -."-' 8&(-;' %2.-2' )">.#)-2' .&$,-)-' 2%' &(_#%"%+' &' 8&' &0%+(&' (%' 8&' ,"-.%))#*+' "%2#(/&8;' :#%+' 2%&' ,-"' 2/' ,%"2,%).#V&' (%' 8#$#.&"' 8&' "%2P ,-+2&:#8#(&(' %2.&.&8' &8' )-$:&.%' &' 8&' ,-:"%]&' $%(#&+.%' ,"-0"&$&2' (%' ."&+29%"%+)#&'(%'#+0"%2-2'9-)&8#]&(-2;'-',-"'2/'"%)-$%+(&)#*+'(%'(%8%0&"'&8' NFSDBEP MB QSFWJTJÄO EF MPT CFOFÜDJPT Z TFSWJDJPT TPDJBMFT &O FTUF TFOUJEP "%)-+-)%+'8-2'"#%20-2'(%',"-9/+(#]&"'8&'2%0$%+.&)#*+'2-)#&8'%+'8-2',&>2%2'8&P .#+-&$%"#)&+-2;'&2>')-$-'(%')-$,"-$%.%"'%8'&))%2-'&'8-2'2%"V#)#-2'2-)#&8%2' 58
Véase a Filgueira et al. (2006).
59
Véase el prefacio de Molina (2006).
Capítulo 9: Perspectivas para el sistema de garantía de ingresos en Brasil
(%'&$,8#&2',-")#-+%2'(%'8&',-:8&)#*+'D/%'%+0%+("&">&'8&',"#V&.#]&)#*+'(%' 12.-2@'E+.#%+(%+'.&$:#1+'D/%'8-2',"-0"&$&2'(%'."&+29%"%+)#&'(%'#+0"%2-2;' )-+(#)#-+&8%2'-'+-;'+-'%+9"%+.&+'%9%).#V&$%+.%'8&2')&/2&2'(%'8&'"%,"-(/))#*+' EF MB EFTJHVBMEBE TJOP QPS FM DPOUSBSJP MBT SFGVFS[BO EFCJMJUBOEP BÉO N´T 8&')-_%2#*+'2-)#&8'%Z#2.%+.%'%+'%2.-2',&>2%2'W'&$,8#&+(-'8&'(%2,"-.%))#*+'' W'8&'V/8+%"&:#8#(&('2-)#&8'(%'V&"#-2'(%'2/2'2%0$%+.-2@ E+'%2.%')-+.%Z.-;'2%',"-,-+%'8&'&$,8#&)#*+'(%'8&',"%2%+)#&'(%8' E2.&(-'%+'%8')&$,-'2-)#&8;'&8'0&"&+.#]&"'8&'-9%".&'/+#V%"2&8'W'(%')&8#(&('(%'/+' DPOKVOUP N¿OJNP EF CFOFÜDJPT Z TFSWJDJPT QM'c&'%8%))#*+'(%'%2.%'v)-+U/+P .-'$>+#$-w'2%'(#-'%+'9/+)#*+'(%'8&2')&"&).%">2.#)&2'2-)#-%)-+*$#)&2'(%' )&(&',&>2;',"%2%"V&+(-')/&8D/#%"',"%2#*+'%Z)%2#V&'2-:"%'8-2',"%2/,/%2.-2' ,\:8#)-2@'E+'%8')&$,-'(%'8&'0&"&+.>&'(%'#+0"%2-2;')-:"&+'#$,-".&+)#&'8&2' QSPQVFTUBT EF JOTUJUVJS VO CFOFÜDJP VOJWFSTBM QBSB OJÃPT BEFN´T EF VO CFOFÜDJP C´TJDP VOJWFSTBM OP DPOUSJCVUJWP QBSB BEVMUPT NBZPSFT BT¿ DPNP /+'#+0"%2-'$>+#$-',&"&'8-2'#+&).#V-2@ -B JEFB EF DSFBDJÄO EF CFOFÜDJPT N¿OJNPT VOJWFSTBMFT IB BWBO ]&(-'%9%).#V&$%+.%'%+'%8')-+.%Z.-':"&2#8%7-;'&2-)#&(&')-+'8&',"-,/%2.&' EF PGSFDFS VO JOHSFTP B MPT BEVMUPT NBZPSFT RVF TVTUJUVZB MPT CFOFÜDJPT $-+%.&"#-2'+-')-+."#:/.#V-2'W'2%$#)-+."#:/.#V-2'&)./&8$%+.%'%Z#2.%+.%2' HJ!T'Z QSFWJTJÄO TPDJBM SVSBM &M CFOFÜDJP C´TJDP VOJWFSTBM B MPT BEVMUPT $&W-"%2;'(%'+&./"&8%]&'&2#2.%+)#&8'W'+-'V#+)/8&(-'&8'2&8&"#-'$>+#$-;',/%(%' SFQSFTFOUBS VO OVFWP DPOKVOUP JOTUJUVDJPOBM FO FM ´NCJUP EF MB TFHVSJEBE 2-)#&8@'!-"'/+'8&(-;'#+2.#./#">&'/+'#+0"%2-'&+)8&(-'%+'8&')#/(&(&+>&;')&,&]' (%'0&"&+.#]&"'/+'+#V%8'$>+#$-'&'.-(-2'8-2'&(/8.-2'$&W-"%2'%'#$,%(#"'8&' "%,"-(/))#*+'(%'2#./&)#-+%2'(%',-:"%]&'%Z."%$&@'!-"'%8'-."-;'"%(/)#">&' MPT HBTUPT RVF JNQMJDBO MPT TVCTJEJPT B MB QSFWJTJÄO TPDJBM Z BM CFOFÜDJP BTJTUFODJBM B MPT BEVMUPT NBZPSFT BNCPT DPO CBTFT ÜKBEBT FO VO TBMB SJP N¿OJNP &O FTUF OVFWP ´NCJUP JOTUJUVDJPOBM MB QSFWJTJÄO TPDJBM TFS¿B -:U%.-'(%'/+&'+/%V&'"%08&$%+.&)#*+;'D/%'9-".&8%)%">&'8&'V#+)/8&)#*+'%+."%' MB BQPSUBDJÄO Z FM CFOFÜDJP QVEJFOEP FWPMVDJPOBS IBDJB MB USBOTGFSFODJB &8'2%).-"',"#V&(-'(%',&".%'(%'8&'#+.%0"&8#(&('(%'8&')-:%"./"&'(%'8-2'"#%20-2' 2-)#&8%2'(%'8-2'."&:&U&(-"%2;'#+)8/W%+(-'%8'"#%20-'(%'V%U%]'%'#+V&8#(%]@ 4J FT VO IFDIP RVF UBM QSPQVFTUB TF PSJFOUB IBDJB MB BÜSNBDJÄO EF /+'(%"%)_-'&$,8#-'%'#+)-+(#)#-+&8;'12.&',/%(%'"%,"%2%+.&";'2#+'%$:&"0-;'/+' "%."-)%2-'"%&8'%+'8&'0&"&+.>&'(%',"-.%))#*+'2-)#&8',"-,-")#-+&(&'&)./&8$%+P .%' %+' %8' ,&>2@' E+' %8' )&2-' (%' 8-2' &(/8.-2' $&W-"%2;' )-+V#%+%' "%)-"(&"' D/%' #SBTJM QS´DUJDBNFOUF VOJWFSTBMJ[Ä MB DPCFSUVSB EF MB HBSBOU¿B EF JOHSF 2-2@'=&8')-+D/#2.&'2%'&2#%+.&'%+'8&'&".#)/8&)#*+'(%'/+',#8&"')-+."#:/.#V-'W'(%' /+-'+-')-+."#:/.#V-;')/W&2')-:%"./"&2'2%')-$,8%$%+.&+;'0&"&+.#]&+(-'
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Perspectivas de la polĂtica social en Brasil
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RVF IBZB TJEP QS´DUJDBNFOUF TVQFSBEB MB TJUVBDJĂ&#x201E;O EF JOEJHFODJB FOUSF 8-2'&(/8.-2'$&W-"%2@R5 -B JNQMFNFOUBDJĂ&#x201E;O EF VO OVFWP CFOFĂ&#x153;DJP VOJWFSTBM B MPT BEVM UPT NBZPSFT SFQSFTFOUBSÂżB VOB TJHOJĂ&#x153;DBUJWB NPEJĂ&#x153;DBDJĂ&#x201E;O FO MB JOTUJUV )#-+&8#(&(' (%' 8&' ,"-.%))#*+' 2-)#&8' :"&2#8%7&;' &8' $#2$-' .#%$,-' D/%' QPDP DPOUSJCVJSÂżB B HBSBOUJ[BS MB QSPUFDDJĂ&#x201E;O TPDJBM FO FM ´NCJUP EF MPT JOHSFTPT B FTUF QĂ&#x2030;CMJDP -B DSFBDJĂ&#x201E;O EF VO CFOFĂ&#x153;DJP BTJTUFODJBM VOJWFSTBM ,&"&' 8-2' &(/8.-2' $&W-"%2' (%2V#+)/8&(-' (%8' 2&8&"#-' $>+#$-' #$,8#)&">&' %8' FTUBCMFDJNJFOUP EF VOB WVMOFSBCJMJEBE EF MPT JOHSFTPT QS´DUJDBNFOUF 2/,%"&(&' ,-"' %8' 2#2.%$&' :"&2#8%7-' (%' 2%0/"#(&(' 2-)#&8@' ?%' _%)_-;' ,&"&' #+)8/#"'&')%")&'(%'Nh'(%'8-2'&(/8.-2'$&W-"%2':"&2#8%7-2'D/%'+-')/%+.&+' )-+' )-:%"./"&' (%' 8&' 2%0/"#(&(' 2-)#&8;' 8&' ,"-,/%2.&' (%' /+#V%"2&8#]&)#*+' CBTBEB FO MB PQFSBDJĂ&#x201E;O EF VO CFOFĂ&#x153;DJP EF WBMPS JOGFSJPS BM TBMBSJP NÂżOJNP ,-(">&',"-V-)&"'&80/+-2'#$,&).-2'D/%'(%:%+'2%"'&+&8#]&(-2')-+'&.%+)#*+@' !-"' /+' 8&(-;' #$,8#)&' )-+2#(%"&"' D/%' &.%+(%"' 8&2' +%)%2#(&(%2' C´TJDBT DVFTUF NFOPT B MPT BEVMUPT NBZPSFT RVF B MPT EFN´T TFHNFOUPT (%'8&',-:8&)#*+;'%+'%2,%)#&8'&'8-2'."&:&U&(-"%2'&).#V-2@'G8')-+2#(%"&"'D/%' .&+.-'8&'U/:#8&)#*+')-$-'%8'J!T TF DBMJĂ&#x153;DBO DPNP QPMÂżUJDBT EF HBSBOUÂżB EF VO #+0"%2-'2/2.#./.#V-'iD/%'"%,-+%'8-2'#+0"%2-2'(%'&D/%88-2'D/%;',-"'2/'%(&(' -'#+)&,&)#(&(;'+-',&".#)#,&+'(%8'$%")&(-'(%'."