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Jorge Eugenio de Jesús Mora Tordecillas, Mario Camberos Castro y Joaquín Bracamontes Nevárez
Rigoberto García Ochoa, María de Lourdes Romo Aguilar y Jorge Alberto Muñan Valencia
María Cristina Girardo Pierdominici, Prudencio Oscar Mochi Alemán y Lucía Abelenda Casalet
Emilio García Martínez y Arturo Pérez Flores
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Calidad de vida urbana en los hogares de Tijuana y Mexicali, Baja California
Félix Acosta Eduardo González Fagoaga El Colegio de la Frontera Norte Comisión de Salud Fronteriza México-Estados Unidos
Calidad de vida urbana en los hogares de Tijuana y Mexicali, Baja California Quality of urban life in homes Tijuana and Mexicali, Baja California
Resumen 6(% *)/*% /E2Y2+'% )*% ,*S0(*% 3'(3*T/827V*(/*% 5% )*% 3'()/E85*% *VT:E032V*(/*% 8(% :(,03*% ,*% 3270,2,% ,*% .0,2% 8EY2(2% T2E2% ,')% 308,2,*)R% K0+82(2% 5% D*L03270<% *(% *7% *)/2,'%,*%H2+2%&270S'E(02"%92E2%77*.2E%2%32Y'%*7%2(a70)0)%*VT:E03'%,*%72%3270,2,%,*% .0,2%*(%*)/2)%,')%308,2,*)%,*%72%SE'(/*E2%('E/*<%)*%*VT7*2E'(%7')%,2/')%'Y/*(0d%% ,')%,*%72%:,%5+-&$.-";'+.!$0*<$<.<+.=*<$(.!">?+&*&*2*<$<.3.=*"0+,%*$.@"%*$0.+,.A"/$4 '+-.<+.BC.!*5<$<+-.7+9*%$,$-<%77*.2,2%2%32Y'%T'E%67%&'7*10'%,*%72%kE'(/*E2%F'E/*"% e')% E*)87/2,')% 'Y/*(0,')% )*% 2(270`2(% ,*),*% 72% T*E)T*3/0.2% ,*% 3270,2,% ,*% .0,2% 5% V8*)/E2(%[8*%)0%Y0*(%72)%308,2,*)%,*%K0+82(2%5%D*L03270%W2(%E*10)/E2,'%7'1E')%*(% 382(/'%2%3E*30V0*(/'%*3'(4V03'<%72)%3'(,030'(*)%)'3027*)%*(%[8*%)'YE*.0.*(%)8)% W2Y0/2(/*)%W23*(%('/2E%[8*%2](%[8*,2(%V83W')%TE'Y7*V2)%T'E%E*)'7.*E" 9272YE2)%372.*
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Abstract -(%/W0)%T2T*E%o*%3'(3*T/82775%,*S0(*%2(,%*VT0E032775%Y807,%2(%0(,*L%'S%[8270/5% 'S%70S*%S'E%K0+82(2%2(,%D*L03270<%0(%/W*%V*L032(%)/2/*%'S%H2+2%&270S'E(02"%KW*% ,2/2%8)*,%0(%/W0)%*VT0E0327%2(275)0)%'S%8EY2(%[8270/5%'S%70S*%0(%/W*)*%/o'%30/0*)% 3'V*% SE'V% /W*% l'8)*W'7,% ;8E.*5% '(% p8270/5% 'S% e0S*<% &'VT*/0/0.*(*))% 2(,% ;'3027% g0'7*(3*% 0(% =f% D*L032(% &0/0*)% E20)*,% Y5% 67% &'7*10'% ,*% 72% kE'(/*E2% F'E/*"%KW*%E*)87/)%)W'o%/W2/%*.*(%/W*%)'3027%Y*(*S0/)%2))'302/*,%o0/W%*3'('V03% 0VTE'.*V*(/)% 233'VT70)W*,% Y5% /W*)*% 30/0*)% 'S% /W*% ('E/W*E(% Y'E,*E<% )/077% E*d V20(%V2(5%)'3027%TE'Y7*V)%/'%)'7.*" q*5o'E,)
bEY2(%[8270/5%'S%70S*<%T8Y703%1'',)n%Y'E,*E%30/0*)"
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Calidad de vida urbana en los hogares de Tijuana y Mexicali, Baja California Félix Acosta Eduardo González Fagoaga
Introducción
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El marco teórico: ¿qué es la calidad de vida? 92E2%e08%M?PNIO<%72%3270,2,%,*%.0,2%*)%8(%('VYE*%(8*.'%T2E2%8(2%.0*+2% 0,*2<%8(2%S'EV2%)8Y+*/0.2%T2E2%,*('V0(2E%27%Y0*(*)/2E%,*%72)%T*E)'(2)%5% *7%2VY0*(/*%*(%*7%[8*%.0.*("%92E2%*)/*%28/'E<%/E2,030'(27V*(/*%*L0)/*(% /E*)%/0T')%1*(*E27*)%,*%,*S0(030'(*)%,*%3270,2,%,*%.0,2R%0O%,*S0(030'(*)% TE*30)2)%,*%7'%[8*%3'()/0/85*%72%3270,2,%,*%.0,2%MS*7030,2,<%)2/0)S23304(<% 2Y8(,2(302<% *)/07'% ,*% .0,2<% *(/E*% '/E')On% 00O% ,*S0(030'(*)% 3'(% Y2)*% *(% *7%8)'%,*%0(,032,'E*)%)'3027*)%MTE',83/'%0(/*E('%YE8/'<%0(,032,'E*)%,*% )278,%5%2)0)/*(302<%0(,032,'E*)%*,832/0.')<%T'E%V*(30'(2E%2718(')O<%5% 000O%,*S0(030'(*)%0(,0E*3/2)%[8*%*)T*30S032(%7')%3'VT'(*(/*)%'%S23/'E*)% [8*%2S*3/2(%72%3270,2,%,*%.0,2%M1E8T'%)'3027<%0(,032,'E*)%*3'(4V03')<% T'7:/03')%5%2VY0*(/27*)<%5%Va)O" 67% 'E01*(% ,*7% 3'(3*T/'% ,*% 3270,2,% ,*% .0,2<% ,*% 238*E,'% 3'(% A3')/2%+&.$0"%M=>?=O<%*)/a%.0(3872,'%27%,*)2EE'77'%,*%72%T*E)T*3/0.2%/*4E032% E*S*E*(/*%2%72)%32T230,2,*)%W8V2(2)%,*%AV2E/52%;*(<%,*/*EV0(2,2)%T'E% *7%i3'(+8(/'%,*%S8(30'(2V0*(/')%,*%7')%0(,0.0,8')%T2E2%)*E%5%W23*E<%T2E2% 77*.2E%2%32Y'%*7%/0T'%,*%.0,2%[8*%3'()0,*E*(%1*(*E2,'E2%,*%.27'E%T2E2%):% V0)V')%5%T2E2%0(3E*V*(/2E%)8%70Y*E/2,%,*%*7*10E%*(/E*%,0S*E*(/*)%38E)')% ?>
Año 5 Núm. 10 julio-diciembre de 2014
!"#$%"%&%'&($%"&)*+","&',&#-.&/-0"*'.&%'&1$2)","&3&4'5$6"#$7&8"2"&!"#$9-*,$"
,*% 23304(% *(% 8(2% )'30*,2,% 5% 8(% /0*VT'% ,*/*EV0(2,')j% MA3')/2% +&. $0"<% =>?=R%?=O" ;0%Y0*(%98*(/*%M?PJJO%T2E/*%,*7%T72(/*2V0*(/'%,*%[8*%*7%3'(d 3*T/'%,*%%$0*<$<.<+.2*<$%3'(+812%72%,0)/0(304(%,*%,')%32/*1'E:2)%3'VT7*d V*(/2E02)R% 72)% %",<*%*",+-. <+. 2*<$% 5% *7% >"<". <+. 2*<$"% K27% ,0)/0(304(<% 2% +8030'% ,*7% 28/'E<% *)% 'T*E2/0.2V*(/*% T*E/0(*(/*% *(% /2(/'% T*EV0/*% 2Ed /03872E%*)/2%/*Va/032%3'(%72%741032%,*%7')%TE'3*)')%8EY2(')%5%TE*30)2E%*7% (0.*7%,*%2(a70)0)%,'(,*%)*%,*)*2%'T*E2E" &'(%Y2)*%*(%72%E*.0)04(%[8*%TE*)*(/2%*)/*%V0)V'%28/'E<%W25% ,')%*(S'[8*)%3'(3*T/827*)%,*),*%7')%[8*%)*%,*S0(*%72%3270,2,%,*%.0,2R% *7%[8*%3'()0,*E2%3'V'%E*S*E*(/*%3*(/E27%27%0(,0.0,8'%5%*7%[8*%3'()0d ,*E2% 72)% 3'(,030'(*)% *(% 72)% 3827*)% C)/*% )*% ,*)*(.8*7.*<% ,*S0(0,2)% *(% S8(304(%,*7%*(/'E('%)'30'*3'(4V03'%5%72%387/8E2%,*%8(2%)'30*,2,%,*d /*EV0(2,2" !*%01827%S'EV2<%D*1'(*%M?PP>O%)')/0*(*%[8*%*7%/CEV0('%s3270,2,% ,*%.0,2s%*)%2VY018'<%T8*)<%T'E%8(%72,'<%)*%*(38*(/E2%%72%3270,2,%,*%8(2% .0,2%0(,0.0,827<%8(2%E*S7*L04(%,*%34V'%.2%)8%TE'T02%.0,2n%T'E%'/E'%72,'<% 72% 3270,2,% ,*% 72)% 3'(,030'(*)% ,*% .0,2% ,*% 8(% 21*(/*<% ,'(,*% *)% 3'()0,*E2d%% ,'%0(,*T*(,0*(/*V*(/*%,*%34V'%.2%)8%.0,2"%6)d /2)%3'(,030'(*)%*)/a(%,*/*EV0(2,2)%T'E%*7%V*,0'% El mejoramiento 2VY0*(/*%5%72%387/8E2%,*%72%)'30*,2,%*(%72%[8*%)*% de la calidad de ,*)*(.8*7.*(%7')%0(,0.0,8')" vida es el objetivo 6(%*)/*%)*(/0,'<%72%,*S0(0304(%,*%3270,2,% central de las políticas públicas; ,*%.0,2<%,*),*%*7%(0.*7%0(,0.0,827<%/0*(*%,')%2)T*3d ello, contar /')%S8(,2V*(/27*)R%72%)278,%T)03')'Va/032%,*%8(2% para con indicadores T*E)'(2%5%*7%)*(/0V0*(/'%,*%)2/0)S23304("%;0%Y0*(% que den cuenta del 2VY')% 2)T*3/')% TE*)*(/2(% *7*V*(/')% )8Y+*/0.')% nivel de vida de los 27%V'V*(/'%,*%*.2782E7')<%72%)278,%)*%E*7230'(2%*(% pobladores resulta gran importancia S'EV2%Va)%,0E*3/2%3'(%72%3'Y*E/8E2%,*%72)%(*3*d%% de para el diseño )0,2,*)%*)*(3027*)%*(%1*(*E27<%V0*(/E2)%[8*%72%)2d adecuado de éstas. /0)S23304(%,*%,*)*')%5%2)T0E230'(*)%/0*(*(%32Ea3d /*E%27/2V*(/*%)8Y+*/0.'" 9'E%'/E'%72,'<%*)/a(%7')%*(S'[8*)%2%T2E/0E%,*%72%32/*1'E:2%,*% S'EV2304(% )'30'*3'(4V032% T2E2% ,*S0(0E% 72)% 3'(,030'(*)% 5% *7% V','% ,*% .0,2"% !*% 238*E,'% 3'(% 98*(/*% M?PJJO<% 27% 0,*(/0S032E% 72% S'EV2304(% )'30'*3'(4V032%3'(%*7%V*,0'%)'3027%*(%,'(,*%23/]2(%7')%W'VYE*)<%)*% *)/2Y7*3*%8(2%,*S0(0304(%[8*%3'VTE*(,*%(0.*7*)<%52%[8*%27%TE*30)2E%*7% V','%,*%.0,2%V*,02(/*%72)%S'EV2)%,*%23/0.0,2,%.0/27%,*%7')%0(,0.0,8')% 5%3'V'%*LTE*)04(%*)T*3:S032%,*%TE'3*)')%3'(3E*/')%M/E2Y2+'<%23/0.0,2,% ??