&:&U-i;'2/'V&8-"'$>+#$-'9/%' BTPDJBEP DPO FM TBMBSJP NÂżOJNP EFCJEP B RVF MB Ă&#x153;OBMJEBE EF ÂťTUF DPOTJTUF FO BTFHVSBS FM NBOUFOJNJFOUP EF MBT OFDFTJEBEFT C´TJDBT -B TVQPTJDJĂ&#x201E;O EF BMHĂ&#x2030;O FYDFTP FO FTUB QPMÂżUJDB EF CBTF EF CFOFĂ&#x153;DJPT B MPT BEVMUPT NBZPSFT +-',&"%)%'%2.&"'9/+(&$%+.&(&'%+'+#+0\+'%2./(#-'2-:"%'8&2')-+(#)#-+%2'(%' V#(&'-'8&2'+%)%2#(&(%2'2-)#&8%2'(%'%2.%'0"/,-'(%'8&',-:8&)#*+@ $BCF SFDPSEBS RVF TJ EF IFDIP QSPQVFTUBT DPNP FM CFOFĂ&#x153;DJP /+#V%"2&8',&"&'8-2'&(/8.-2'$&W-"%2'.%+(">&+'/+'#$,&).-'"%&8'%+'8&'"%(/))#*+' (%8'0&2.-'2-)#&8'W'%+'8&')-$,8%.&'%8#$#+&)#*+'(%'8&',-:"%]&'%Z."%$&'%+."%' 8-2'&(/8.-2'$&W-"%2;'#$,8#)&">&+;',&"&(*U#)&$%+.%;'8&'&$,8#&)#*+'(%'8&',-P :"%]&'%+."%'8-2'&(/8.-2'$&W-"%2'W'8&2'9&$#8#&2':"&2#8%7&2@'E2.-'2%'(%:%'&' D/%;')-$-'W&'&,/+.&"-+'&80/+&2'2#$/8&)#-+%2'2-:"%'8&2'.&2&2'(%',-:"%]&' FO FM QBÂżT MPT CFOFĂ&#x153;DJPT TPDJBMFT DPO WBMPSFT SFEVDJEPT DPNCBUFO MBT TJ ./&)#-+%2' (%' $#2%"#&;' ,%"-' +-' ,%"$#.%+' D/%' 8&' $&W-">&' (%' 8&2' 9&$#8#&2' CFOFĂ&#x153;DJBSJBT TF FMFWFO QPS FODJNB EF MBT MÂżOFBT EF QPCSF[B Las objeciones planteadas a la operaciĂłn simultĂĄnea de un pilar contributivo y uno no contributivo â&#x20AC;&#x201C;ya sea el estĂmulo a la informalidad y la falta de estĂmulos al mantenimiento de la contribuciĂłn a la seguridad socialâ&#x20AC;&#x201C; no encontraron, hasta el momento, comprobaciĂłn empĂrica. Esto parece que se debe al hecho de que: a) la contribuciĂłn no da acceso sĂłlo a la cobertura del riesgo de vejez, sino a un conjunto bastante mĂĄs extenso de protecciones, y b) el empleo reglamentado y el contrato formal de traba jo aportan otras venta jas al traba jador, ademĂĄs del acceso a la seguridad social.
60
Si es cierto que el PBF no se instituye como derecho en Brasil, garantizando su reclamaciĂłn y el atendimiento automĂĄtico a aquellos que demuestren cumplir las condiciones fijadas por el programa, su significativa cobertura prĂĄcticamente instituyĂł el reconocimiento del derecho de acceso al complemento de ingresos en los casos de familias con niĂąos en situaciĂłn de pobreza extrema. El PBF garantiza una cobertura de 36.4% de los niĂąos. Si se suma su cobertura a la efectuada por el pago del ingreso familiar y a las exenciones del Impuesto Sobre la Renta, se obtiene un nivel de 67.3% de cobertura de los niĂąos brasileĂąos en el campo de la garantĂa de ingresos, a travĂŠs de un beneficio monetario directo o indirecto (Soares et al., 2010). Pero faltan por enfrentar los problemas del valor diferenciado de los beneficios y la falta de cobertura aĂşn existente. 61
CapĂtulo 9: Perspectivas para el sistema de garantĂa de ingresos en Brasil
E8' "#%20-' (%' (/,8#)&)#*+' %+' %8' KJ!K' .&$,-)-' 2%' %V#.&">&' )-+' 8&' BEPQDJĂ&#x201E;O EF MPT CFOFĂ&#x153;DJPT NÂżOJNPT VOJWFSTBMFT TJ B MPT N´T QPCSFT TF MFT BTJHOBO CFOFĂ&#x153;DJPT EF WBMPSFT NVZ JOGFSJPSFT BM TBMBSJP NÂżOJNP $#%+."&2'8-2'."&:&U&(-"%2')-+'$%U-"%2'."&W%).-"#&2'8&:-"&8%2')/%+.&+')-+' CFOFĂ&#x153;DJPT DPOUSJCVUJWPT EF WBMPS QPS MP NFOPT JHVBM BM TBMBSJP NÂżOJNP !-"' %2-;' 2/2.#./#"' $%)&+#2$-2' D/%' 2/:2#(#%+' 8-2' 2#2.%$&2' (%' 2%0/"#(&(' 2-)#&8' W' &2#2.%+)#&8' (%2(%' (%+."-' i,%"$#.#%+(-' D/%' (-2' .%")#-2' (%' 8-2' BEVMUPT NBZPSFT SFDJCBO CFOFĂ&#x153;DJPT EFM NJTNP WBMPS DPSSFTQPOEJFOUFT B VO TBMBSJP NÂżOJNPm QPS VO TJTUFNB RVF BNQMJBSÂżB TJHOJĂ&#x153;DBUJWBNFO UF MB EJTUBODJB FOUSF MPT CFOFĂ&#x153;DJPT DPOUSJCVUJWPT Z MPT OP DPOUSJCVUJWPT +-',&"%)%')-+2.#./#"',"-,#&$%+.%'/+'&V&+)%',&"&'8&',-8>.#)&'2-)#&8@'T-+' .-(-;'+-'2%',/%(%'$#+#$#]&"'8&'+%)%2#(&('(%'#+)8/#"'&'Nh'(%'8-2'&(/8.-2' $&W-"%2'&\+'2#+')-:%"./"&'(%'8&',"-.%))#*+'2-)#&8':"&2#8%7&@'K#+'%$:&"0-;' ,-"'8-2'&"0/$%+.-2'&D/>'%Z,/%2.-2;'+-',&"%)%'D/%'8&'$%U-"'%2."&.%0#&',&"&' V#&:#8#]&"'.&8'#+)8/2#*+')-+'"%8&.#V-'1Z#.-'2%&'&8.%"&"'.-(&'8&'#+0%+#%">&'(%'8&' ,"-.%))#*+'2-)#&8'W&'#+2.#./#(&',&"&'%2%',\:8#)-@ &M FKFNQMP EF VOB QSPQVFTUB DPNP MB EFM CFOFĂ&#x153;DJP VOJWFSTBM B 8-2'&(/8.-2'$&W-"%2'2#"V%;'%+'%8')&2-'(%'8&'0&"&+.>&'(%'#+0"%2-2;',&"&'&,/+P UBS MBT EJĂ&#x153;DVMUBEFT TVCZBDFOUFT B MB BHFOEB EFM VOJWFSTBMJTNP C´TJDP 4PO EJĂ&#x153;DVMUBEFT QBSUJDVMBSNFOUF SFMFWBOUFT FO FM DPOUFYUP EF EFTJHVBMEBEFT TPDJBMFT DPNP MBT PCTFSWBEBT FO #SBTJM "UFOEFS MBT OFDFTJEBEFT C´TJDBT 2>'(%:%'2%"'0&"&+.#]&(-'&'.-(-2'8-2')#/(&(&+-2@'!%"-;'%+'%8')&2-':"&2#8%7-;' 2%' 8-0"*' 8&' -"0&+#]&)#*+' (%' /+&' #+0%+#%">&' #+2.#./)#-+&8' D/%' ,%"$#.%' %8' BDDFTP B VO WBMPS EJHOP EFM CFOFĂ&#x153;DJP OP DPOUSJCVUJWP FM DVBM SFQSFTFOUB %8'"%)-+-)#$#%+.-'(%'8&')-+."#:/)#*+'(%'.-(-')#/(&(&+-'&'8&')-+2."/))#*+' 2-)#&8')-8%).#V&;'&2>')-$-'(%'2/'(%"%)_-'(%',&".#)#,&)#*+'%+'8&'"#D/%]&'2-P DJBM QSPEVDJEB &GFDUJWBNFOUF FO FTUF DBTP QBSFDF TFS NFOPT MB BĂ&#x153;SNBDJĂ&#x201E;O EF MB VOJWFSTBMJEBE FO TÂż mBEFN´T ZB BĂ&#x153;SNBEB QSPHSFTJWBNFOUF DPNP ,"#+)#,#-' %+' %8' )&2-' (%' 8-2' &(/8.-2' $&W-"%2' W' D/%' %$,%]&' &' 2%"8-' %+' %8' (%' 8&' 0&"&+.>&' (%' #+0"%2-2' &' 8-2' +#7-2i;R6' ,%"-' 2#+' 8&' 0&"&+.>&' (%' +#V%8%2' TJHOJĂ&#x153;DBUJWPT EF BDDFTP B JOHSFTPT Z B TFSWJDJPT EF DBMJEBE MP RVF IBDF MB EJGFSFODJB FO FM ´NCJUP EF MB QSPUFDDJĂ&#x201E;O TPDJBM
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Perspectivas de la polĂtica social en Brasil
6.4 ProtecciĂłn asegurada por la seguridad social
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VĂŠase a respecto a Aureliano y Draibe (1989).
7. Consideraciones finales c&')-+2-8#(&)#*+'(%'/+'$-(%8-'#+.%0"&8'(%'0&"&+.>&'(%'#+0"%2-2'%+'J"&2#8' JNQMJDB OP TPMBNFOUF FM GPSUBMFDJNJFOUP EF NFDBOJTNPT FÜDBDFT QBSB FM )-$:&.%'&'8&',-:"%]&'W'8&'(%2#0/&8(&(;'2#+-'9-".&8%)%"'.&$:#1+'8&2'0&"&+.>&2' (%'#+0"%2-2'W'8&'#+.%0"&)#*+')-+'8&2',-8>.#)&2'(%',"-.%))#*+'9"%+.%'&8'$/+(-' (%8'."&:&U-'W'&'8-2'"#%20-2'2-)#&8%2@'c&2',-8>.#)&2'W',"-0"&$&2'2-)#&8%2'D/%' GVODJPOBO DPO CFOFÜDJPT NPOFUBSJPT QVFEFO BQPSUBS QSPUFDDJÄO GSFO .%'&'8&2'2#./&)#-+%2'(%',-:"%]&;',"-(/)#"'#$,&).-2'%+'8&'"%(/))#*+'(%'8&' 63 La referencia aquí no se limita sólo al PBF, sino a los beneficios eventuales de la asistencia social y los ingresos familiares. 64
Véase el capítulo 2 de esta publicación.
Capítulo 9: Perspectivas para el sistema de garantía de ingresos en Brasil
N¿OJNPT Z FM UPQF N´YJNP TF MJNJUB B KY' H(&.-2' (%' (#)#%$:"%' (%' 455MI@'T-$-'2%'V#-'%+'%8'."&+2)/"2-'(%'%2.%'.%Z.-;'8-2'+#V%8%2'(%')-:%"./"&' EF BMHVOPT SJFTHPT TPDJBMFT WFKF[ Z WJVEF[ TPO TJHOJÜDBUJWPT "EFN´T 8&' #+)8/2#*+' (%' 0"/,-2' (-.&(-2' (%' :&U&' )&,&)#(&(' )-+."#:/.#V&;' &2>' )-P NP FM VTP EF NFDBOJTNPT HFOFSBMFT EF ÜOBODJBNJFOUP QBSB TVTUFOUBS VOB QBSUF TJHOJÜDBUJWB EF MPT CFOFÜDJPT EJSJHJEPT B FTUF QÉCMJDP UBNCJ»O "%V%8&+'8&'&$,8#&)#*+'(%'8-2'(%"%)_-2'(%')#/(&(&+>&@'E+'8-2')&2-2'(%'$&P .%"+#(&(' W' (%' 8&' %Z#2.%+)#&' (%' +#7-2' %+' 8&' 9&$#8#&;RS' 8-2' #+2."/$%+.-2' (%' HBSBOU¿B EF JOHSFTPT TF IBO FYQBOEJEP N´T BMM´ EF MPT BTBMBSJBEPT P EF MPT )-+."#:/W%+.%2'&'8-2'2%0/"-2'2-)#&8%2@'E+'%8')-+.%Z.-'&)./&8;'%2',"-:&:8%' D/%'%+'2#./&)#-+%2'(%'%+9%"$%(&('W'(%2%$,8%-'8&'0&"&+.>&'(%'#+0"%2-2'(%8' KJ!K TFB NFOPT FGFDUJWB Z N´T EFTJHVBM 1FTF B MBT EJÜDVMUBEFT NFODJPOBEBT QBSB MB JOUFHSBDJÄO EF QSP HSBNBT Z CFOFÜDJPT FM NBOUFOJNJFOUP EF MPT OJWFMFT EF JOTFHVSJEBE Z MB ÜKBDJÄO EF NFUBT DMBSBT EF QSPUFDDJÄO FT FO FM DBNQP EFM ÜOBODJBNJFOUP (-+(%'%$%"0%+'8&2'$&W-"%2')-+."&(#))#-+%2'(%8'&)./&8'$-(%8-'W'2%'"%V%8&' 2/'+&./"&8%]&'+-'%D/#.&.#V&@'?%'_%)_-;'8&'%8&:-"&)#*+'(%'/+&'$&."#]'(%'0&P "&+.>&'(%'#+0"%2-2'%+'8&'2%0/"#(&('2-)#&8':"&2#8%7&;')-+'8&2')&"&).%">2.#)&2' BRV¿ EFTDSJUBT JNQMJDÄ VO TJHOJÜDBUJWP BVNFOUP EFM HBTUP TPDJBM FO FM ,%"#-(-' ,-2)-+2.#./)#-+&8;' %8' )/&8' (%2)&+2*' %+' :/%+&' $%(#(&' 2-:"%' /+' NPEFMP EF ÜOBODJBNJFOUP JODMJOBEP FO FYDFTP IBDJB MPT HSVQPT N´T QP :"%2'(%'8&',-:8&)#*+;'$#+#$#]&+(-'2/'#$,&).-'(#2."#:/.#V-;')-$-'W&'2%' ."&.*'%+'%8')&,>./8-'4'(%'%2.&',/:8#)&)#*+@R< 4JO VOB SFGPSNB FO MPT NFDBOJTNPT EF ÜOBODJBNJFOUP EF FTUPT ,"-0"&$&2;'8-2'#$,&).-2'2-)#&8%2'W'(#2."#:/.#V-2'(%'8&2',-8>.#)&2'2-)#&8%2'(%' HBSBOU¿B EF JOHSFTPT DPOUJOVBS´O FTUBOEP NVZ DPNQSPNFUJEPT
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Perspectivas de la política social en Brasil
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(%2#0/&8(&('(%'#+0"%2-2'W'&)./&"',"%V%+.#V&$%+.%'&+.%'8&2'2#./&)#-+%2'(%' V/8+%"&:#8#(&('W'"#%20-'2-)#&8@'E2'(%)#";'2*8-'%+'/+'_-"#]-+.%'&$,8#-;'(%'#+P'' .%0"&)#*+'(%'$%)&+#2$-2')-$,%+2&.-"#-2')-+'$%(#(&2',"%V%+.#V&2;',-P (%$-2'_&:8&"'(%'/+'2#2.%$&'(%'0&"&+.>&'(%'#+0"%2-2'%+'J"&2#8@'?%:#(-'&' 8&' &$,8#&' )-:%"./"&' 8-0"&(&' W' &' 8&2' (#V%"2&2' 9/+)#-+%2' (%2%$,%7&(&2;' MPT EFTBG¿PT IBO TJEP TJHOJÜDBUJWPT FO FTUF DBNQP QBSUJDVMBSNFOUF FO MP D/%'"%2,%).&'&'8&'(/&8#(&('(%'8&',"-.%))#*+'2-)#&8':"&2#8%7&;'(%+."-'(%'/+' $-(%8-' D/%' -,%"&' )-+' ,"#+)#,#-2;' #+2.#./)#-+%2;' ,"%2/,/%2.-2' W' 9-+(-2' ,\:8#)-2'(#9%"%+)#&(-2@ 'JOBMNFOUF FT OFDFTBSJP SFDIB[BS FOG´UJDBNFOUF FM DPOÜOB NJFOUP EF MB UFN´UJDB EF MB QPCSF[B B MB Ä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ÄSJDBNFOUF NBSHJOBEPT EF MPT CFOFÜDJPT EFM DSFDJNJFOUP %)-+*$#)-a':I'"%(#2."#:/)#*+'(%'#+0"%2-2;'&8',"-$-V%"'8&'#0/&8(&('%'#+P (/)#"'8&'#+V%"2#*+',"-(/).#V&;'W')I',"-$-)#*+'(%'8&'(%$&+(&'"%&8'&'."&V12' (%8'0&2.-'2-)#&8@ `"%+.%'&'.&8',&"&(#0$&'(%'(%2&""-88-;'2%')-+2.&.&'%8'"%8&.#V-'1Z#.-' (%'8&',-8>.#)&'2-)#&8':"&2#8%7&'&,8#)&(&'(%2,/12'(%'8&' T`^OO;'%+'8&'$%(#(&' %+'D/%',"-V%%'&80/+-2'(%'8-2'v:#%+%2',"#$&"#-2w'W'v)&,&)#(&(%2w'%2%+)#&8%2' &8'(%2&""-88-')-+'%D/#(&('H?%80&(-'W'=_%-(-"-;'455QI@'E9%).#V&$%+.%;' 8&',-8>.#)&'2-)#&8'_&')-+."#:/#(-'&'8&')-+2."/))#*+'(%'/+'+/%V-'+#V%8'(%' #+.%0"&)#*+'W')-_%2#*+'2-)#&8;'&8'9-".&8%)%"'(%"%)_-2;',"-$-V%"'#0/&8(&(' Z NPEJÜDBS FM DVBESP EF MB QPCSF[B 4JO FNCBSHP IBZ RVF SFDPOPDFS 2/' 8#$#.&(-' &8)&+)%' "%(#2."#:/.#V-;' 8-' D/%;' &' 2/' V%];' 2%' "%8&)#-+&' )-+' %8' DBS´DUFS SFHSFTJWP EF TV ÜOBODJBNJFOUP 1PS PUSP MBEP DPNP TF NVFTUSB %+'%8')&,>./8-'S'(%'%2.%'8#:"-;'%8'0&2.-'2-)#&8')/$,8%'/+',&,%8'#$,-".&+.%'W' EJO´NJDP FO MB FDPOPN¿B CSBTJMFÃB ZB RVF MPT QSPHSBNBT Z QPM¿UJDBT N´T QSPHSFTJWPT TPO FYBDUBNFOUF BRV»MMPT DVZB DPOUSJCVDJÄO FT N´T FGFDUJWB ,&"&'%8')"%)#$#%+.-'%)-+*$#)-@'E+'"%2/$%+;'&8')-+2#(%"&"'%+')-+U/+.-'8&' ,-8>.#)&'2-)#&8'i)-+'2/'-"#%+.&)#*+'&'8&'#0/&8(&(i'W'%8'#$,&).-'%)-+*$#)-' (%8'0&2.-'2-)#&8;'2%',/%(%')-+)8/#"'D/%'8&',-8>.#)&'2-)#&8'%+'V#0-"'2%'&(&,P .&' &' /+' ,"-W%).-' (%' (%2&""-88-' )-+' U/2.#)#&;' &' ,%2&"' (%' 8&' +%)%2#(&(' (%' QFSGFDDJPOBSMB F JODMVTP EF TV ÜOBODJBNJFOUP Sobre el paradigma de desarrollo con equidad, así como su relación con la política social, véase a Delgado y Theodoro (2005).