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)'30'T'7:/032<%8(0,2,%S2V0702E<%/0*VT'%70YE*O<%)*%3'VT7*V*(/2%72%,*S0d (0304(%,*%3'(,030'(*)%,*%.0,2%*(/*(,0,2)%3'V'%72%V2/*E0270`2304(%,*% ,03W')%TE'3*)')" A):<%2%,0S*E*(302%5%3'V'%3'VT7*V*(/'%,*7%3'(3*T/'%,*%S'EV2d 304(%)'30'*3'(4V032<%*7%V','%,*%.0,2%,*)21E*12%5%T2E/03872E0`2%72)%32E23/*d E:)/032)%,*%72%E*TE',83304(%)'3027%,*%7')%)8+*/')%[8*%0(/*1E2(%,03W2%S'EV2d% 304(%W0)/4E032V*(/*%,*/*EV0(2,2<%72%3827%,*T*(,*%,*%/E*)%30E38()/2(302)R% ,*%72%(2/8E27*`2%,*7%)8+*/'%,*%23/0.0,2,%.0/27<%,*%72)%3'(,030'(*)%)'30'*3'd (4V032)% 5% ,*% 72)% 3'(,030'(*)% 1*'1EaS03'd(2/8E27*)n% *(% '/E2)% T272YE2)<% 72% *)/E83/8E2%,*7%V','%,*%.0,2%5%)8)%3'(,030'(*)%,*/*EV0(2(/*)%('%)'(%0,C(d /032)%27%/E2/2E)*%,*%,0S*E*(/*)%)8+*/')%,*%V','%,*%.0,2R%*7%0(,0.0,8'<%*7%1E8d T'%)'3027%'%72%)'30*,2,%*(%)8%3'(+8(/'%M98*(/*<%?PJJO" !*%7'%2(/*E0'E<%*)/*%V0)V'%28/'E%3'()0,*E2%[8*%('%)*%T8*,*% W2Y72E%*(%/CEV0(')%1*(CE03')%5%W'V'1C(*')%,*%3270,2,%,*%.0,2%8EY2(2<% ,*Y0,'%2%[8*%72%308,2,%*)/a%E*10,2%T'E%8(%TE'3*)'%,*%*)/E83/8E2304(%)'3027% 5%S8(30'(27V*(/*%,*)01827%,*7%*)T230'"%67%23*7*E2,'%3E*30V0*(/'%,*%7')% T2:)*)%*(%,*)2EE'77'%W2%)01(0S032,'%8(2%'38T2304(%2(aE[8032%,*7%V*,0'% 2VY0*(/*%30E38(,2(/*%2%72%308,2,%T'E%1E8T')%,*%Y2+')%0(1E*)')%[8*%)*% ,*)*(.8*7.*(% *(% 3'(,030'(*)% ,*% TE*32E0*,2,% *(% .0.0*(,2% 5% )*E.030')% 8EY2(')<%7'%3827%W2%3'(S'EV2,'%*)T230')%)*1E*12,')%)'3027V*(/*" A):<% *)/*% V0)V'% 28/'E% 3'()0,*E2% [8*% 72% 3270,2,% ,*% .0,2% *(% 72% 308,2,%*)/a%V2E32,2%T'E%72%)*1V*(/2304(%'%V2E10(2304(%)'3027%[8*%+8(/'% 3'(% 72% 741032% TE'T02% ,*% 72% TE',83304(% ,*% 72% Y2)*% V2/*E027% ,*7% *)T230'% 8EY2('%3'()/0/85*(%*)T230')%)'3027V*(/*%,0S*E*(302,')<%,*%V2E32,2%,*)0d 1827,2,%*(%72)%3'(,030'(*)%V2/*E027*)%,*%.0,2" 6(% *)/*% )*(/0,'<% 98*(/*% M?PJJO% 0,*(/0S032% ,')% 0()/2(302)% [8*% ,*/*EV0(2(%,0)/0(/')%1E2,')%[8*%,0S*E*(302(%72%3270,2,%,*%.0,2%8EY2(2R% 72%3270,2,%,*%.0,2%0(/E2S2V0702E%5%72%3270,2,%,*7%*)T230'%5%,*%7')%)2/0)S23/'d E*)%8EY2(')%)'30270`2,')"%e2%TE0V*E2%)*%E*S0*E*%2%72%32T230,2,%[8*%/0*(*% 72%8(0,2,%S2V0702E%,*%0()*E/2E)*%*(%*7%3'()8V'%,*%7')%)2/0)S23/'E*)%V*Ed 32(/070`2,')<%0(,0)T*()2Y7*)%T2E2%2)*18E2E%)8%E*TE',83304(%)0VT7*R%270d V*(/'<%.0.0*(,2<%.*)/0,'<%*(/E*%'/E')<%,03W2%32T230,2,%*)/a%,*S0(0,2%T'E% *7% (0.*7% ,*% 0(1E*)'% ,*% 72% S2V0702"% e2% )*18(,2% 0()/2(302<% 72% 3270,2,% ,*7% *)T230'% )'30270`2,'<% 2,*Va)% ,*% ,*T*(,*E% ,*7% 0(1E*)'<% *)/a% ,*/*EV0(2% ,2%T'E%72%23304(%,*%7')%,0)/0(/')%21*(/*)%)'3027*)%[8*%T2E/030T2(%*(%72% 741032%,*%TE',83304(%5%*)/E83/8E2304(%,*7%*)T230'%8EY2('<%,*)/232(,'% 72%0VT'E/2(302%,*%72%T'7:/032%8EY2(2%,*7%6)/2,'" A%T2E/0E%,*7%3'VT'E/2V0*(/'%,*%7')%TE0(30T27*)%0(,032,'E*)%V2d 3E'*3'(4V03')%5%,*%)8%0(30,*(302%*(%72%TE',83304(%,*7%*)T230'<%98*(d%% ?=
Año 5 Núm. 10 julio-diciembre de 2014
!"#$%"%&%'&($%"&)*+","&',&#-.&/-0"*'.&%'&1$2)","&3&4'5$6"#$7&8"2"&!"#$9-*,$"
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?@
Año 5 Núm. 10 julio-diciembre de 2014
!"#$%"%&%'&($%"&)*+","&',&#-.&/-0"*'.&%'&1$2)","&3&4'5$6"#$7&8"2"&!"#$9-*,$"
Cuadro 1. Dimensiones y variables de análisis Dimensiones
Variables
!"#$
Económica
Entorno urbano
Participación comunitaria
Percepción
Situación de pobreza
Pavimentación
Creación o mejoramiento de obras y servicios públicos
Respeto a derechos
Acceso a crédito
Alumbrado público
Asistencia a reuniones de organizaciones
Discriminación
Seguro de gastos médicos mayores
Escuela preescolar
*HSPÄJHJP}U KL servicios públicos
Escuela primaria
Principales problemas de la ciudad
Escuela secundaria
Seguridad pública en la colonia
Escuela preparatoria
Calidad del aire
Vigilancia policial
Limpieza del agua
Unidad deportiva o cancha
Contaminación auditiva
Área para juegos infantiles
Limpieza de calles
Supermercado o mercado público Transporte público Drenaje Agua potable Electricidad Recolección de basura Centro de salud en la colonia Fuente: elaboración propia.
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!"#$%&'()*+,&-&./0,1/)&2)345#64&!,7),7,
Dimensión económica e2% ,0V*()04(% *3'(4V032% W23*% E*S*E*(302% 2% 72)% 3'(,030'(*)% [8*% ,*T*(d ,*(%,*%72%,0)T'(0Y070,2,%,*%E*38E)')%V'(*/2E0')%T2E2%233*,*E%2%Y0*(*)%5% )*E.030')"%6(%*772%)*%3'()0,*E2(%,')%.2E02Y7*)%T2E2%)8%V*,0304(R%72%)0/82304(% ,*%T'YE*`2%5%*7%233*)'%2%3EC,0/'"%e2%)*7*3304(%,*%2VY2)%.2E02Y7*)%E*)T'(,*% 2%[8*<%3'V'%)*%V*(30'(4%*(%TaEE2S')%2(/*E0'E*)<%*7%(0.*7%,*%0(1E*)'%,*% 7')%W'12E*)%*)%72%.:2%T'E%72%[8*%*)/')%/0*(*(%233*)'%2%7')%Y0*(*)%5%)*E.0d%% 30')%[8*%)2/0)S23*(%)8)%(*3*)0,2,*)"%A):<%27%*.2782E%72%)0/82304(%,*%T'YE*`2% ,*%7')%W'12E*)%)*%,*/*EV0(2%72%32T230,2,%[8*%/0*(*(%T2E2%38YE0E%8(2%32(2)d /2%,*%)2/0)S23/'E*)n%)0%7'1E2(%38YE0E72<%)*%3'()0,*E2%[8*%('%*)/a(%*(%)0/82304(% ,*%T'YE*`2%5%.03*.*E)2"%9'E%)8%T2E/*<%*7%3EC,0/'%2T2E*3*%3'V'%S8*(/*%3'Vd T7*V*(/2E02%,*%0(1E*)')%5%)'YE*%/','%3'V'%0(,032,'E%,*%72%32T230,2,%,*% T21'%T'E%T2E/*%,*%7')%W'12E*)"
Entorno urbano e2%,0V*()04(%,*7%*(/'E('%8EY2('%)*%E*S0*E*%2%72%2,*382304(%,*%72)%3'(d ,030'(*)%,*%72%3'7'(02%*(%72%[8*%E*)0,*(%72)%T*E)'(2)<%/27*)%3'V'%72%0(SE2d *)/E83/8E2%5%)*E.030')%8EY2(')%,0)T'(0Y7*)"%92E2%V*,0E%*)/2%,0V*()04(<%)*% 3'()0,*E2E'(%,0.*E)')%0(,032,'E*)R%)*E.030')%*,832/0.')<%.01072(302<%aE*2)% ,*%*)T2E30V0*(/'<%*(/E*%'/E2)"
Participación comunitaria e2%T2E/030T2304(%3'V8(0/2E02%*)%8(2%,0V*()04(%[8*%E*S7*+2%*(%[8C%V*d ,0,2%7')%0(,0.0,8')%[8*%T*E/*(*3*(%2%8(2%3'V8(0,2,%)*%0(.'783E2(%*(% 23/0.0,2,*)%E*7230'(2,2)%3'(%72%V*+'E2%,*%72)%3'(,030'(*)%S:)032)%5%)'302d 7*)%*(%72)%[8*%)*%,*)*(.8*7.*(<%/27*)%3'V'%'YE2)%[8*%3'(/E0Y85*(%3'(%72% V*+'E2%,*%7')%*)T230')%3'V8(*)%5%E*8(0'(*)%T2E2%72%/'V2%,*%,*30)0'(*)% [8*%2S*3/2(%2%72%3'7*3/0.0,2,"
Percepción 9'E%]7/0V'<%72%T*E3*T304(%)*%/E2/2%,*%8(2%,0V*()04(%)8Y+*/0.2%E*)T*3d /'%2%7'%[8*%7')%0(,0.0,8')%'T0(2(%)'YE*%*7%E*)T*/'%2%)8)%,*E*3W')<%,0)d ?f
Año 5 Núm. 10 julio-diciembre de 2014
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Método y datos empleados 92E2%*)/*%,'38V*(/'<%)*%/E2Y2+4%*(%72%3'()/E83304(%,*%8(%0(,032,'E%70d (*27%,*%3270,2,%,*%.0,2%8EY2(2%Me*.2<%=>>IO"%92E2%72%8/070`2304(%,*%*)/*% VC/','%,*Y*%,*S0(0E)*<%*(%TE0V*E%7812E<%)0%32,2%8('%,*%7')%0(,032,'E*)% /0*(*%8(2%,0E*3304(%T')0/0.2%'%(*12/0.2%,*%238*E,'%3'(%72%(2/8E27*`2%,*% 72%.2E02Y7*" b(2%.*`%,*S0(0,')%7')%0(,032,'E*)<%32,2%8('%,*%*77')%V')/E2Ea% 8(%.27'E%*(/E*%>%5%?<%,'(,*%*)/*%]7/0V'%*)%*7%.27'E%,*)*2Y7*%T2E2%32,2% 0(,032,'E"%D0*(/E2)%Va)%27/'%*)%*7%T8(/2+*%)*%2)8V*%3'V'%V*+'E%72%32d 70,2,%,*%.0,2<%27%V*(')%*(%7'%[8*%E*)T*3/2%2%72%.2E02Y7*%382(/0S032,2"%e2% 3'()/E83304(%70(*27%,*7%:(,03*%,*%3270,2,%,*%.0,2%8EY2(2%3'()0)/0Ea%*(%*7% TE'V*,0'%)0VT7*%,*%7')%T8(/2+*)%'Y/*(0,')<%*)%,*30E<%*7%.27'E%Va)%27/'% *LTE*)2%V25'E%3270,2,%,*%.0,2" 6)/*%VC/','%2)8V*%[8*%/',')%7')%0(,032,'E*)%/0*(*(%72%V0)d V2%0VT'E/2(302%T2E2%72%,*S0(0304(%,*%72%3270,2,%,*%.0,2"%!*%*)2%S'EV2<% )0%)*%/0*(*(%,%0(,032,'E*)%8EY2(')<%*7%h(,03*%,*%&270,2,%,*%g0,2%bEY2(2% 70(*27%M-&gb70(O%*)/2Ea%*LTE*)2,'%,*%72%)0180*(/*%S'EV2R
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-&gb UHJXODU Ò&#x161; -&gb EXHQD Ò&#x161; -&gb%w%>"JO%5%V85% EXHQD Ò&#x161; -&gb Ò&#x161; 92E2% *7% 32)'% ,*% 7')% -&gb% ,*% K0+82(2% 5% D*L03270<% )*% 3'()0,*d