65
Capítulo 9: Perspectivas para el sistema de garantía de ingresos en Brasil
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Referencias
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Capítulo 9: Perspectivas para el sistema de garantía de ingresos en Brasil
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Capítulo 10
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1. Mujeres y trabajos: cambios y continuidades1 1.1 Cambios en la sociedad y en el mundo laboral c&' 2-)#%(&(' :"&2#8%7&' _&' &."&V%2&(-' ,-"' #$,-".&+.%2' ."&+29-"$&)#-+%2' ,-8>.#)&2;'%)-+*$#)&2'W'2-)#&8%2'%+'8&2'\8.#$&2'(1)&(&2;'8&2')/&8%2'&9%).&+'%' #+V-8/)"&+'&'_-$:"%2'W'$/U%"%2'(%'$&+%"&'(#9%"%+.%@ .VDIPT EF MPT DBNCJPT TF QFSDJCFO FO FM ´NCJUP EF MB GBNJMJB c-2'+\)8%-2'9&$#8#&"%2'2-+')&(&'V%]'$%+-"%2;',/%2'8&2'$/U%"%2':"&2#8%7&2' 1 Esta secciĂłn se basĂł en el comunicado del IPEA nĂşm. 40 (IPEA, 2010b). Salvo en los casos en los que se mencione especĂficamente la referencia, todos los datos presentados en el documento tienen como fuente la InvestigaciĂłn Nacional por Muestra de Viviendas (PNAD), del Instituto BrasileĂąo de GeografĂa y EstadĂstica (IBGE).
2
En 1970, era de 5.8 hijos por mujer.
Capítulo 10: Responsabilidades familiares desiguales de hombres y mujeres
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3
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VĂŠase a Bruschini y Lombardi (2000).
Una serie histĂłrica mĂĄs extensa tambiĂŠn confirma exactamente la lentitud de esta aproximaciĂłn. AquĂ se optĂł por presentar los aĂąos recientes, al tomar en cuenta principalmente los datos sobre tiempo dedicado a los quehaceres domĂŠsticos disponibles solamente a partir de 2001. 5
CapĂtulo 10: Responsabilidades familiares desiguales de hombres y mujeres
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Ingresos promedio del traba jo por gĂŠnero â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Brasil, 2002-2008
Perspectivas de la polĂtica social en Brasil
Fuente: PNAD/IBGE. ElaboraciĂłn: DirecciĂłn de Estudios y PolĂticas Sociales (DISOC)/IPEA. Obs.: Ingresos en reales constantes, actualizados por el Ă?ndice Nacional de Precios al Consumidor (INPC) de septiembre de 2008.
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Los datos mĂĄs recientes divulgados son de noviembre de 2009 y presentan los mismos porcenta jes.
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CapĂtulo 10: Responsabilidades familiares desiguales de hombres y mujeres
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Perspectivas de la polĂtica social en Brasil
1.2 Continuidades en el trabajo domĂŠstico remunerado y no remunerado
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-BT NBZPSFT SFTQPOTBCJMJEBEFT GBNJMJBSFT EF MBT NVKFSFT FTU´O FO FM )%+."-'(%'8&'&".#)/8&)#*+'%+."%'8-2'(-2',-8-2'-,/%2.-2'(%'2/'#+2%")#*+'%+' FM NFSDBEP MBCPSBM MBT NVKFSFT N´T QSFDBSJ[BEBT EF VO MBEP Z MBT N´T %2)-8&"#]&(&2;'(%8'-."-@ G',%2&"'(%'.-(-2'2/2'&V&+)%2'W'(%'2/',"%2%+)#&')&(&'V%]'$&W-"'%+' FM NFSDBEP EF USBCBKP VOB DPOWFODJĂ&#x201E;O EF HÂťOFSP DPOUJOĂ&#x2030;B QS´DUJDBNFOUF #+.&).&3'&D/%88&'D/%'"%8&)#-+&'$/U%"%2;'9%$%+#+-'W'9%$#+%#(&(')-+'D/%P _&)%"%2'(-$12.#)-2@'K%'_&+'&8)&+]&(-'$/)_&2')-+D/#2.&2'W'2%'_&+'"-.-' :&""%"&2;',%"-'%+'%2.&')/%2.#*+'+-'_&W'0"&+(%2'."&+29-"$&)#-+%2@ &TUP SFTVMUB N´T FWJEFOUF BM BOBMJ[BS VO GFOĂ&#x201E;NFOP QSFTFOUF FO 8&' "%&8#(&(3' %8' ."&:&U-' (-$12.#)-' "%$/+%"&(-@' K/' #$,-".&+)#&' )/&+.#.&P UJWB SFĂ?FKB VOB EJO´NJDB RVF IBDF RVF DVBOEP MB NVKFS TF JOTFSUB FO FM NFSDBEP MBCPSBM Z QPTFF JOHSFTPT GBNJMJBSFT TVĂ&#x153;DJFOUFT EFMFHVF FM RVFIB )%"'(-$12.#)-'&'-."&'$/U%"@N ?%' %2.&' $&+%"&;' 8-2' (-2' ,-8-2' -,/%2.-2' (%' 8&' #+2%")#*+' (%' 8&2' 91$#+&2' %+' %8' $%")&(-' (%' ."&:&U-' 2-+;' %+' "%&8#(&(;' )-$,8%$%+.&"#-2@'' -BT N´T FTDPMBSJ[BEBT TF JOTFSUBO FO FM NFSDBEP EF USBCBKP QPSRVF QVF (%+'(%8%0&"'2/2'&).#V#(&(%2'(-$12.#)&2'&'-."&2'$/U%"%2@'Y/)_&2'(%'12.&2;' &' 2/' V%];' (%8%0&+' &' -."&2' $/U%"%2' 2/2' ,"-,#&2' "%2,-+2&:#8#(&(%2;' W&' 2%&' %+' .1"$#+-2' "%$/+%"&(-' -' (%' 9&V-"%2@' T-+' %2.-;' 2%' 9-"$&' /+&' )&(%+&' (%'$/U%"%2'%+'8&'2-)#%(&(':"&2#8%7&;'8&2')/&8%2'2%'V#+)/8&+'&'."&V12'(%'2/2' BUSJCVDJPOFT FO MBT UBSFBT EPNÂťTUJDBT $VBOUP N´T TF FODVFOUSBO FO FM FY USFNP EF UBM FODBEFOBNJFOUP N´T QFOBMJ[BEBT FTU´O MBT NVKFSFT E+'455O;'(%'8-2'6R@Q'$#88-+%2'(%'$/U%"%2'-)/,&(&2'%+',/%2.-2'(%' $&8&')&8#(&(;'R@4'%"&+'."&:&U&(-"&2'(-$12.#)&2@'Ă&#x201E;2.&'%2'8&'-)/,&)#*+'D/%' El texto de Hirata y Kergoat (2007) analiza de manera evidente la preponderancia de la delegaciĂłn sobre la conciliaciĂłn.
7
Capítulo 10: Responsabilidades familiares desiguales de hombres y mujeres
N´T CSBTJMFÃBT FNQMFB FO MB BDUVBMJEBE &O U»SNJOPT BCTPMVUPT IB DSFDJEP %+'8-2'\8.#$-2'&7-23'%+'6MMO;'%"&+'<@N'$#88-+%2'(%'%$,8%&(&2'(-$12.#)&2@ 1PS MP UBOUP FM USBCBKP EPN»TUJDP SFNVOFSBEP TF DPOÜHVSB DPNP /+&',/%".&'(%'%+."&(&',&"&'8&2'$/U%"%2'&8'$%")&(-'8&:-"&8@'K%'."&.&'(%'/+&' -)/,&)#*+'88%+&'(%',"%U/#)#-2'W'%2.#0$&2;'$&")&(&',-"'8&',"%)&"#]&)#*+'W' )&"&).%"#]&(&',-"'8-2':&U-2'+#V%8%2'(%'"%$/+%"&)#*+'W'(%'9-"$&8#]&)#*+@ r#2.*"#)&'W',%"2#2.%+.%$%+.%;'%8'."&:&U-'(-$12.#)-'"%$/+%"&(-' %+' J"&2#8' 2%' )-+2.#./W*' )-$-' /+&' &).#V#(&(' 9%$%+#+&' W' +%0"&@' {' "%V%8&;' QPS MP UBOUP VOP EF MPT OJDIPT DPOUFNQPS´OFPT EF MB QSFTFODJB EFM MFHBEP _#2.*"#)-',&."#&")&8'W'%2)8&V#2.&;',%",%./&(-"'(%'8&2'(%2#0/&8(&(%2'(%'01P +%"-'W'(%'"&]&'%+'%8',&>2@ K/' (%2V&8-"#]&)#*+' 2%' ."&(/)%' %+' 8&' 0"&+' (%2,"-.%))#*+' 2-)#&8' D/%',&(%)%'%2&'9/%"]&'(%'."&:&U-':"&2#8%7&'W;'2-:"%'.-(-;'%+'%8',%"2#2.%+.%' ."&.-' (%2#0/&8' "%)#:#(-' %+' 8-' "%9%"%+.%' &8' &))%2-' W' 0&"&+.>&' (%' (%"%)_-2' 8&:-"&8%2@'E+'455O;'\+#)&$%+.%'4Q@Oh'(%'8&2'%$,8%&(&2'(-$12.#)&2'%"&' 9-"$&8'W'2*8-'4M@Sh')-.#]&:&',&"&'2/',"%V#2#*+'2-)#&8@'E+'8&2'"%0#-+%2'+-".%' W' +-"%2.%;' 8-2' +#V%8%2' (%' 9-"$&8#]&)#*+' (%' 8&2' ."&:&U&(-"&2' (-$12.#)&2' 2-+' &8&"$&+.%$%+.%' :&U-2@' K%' -:2%"V&;' ,-"' 8-' .&+.-;' D/%' 8&' .%+(%+)#&' (%' 9-"$&8#]&)#*+' (%8' $%")&(-' 8&:-"&8' "%0#2."&(&' %+' 8-2' \8.#$-2' &7-2' %+' #SBTJM OP UVWP MB NJTNB NBHOJUVE FO FM ´NCJUP EFM FNQMFP EPN»TUJDP &O DPOTFDVFODJB FTUBT NFKPSBT BÉO TPO JOTVÜDJFOUFT BOUF FM QSPCMFNB &'%+9"%+.&"@ ?%' 8&' $#2$&' 9-"$&;' 8&' ,"-,%+2#*+' &' #+)"%$%+.&"' 8-2' #+0"%2-2' (%'8-2'."&:&U&(-"%2':"&2#8%7-2'&',&".#"'(%'455<'+-'./V-'%8'$#2$-'#$,&).-' FO FTB DBUFHPS¿B &M BO´MJTJT EF TVT SFNVOFSBDJPOFT QSPNFEJP SFWFMB MB (%2V&8-"#]&)#*+'(%'%2.%'."&:&U-@'E8'#+0"%2-',"-$%(#-'$%+2/&8'(%'8&2'%$P'' ,8%&(&2'(-$12.#)&2'%"&'(%'AuSQ5@NN'%+'455Oa'%2'(%)#";'+#'2#D/#%"&'&8)&+]&:&' %8'2&8&"#-'$>+#$-'%+.-+)%2'V#0%+.%;'D/%'%"&'(%'Au<6Q@55@
)&)
''Tabla 1 '
'
InformaciĂłn relevante sobre las traba jadoras domĂŠsticas - Brasil, 1998 y 2008
Total de traba jadoras domĂŠsticas (millones) Porcenta je de traba jadoras domĂŠsticas del total de ocupadas (%) Escolaridad de las traba jadoras domĂŠsticas (aĂąos de estudio) Ingreso promedio del traba jo de las empleadas domĂŠsticas (R$)2
19981
2008
4,7
6,2
16.9
15.8
4.5
5.9
315,09
350.77
Perspectivas de la polĂtica social en Brasil
Fuente: PNAD/IBGE. Notas: 1 Exclusive la poblaciĂłn rural de RondĂ´nia, Acre, Amazonas, Roraima, ParĂĄ y lamapĂĄ. 2 Valores de septiembre de 2008.