E4%,*S0(0E%*(%)*(/0,'%T')0/0.'%2%72)%.2E02Y7*)%*VT7*2,2)%T2E2%72%*72Y'E2d 304(%,*7%:(,03*%*(%.0E/8,%,*%[8*%72%S'EV2%*(%[8*%*7%0()/E8V*(/'%,*%72% *(38*)/2% 8/070`2,2% 32T/4% 72% 0(S'EV2304(% T2E2% *)/*% /E2Y2+'"% !*% 7'% 2(/*d%% E0'E%)*%,*E0.2<%*(/'(3*)<%[8*%2%V25'E%T8(/2+*<%*7% -&gb%E*S7*+2%V*+'E%32d 70,2,%,*%.0,2"%A8(2,'%2%7'%2(/*E0'E<%*)%0VT'E/2(/*%)*^272E%[8*%72)%.2E02d%% Y7*)%0(3780,2)%*(%*7%3a7387'%,*7%-&gb%S8*E'(%3'()0,*E2,2)%*(%72%S8*(/*%,*% ,2/')%*VT7*2,2<%52%[8*%2T'E/2(%72%0(S'EV2304(%(*3*)2E02%T2E2%32,2%8(2% ,*%72)%,0V*()0'(*)%[8*%7'%3'(S'EV2(" 6(%*)/*%T8(/'<%32Y*%V*(30'(2E%[8*%27%0(/*E0'E%,*%72%,0V*()04(% *3'(4V032%)*%3'()0,*E2%72%)0/82304(%,*%T'YE*`2%3'V'%8(2%,*%72)%.2E02d Y7*)%[8*%72%0(/*1E2("%67%3a7387'%,*%*)/*%0(,032,'E%)*%7'1E4%2%/E2.C)%,*%72% 3'()0,*E2304(%,*7%0(1E*)'%/'/27%,*%7')%W'12E*)<%*7%(]V*E'%,*%0(,0.0,8')% [8*%E*)0,*(%*(%*7%W'12E%5%72%7:(*2%,*%T'YE*`2%T2/E0V'(027%,*S0(0,2%T'E% 72%;*3E*/2E:2%,*%!*)2EE'77'%;'3027%3'V'%*7%0(1E*)'%T'E%T*E)'(2%(*3*)2d E0'%T2E2%38YE0E%*7%T2/E4(%,*%3'()8V'%Ya)03'%,*%270V*(/2304(<%327`2,'<% .0.0*(,2<%)278,<%/E2()T'E/*%T]Y703'%5%*,832304(<%385'%*[80.27*(/*%T2E2% =>>I%S8*%,*%?%IQ>%T*)')%T'E%0(,0.0,8'" 67%TE'3*,0V0*(/'%T2E2%72%3'()/E83304(%,*%*)/2%.2E02Y7*%3'()0)d%% /*%*(%'Y/*(*E%72%E2`4(%,*7%0(1E*)'%/'/27%,*7%W'12E%5%72%7:(*2%,*%T'YE*`2%T'E% W'12E<%[8*%2%)8%.*`%)*%'Y/0*(*%,*7%TE',83/'%,*7%(]V*E'%,*%0(/*1E2(/*)% ,*7%W'12E%T'E%72%7:(*2%,*%T'YE*`2%0(,0.0,827"%67%E*)/'%,*%7')%0(,032,'d%% E*)%)*%*72Y'E4%27%*.2782E%*7%(0.*7%,*%7'1E'%3'EE*)T'(,0*(/*%2%32,2%8(2%,*% 72)%.2E02Y7*)"
Fuente de información 67%3a7387'%,*7% -&gb%)*%,*/*EV0(4%2%T2E/0E%,*%72%0(S'EV2304(%,*%72%:,4 %5+-&$.-";'+.!$0*<$<.<+.=*<$(.!">?+&*&*2*<$<.3.=*"0+,%*$.@"%*$0.+,.A"/$'+-. <+.BC.!*5<$<+-.7+9*%$,$-<%72%3827%)*%*S*3/84%*(%8(2%V8*)/E2%27*2/'E02% ,*%.0.0*(,2)%ME*TE*)*(/2/0.2%2%(0.*7%7'3270,2,O<%7'%[8*%T*EV0/04%'Y/*d (*E% 0(S'EV2304(% E*S*E*(/*% 2% 72)% 32E23/*E:)/032)% ,*% 72)% TE'T02)% .0d .0*(,2)%5%,*%7')%W'12E*)%0,*(/0S032,')%27%0(/*E0'E%,*%C)/2)<%2):%3'V'%7')% 2)T*3/')%,*V'1EaS03')%5%)'30'*3'(4V03')%,*%/',')%7')%0(,0.0,8')%[8*% 3'(S'EV2(% 7')% W'12E*)"% A,*Va)<% )*% 0(,214% T'E% *7% V'Y0702E0'<% *[80d T2V0*(/'% 5% )*E.030')% 8EY2(')% ,0)T'(0Y7*)% *(% 72)% TE'L0V0,2,*)% ,*% 72% ?J
Año 5 Núm. 10 julio-diciembre de 2014
!"#$%"%&%'&($%"&)*+","&',&#-.&/-0"*'.&%'&1$2)","&3&4'5$6"#$7&8"2"&!"#$9-*,$"
.0.0*(,2% ,*% 7')% *(/E*.0)/2,')<% *7% 8)'% ,*% )*E.030')% S0(2(30*E')<% .:(38d%% 7')%S2V0702E*)%*(%6)/2,')%b(0,')<%'T30'(*)%TE',83/0.2)<%8)'%,*7%/0*VT'<% 23/0.0,2,*)%,*T'E/0.2)<%Y0*(*)%7],03')<%/E2()T'E/*%5%T*E3*T304(%,*%7')% 0(,0.0,8')%E*)T*3/'%27%*(/'E('%8EY2('%5%7')%)*E.030')%,0)T'(0Y7*)<%*(/E*% '/E')%/*V2)"%e2%)*7*3304(%,*%*)/2%S8*(/*%,*%,2/')<%T'E%*(30V2%,*%'/E2)% ,0)T'(0Y7*)<%/0*(*%T'E%'Y+*/'%E*32Y2E%0(S'EV2304(%[8*%T*EV0/*%*S*3/82E% V*,030'(*)%.0(3872,2)%3'(%72)%,0S*E*(/*)%,0V*()0'(*)%E*7230'(2,2)%3'(% 72%3270,2,%,*%.0,2"
Resultados obtenidos del anรกlisis 9E*.0'% 2% 72% TE*)*(/2304(% ,*% 7')% E*)87/2,')% ,*7% -&gb<% )*% V8*)/E2(% 7')% .27'E*)%,*%7')%0(,032,'E*)%*VT7*2,')%T2E2%'Y/*(*E%,03W'%:(,03*"%6(%72% 1EaS032%?%)*%TE*)*(/2(%7')%,2/')%3'EE*)T'(,0*(/*)%2%72%)0/82304(%,*%T'YE*`2% T2/E0V'(027%*L0)/*(/*%*(%72)%308,2,*)%,*%K0+82(2%5%D*L03270"%
?P
!"#$%&'()*+,&-&./0,1/)&2)345#64&!,7),7,
.YmÄJH +PZ[YPI\JP}U KL SVZ OVNHYLZ WVY JP\KHK ZLN U ZP[\HJP}U de pobreza (%) 100.0 90.0 80.0 70.0 60.0
52.0
50.8
49.2
48.0
50.0 40.0 30.0 20.0 10.0 0.0
Mexicali
Tijuana No pobres
Pobres
Fuente: elaboración propia con base en la%Encuesta sobre.Calidad de Vida, Competitividad y Violencia Social en Hogares de 26 Ciudades Mexicanas%M2006).
6(%*7%32)'%,*%D*L03270%72%0(30,*(302%,*%T'YE*`2%*)%V*('E%E*)d T*3/'%2%K0+82(2<%28([8*%72%,0S*E*(302%*)%,*%T'3'%V*(')%,*%Q%T8(/')%T'Ed 3*(/827*)"%&'V'%)*%V*(30'(4%*(%72%)*3304(%/*4E032d3'(3*T/827<%)*%3'(d )0,*E2%[8*%2%/E2.C)%,*7%0(1E*)'%7')%W'12E*)%/*(,Ea(%233*)'%27%V*E32,'% ,*%Y0*(*)%5%)*E.030')%(*3*)2E0')%T2E2%)2/0)S23*E%)8)%(*3*)0,2,*)%,*%270d V*(/2304(<%327`2,'<%.0.0*(,2<%)278,<%/E2()T'E/*%T]Y703'%5%*,832304(" 6(% 382(/'% 27% 233*)'%2% 3EC,0/'<% *(% 72% 1EaS032%=% )*%2TE*302%[8*% ,*%V2(*E2%TE'T'E30'(27%W2(%)0,'%T'3')%7')%W'12E*)%3'(%233*)'%2%*)/2% S8*(/*% ,*% S0(2(302V0*(/'% *(% *7% 32)'% ,*% 72)% ,')% 308,2,*)"% e2)% 328)2)% T8*,*(%)*E%,0.*E)2)R%E*,830,2%32T230,2,%,*%*(,*8,2V0*(/'<%S27/2%,*%0(d%% S'EV2304(<%*(/E*%'/E2)"%!*)2S'E/8(2,2V*(/*%72%*(38*)/2%('%32T/4%0(S'Ed V2304(% E*S*E*(/*% 2% 7')% V'/0.')% [8*% /0*(*(% 7')% W'12E*)% T2E2% ('% /*(*E% 233*)'%2%7')%)*E.030')%S0(2(30*E')" =>
Año 5 Núm. 10 julio-diciembre de 2014
!"#$%"%&%'&($%"&)*+","&',&#-.&/-0"*'.&%'&1$2)","&3&4'5$6"#$7&8"2"&!"#$9-*,$"
.YmÄJH +PZ[YPI\JP}U KL SVZ OVNHYLZ WVY JP\KHK ZLN U Z\ HJJLZV a crédito (%) 100.0
88.9
90.0
83.0
80.0 70.0 60.0 50.0 40.0 30.0 20.0
17.0 11.1
10.0 0.0
Tijuana
Mexicali Sí
No
Fuente: elaboración propia con base en la Encuesta sobre Calidad de Vida, Competitividad y Violencia Social en Hogares de 26 Ciudades Mexicanas%M2006).
&'V'%8(%E*38E)'%,*%233*)'%2%)*E.030')%,*%)278,%*)T*30270`2d ,')<%2718(')%*VT7*2,'E*)%'/'E12(%2%)8)%/E2Y2+2,'E*)%)*18E'%,*%12)/')% VC,03')% V25'E*)<% [8*% 0(3785*% 72% 3'Y*E/8E2% ,*% 30E81:2)% V25'E*)<% /E2d /2V0*(/')% *)T*30270`2,')<% *(/E*% '/E')% Y*(*S030')"% 6)/*% 2T'5'% )*% YE0(d ,2% *(% S'EV2% 27/*E(2% 2% 7')% )*E.030')% T]Y703')% ,*% )278,<% 3'V'% *7% -D;;% 5% *7% -;;;K6<% T'E% V*(30'(2E% 2718(')<% 5% T*EV0/*% 2% 7')% /E2Y2+2,'E*)% 5% 2% )8)%S2V0702)%3')/*2E%*(%T2E/*%7')%12)/')%[8*%T8,0*E2(%)8E10E%*(%32)'%,*% E*[8*E0E%271](%)*E.030'%VC,03'%*L/E2'E,0(2E0'"%6(%*7%32)'%,*%D*L032d%% 70<%)*%'Y)*E.2%[8*%T'3'%Va)%,*%72%382E/2%T2E/*%,*%7')%W'12E*)%38*(/2%3'(% *)/*%/0T'%,*%)*18E'<%V0*(/E2)%[8*%*(%K0+82(2%V*(')%,*%?>r%/0*(*%*)/*% )*E.030'%M.C2)*%1EaS032%QO"%6(%/27%32)'<%E*)87/2%(*3*)2E0'%3'('3*E%,*%[8C% S'EV2%)*%'Y/8.'%*)/*%)*18E'<%)0%3'V'%TE*)/2304(%72Y'E27%'%3'V'%3'(d /E2/2304(%,0E*3/2%T'E%2718('%,*%7')%V0*VYE')%,*7%W'12E" =?
!"#$%&'()*+,&-&./0,1/)&2)345#64&!,7),7,
.YmÄJH +PZ[YPI\JP}U KL SVZ OVNHYLZ WVY JP\KHK ZLN U [LULUJPH KL ZLN\YV de gastos médicos mayores (%) 100.0
90.1
90.0 80.0
73.8
70.0 60.0 50.0 40.0 30.0
26.2
20.0
9.9
10.0 0.0
Mexicali
Tijuana Sí
No
Fuente: elaboración propia con base en la Encuesta sobre Calidad de Vida, Competitividad y Violencia Social en Hogares de 26 Ciudades Mexicanas%M2006).
#*)T*3/'%27%*(/'E('%8EY2('%,*%7')%W'12E*)<%72)%1EaS032)%,*%72%@%2% 72%P%TE*)*(/2(%72)%,0)/E0Y830'(*)%T'E3*(/827*)%,*%7')%0(,032,'E*)%0(3780d ,')%*(%*)/2%,0V*()04(" 6(% *)/*% )*(/0,'<% 3'(/2E% 3'(% 3277*)% T2.0V*(/2,2)% *(% 8(% aE*2% W2Y0/230'(27% *)% 3'()0,*E2,'% 3'V'% 8(% E*S7*+'% ,*% V*+'E*)% 3'(,030'(*)% ,*%.0,2"%A):<%*L0)/*(%TE'1E2V2)%18Y*E(2V*(/27*)%'E0*(/2,')%2%72%T2.0d V*(/2304(%,*% aE*2)% (8*.2)<% 27% V2(/*(0V0*(/'% 5% E*T2E2304(% ,*% 72)% 52% *L0)/*(/*)"%6(%72%308,2,%,*%D*L03270<%T'3'%V*(')%,*%,')%/*E3*E2)%T2E/*)% ,*%7')%W'12E*)%.0.*(%*(%3'7'(02)%[8*%38*(/2(%3'(%3277*)%T2.0V*(/2,2)n% *(%K0+82(2%*)/2%)0/82304(%)*%'Y)*E.2%T2E2%Va)%,*%72%/*E3*E2%T2E/*%M.C2)*% 1EaS032%@O"
==
Año 5 Núm. 10 julio-diciembre de 2014
!"#$%"%&%'&($%"&)*+","&',&#-.&/-0"*'.&%'&1$2)","&3&4'5$6"#$7&8"2"&!"#$9-*,$"
.YmÃ&#x201E;JH +PZ[YPI\JP}U KL SVZ OVNHYLZ WVY KPZWVUPIPSPKHK KL JHSSLZ pavimentadas, alumbrado público y escuela preescolar según ciudad (%) Calles pavimentadas 60.4%
Alumbrado público
Escuela preescolar
66.3%
83.9%
Mexicali 39.6% 34.4%
33.7% 37.6%
16.1% 90.1%
Tijuana 65.6%
62.4% SÃ
9.9%
No
Fuente: elaboración propia con base en la Encuesta sobre Calidad de Vida, Competitividad y Violencia Social en Hogares de 26 Ciudades Mexicanas%M2006).