)&*
6OB CVFOB NBOFSB EF EFĂ&#x153;OJS MB TJUVBDJĂ&#x201E;O EF MBT USBCBKBEPSBT (-$12.#)&2'%2'&2-)#&"8&')-+'%8'v)-$,8%U-'(%'8&'.>&'G+&2.&2#&w'HK&8%2'["@;' 455RI;'%8')/&8'%Z,"%2&'8&'9-"$&')-$-'2%'%2.&:8%)%+'8&2'"%8&)#-+%2'%+."%' ÂťTUBT Z TVT FNQMFBEPSFT DPOTJEFS´OEPMBT iDPNP TJ GVFSBO EF MB GBNJMJBu P v)&2#'(%'8&'9&$#8#&w@'E8',"-)%2-'(%'."&+29-"$&)#*+'(%'8-2'+%Z-2'(%'."&:&U-' %+'V>+)/8-2'&9%).#V-2'"%8&.#V-2'&'8&'%29%"&'(%8',&"%+.%2)-'(#8/W%'8&2'"%8&)#-P +%2'(%',-(%"'W'(%2#0/&8(&('W'(%:#8#.&'8&'8/)_&',-"'8&'0&"&+.>&'(%'8-2'(%"%P )_-2'8&:-"&8%2'(%'(#)_&2'."&:&U&(-"&2@ G' ."&V12' (%' %2%' v)-$,8%U-w' &).\&+' (%' $-(-' #+.%"2%))#-+&8' (-2' $&")&(-"%2' 2-)#&8%2' ,"-(/).-"%2' (%' (%2#0/&8(&(%2' %+' J"&2#83' "&]&' Z HÂťOFSP 1PS VO MBEP TF FYQPOF FM DBS´DUFS SBDJTUB EF VOB QBSUF EF MB 2-)#%(&(':"&2#8%7&',-"D/%'2%'-"#0#+&'(%'8&'2/:-"(#+&)#*+'(%'8&',-:8&)#*+' OFHSB FO FM QBÂżT 4BMFT +S Z QPS FM PUSP SFWFMB MB KVTUJĂ&#x153;DB )#*+'(%'%2&'&).#V#(&(')-$-'/+&'"%2,-+2&:#8#(&('(%'8&2'$/U%"%2'&8'(-.&"P 8&2' (%' &."#:/.-2')-$-')/#(&(-;'&:+%0&)#*+'W'"%,"-(/))#*+;'8-2')/&8%2' )-+9-"$&+' %2.%"%-.#,-2' (%' /+' (%.%"$#+&(-' $-(%8-' (%' 9%$#+%#(&(' WJHFOUF FO FM QBÂżT "EFN´T EF FTP EFCJEP B RVF FT DPOTJEFSBEB DPNP /+&'"%2,-+2&:#8#(&('+&./"&8'(%'8&2'$/U%"%2;'8&'&).#V#(&('2%'"%2."#+0%'2*8-' &' 8&' %29%"&' (-$12.#)&;' ,-"' 8-' D/%' +#' 2/' V&8-"' %)-+*$#)-' +#' 2-)#&8' 2-+' "%)-+-)#(-2;'8-'D/%'(%2,"%2.#0#&'(#)_&'8&:-"'HC!EG;'455M:3'45I@ 1PS MP UBOUP VO BO´MJTJT EF MB JOTFSDJĂ&#x201E;O EF MBT NVKFSFT FO FM $%")&(-' 8&:-"&8' +-' %2.&">&' )-$,8%.-' 2#+' /+' %2./(#-' 2-:"%' 8&' ,"%2%+)#&' (%'8&2'%$,8%&(&2'(-$12.#)&2@'E88&2'"%,"%2%+.&+'8&')&.%0-">&'%+'8&')/&8'2%' %+."%)"/]&+' 8&2' ."%2' ,"#+)#,&8%2' )&"&).%">2.#)&2' (%8' ."&:&U-' 9%$%+#+-' %+'
Capítulo 10: Responsabilidades familiares desiguales de hombres y mujeres
J"&2#8'%+'8-2'\8.#$-2'&7-23'%8'&/$%+.-'(%'8&2'$/U%"%2'%+'%8'$%")&(-'8&:-"&8' FO VO QPMP QSFDBSJ[BEP FM JODSFNFOUP EF TV QSFTFODJB FO VO ´NCJUP iN´T EFTBSSPMMBEPu Z TV QFSTJTUFOUF QSFQPOEFSBODJB FO MB SFBMJ[BDJÄO EFM ."&:&U-'(-$12.#)-@'E2.%',"%(-$#+#-'2%'(&'.&+.-'%+'%8'%$,8%-'(-$12.#)-' )-$-'%+'8&'"%2,-+2&:#8#(&(',-"'8-2'D/%_&)%"%2'(%8'_-0&"'W'2%'%Z,8#)&;'%+' 0"&+'$%(#(&;',-"D/%'2%')-+2#(%"&'.&8'"%2,-+2&:#8#(&('9%$%+#+&',-"'%2&2' &).#V#(&(%2')-$-'/+'9%+*$%+-'v+&./"&8w@ A%2,-+(%"',-"'%8')/#(&(-'(%'_#U-2'%'_#U&2;'&(/8.-2'$&W-"%2;',%"P TPOBT DPO EJTDBQBDJEBE Z GBNJMJBSFT FOGFSNPT BEFN´T EF SFBMJ[BS UPEBT MBT .&"%&2'"%8&)#-+&(&2')-+'8&'8#$,#%]&'(%'8&')&2&;'8&'_#0#%+%'W'8&'&8#$%+.&)#*+;' )-+2.#./W%'/+'."&:&U-')-.#(#&+-'%'#+(#2,%+2&:8%',&"&'8&'"%,"-(/))#*+'(%' 8&'2-)#%(&(;'%8')/&8'&\+'2%'&."#:/W%')/8./"&8'%'_#2.*"#)&$%+.%'&'8&2'$/U%P "%2@'!-"'8-'.&+.-;'8&'%Z)8/2#V#(&('9%$%+#+&'(%'0%2.&";',&"#"'W'&$&$&+.&"' TF FYUJFOEF B UPEBT MBT EFN´T UBSFBT QBSB MBT DVBMFT OP JNQPSUBS¿B FM TFYP (%'D/#%+'8&2'"%&8#]&"&@'T&:%'"%)-"(&";'#+)8/2#V%;'D/%'+-'.-(&2'8&2'$/U%"%2' %Z,%"#$%+.&+'8&'$&.%"+#(&('W;'&/+'%+'%8')&2-'(%'8&2'9&$#8#&2')-+'_#U-2;'D/%' %2&2'.&"%&2'":&.<$()*H"0'"'9%$%+#+&2'&)&:&+',-"'+-'-)/,&"'$/)_-'.#%$,-' %+'8&2'9&$#8#&2'_-W;'(%:#(-'&8'"%(/)#(-'+\$%"-'(%'_#U-2@ K#+' %$:&"0-;' 8&2' 8%W%2;' 8&2' ,-8>.#)&2' W' 8-2' 2%"V#)#-2' ,\:8#)-2' 2%' PSHBOJ[BO DPO CBTF FO VO NPEFMP GBNJMJBS RVF QJFSEF DBEB WF[ N´T JN ,-".&+)#&3' %8' (%8' $&."#$-+#-' )-+' _#U-2;' )/W-' ,"-V%%(-"' %Z)8/2#V-' %2' %8' _-$:"%;'$#%+."&2'8&'$/U%"'%2'8&'\+#)&')/#(&(-"&@'?%'%2.&'9-"$&;'2%'"%9/%"P ]&'W'"%,"-(/)%')&(&'(>&'8&'#(%&'(%'D/%'%2'&80-'+&./"&8'8&'"%2,-+2&:#8#(&(' (%' 8&' $/U%"' ,-"' 8-2' D/%_&)%"%2' (-$12.#)-2@' E+' )-+2%)/%+)#&;' #+(%,%+P (#%+.%$%+.%'(%'8&'%(&(;'8&',-2#)#*+'%+'8&'9&$#8#&'iU%9&'-')*+W/0%i;'8&'2#P ./&)#*+' 8&:-"&8' -' 8&' )8&2%' 2-)#&8;' 8&2' $/U%"%2' &\+' 2-+' 8&2' D/%' "%&8#]&+' %8' ."&:&U-'(-$12.#)-@ &O EF MBT CSBTJMFÃBT EF BÃPT P N´T BÜSNBSPO 88%V&"'&')&:-'.&"%&2'(-$12.#)&2;'%+')-$,&"&)#*+')-+'<Q@Sh'(%'8-2'_-$P CSFT "EFN´T EF FTUB EJGFSFODJB NJFOUSBT FMMBT FNQMFBCBO FO QSPNFEJP 4S@M'_-"&2',-"'2%$&+&;'%88-2'(%2.#+&:&+'M@N'_-"&2@'E+'%8')&2-'(%'8&2'$/U%"%2' ,%".%+%)#%+.%2' &' 9&$#8#&2' )-+' #+0"%2-2' #+9%"#-"%2' &' $%(#-' 2&8&"#-' $>+#P'' NP QFS D´QJUB Z UBNCJ»O EF BRVFMMBT RVF GVOH¿BO DPNP DÄOZVHFT FM UJFN ,-'(%(#)&(-'&'8-2'D/%_&)%"%2'(-$12.#)-2'%"&'(%')&2#'S5'_-"&2'2%$&+&8%2@' r&W'#+(#)#-2'(%'D/%'%8'.#,-'(%'."&:&U-'.&$:#1+'2%'(#9%"%+)#&'%+."%' _-$:"%2' W' $/U%"%2@' E+' 0%+%"&8;' %88-2' .#%+(%+' &' "%&8#]&"' .&"%&2' %Z.%"+&2'' mDPNP FODBSHBSTF EFM KBSE¿O P EFM DBSSPm Z FTQPS´EJDBT mQFRVFÃPT BSSFH 8-2;',-"'%U%$,8-i;'$#%+."&2'%88&2'2%'-)/,&+'(%'8&2'.&"%&2')-.#(#&+&2;')-$-' )/#(&"'(%'8-2'_#U-2;'8#$,#&"'8&')&2&;'8&V&"'W',8&+)_&"'"-,&;'%+."%'-."&2@'?%2(%' D/%'%8' CJXE'&+&8#]&'%2.&')/%2.#*+;'%8'.#%$,-'-)/,&(-'_&'(#2$#+/#(-',&"&'
)&#
_-$:"%2'W',&"&'$/U%"%2a'%+'4556;'(%2.#+&:&+'65@M'W'4M@5'_-"&2'2%$&+&P 8%2'&8'."&:&U-'(%'8&')&2&;'"%2,%).#V&$%+.%'HV1&2%'8&'.&:8&'4I@'!-"'8-'.&+.-;'%8' QSPNFEJP EF UJFNQP JOWFSUJEP IB EJTNJOVJEP TJHOJĂ&#x153;DBUJWBNFOUF QBSB MBT NVKFSFT EFCJEP B RVF MB UFDOPMPHÂżB Z MPT OVFWPT I´CJUPT mDPNP DPNFS 9/%"&'(%')&2&i'.#%+%+'$&W-"'#$,&).-'2-:"%'%88&2@'g+&'(%'8&2'%Z,8#)&)#-+%2' EF FTUB EJTNJOVDJĂ&#x201E;O FTU´ FO MB BNQMJBDJĂ&#x201E;O EFM BDDFTP B CJFOFT Z TFSWJDJPT )-$-'&0/&',-.&:8%;'2&+%&$#%+.-'W'%8%)."-(-$12.#)-2;'D/%'9&)#8#.&+'8&'V#(&' (%'D/#%+'%U%)/.&'%8'."&:&U-'(-$12.#)-@
''Tabla 2 '
'
Perspectivas de la polĂtica social en Brasil
ProporciĂłn de personas con 10 aĂąos o mĂĄs que realizan quehaceres domĂŠsticos y nĂşmero promedio de horas semanales dedicadas a los quehaceres domĂŠsticos, por sexo â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Brasil, 2001 y 2008
Fuente: PNAD/IBGE. ElaboraciĂłn: DISOC/IPEA.