6(%382(/'%27%278VYE2,'%T]Y703'<%,')%/*E3*E2)%T2E/*)%,*%7')%W'd 12E*)%*(%D*L03270%38*(/2(%3'(%*)/*%)*E.030'%*(%)8)%3'7'(02)"%6(%K0+82(2% *)/*%V0)V'%0(,032,'E%2732(`2%QN"fr%M.C2)*%1EaS032%@O"%;0(%*VY2E1'<%72% S27/2%,*%278VYE2,'%T]Y703'%W2%)0,'%2)'302,2%2%7812E*)%V2E10(2,')%5%2%)8% .*`%3'(/E0Y85*%2%72%0()*18E0,2," 6(%'/E'%2)T*3/'<%72%28)*(302%,*%*)38*72)%3*E32%,*7%7812E%,*%E*)0d ,*(302%T8*,*%)*E%8(%S23/'E%[8*%0(S785*%*(%72%,*)*E304(%*)3'72E<%,*%V','% [8*%E*3'EE*E%72E12)%,0)/2(302)%T2E2%/E2)72,2E)*%2%72%*)38*72%)*%3'(.0*E/*%*(% 8(2%0(.*E)04(%0VT'E/2(/*%,*%/0*VT'%5%,0(*E'"%6(%72%1EaS032%I%)*%'Y)*E.2(% 72)%,0)/E0Y830'(*)%T'E3*(/827*)%,*%7')%W'12E*)%[8*%38*(/2(%3'(%*)38*72% ,*%(0.*7%TE**)3'72E%*(%72%3'7'(02%*(%[8*%.0.*(n%*)/*%0(,032,'E%V8*)/E2% [8*%*L0)/*%8(2%3'Y*E/8E2%2VT702%/2(/'%*(%D*L03270%3'V'%*(%K0+82(2<%3'(% .27'E*)%3*E32(')%2%P>%T'E%30*(/'"
=Q
!"#$%&'()*+,&-&./0,1/)&2)345#64&!,7),7,
#*)T*3/'%2%72)%*)38*72)%,*%(0.*7%TE0V2E02<%)*38(,2E02%5%TE*T2d E2/'E02%)*%'Y)*E.2%[8*%2%V25'E%(0.*7%*,832/0.'<%72%TE*)*(302%,*%3*(/E')% *)3'72E*)%)*%E*,83*%/2(/'%T2E2%*7%32)'%,*%D*L03270%3'V'%*(%*7%,*%K0+82(2"%
.YmÄJH +PZ[YPI\JP}U KL SVZ OVNHYLZ WVY KPZWVUPIPSPKHK KL LZJ\LSHZ primaria, secundaria y preparatoria según ciudad (%) Escuela primaria
Escuela secundaria
88.0%
Escuela preparatoria
76.7%
49.2%
Mexicali 12.0% 93.0%
23.3% 74.4%
50.8% 27.6%
Tijuana 7.0%
25.6% Sí
72.4%
No
Fuente: elaboración propia con base en la Encuesta sobre Calidad de Vida, Competitividad y Violencia Social en Hogares de 26 Ciudades Mexicanas%M2006).
b(2%,*%72)%'Y701230'(*)%,*%7')%1'Y0*E(')%*)%YE0(,2E%TE'/*3304(%2% )8)%308,2,2(')<%T'E%7'%[8*%8(2%S'EV2%,*%2732(`2E%*)/*%'Y+*/0.'%*)%2%/E2.C)% ,*%.01072(302%T'703027%2VT702<%*S032`%5%*S030*(/*"%6(%72%1EaS032%f%)*%TE*)*(d /2(% 72)% ,0)/E0Y830'(*)% T'E3*(/827*)% ,*% W'12E*)% [8*% 38*(/2(% 3'(% 32)*/2% ,*%T'703:2<%T2/E8772+*%T'703027%'%E'(,0(*)%T'703027*)%*(%)8)%3'7'(02)"%&'V'% )*%V8*)/E2<%T2E2%*7%32)'%,*%2VY2)%308,2,*)<%V*(')%,*%72%/*E3*E2%T2E/*%,*% 7')%W'12E*)%38*(/2%3'(%32)*/2%,*%T'703:2%*(%)8%3'7'(02n%*7%T2/E8772+*%*)%72% S'EV2%,*%.01072(302%3'(%V25'E%,0)T'(0Y070,2,%T'E%7')%W'12E*)<%V0*(/E2)% [8*%7')%E'(,0(*)%T'703027*)%)'(%*7%E*38E)'%Va)%E*,830,'"% =@
Año 5 Núm. 10 julio-diciembre de 2014
!"#$%"%&%'&($%"&)*+","&',&#-.&/-0"*'.&%'&1$2)","&3&4'5$6"#$7&8"2"&!"#$9-*,$"
.YmÄJH +PZ[YPI\JP}U KL SVZ OVNHYLZ WVY KPZWVUPIPSPKHK KL T}K\SV KL policía, patrullaje y rondines policiales según ciudad (%) Módulo de policia
Patrullaje
21.7%
Rondines policiales
75.7%
4.5%
Mexicali 78.3% 27.1%
24.3% 67.7%
95.5% 9.0%
Tijuana 72.9%
32.3% Sí
91.0%
No
Fuente: elaboración propia con base en la Encuesta sobre Calidad de Vida, Competitividad y Violencia Social en Hogares de 26 Ciudades Mexicanas%M2006).
b('%,*%7')%S23/'E*)%[8*%3'(/E0Y85*(%2% TE*.*(0E% 72% ,*70(38*(302<% *7% T2(,077*E0)V'% 5% *7% Como indicador su importancia 3'()8V'%,*%,E'12)%*(/E*%(0^')%5%+4.*(*)%)'(%72)%% de económica, los aE*2)%,*%*)T2E30V0*(/'"%e2%1EaS032%N%TE*)*(/2%72% municipios de ,0)/E0Y8304(% T'E3*(/827% ,*% W'12E*)% [8*% *(% )8)% Tijuana y Mexicali contribuyeron con 3'7'(02)%38*(/2(%3'(%8(0,2,*)%,*T'E/0.2)%'%32(d 3W2)n% )*% 'Y)*E.2% [8*% *(% 72% 308,2,% ,*% D*L03270<% más de 80% de la producción bruta J>"@r%,*%7')%W'12E*)%38*(/2%3'(%*)/*%/0T'%,*%*)d total del Estado. T230')<%V0*(/E2)%[8*%*(%K0+82(2%)47'%f?"Qr%7')% /0*(*"%#*)T*3/'%2%72)%aE*2)%,*%+8*1')%0(S2(/07*)<%If"fr%,*%7')%W'12E*)%*(% D*L03270% ,*372E4% [8*% *(% )8% 3'7'(02% *L0)/*% *)/*% /0T'% ,*% 0(SE2*)/E83/8E2n% T2E2%K0+82(2<%*)/*%0(,032,'E%2732(`4%8(%.27'E%,*%QP"=%%%T'E%30*(/'"
=I
!"#$%&'()*+,&-&./0,1/)&2)345#64&!,7),7,
.YmÄJH +PZ[YPI\JP}U KL SVZ OVNHYLZ WVY KPZWVUPIPSPKHK KL \UPKHK deportiva o cancha, área de juegos infantiles y supermercado o mercado público según ciudad (%) Unidad deportiva o cancha 80.4%
Área de juegos infantiles
Supermercado o mercado público
56.6%
82.7%
Mexicali 19.6% 61.3%
43.4% 39.2%
17.3% 75.5%
Tijuana 38.7%
60.8% Sí
24.5%
No
Fuente: elaboración propia con base en la Encuesta sobre Calidad de Vida, Competitividad y Violencia Social en Hogares de 26 Ciudades Mexicanas%M2006).
&'(/2E% 3'(% 8(% 7812E% ,*% 2Y2)/*30V0*(/'% ,*% 270V*(/')% *(% 72)% 3*E32(:2)%,*7%7812E%*(%[8*%)*%E*)0,*%)*%/E2,83*%*(%8(%2W'EE'%,*%/0*Vd T'%5%,0(*E'<%52%[8*%*7%/E2)72,'%2%*)*%7812E%T8*,*%E*)87/2E%Va)%EaT0,'% 5%)0(%(*3*)0,2,%,*%8)2E%8(%V*,0'%,*%/E2()T'E/*"%e2%1EaS032%N%TE*)*(/2% [8*%T'3'%Va)%,*%J>%5%NIr%,*%7')%W'12E*)%38*(/2(%3'(%)8T*EV*E32,'% '%V*E32,'%T]Y703'%*(%72%V0)V2%3'7'(02%*(%[8*%E*)0,*(<%T2E2%*7%32)'%,*% D*L03270%5%K0+82(2<%E*)T*3/0.2V*(/*" e2% TE*)*(302% ,*% /E2()T'E/*% T]Y703'% T*EV0/*% 2% 7')% 0(,0.0,8')% [8*%('%38*(/2(%3'(%V*,0'%TE'T0'%,*%/E2)72,'%,*),*%)8%.0.0*(,2%W2302% )8% 7812E% ,*% *)/8,0')<% /E2Y2+'% '% E*3E*2304("% e2% 3'Y*E/8E2% *(% 72% 308,2,% ,*%D*L03270%T'E%*7%/E2()T'E/*%T]Y703'%*)%V25'E%2%72%[8*%)*%'Y)*E.2%*(% K0+82(2%M.C2)*%1EaS032%JO<%28([8*%*(%2VY')%32)')%*7%T'E3*(/2+*%,*%W'd 12E*)%[8*%38*(/2(%3'(%*)/*%)*E.030'%*(%)8)%3'7'(02)%*)%V25'E"
=f
Año 5 Núm. 10 julio-diciembre de 2014
!"#$%"%&%'&($%"&)*+","&',&#-.&/-0"*'.&%'&1$2)","&3&4'5$6"#$7&8"2"&!"#$9-*,$"
.YmÄJH +PZ[YPI\JP}U KL SVZ OVNHYLZ WVY KPZWVUPIPSPKHK KL [YHUZWVY[L público, drenaje y agua entubada según ciudad (%) Transporte público
Drenaje
90.9%
Agua entubada
98.5%
94.8%
Mexicali 9.1% 86.0%
1.5% 87.0%
5.2% 87.8%
Tijuana 14.0%
13.0% Sí
12.2%
No
Fuente: elaboración propia con base en la Encuesta sobre Calidad de Vida, Competitividad y Violencia Social en Hogares de 26 Ciudades Mexicanas%M2006).
!*Y0,'%2%[8*%72%,'/2304(%,*%)*E.030')%,*%2182%*(/8Y2,2%5%,E*d (2+*%)'(%3'(,0304(%(*3*)2E02%T2E2%TE*)*E.2E%72%)278,%,*%72)%T*E)'(2)<%7')% 1'Y0*E(')%W2(%3E*2,'%0()/0/830'(*)%*)T*30270`2,2)%*(%72%3'()/E83304(%,*% 72%0(SE2*)/E83/8E2%(*3*)2E02%T2E2%38VT70E%3'(%*)/')%)*E.030')n%)0(%*VY2Ed 1'<% *7% 3E*30V0*(/'% ,*% 72)% 308,2,*)% )'YE*T2)2% *(% 1E2(% T2E/*% 72% 32T230d%% ,2,% ,*% E*)T8*)/2% ,*% ,03W2)% 0()/0/830'(*)<% T'E% 7'% [8*% *)*% 'Y+*/0.'% ('% *)%Sa307%,*%2732(`2E"%92E2%D*L03270<%)*%'Y)*E.2%[8*%PJ"I%5%P@"Jr%,*%7')% W'12E*)%3'(/2Y2(%3'(%,E*(2+*%5%2182%*(/8Y2,2%*(%)8)%.0.0*(,2)"%6(%K0d +82(2% )*% E*10)/E2% 8(2% 3'Y*E/8E2% V*('E<% 3'(% JN">r% ,*% 7')% W'12E*)% [8*% /0*(*(%,E*(2+*%*(%)8)%.0.0*(,2)%5%JN"Jr%3'(%2182%*(/8Y2,2"
=N
!"#$%&'()*+,&-&./0,1/)&2)345#64&!,7),7,
.YmÄJH +PZ[YPI\JP}U KL SVZ OVNHYLZ WVY KPZWVUPIPSPKHK KL LSLJ[YPJPKHK servicio de recolección de basura y clínica u hospital según ciudad (%) Electricidad 100.0%
Recolección de basura
Clínica u hospital 54.9%
99.7%
Mexicali 45.1%
0.3% 100.0%
55.7%
98.4%
Tijuana 1.6% Sí
44.3%
No
Fuente: elaboración propia con base en la Encuesta sobre Calidad de Vida, Competitividad y Violencia Social en Hogares de 26 Ciudades Mexicanas%M2006).
6(%E*72304(%3'(%72%3'Y*E/8E2%,*7%)*E.030'%*7C3/E03'<%*(%72%1EaS0d 32%P%)*%'Y)*E.2%[8*%C)/2%*)%/'/27%*(%*7%32)'%,*%72)%,')%308,2,*)"%&*E32('% 2%*)*%V0)V'%(0.*7%,*%3'Y*E/8E2%)*%*(38*(/E2%*7%)*E.030'%,*%E*3'7*3304(% ,*%Y2)8E2%3'(%PP"Nr%T2E2%D*L03270%5%PJ"@r%T2E2%K0+82(2" x/E'%T8(/'%*)%72%TE*)*(302%,*%8(2%37:(032%8%W')T0/27<%T'E[8*%%*(% 32)'%,*%*V*E1*(302%T8*,*%W23*E%72%,0S*E*(302%*(/E*%E*38T*E2E%72%)278,%5% T*E,*E%72%.0,2"%92E2%*)/*%0(,032,'E%)*%'Y)*E.2%[8*%T'3'%Va)%,*%72%V0/2,%,*% 7')%W'12E*)<%/2(/'%*(%D*L03270%3'V'%*(%K0+82(2<%38*(/2%3'(%8(%*)/2Y7*d 30V0*(/'%,*%)278,%*(%)8%3'7'(02"
=J
Año 5 Núm. 10 julio-diciembre de 2014
!"#$%"%&%'&($%"&)*+","&',&#-.&/-0"*'.&%'&1$2)","&3&4'5$6"#$7&8"2"&!"#$9-*,$"
.YmÄJH +PZ[YPI\JP}U KL SVZ OVNHYLZ WVY JP\KHK ZLN U WHY[PJPWHJP}U LU obras comunitarias (%) 100.0
94.0 89.4
90.0 80.0 70.0 60.0 50.0 40.0 30.0 20.0 10.0
10.6
6.0
0.0
Mexicali
Tijuana Sí
No
Fuente: elaboración propia con base en la Encuesta sobre Calidad de Vida, Competitividad y Violencia Social en Hogares de 26 Ciudades Mexicanas%M2006).
#*)T*3/'%2%72%,0V*()04(%E*S*E*(/*%2%72%T2E/030T2304(%3'V8(0/2d E02<%*(%72%1EaS032%?>%)*%V8*)/E2%Y2+2%0(/*E.*(304(%T'E%T2E/*%,*%7')%V0*Vd YE')% ,*% 7')% W'12E*)% *(% 'YE2)% 3'(% V*+'E2)% 2% 72% 0(SE2*)/E83/8E2% ,*% )8)% 3'V8(0,2,*)"% 6(% 3'(/E2)/*<% *(% 72% 1EaS032% ??% )*% 'Y)*E.2% 72% 2)0)/*(302% 2% E*8(0'(*)%,*%'E12(0`230'(*)%3'V8(0/2E02)%M2)'30230'(*)%,*%T2,E*)%,*%S2d V0702<%T'E%*+*VT7'O%T2E2%,*30,0E%5%77*.2E%2%32Y'%2330'(*)%[8*%T*EV0/2(% V*+'E2E%,*/*EV0(2,2)%3'(,030'(*)%3'(%E*)T*3/'%2%72%'E12(0`2304(%,*%72% .0,2%*)3'72E%,*%7')%(0^')"
=P
!"#$%&'()*+,&-&./0,1/)&2)345#64&!,7),7,
.YmÄJH +PZ[YPI\JP}U KL SVZ OVNHYLZ WVY JP\KHK ZLN U HZPZ[LUJPH H reuniones de organizaciones (%) 100.0 90.0 80.0 70.0 60.0
53.6
53.5 46.4
50.0
46.5
40.0 30.0 20.0 10.0 0.0
Mexicali
Tijuana Sí
No
Fuente: elaboración propia con base en la Encuesta sobre Calidad de Vida, Competitividad y Violencia Social en Hogares de 26 Ciudades Mexicanas%M2006).
Si bien las ciudades de Tijuana y Mexicali han registrado logros en cuanto a indicadores de crecimiento económico, las condiciones en que sobreviven sus habitantes hacen notar que aún existen problemas por resolver.
Q>
&'(%7'%2(/*E0'E<%)*%'Y)*E.2%[8*%0(,*d T*(,0*(/*V*(/*% ,*% 72)% 3'(,030'(*)% ,*% 8(2% 308d ,2,<%72%T*E3*T304(%[8*%,*%*772)%/0*(*(%)8)%W2Y0/2(d /*)% T8*,*% )*E% ,0.*E1*(/*% *(% S8(304(% ,*% )0% )8)% TE'T02)%(*3*)0,2,*)%)'(%)2/0)S*3W2)%'%('"%9'E%*77'<% )*% 3'()0,*E2% 'T'E/8('% 3'('3*E% 38a7% *)% 72% 'T0d (04(% [8*% /0*(*(% 7')% 308,2,2(')% )'YE*% 7')% )*E.0d%% 30')% T]Y703')<% 72)% 3'(,030'(*)% ,*% 3'(/2V0(2304(%% 5%,*%E*)T*/'%2%7')%,*E*3W')%0(,0.0,827*)<%2):%3'V'% 7')%TE0(30T27*)%TE'Y7*V2)%[8*%7')%2S*3/2("
Año 5 Núm. 10 julio-diciembre de 2014
!"#$%"%&%'&($%"&)*+","&',&#-.&/-0"*'.&%'&1$2)","&3&4'5$6"#$7&8"2"&!"#$9-*,$"
6(% *7% 382,E'% =% )*% TE*)*(/2(% 7')% ,2/')% 3'EE*)T'(,0*(/*)% 2% 72% T*E3*T304(%[8*%/0*(*(%7')%W2Y0/2(/*)%,*%7')%W'12E*)%*(%E*72304(%3'(%*7% E*)T*/'%2%)8)%,*E*3W')%5%2%72%3'(/2V0(2304(%*(%72%308,2,%[8*%W2Y0/2("% 6(%2VY2)%308,2,*)<%)*%,*)/232%72%Y2+2%TE'T'E304(%,*%3'(/2V0(2304(%*(% *7%20E*%5%[8*%72)%3277*)%*)/a(%70VT02)"%
Cuadro 2. Distribución de los hogares por ciudad según percepciones sobre respeto a derechos, seguridad y contaminación (%) Dimensión
Indicador
Mexicali
Tijuana
Sí
80.5
79.0
No
19.5
21.0
Sí
8.7
4.2
No
91.3
95.8
Sí
1.5
1.3
No
98.5
98.7
Sí
10.0
11.8
No
90.0
88.2
Sí
62.1
54.0
No
37.9
46.0
Sí
2.0
1.3
No
98.0
98.7
%&'(&)*+,+'-'+.&/&01*'
#23&+&4+-4,+02-.,.+'&5-/,
Percepción
627(2&8,+.&9+,2/&+&4+9,+02-.,.
627(2&8,+.&9+,5-,+&4+9,+02-.,.
:-'&402,+.&+/-2.*
627(2&8,+.&+0,99&'
Fuente: elaboración propia con base en la Encuesta sobre Calidad de Vida, Competitividad y Violencia Social en Hogares de 26 Ciudades Mexicanas%M2006).
Q?
!"#$%&'()*+,&-&./0,1/)&2)345#64&!,7),7,
Cuadro 3. Distribución de los hogares por ciudad según opiniones sobre la calidad de los servicios públicos (%) Dimensión
Indicador
Mexicali
Tijuana
Favorable
81.2
74.9
Desfavorable
18.8
25.1
Favorable
65.8
61.3
Desfavorable
34.2
38.7
Favorable
62.7
59.2
Desfavorable
37.3
40.8
Favorable
29.3
41.5
Desfavorable
70.7
58.5
Favorable
72.8
69.3
Desfavorable
27.2
30.7
:9-7;/,.*+(<;920*
=/&,'+.&(*/)23,'
>,4?-&),'+
Percepción
>,//2.*+.&+0,99&'
"&4)/*'+.&+',9-.
@'0-&9,'+(/27,/2,'+A+'&0-4.,/2,'+(<;920,' Favorable
85.0
78.3
Desfavorable
15.0
21.7
Favorable
85.4
75.6
Desfavorable
14.6
24.4
Favorable
66.4
63.6
Desfavorable
33.6
36.4
Favorable
52.3
54.1
Desfavorable
47.7
45.9
B&/0,.*'+(<;920*'
C,/?-&'+A+D,/.24&'
C,327&4),02E4
3'(/0(]2"""
Q=
Año 5 Núm. 10 julio-diciembre de 2014
!"#$%"%&%'&($%"&)*+","&',&#-.&/-0"*'.&%'&1$2)","&3&4'5$6"#$7&8"2"&!"#$9-*,$"
3'(/0(82304( Dimensiรณn
Indicador
Mexicali
Tijuana
%&0*9&002E4+.&+;,'-/, Favorable
73.3
58.9
Desfavorable
26.7
41.1
Favorable
58.0
53.2
Desfavorable
42.0
46.8
Favorable
45.9
51.5
Desfavorable
54.1
48.5
Favorable
58.7
65.4
Desfavorable
41.3
34.6
Favorable
48.3
45.2
Desfavorable
51.7
54.8
F&G,928,02E4+3&120-9,/
Percepciรณn
F&G,928,02E4+(,/,+(&,)*4&'
H/I4'2)*+(<;920*
#2529,402,+(*9202,9
B-'&*'J+0&4)/*'+.&+&K(*'202*4&'+A+0,','+.&+0-9)-/, Favorable
63.5
62.6
Desfavorable
36.5
37.4
Favorable
64.0
62.7
Desfavorable
36.0
37.3
H&,)/*'+A+',9,'+.&+0*402&/)*'
Fuente: elaboraciรณn propia con base en la Encuesta sobre Calidad de Vida, Competitividad y Violencia Social en Hogares de 26 Ciudades Mexicanas%M2006).
A)0V0)V'<%*)%0VT'E/2(/*%)*^272E%[8*%3*E32%,*%J>r%,*%7')%W2Y0d /2(/*)% ,*% *)/2)% 308,2,*)% 3'()0,*E2(% [8*% )8)% ,*E*3W')% 0(,0.0,827*)% )'(% E*)T*/2,')"%e2%T*E3*T304(%,*%.0.0E%*(%8(2%308,2,%)*18E2%*)%Y2+2<%,*Y0,'%% 2%72%28)*(302%,*%V4,87')%T'703027*)%*(%72)%3'7'(02)%5<%,*%V2(*E2%*.0,*(d /*<%2%7')%(0.*7*)%,*%3E0V0(270,2,%E*10)/E2,')" #*)T*3/'% 2% 72% 'T0(04(% )'YE*% 72% 3270,2,% ,*% 7')% )*E.030')% T]Y70d 3')%*(%*)/2)%308,2,*)<%*7%,*%Y2EE0,'%,*%3277*)%TE*)*(/2%V*('E%1E2,'%,*% QQ
!"#$%&'()*+,&-&./0,1/)&2)345#64&!,7),7,
2TE'Y2304(<%E*7230'(2,'%3'(%72%T*E3*T304(%*(%382(/'%2%72%70VT0*`2%,*% 72)%3277*)%M.C2)*%382,E'%QO" 67%T2('E2V2%)'YE*%72%28)*(302%,*%TE'Y7*V2)%*(%*)/2)%308,2,*)% *)%,0.*E)2"%&'V'%)*%*LT'(*%*(%*7%382,E'%,*7%2(*L'%A<%7')%[8*%V*(')%)*%% 0,*(/0S032(%)'(%72%*)32)*`%,*%278VYE2,'%T]Y703'%5%*(%3'()*38*(302%,*% 78`% *(% 72)% 3277*)n% 2TE'T02304(% ,*% 72)% 3277*)% T'E% .*(,*,'E*)% 2VY872(d%% /*)%5%S27/2%,*%T2.0V*(/2304(%*(%3277*)%5%2.*(0,2)n%72%T'YE*`2<%3'EE8T304(% *%0()*18E0,2,%)'(%7')%/E*)%Va)%.0)0Y7*)"
Cuadro 4. Distribución de los hogares por ciudad según categoría del ICVU (%) Rango del ICVU
Mexicali
Tijuana
B-A+7,9,
0.0
0.0
B,9,
0.2
0.3
%&5-9,/
16.2
24.7
>-&4,
63.8
50.6
B-A+;-&4,
19.8
24.4
100.0
100.0
Total
Fuente: elaboración propia con base en la Encuesta sobre Calidad de Vida, Competitividad y Violencia Social en Hogares de 26 Ciudades Mexicanas%M2006).