4JO FNCBSHP MBT NVKFSFT FNQMFBEBT BĂ&#x153;SNBSPO RVF HBTUBCBO 45@OM'_-"&2'2%$&+&8%2'%+'8-2'D/%_&)%"%2'(-$12.#)-2;'$#%+."&2'8-2'_-$P :"%2'-)/,&(-2;'M@4'_-"&2@O'T-$-'%"&'(%'%2,%"&"2%;'8&'2-:"%)&"0&'(%'."&:&U-' ,"-(/)#(&' ,-"' %2&' 2#./&)#*+;' 8&' )/&8' %2' "%9-"]&(&' ,-"' 8&2' #+2.#./)#-+%2;' JOĂ?VZF EJSFDUBNFOUF FO TV JOTFSDJĂ&#x201E;O FO FM NFSDBEP MBCPSBM &MMP NV )_&2'V%)%2'(%.%"$#+&'2/2',-2#:#8#(&(%2'(%'#+)8/2#*+'%+'12.%;'(%')-+2%0/#"' %$,8%-' W' 8&' -)/,&)#*+' (%' ,/%2.-2' ,"%)&"#-2' i(%:#(-' &' 8&' +%)%2#(&(' (%' CVTDBS USBCBKP N´T DFSDB EF DBTB EF MBCPSBS KPSOBEBT QBSDJBMFT P EF BDFQUBS /+'%$,8%-'2*8-'%+')&2-'(%')-+2%0/#"'&)/%"(-2',%"2-+&8%2',&"&'%8')/#(&P EP EF IJKPT P EF FOGFSNPT *OĂ?VZF UBNCJÂťO FO MB QPTJCJMJEBE EF BTDFOTP Los datos deben ser profundizados. Por eso, una investigaciĂłn de uso del tiempo serĂĄ realizada nacionalmente por el IBGE para que se pueda medir la magnitud del traba jo no remunerado entre hombres y mujeres. 8
)&$
2. El trabajo del cuidado en el horizonte de las polĂticas sociales c-2' #$,&).-2' D/%' .#%+%' 8&' &/2%+)#&' (%' )-,&".#)#,&)#*+' %+' 8&2' "%2,-+P 2&:#8#(&(%2'9&$#8#&"%2'2-:"%'8&2'(%2#0/&8(&(%2'2-)#&8%2'2%'_&+'V/%8.-;')&(&' WF[ N´T VOB QSFPDVQBDJĂ&#x201E;O UBOUP EF JOWFTUJHBEPSFT BT DPNP EF HFT .-"%2H&2I' (%' ,-8>.#)&2' 2-)#&8%2@' `&)%.&' #$,-".&+.%' (%' 8&2' (%2#0/&8(&(%2' (%'01+%"-'D/%'%2."/)./"&+'8&'2-)#%(&(':"&2#8%7&;'8&'"&-0-H/*+,".+&<(,*,-+ ;FMJ[FS TF SFWFMB DPNP VO BTVOUP DFOUSBM QBSB FM BO´MJTJT TPCSF MBT DPOĂ&#x153;HVSBDJPOFT DPOUFNQPS´OFBT EFM &TUBEP EF #JFOFTUBS 4PDJBM Z TVT ,-8>.#)&2'2-)#&8%2;'&2>')-$-',&"&'%8'(%2&""-88-'(%8',&>2@ %F FTUB NBOFSB QBSB SFĂ?FKBS MPT EFTBGÂżPT Z PQPSUVOJEBEFT EFM EF 2&""-88-' :"&2#8%7-' %+' %8' V&2.-' )&$,-' 9-"$&(-' ,-"' 8&' #+.%"2%))#*+' (%' 8&'' (%2#0/&8(&('(%'01+%"-'W'8&2',-8>.#)&2'2-)#&8%2;')-$-'2#./&)#*+P,"-:8%$&'&' %+9"%+.&";'2%'%8#0#*'%8'_%)_-'(%'D/%'%8'."&:&U-'(%8')/#(&(-'(%'8&'9&$#8#&'%2;' BĂ&#x2030;O SFTQPOTBCJMJEBE EF MBT NVKFSFT " QSJNFSB WJTUB UBM BĂ&#x153;SNBDJĂ&#x201E;O QBSF )%' "%9%"#"2%' &' /+' )-+U/+.-' $/W' "%2."#+0#(-' W' 8-)&8#]&(-' (%' 9%+*$%+-2' )-$-' 8&2' &).#V#(&(%2' #+V-8/)"&(&2' %+' 8&' )-.#(#&+#(&(' (%' 8&' V#(&' (-$12P'' .#)&@'K#+'%$:&"0-;'%2&'#+.%","%.&)#*+'+-'%2'0"&./#.&@ Este tipo de mediciĂłn es realizado en otras partes del mundo. En Brasil, un estudio relacionado con esto fue publicado por Melo, Considera y Di Sabbato (2007).
9
CapĂtulo 10: Responsabilidades familiares desiguales de hombres y mujeres
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CapĂtulo 10: Responsabilidades familiares desiguales de hombres y mujeres
EFT EPNÂťTUJDBT B PUSBT NVKFSFT CFOFĂ&#x153;DJ´OEPTF EF MB SFQSPEVDDJĂ&#x201E;O EF MB 2%"V#(/$:"%'(-$12.#)&'Hr#"&.&'W'x%"0-&.;'455N3'R5SI@ E+'%8')&2-':"&2#8%7-;'8&2',-8>.#)&2'"%8&)#-+&(&2')-+'%8')/#(&(-'&\+' OP TF JODPSQPSBO B MB BHFOEB EF NPEP N´T FGFDUJWP Z WJTJCMF )BZ BMHVOBT #$,-".&+.%2'%Z)%,)#-+%2;',%"-'+-"$&8$%+.%')/&+(-'2%'_&:8&'(%')-+)#8#&"' ."&:&U-'W'9&$#8#&;'%+'J"&2#8'.-(&V>&'2%',#%+2&'2-8&$%+.%'%+'8&2'."&:&U&(-"&2@' E+'8&'2#./&)#*+',"%V&8%)#%+.%;'8&'$&("%'&\+'2#0/%'+%)%2#.&+(-'&,-W-',&"&' ,-(%"'."&:&U&"'9/%"&'(%')&2&;'W&'2%&',-"D/%'+-'.#%+%')*+W/0%'W'$&+.#%P +%'2-8&'8&')&2&'-',&"&')-$,8%$%+.&"'8-2'#+0"%2-2'9&$#8#&"%2'$%(#&+.%'/+' ."&:&U-')-+2#(%"&(-'2%)/+(&"#-'&8'(%8'_-$:"%',"-V%%(-"@'E2&2')/%2.#-+%2' TFS´O FYBNJOBEBT B DPOUJOVBDJĂ&#x201E;O
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+#7-2'(%'_&2.&'6<'&7-2'(%'%(&(;',&2&:&+'4M@M'_-"&2',-"'2%$&+&'"%&8#]&+(-' D/%_&)%"%2'(-$12.#)-2a'8-2'_-$:"%2;'M@4@'E+'4556;'%2-2'V&8-"%2'%"&+'SN@M' W'65@<;'"%2,%).#V&$%+.%@'E2'(%)#";',%"2#2.%'8&'.%+(%+)#&'&'8&'(#2$#+/)#*+;' ,%"-'8&2'(#9%"%+)#&2',%"$&+%)%+@' $PNP DPNQMFNFOUP EF MB DPNQBSBDJĂ&#x201E;O JOUFSUFNQPSBM RVF FTU´ 8#$#.&(&'(%:#(-'&8')-".-'.#%$,-'."&+2)/""#(-'(%2(%'D/%'8&')/%2.#*+',&2*' &'2%"'&+&8#]&(&',-"'%8' CJXE;'2%',/%(%')-+."&2.&"'&'8&2',&"%U&2'U*V%+%2')-+' 8&2')("=*$ &O MBT NVKFSFT EF BĂ&#x192;PT P N´T PDVQBCBO IPSBT QPS TFNBOB FO RVFIBDFSFT EPNÂťTUJDPT Z MPT IPNCSFT &TUP TJHOJĂ&#x153;DB RVF MB SFMBDJĂ&#x201E;O FOUSF FM UJFNQP EFEJDBEP QPS NVKFSFT Z IPNCSFT FT N´T EJTQBS FOUSF MBT QBSFKBT N´T KĂ&#x201E;WFOFT -B SFMBDJĂ&#x201E;O FT BĂ&#x2030;O QFPS GSFOUF &'O@N'_-"&2;'2#')-+2#(%"&$-2'2*8-'&'$/U%"%2'W'_-$:"%2'(%'6O'&'4<'&7-2'%+' 8&',-2#)#*+'(%'U%9%2'-')*+W/0%2'%+'9&$#8#&2'(%',&"%U&2')-+'+#7-2'(%'_&2.&' 6<'&7-2@'E2'(%)#";'2%'(%(/)%'D/%'8&2'$/U%"%2'U*V%+%2;'$&("%2'(%'9&$#8#&'' Z RVF USBCBKBO GVFSB EF DBTB PDVQBO WFDFT N´T UJFNQP FO FTBT MBCPSFT D/%'2/2')-$,&7%"-2'H.&:8&'SI@
''Tabla 3 '
'
Perspectivas de la polĂtica social en Brasil
Horas dedicadas a los quehaceres domĂŠsticos, por sexo, rango etario y situaciĂłn de ocupaciĂłn en familias de parejas con hijos de hasta 14 aĂąos de edad â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Brasil, 2001 y 2008
)!(
Fuente: PNAD/IBGE.