b(2%.*`%77*.2,2%2%32Y'%72%3'()/E83304(%,*%7')%0(,032,'E*)%T2Ed 3027*)%5%,*7%:(,03*%,*%3270,2,%,*%.0,2%8EY2(2<%)*%'Y/8.0*E'(%7')%E*)87/2d ,')%[8*%)*%TE*)*(/2(%*(%*7%382,E'%@" A%T2E/0E%,*7%-&gb%'Y/*(0,'<%PP"Jr%,*%7')%W'12E*)%*(%D*L03270% )*%*(38*(/E2%*(/E*%7')%(0.*7*)%,*%E*1872E%2%V85%Y8*(2%3270,2,%,*%.0d ,2n%*(%*7%32)'%,*%7')%W'12E*)%,*%K0+82(2%*)/*%T'E3*(/2+*%*)%,*%PP"N"%6(% /CEV0(')% ,*% 7'% [8*% )*% W2% ,*S0(0,'% 3'V'% 3270,2,% ,*% .0,2<% *)/')% ,2/')% E*S7*+2(%T7*('%233*)'%5%,0)T'(0Y070,2,%TEa3/032V*(/*%8(0.*E)27%2%7')%)2d /0)S23/'E*)%T'E%T2E/*%,*%7')%W'12E*)%*(%2VY2)%308,2,*)"%F'%'Y)/2(/*<%*7% 1E2,'%,*%2Y)/E23304(%,*%*)/*%:(,03*%('%T*EV0/*%.*E%*7%3'VT'E/2V0*(d%% /'%2%(0.*7%,*%72)%.2E02Y7*)%[8*%7'%0(/*1E2(<%T8*)%E*)87/2%,0.*E)'" Q@
Año 5 Núm. 10 julio-diciembre de 2014
!"#$%"%&%'&($%"&)*+","&',&#-.&/-0"*'.&%'&1$2)","&3&4'5$6"#$7&8"2"&!"#$9-*,$"
9LÅL_PVULZ ÄUHSLZ 6.2782E%72)%3'(,030'(*)%,*%.0,2%,*%72%T'Y72304(%W2%)0,'%8(2%E*38EE*(d /*% TE*'38T2304(% ('% )47'% ,*% 72)% 28/'E0,2,*)% 18Y*E(2V*(/27*)<% )0('% ,*7% V*,0'%232,CV03'"%6(%E*)T8*)/2%2%,03W2%TE*'38T2304(<%)*%W2(%,*)2EE'772d ,'%,0.*E)')%*(S'[8*)%3'(%)8)%E*)T*3/0.')%VC/',')<%3852%S0(270,2,%*)%*.2d 782E%/27*)%3'(,030'(*)" b(2% ,*% *)/2)% T*E)T*3/0.2)% *)% 72% 3270,2,% ,*% .0,2<% [8*% W2% )0,'% 2(270`2,2% ,*),*% ,0.*E)2)% ,0)30T70(2)% 5% 'Y+*/'% ,*% ,0)38)0'(*)% )'YE*% 72% V*+'E%V2(*E2%,*%V*,0E72"%&'V'%)*%V')/E4%27%0(030'%,*%*)/*%,'38V*(d%% /'<%('%*L0)/*%8(2%3'(.*(304(%)'YE*%7'%[8*%*)%72%3270,2,%,*%.0,2%5<%T'E% /2(/'<%72%S'EV2%Va)%2,*382,2%,*%*.2782E72"%;0(%*VY2E1'<%,*Y*%E*3'('d 3*E)*%[8*%)*%W2(%W*3W'%0VT'E/2(/*)%3'(/E0Y830'(*)%27%,*)2EE'77'%/*4E03'%% 5%3'(3*T/827" e2%3270,2,%,*%.0,2<%3'V'%)*%W2%,*S0(0,'%5%*.2782,'%*(%*)/*%/E2d Y2+'<%*)/a%3'VT8*)/2%T'E%S23/'E*)%)8Y+*/0.')%M72%T*E3*T304(O%5%S23/'E*)% 'Y+*/0.')%M*3'(4V032<%*(/'E('%8EY2('%5%T2E/030T2304(%3'V8(0/2E02O"%67% 3'VT'(*(/*%)8Y+*/0.'%,*/*EV0(2%*(%V25'E%V*,0,2%[8*%*7%-&gb%TE*)*(d /*%E*)87/2,')%[8*%)*%0(/*ETE*/*(%3'V'%S2.'E2Y7*)"%F'%'Y)/2(/*<%72)%.2E02d Y7*)% [8*% T*E/*(*3*(% 2% 72% ,0V*()04(% ,*7% *(/'E('% 8EY2('% 2,[80*E*(% 8(% T2T*7%0VT'E/2(/*%*(%*7%.27'E%[8*%2732(`2%*7%-&gb" e')% 0(,032,'E*)% 3'()0,*E2,')% )*% 2TE'L0V2(% 2% 72% 0,*(/0S032d%% 304(%,*%TE'Y7*V2)%)'3027*)%[8*%E*[80*E*(%,*%72%2/*(304(%,*%72)%28/'d E0,2,*)%E*)T'()2Y7*)<%2,*Va)%T*EV0/*(%V*,0E%72%3270,2,%,*%.0,2%Va)%277a% ,*%72)%V*+'E2)%*(%7')%0(,032,'E*)%V23E'*3'(4V03')%[8*%('%(*3*)2E02d V*(/*%)*%E*S7*+2(%*(%72)%3'(,030'(*)%,*%.0,2%,*%/',')%7')%W2Y0/2(/*)%,*% 8(2%308,2,"% ;0%Y0*(%72)%308,2,*)%,*%K0+82(2%5%D*L03270%W2(%E*10)/E2,'%7'1E')% *(%382(/'%2%0(,032,'E*)%,*%3E*30V0*(/'%*3'(4V03'<%72)%3'(,030'(*)%*(% [8*%)'YE*.0.*(%)8)%W2Y0/2(/*)%W23*(%('/2E%[8*%2](%*L0)/*(%TE'Y7*V2)% T'E%E*)'7.*E"
QI
!"#$%&'()*+,&-&./0,1/)&2)345#64&!,7),7, Referencias
A3')/2<%k"%+&.$0"%M=>?=O<%i_E2,'%,*%2TE'T02304(%,*%72%308,2,%5%T*E3*T30'(*)%)'YE*%72%3270d ,2,%,*%.0,2%*(%308,2,*)%,*%72%SE'(/*E2%('E/*%,*%DCL03'j<%*(%!"#$%&"'<%.'7"%---<%(]V"% f<%K'7832<%&-69;<%TT"%?>d@=" H'7/.0(0t<%B"%M?PPQO<%i-(,032,'E*)%27/*E(2/0.')%,*7%,*)2EE'77'%5%V*,030'(*)%,*%T'YE*`2j<%*(% :-&5<*"-.-"%*"06/*%"-<%.'7"%m-<%(]V"%QQ<%TT"%f>Idf@>"% &xF6gAe%M=>>NO<%/RV PDSDV GH SREUH]D HQ 0ª[LFR $QH[RV HVWDG®VWLFRV<%DCL03'" !*%k*EE2(/0<%!"%+&.$0"%M=>>IO<%'HVLJXDOGDG HQ $PªULFD /DWLQD 5RPSLHQGR FRQ OD KLVWRULD"<% H'1'/a<%H2(3'%D8(,027X6,0/'E027%A7S2'V*12%&'7'VY02(2" 67%&'7*10'%,*%72%kE'(/*E2%F'E/*X;*3E*/2E:2%,*%!*)2EE'77'%;'3027%M=>>fO<%:,%5+-&$.-";'+.!$4 0*<$<.<+.=*<$(.!">?+&*&*2*<$<.3.=*"0+,%*$.@"%*$0.+,.A"/$'+-.<+.BC.!*5<$<+-.7+9*%$,$-<% DCL03'" -F6_-%M=>>fO<%%DMD &DOLIRUQLD 5HVXOWDGRV GHƛLQLWLYRV GHO &RQWHR GH 3REODFL´Q \ 9LYLHQGD H$;50$<"-.;I-*%"-<%DCL03'" ZZZZZZZ%M=>?>O<%3DQRUDPD VRFLRGHPRJU¢ƛLFR GH %DMD &DOLIRUQLD<%DCL03'" e*.2<%_"%M=>>IO<%,QGLFDGRUHV GH FDOLGDG GH YLGD XUEDQD 7HRU®D \ PªWRGRV<%AE1*(/0(2<%b(0d .*E)0,2,% F230'(27% ,*% p807V*)<% ,0)T'(0Y7*% *(R% W//TRXXWV"8(["*,8"2EX&'/*73'd bFpX_*EV2(Ze*.2dT'(*(302rIH=>>f??>NrI!"T,S<% 3'()87/2R% ?Q% ,*% 2YE07% ,*% =>?@" e08<%H"%M?PNIO<%ip8270/5%'S%e0S*R%&'(3*T/<%D*2)8E*%2(,%#*)87/)j<%*(%$PHULFDQ -RXUQDO RI :%",">*%-.$,<.@"%*"0"/3<%.'7"%Q@<%(]V"%?<%TT"%?d?Q"% D*1'(*<%&"%M?PP>O<%iKW*%[8270/5%'S%70S*R%)/2E/0(1%SE'V%AE0)/'/7*j<%*(%H27,o0(<%;"n%_',SE*5<% &"%5%&"%9E'TT*E%M*,)"O<%4XDOLW\ RI OLIH 3HUVSHFWLYHV DQG SROLFLHV<%e'(,E*)<%#'8/7*,1*<% TT"%=Jd@?" 98*(/*<%;"%M?PJJO<%ie2%3270,2,%V2/*E027%,*%.0,2%*(%72%`'(2%V*/E'T'70/2(2%,*%72%308,2,%,*% DCL03'R%W2302%8(%*(S'[8*%/'/270`2(/*j<%*(%98*(/*%;"%5%B"%e*1'EE*/2%M3''E,)"O<%7+<*". $>;*+,&+.3.%$0*<$<.<+.2*<$<%!*T2E/2V*(/'%,*7%!0)/E0/'%k*,*E27<%DCL03'<%6,0/'E027% 972`2%5%g27,C)<%TT"%?Qd?>N"
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Año 5 Núm. 10 julio-diciembre de 2014
Anexo
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Anexo A Distribución de los hogares por ciudad según percepción sobre la presencia de problemas en la ciudad (%)
Dimensión
Indicador
Mexicali
Tijuana
/D FDQWLGDG GH WUÀðFR Muy frecuente
45.6
47.1
Frecuente
36.6
42.5
Poco frecuente
17.1
8.9
No se presenta
0.7
1.5
Muy frecuente
48.8
56.2
Frecuente
37.7
36.7
Poco frecuente
12.7
6.3
No se presenta
0.7
0.8
6,+(*;/&8,
Percepción
(O HVWDFLRQDPLHQWR HQ GREOH ðOD HQ OD YķD SŜEOLFD Muy frecuente
21.6
30.6
Frecuente
41.2
46.5
Poco frecuente
30.2
19.7
No se presenta
6.9
3.1
Muy frecuente
51.7
66.3
Frecuente
34.9
28.7
Poco frecuente
11.9
4.3
No se presenta
1.4
0.8
6,+24'&5-/2.,.
6*'+3&4.&.*/&'+,7;-9,4)&'+?-&+'&+,(/*(2,4+.&+9,'+0,99&' Muy frecuente
25.4
30.0
Frecuente
35.2
44.6
Poco frecuente
28.5
20.6
No se presenta
10.8
4.8
3'(/0(]2"""
QN
!"#$%&'()*+,&-&./0,1/)&2)345#64&!,7),7, Anexo
3'(/0(82304( Dimensión
Indicador
Mexicali
Tijuana
6,+;,'-/,+&4+9,'+0,99&' Muy frecuente
37.6
50.2
Frecuente
37.8
38.4
Poco frecuente
21.5
10.4
No se presenta
3.1
1.1
Muy frecuente
49.1
63.4
Frecuente
34.3
30.7
Poco frecuente
13.0
4.8
No se presenta
3.6
1.2
Muy frecuente
17.2
26.9
Frecuente
36.1
44.8
Poco frecuente
36.6
22.5
No se presenta
10.1
5.8
"*//-(02E4
Percepción
6,+L,9),+.&+,9-7;/,.*+(<;920*
@K0/&7&4)*+.&+,427,9&'+&4+9,'+;,4?-&),'+A+0,99&' Muy frecuente
25.6
27.2
Frecuente
43.7
45.1
Poco frecuente
24.9
22.7
No se presenta
5.8
5.1
Muy frecuente
30.3
31.3
Frecuente
41.9
49.1
Poco frecuente
23.2
18.1
No se presenta
4.6
1.5
Muy frecuente
23.0
27.4
Frecuente
37.7
44.9
Poco frecuente
33.0
23.8
No se presenta
6.3
4.0
6,+L,9),+.&+023292.,.+.&+9*'+0*4.-0)*/&'
@9+/-2.*+?-&+*0,'2*4,+&9+)/,4'(*/)&
3'(/0(]2"""
QJ
Año 5 Núm. 10 julio-diciembre de 2014
!"#$%"%&%'&($%"&)*+","&',&#-.&/-0"*'.&%'&1$2)","&3&4'5$6"#$7&8"2"&!"#$9-*,$"
3'(/0(82304( Dimensiรณn
Indicador
Mexicali
Tijuana
6,+L,9),+.&+9-8+&4+9,'+0,99&' Muy frecuente
17.2
27.2
Frecuente
36.3
45.1
Poco frecuente
36.6
20.7
No se presenta
9.9
6.9
6,+L,9),+.&+(,327&4),02E4+&4+0,99&'+A+,3&42.,' Muy frecuente
24.9
36.2
Frecuente
35.6
43.1
Poco frecuente
28.9
17.6
No se presenta
10.6
3.2
Percepciรณn
@9+0/-0&+.&+(&,)*4&'+&4+8*4,'+(/*12;2.,' Muy frecuente
26.0
26.6
Frecuente
42.6
48.6
Poco frecuente
23.3
21.9
No se presenta
8.1
3.0
Muy frecuente
24.4
28.0
Frecuente
40.9
45.1
Poco frecuente
25.4
22.3
No se presenta
9.2
4.6
6*'+24.25&4)&'+?-&+323&4+&4+9,'+0,99&'
6,+L,9),+.&+0-7(9272&4)*+.&+9,'+24')/-002*4&'+.&+)/I4'2)*+ Muy frecuente
31.4
32.5
Frecuente
43.3
46.9
Poco frecuente
19.0
17.8
No se presenta
6.2
2.9
Fuente: elaboraciรณn propia con base en la Encuesta sobre Calidad de Vida, Competitividad y Violencia Social en Hogares de 26 Ciudades Mexicanas (2006).
QP
Caracterización e impacto de las remesas en la desigualdad de las regiones de México, 2000, 2005 y 2010
Jorge Eugenio de Jesús Mora Tordecillas Mario Camberos Castro Joaquín Bracamontes Nevárez Universidad Autónoma de Sinaloa Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo, A.C.
Caracterización e impacto de las remesas en la desigualdad de las regiones de México, 2000, 2005 y 2010 Characterization and impact of remittances on economic inequality of Mexican regions, 2000, 2005 and 2010
Resumen e')% *S*3/')% ,*% 72)% E*V*)2)% )'YE*% *7% 0(3E*V*(/'% '% ,0)V0(8304(% ,*% 72% ,*)01827d ,2,% 2% (0.*7% 0(/*E(230'(27% ('% W2(% )0,'% 3'(3785*(/*)"% 67% 32)'% ,*% DCL03'% ('% *)% ,0)/0(/'n%)0(%*VY2E1'<%)*%*)T*E2%[8*%)8%*S*3/'%2%(0.*7%E*10'(27%)*2%)01(0S032/0.'%5% 258,*%2%E*,830E%72%,*)01827,2,"%6(%*)/*%V2E3'<%*7%'Y+*/0.'%,*7%*)/8,0'%*)%2(270`2E% 72%,0)/E0Y8304(%,*%72)%E*V*)2)%*(%72)%E*10'(*)%,*%DCL03'<%T'E%aE*2%8EY2(2%'%E8E27<% 2):%3'V'%T'E%1C(*E'<%*,2,<%*,832304(%5%T2E*(/*)3'<%5%)8%*S*3/'%*(%72%,*)01827,2,% E*10'(27<%3'(%Y2)*%*(%72%6(38*)/2%F230'(27%,*%-(1E*)')%5%_2)/')%,*%7')%l'12E*)% M6F-_lO%,*%7')%2^')%=>>><%=>>I%5%=>?>%5%*7%:(,03*%,*%_0(0"%6(%*7%aVY0/'%(230'(27% 5%*(%72)%E*10'(*)%/E2,030'(27%5%3*(/E'%72)%E*V*)2)%)*%E*,8+*E'(%,*%V2(*E2%E*27%*(% 72%TE0V*E2%,C32,2%,*7%)017'% mm-<%2,*Va)%0VT23/2E'(%27%,0)V0(80E%72%,*)01827,2,% E*10'(27%TE0(30T27V*(/*%*(%72)%`'(2)%/E2,030'(27%5%)8Ed)8E*)/*<%5%*(%V*('E%V*d ,0,2%*(%7')%/*EE0/'E0')%('E/*%5%3*(/E'" 9272YE2)%372.*
#*V*)2)<%E*10'(*)<%,*V'1E2S:2%5%,*)01827,2," &ODVLƛLFDFL´Q -(/ %k=@<%x?J<%!Q?<%B?<%!fQ"
Abstract KW*% 0VT23/% 'S% E*V0//2(3*)% '(% /W*% 0(3E*2)*% 'E% ,*3E*2)*% 0(% 0(*[8270/5% 2/% /W*% 0(/*E(2/0'(27%7*.*7%W2)%Y**(%0(3'(378)0.*"%D*L03'y)%32)*%0)%('%,0SS*E*(/<%Y8/%0/)% *SS*3/%0)%*LT*3/*,%/'%Y*%)01(0S032(/%2/%/W*%E*10'(27%7*.*7%2(,%E*,83*%0(*[8270/5"%-(% /W0)%SE2V*o'Et%/W*%20V%'S%/W0)%T2T*E%0)%/'%2(275`*%/W*%,0)/E0Y8/0'(%'S%E*V0//2(3*)% 0(%%%D*L032(%E*10'()<%Y5%8EY2(%2(,%E8E27%2E*2%2)%o*77%2)%Y5%1*(,*E<%21*<%*,832/0'(% 2(,%E*72/0'()W0T<%2(,%0/)%*SS*3/%'(%E*10'(27%0(*[8270/5"%z2)%T*ES'EV*,%Y5%V*2()% 'S%6F-_ly)%=>>><%=>>I%2(,%=>?><%2(,%/W*%3273872/0'(%'S%/W*%_0(0%0(,*L"%H*0(1%S'8(,% /W2/%2/%/W*%(2/0'(27%7*.*7%2(,%0(%/W*%/E2,0/0'(27%2(,%3*(/E27%E*10'()%E*V0//2(3*)% o*E*%E*,83*,%0(%E*27%/*EV)%0(%/W*%S0E)/%,*32,*%'S%/W*%3*(/8E5<%Y*)0,*)%E*,830(1% E*10'(27%0(*[8270/5%V20(75%0(%/E2,0/0'(27%2(,%)'8/Wd)'8/W*2)/%/*EE0/'E0*)%2(,%/'%2% 7*))*E%*L/*(/%/W*%('E/W*E(%2(,%3*(/E27%2E*2)" q*5o'E,)
#*V0//2(3*)<%E*10'()<%,*V'1E2TW5%2(,%*3'('V03%0(*[8270/5"
#*30Y0,'R%?>%,*%*(*E'%,*%=>?@" A3*T/2,'R%=P%,*%21')/'%,*%=>?@"
Caracterización e impacto de las remesas en la desigualdad de las regiones de México, 2000, 2005 y 2010 Jorge Eugenio de Jesús Mora Tordecillas Mario Camberos Castro Joaquín Bracamontes Nevárez
Introducción
"
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Año 5 Núm. 10 julio-diciembre de 2014
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Datos, metodología y análisis e')%,2/')%*VT7*2,')%T2E2%*)/2%0(.*)/012304(%TE'.0*(*(%,*%72%6(38*)/2% F230'(27%,*%-(1E*)')%5%_2)/')%,*%7')%l'12E*)%M6F-_lO%,*%7')%2^')%=>>><% =>>I%5%=>?><%*(%385'%T*E0','%0(03027%72)%E*V*)2)%3E*30*E'(%,*%V2(*E2% 23*7*E2,2<% T2E2% 78*1'% ,*)3*(,*E% )*()0Y7*V*(/*% 27% S0(27% ,*7% T*E0','"% 6)/'%T*EV0/0Ea%3'('3*E%34V'%*7%3'VT'E/2V0*(/'%,*%7')%0(1E*)')%T'E% E*V*)2)%0VT23/2%*(%7')%(0.*7*)%,*%,*)01827,2,%(230'(27%5%E*10'(27" &'(% E*)T*3/'% 2% 72)% *)/0V230'(*)% ,*% E*V*)2)% 32T/2,2)% T'E% *7% H2(3'% ,*% DCL03'% MHAFm-&xO<% ,*Y*% 3'()0,*E2E)*% [8*% TE*)*(/2(% ,0S*d E*(302)% )01(0S032/0.2)% 3'(% S8*(/*)% 27/*E(2/0.2)% ,*% 0(S'EV2304(% 3'V'% *7% H8E4% ,*% A(a70)0)% 63'(4V03'% ,*7% !*T2E/2V*(/'% ,*% &'V*E30'% ,*7%_'Y0*E('%,*%6)/2,')%b(0,')%MH6A<%T'E%)8)%)0172)%*(%0(17C)O%5%72)% 6F-_l"% l2)/2% *7% 2^'% =>>><% 2% T*)2E% ,*% 72)% ,0S*E*(302)% V*/','741032)% ,*%72)%/E*)%S8*(/*)<%72)%/*(,*(302)%*E2(%)0V072E*)%5%72)%,0S*E*(302)%*E2(% E*72/0.2V*(/*% *)/2Y7*)% M)8T*E0'E*)% 72)% ,*% H6A% *(% =Ir% *% 0(S*E0'E*)% 72)% ,*%72)% 6F-_l%*(%@>rO"%;0(%*VY2E1'<%2%T2E/0E%,*%=>>=%)*%0VT7*V*(/2(% @I
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(8*.2)% E*187230'(*)% ,*7% HAFm-&x% ,0E010,2)% 2% V*+'E2E% 72% 3'Y*E/8E2% 3'(/2Y7*%,*%72)%E*V*)2)<%7'%[8*%TE'.'32%,0S*E*(302)%)01(0S032/0.2)%3'(% 72)%S8*(/*)%27/*E(2/0.2)%M,8T7032(,'%72)%,*% H6A% ,S JVLÄJPLU[L KL 5% [80(/8T7032(,'% 72)% ,*% 6F-_lO<% *)/'<% 28(2,'% Gini (G) es la medida 2% 8(2% )*E0*% ,*% 0(3'()0)/*(302)% *(% 72% 0(S'EV2d más utilizada para 304(% 27% )*E% 3E8`2,2% 3'(% V01E2304(<% T'Y72304(% determinar la desigualdad; calcula E*3*T/'E2<%*(/E*%'/E2)<%V8*)/E2%,8,2)%*(%72)%30d las diferencias en la SE2)%E*T'E/2,2)%T'E% HAFm-&x%M&2(27*)<%=>>J2%5% posesión de bienes K80Ea(%+&.$0"<%=>>fO"= y captación del 67% 2(a70)0)% E*10'(27% ,*% DCL03'% M.C2)*% ingreso; además, es utilizado para medir V2T2%?O%)*%77*.2Ea%2%32Y'%T'E%V*,0'%,*%72%372d casi cualquier tipo )0S032304(%,*%&xFA9x%M=>>@O<%/'V2,2%,*%\]^012% de relación desigual. 5%e*0/*%M=>>fO<%72%3827%21E8T2%2%7')%*)/2,')%T'E% 3*E32(:2%1*'1EaS032%5%)8%/E2,0304(%T'E%0(/*()0,2,%V01E2/'E02<Q%[8*%T2E2% *S*3/')%,*%*)/*%2(a70)0)%)*%3'()0,*E2%72%Va)%2,*382,2%MHE232V'(/*)%5% &2VY*E')<%=>?=O"% 92E2%/*(*E%8(2%0,*2%Va)%372E2%,*%72%,0)/E0Y8304(%,*%7')%E*38Ed )')%TE'.*(0*(/*)%,*7%*L/E2(+*E'<%)*%*L2V0(2Ea(%7')%*S*3/')%T'E%V'(/'% ,*%E*V*)2)<%(]V*E'%,*%W'12E*)%5%T'Y72304("%6(%7'%)83*)0.'<%*7%0(1E*)'% /'/27%,*7%W'12E%)*%3'VT'(*%,*7%0(1E*)'%(*/'%,*7%W'12E%5%72)%T*E3*T30'(*)% S0(2(30*E2)"%e')%0(1E*)')%T'E%E*V*)2)%3'()0,*E2,')%S8*E'(%T'E%/E2Y2+'%5% (*1'30'%,*)*VT*^2,'%T'E%7')%V01E2(/*)%7*127*)%*%07*127*)<%+8Y07230'(*)% '%T*()0'(*)%TE'.*(0*(/*)%,*%6)/2,')%b(0,')%*%0(1E*)')%TE'.*(0*(/*)% ,*%'/E')%T2:)*)"@
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Año 5 Núm. 10 julio-diciembre de 2014
!"#"$%&#'("$')*+&+',-"$%.+/&+0"1+#&,&1"1+&*+0"+/&1'23"0/"/+/&+0"1+#&2'.*&1+/&+456'$.7+ 89997+899:+;+89<9
Mapa 1. Regiones de México
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!"#$%&'($%)*"&+%&!%,-,&."#/&0"#+%1*22/,3&./#*"&4/56%#",&4/,7#"&& 8&!"/9(:)&;#/1/5")7%,&<%=>#%?