!-"'8-'.&+.-;'2%',/%(%')-$,"-:&"'D/%'8-2'#+(#)#-2'(%'."&+29-"P NBDJPOFT FO FM ´NCJUP EF MBT DPOWFODJPOFT EF HÂťOFSP mDPNP FM BVNFOUP )"%)#%+.%'(%'U%9&2'(%'9&$#8#&'%+."%'0"/,-2'9&$#8#&"%2'9-"$&(-2',-"',&"%U&2' DPO IJKPTm BĂ&#x2030;O OP TF SFĂ?FKBO FO MBT QS´DUJDBT DPUJEJBOBT GBNJMJBSFT mOĂ&#x201E; .%2%' %8' .#%$,-' (%(#)&(-' &' 8-2' D/%_&)%"%2' (-$12.#)-2' (%2#0/&8$%+.%' (#2."#:/#(-'%+."%'_-$:"%2'W'$/U%"%2'HC!EG;'455OI@
11 Como se apuntĂł en el capĂtulo â&#x20AC;&#x153;Desarrollo, modernizaciĂłn y condiciones de vidaâ&#x20AC;? de este libro, en 2008 solamente 38% de los niĂąos de hasta 5 aĂąos frecuentaba la guarderĂa o el preescolar. Los datos sobre atenciĂłn a adultos mayores aĂşn se limitan a la informaciĂłn de los servicios institucionalizados, de los llamados cuidados de larga duraciĂłn y de los beneficios a los que tienen derecho los adultos mayores en familias en situaciĂłn de pobreza extrema: Beneficio de PrestaciĂłn Continuada (BPC) y los beneficios de seguridad social (Camarano, 2006).
CapĂtulo 10: Responsabilidades familiares desiguales de hombres y mujeres
E2-2'+\$%"-2'#8/2."&+')8&"&$%+.%'D/%'8&',%"2#2.%+)#&'(%'8&2'&2#P $%.">&2'2%':&2&'%+')/%2.#-+%2'$/W'&""&#0&(&2'%+'%8'#+)-+2)#%+.%')-8%).#V-' W'(%'(#9>)#8;'-',-"'8-'$%+-2'8%+.&;'."&+29-"$&)#*+@ E2%',&+-"&$&',/%(%'_&:%"'V&"#&(-'&',&".#"'(%'8-2')&$:#-2'(%P'' NPHS´Ă&#x153;DPT RVF IB QSFTFOUBEP FM QBÂżT 4FHĂ&#x2030;O MPT QSPOĂ&#x201E;TUJDPT MB UBTB EF GFDVOEJEBE TFHVJS´ EJTNJOVZFOEP Z MB QJS´NJEF EFNPHS´Ă&#x153;DB QBSFDFS´ VO CBSSJM FO MPT QSĂ&#x201E;YJNPT WFJOUF BĂ&#x192;PT MP DVBM JOEJDB RVF IBCS´ NFOPT OJĂ&#x192;PT Z KĂ&#x201E;WFOFT EF MPT BDUVBMFT N´T BEVMUPT Z NVDIPT N´T BEVMUPT NBZPSFT 4J FM +\$%"-'(%'_#U-2'(#2$#+/W%;'%+.-+)%2'.&$:#1+'8-'_&)%'%8'.#%$,-'#+V%".#(-' QPS MBT GBNJMJBT FO FM USBCBKP EF DVJEBEP 4JO FNCBSHP MB QSFTFODJB EF N´T BEVMUPT NBZPSFT mZ FO FEBE N´T BWBO[BEBm FYJHJS´ OVFWBNFOUF UJFNQP W' )/#(&(-2' ,-"' ,&".%' (%' ,%"2-+&2' &(/8.&2@' T-$-' &\+' 2-+' 8&2' $/U%"%2' D/#%+%2' "%2,-+(%+' ,-"' %2.%' 2%"V#)#-;' %2' ,-2#:8%' D/%' ,"%2%+)#%$-2' /+' "%."-)%2-'%+'"%8&)#*+')-+'8&'%+."&(&'(%'8&2'$/U%"%2'&8'$%")&(-'(%'."&:&U-' W'8&'0&+&+)#&'(%'&/.-+-$>&'9%$%+#+&@'E2.-'2%'&0"&V&'&8'.-$&"'%+')/%+.&' D/%'8-2'2%"V#)#-2'(%')/#(&(-'W'&.%+)#*+'&'8-2'&(/8.-2'$&W-"%2'D/%'2/9"%+' BMHĂ&#x2030;O UJQP EF EFQFOEFODJB TPO BĂ&#x2030;O N´T FTDBTPT RVF MPT EF HVBSEFSÂż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Ă&#x192;PT Z NJMMPOFT EF QFSTPOBT EF BĂ&#x192;PT P N´T MBT DVB 8%2;'(%'&)/%"(-')-+'8&'8%0#28&)#*+':"&2#8%7&;'2-+')-+2#(%"&(&2'&(/8.-2'$&P'' W-"%2@' !&"&' 4544;' 2%' ,"-W%).&+' V&8-"%2' (%' SO@Q' W' 46@R' $#88-+%2' ,&"&' %2&2' QPCMBDJPOFT SFTQFDUJWBNFOUF $PNP TF QVFEF WFS FO MB TJHVJFOUF HS´Ă&#x153;DB MBT .%+(%+)#&2'2-+'#+V%"2&2',&"&'8&2',-:8&)#-+%2'%+'8&')\2,#(%'W'%+'8&':&2%'(%' MB QJS´NJEF EFNPHS´Ă&#x153;DB
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''Gráfica 2 '
'
Proyección poblacional para niños y adultos mayores – Brasil, 2010-2022
Fuente: PNAD/IBGE. Elaboración: DISOC/IPEA.
Perspectivas de la política social en Brasil
3.2 Políticas públicas de cuidado con perspectiva de género
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G+.%' 8-' %Z,/%2.-;' &)./&8$%+.%' 2%' ,"%2%+.&' )-$-' /+&' $%.&' (%' 8&' ,-8>.#P'' )&'2-)#&8'%+'J"&2#8'8&'%2."/)./"&)#*+'(%'/+&',-8>.#)&'(%8')/#(&(-'(#"#0#(&'&' .-(&2'8&2',%"2-+&2;'%+'.-(&2'8&2'%.&,&2'(%'2/'V#(&;')-+'1+9&2#2'%+'8-2'+#7-2' iW'%+."%'%88-2;'8-2'(%'$%+-"'%(&(i;'%+'8&2',%"2-+&2')-+'(#2)&,&)#(&('-'%+P 9%"$%(&(%2'D/%')-$,"-$%.&+'2/'#+2%")#*+'&8'$%")&(-'8&:-"&8;'W'%+'8-2' BEVMUPT NBZPSFT FTQFDJBMNFOUF BRV»MMPT DPO N´T FEBE P DPO BMHÉO UJQP (%'(%,%+(%+)#&@ K#+'%$:&"0-;'+-':&2.&')-+',%+2&"'%+',-8>.#)&2'(%')/#(&(-a'2#'%8' PCKFUJWP EF VO QB¿T EFNPDS´UJDP DPNP #SBTJM FT QSPNPWFS MB JHVBMEBE .&$:#1+'(%:%+')-+2#(%"&"2%',-8>.#)&2'(%'#0/&8(&('%+."%'_-$:"%2'W'$/P U%"%2@'T-+'%2-;'8&2'."&+29-"$&)#-+%2'(%'8&2')-+V%+)#-+%2'(%'01+%"-'D/%' (%.%"$#+&+' D/%' %8' ."&:&U-' (-$12.#)-' 2%&' /+&' "%2,-+2&:#8#(&(' 9%$%P'' +#+&' (%:%+' 2%"' &)%8%"&(&2' ,-"' ,-8>.#)&2' ,\:8#)&2;' )-$-' _&' -)/""#(-' %+' $/)_-2',&>2%2'(%2&""-88&(-2@64 12
Véase a Meulders et al. (2007), Hein (2005), entre otros. Cabe resaltar que la
mayorĂa de las polĂticas adoptadas, analizadas por estudiosos, tiene como objetivo a las familias con niĂąos.
CapĂtulo 10: Responsabilidades familiares desiguales de hombres y mujeres
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Capítulo 10: Responsabilidades familiares desiguales de hombres y mujeres
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Perspectivas abiertas a la política social en Brasil
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Perspectivas abiertas a la polĂtica social en Brasil
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)'!
CapĂtulo 2: Balance de la politica social en el nuevo milenio
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Perspectivas de la polĂtica social en Brasil