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Distribución de las remesas familiares regionales por hogares e ingresos e')%,2/')%3'(/*(0,')%*(%*)/*%2T2E/2,'%2EE'+2(%(8*.2%0(S'EV2304(%)'d YE*%7')%(0.*7*)%,*%0(1E*)')%,*%72)%,0S*E*(/*)%`'(2)%5%*7%(]V*E'%,*%W'12d E*)%T2E/030T2(/*)%*(%72%32T/2304(%,*%E*V*)2)<%7'%[8*%,2%3'V'%E*)87/2,'% 8(%0(,032,'E%V85%)01(0S032/0.'%,*%[8C%32(/0,2,%5%38a(/2)%T*E)'(2)%E*d 30Y*(%E*V*)2)" @J
Año 5 Núm. 10 julio-diciembre de 2014
!"#"$%&#'("$')*+&+',-"$%.+/&+0"1+#&,&1"1+&*+0"+/&1'23"0/"/+/&+0"1+#&2'.*&1+/&+456'$.7+ 89997+899:+;+89<9
6(%72%TE0V*E2%,C32,2%,*7%)017'%mm-<%72)%E*V*)2)%W2(%/*(0,'%8(% 3'VT'E/2V0*(/'%,*%EaT0,'%3E*30V0*(/'%*(%7')%TE0V*E')%)0*/*%2^')%3'(% 8(2%,Ea)/032%32:,2%2%T2E/0E%,*%=>>J<%'32)0'(2,2%T'E%72%3E0)0)%,*%6)/2,')% b(0,')"%6)/'%)*%E*S7*+2%*(%*7%382,E'%?<%,'(,*%)*%'Y)*E.2%*7%0(3E*V*(/'% ,*%72)%E*V*)2)%,*%@%fIP"@I%V07*)%,*%V077'(*)%,*%,472E*)%MVV,O%,*%=>>>% 2%@%Pf@"@?%VV,%2%=>>I%5%78*1'%)*%E*,83*(%2%@%?QJ"Jf%VV,%*(%=>?><% 0(378)'%T'E%,*Y2+'%,*%=>>@"%;0(%*VY2E1'<%72)%E*V*)2)%3'V'%TE'T'E304(% ,*7% 0(1E*)'% /'/27% ,*% 7')% W'12E*)% W2(% ,0)V0(80,'% ,*% ?"P=r% *(% =>>>% 2% ?"NPr%*(%=>>I<%W2)/2%?"QQr%*(%=>?>"
Cuadro 1. Remesas familiares regionales por número de hogares e ingresos, 2000, 2005 y 2010 captadas por la ENIGH
Millones de dólares. Precios constantes a diciembre de 2010. Fuente: elaboración propia con base en INEGI, ENIGH (2000, 2005 y 2010). a
b
#*)T*3/'%2%7')%W'12E*)%T*E3*T/'E*)%,*%E*V*)2)<%*)/')%W2(%/*(0d ,'% 8(% 3'VT'E/2V0*(/'% )0V072E% 27% ,*% 72)% E*V*)2)<% 52% [8*% )8% T2E/030T2d 304(% 0(3E*V*(/4% ,*% I"=Pr% *(% *7% =>>>% 2% f"=Nr% *(% =>>In% ('% 'Y)/2(/*<% ,*)3*(,04%2%I">Jr%*(%=>?>"%6(%/CEV0(')%2Y)'78/')<%)8%3'VT'E/2V0*(d%% /'%/0*(*%.2E02304(%,*Y0,'%2%[8*%*7%(]V*E'%,*%W'12E*)%)*%0(3E*V*(/2%,*% =>>>%2%=>>I%5%78*1'%,0)V0(85*%*(%=>?><%*)/2%]7/0V2%30SE2%*)%)8T*E0'E%2%72% ,*7%2^'%=>>>"% @P
!"#$%&'($%)*"&+%&!%,-,&."#/&0"#+%1*22/,3&./#*"&4/56%#",&4/,7#"&& 8&!"/9(:)&;#/1/5")7%,&<%=>#%?
e2% E*104(% /E2,030'(27% W2% 3'()*E.2,'% *7% TE0V*E% 7812E% *(% *)/*% T*E0','%/2(/'%*(%V'(/'%,*%E*V*)2)%3'V'%*(%(]V*E'%,*%W'12E*)%E*d 3*T/'E*)%M.C2)*%1EaS032)%?%5%=On%)0(%*VY2E1'<%)8)%E*V*)2)%W2(%.*(0,'% ,0)V0(85*(,'%,*%=>>>%2%=>?>%M.C2)*%1EaS032%=O%3'V'%3'()*38*(302%,*7% *(.*+*30V0*(/'% ,*% 72% T'Y72304(% 5% 72% S27/2% ,*% (8*.')% 0(V01E2(/*)% [8*% )8)/0/852(%2%7')%[8*%52%('%T8*,*(%.02+2E"
.YmÄJH /VNHYLZ WLYJLW[VYLZ KL YLTLZHZ MHTPSPHYLZ WVY YLNPVULZ 2000, 2005 y 2010 1800 1600
Hogaresab
1400 1200
2000
1000
2005 2010
800 600 400 200 0
Tradicional
Norte
Centro
Sur-sureste
Total
Millones de dólares. Precios constantes a diciembre de 2010. Fuente: elaboración propia con base en INEGI, ENIGH (2000, 2005 y 2010). a
b
e2%E*104(%('E/*%*)%72%](032%[8*%W2%0(3E*V*(/2,'%)8)%E*V*)2)%5% 27%V0)V'%/0*VT'%)*%E*,83*%*7%(]V*E'%,*%W'12E*)%M.C2)*%1EaS032)%?%5%=O<% *)/'%,*E0.2,'%,*7%(0.*7%*,832/0.'%,*%7')%V01E2(/*)<%T'E[8*%27%*)/2E%Va)% TE*T2E2,')%T8*,*(%233*,*E%2%V*+'E*)%)8*7,')"% 6(%72%E*104(%3*(/E'<%T*)*%2%72%Y2+2%,*7%V'(/'%,*%72)%E*V*)2)% *(%=>?><%*7%(]V*E'%,*%W'12E*)%E*3*T/'E*)%)*%W2%.*(0,'%0(3E*V*(/2(,'% I>
Año 5 Núm. 10 julio-diciembre de 2014
!"#"$%&#'("$')*+&+',-"$%.+/&+0"1+#&,&1"1+&*+0"+/&1'23"0/"/+/&+0"1+#&2'.*&1+/&+456'$.7+ 89997+899:+;+89<9
M.C2)*%1EaS032%?O<%T'E%S23/'E*)%,*%,*)*VT7*'%5%S27/2%,*%'T'E/8(0,2,*)"% e2%E*104(%)8Ed)8E*)/*%32)0%,8T7034%*7%V'(/'%,*%72)%E*V*)2)%,*%=>>>%2% =>>In%)0(%*VY2E1'<%)*%E*,8+*E'(%('/2Y7*V*(/*%*(%=>?><%*7%(]V*E'%,*% W'12E*)% /8.'% 8(% )0V072E% 3'VT'E/2V0*(/'<% 3'V'% 3'()*38*(302% /2Vd Y0C(%,*%72%S27/2%,*%*VT7*'" 6(%)8V2<%*(%72%V25'E:2%,*%72)%`'(2)%)*%'Y)*E.2%8(2%3'()0,*E2d Y7*%,0)V0(8304(%,*7%V'(/'%,*%72)%E*V*)2)%M*L3*T/'%*(%72%`'(2%('E/*O"% A)0V0)V'<%)*%E*10)/E4%E*,83304(%,*7%(]V*E'%,*%W'12E*)%E*3*T/'E*)%*(% 32)0%/',2)%72)%E*10'(*)%M*L3*T/'%72%`'(2%3*(/E'O"%AVY')%32)')%,*Y0,'% TE0(30T27V*(/*%2%72%3E0)0)%,*%=>>J<%[8*%2S*3/4%72%,0)T'(0Y070,2,%,*%*VT7*'% *(%7')%6bA<%)8V2,'%27%E01'E%*(%72%2T7032304(%,*%72)%7*5*)%V01E2/'E02)"
.Ymร JH 4VU[V KL YLTLZHZ MHTPSPHYLZ WVY YLNPVULZ 2000, 2005 y 2010 6000
Remesasab
5000
4000
2000 3000
2005 2010
2000
1000
0
Tradicional
Norte
Centro
Sur-sureste
Total
Millones de dรณlares. Precios constantes a diciembre de 2010. Fuente: elaboraciรณn propia con base en INEGI, ENIGH (2000, 2005 y 2010). a
b
I?
!"#$%&'($%)*"&+%&!%,-,&."#/&0"#+%1*22/,3&./#*"&4/56%#",&4/,7#"&& 8&!"/9(:)&;#/1/5")7%,&<%=>#%?
Distribución de las remesas familiares regionales por áreas urbanas o rurales e2%0(S'EV2304(%3'(/*(0,2%*(%*)/*%2T2E/2,'<%3'(3*(/E2,2%*(%*7%382,E'%=<% 0(,032%72%,0)/E0Y8304(%,*%7')%W'12E*)%E*3*T/'E*)%,*%E*V*)2)<%52%)*2(%,*% `'(2)%E8E27*)%'%8EY2(2)<%2,*Va)%,*%)*^272E%)8%382(/:2<%T8*)%382(/'%Va)% )*%,0E0+2(%2%`'(2)%E8E27*)%)8%*S*3/'%)*Ea%V25'E%*(%72%E*,83304(%,*%7')% (0.*7*)%,*%,*)01827,2,<%T'E%72)%3'(,030'(*)%Va)%,*)S2.'E2Y7*)%,*%*)2)% aE*2)"%A7%E*)T*3/'<%)*%'Y)*E.2%[8*%*(%*7%=>>><%*7%TE'V*,0'%*)%*[80/2/0.'<% T8*)%IIr%)'(%W'12E*)%8EY2(')%5%@Ir%E8E27*)"%6(%=>>I%)*%T*E30Y*%8(2% ,0)/E0Y8304(%Va)%*[80/2/0.2%3'V'%3'()*38*(302%,*%72%E*104(%)8Ed)8E*)/*<% 52%[8*%72%T'Y72304(%E8E27%,8T7032Y2%2%72%8EY2(2"%!*),*%*7%T8(/'%,*%.0)/2% ,*%72%E*3*T304(%,*%E*V*)2)<%*)/'%32VY02%3'()0,*E2Y7*V*(/*<%T8*)%7')% W'12E*)%8EY2(')%E*30Y*(%f@r%,*%72)%E*V*)2)<%V0*(/E2)%[8*%7')%E8E27*)% )47'%Qfr%,*Y0,'%2%72%,0S*E*(302%,*%(0.*7*)%,*%*,832304(%[8*%0VT23/2(% ,0E*3/2V*(/*%*(%*7%/0T'%,*%*VT7*'%2%3'()*180E"
Cuadro 2. Remesas familiares regionales por áreas urbanas y rurales, número de hogares e ingresos, 2000, 2005 y 2010
Millones de dólares. Precios constantes a diciembre de 2010. Fuente: elaboración propia con base en INEGI, ENIGH (2000, 2005 y 2010). a
b
I=
Año 5 Núm. 10 julio-diciembre de 2014
!"#"$%&#'("$')*+&+',-"$%.+/&+0"1+#&,&1"1+&*+0"+/&1'23"0/"/+/&+0"1+#&2'.*&1+/&+456'$.7+ 89997+899:+;+89<9
e2% E*104(% /E2,030'(27% )*% ,0)/0(18*% T'E% )*E% 72% Va)% *[80/2/0.2% /2(/'%*(%(]V*E'%,*%W'12E*)%E*3*T/'E*)%3'V'%*(%72%,0)/E0Y8304(%,*%72)% E*V*)2)<%[80`a%3'V'%3'()*38*(302%,*%72%/E2,0304(%V01E2/'E02%,*%72%`'(2% 5%,*%72)%2VT702)%E*,*)%,*%V01E2304(%[8*%/0*(*(%*)/2Y7*30,2)%*(%7')%6bA<% 7'%3827%S23070/2%72%2S78*(302%2%/',')%7')%(0.*7*)%,*%0(1E*)'" 6(% 72% E*104(% ('E/*<% /2(/'% *(% *7% (]V*E'% ,*% W'12E*)% E*3*T/'E*)% 3'V'%*(%*7%V'(/'%,*%E*V*)2)<%72%,0)/E0Y8304(%)*%TE*)*(/2%,*%V2(*E2%TE*d T'(,*E2(/*%*(%72%`'(2%8EY2(2"%9'E%*7%72,'%,*%7')%0(1E*)')<%,*Y0,'%2%(0.*d%% 7*)%*,832/0.')%[8*%0VT23/2(%*(%*7%/0T'%,*%*VT7*'<%)'ETE*(,*%*7%Y2+'%(]V*d E'%,*%W'12E*)%E8E27*)%[8*%E*30Y*(%E*V*)2)<%52%[8*%)8%3*E32(:2%1*'1EaS032% ,*Y*E:2%,*%S23070/2E%72%V01E2304(" 6(%72%E*104(%3*(/E'<%*7%(]V*E'%,*%W'12E*)%E*3*T/'E*)%E8E27*)% W2%.*(0,'%,0)V0(85*(,'%,*%S'EV2%('/2Y7*<%3'V'%3'()*38*(302%,*%,')% S23/'E*)%0VT'E/2(/*)<%T'E%8(%72,'<%72%7*+2(:2%,*%72%SE'(/*E2<%7'%[8*%*7*.2%% 7')%3')/')%,*%V01E2304(<%5%T'E%'/E'<%*7%3E*30V0*(/'% En la mayoría de las ,*%72%V2(3W2%8EY2(2%M*(%=>?=%*7%-F6_-%('%E*T'E/4% zonas se observa `'(2% E8E27% *(% *7% !"k"O"% 6(% E*72304(% 3'(% *7% V'(d%% una considerable disminución del /'%,*%72)%E*V*)2)<%7')%W'12E*)%8EY2(')%E*30Y*(%*(% monto de las TE'V*,0'%,*%,')%2%8('%)'YE*%7')%W'12E*)%E8E27*)<% remesas debido ,*Y0,'%27%(0.*7%*,832/0.'%[8*%,*/*EV0(2%*7%/0T'%,*% principalmente a la crisis de 2008, *VT7*'%2%3'()*180E"% que afectó la 6(%3'(/E2T')0304(<%72%E*104(%)8Ed)8E*)d disponibilidad de /*<%2%T*)2E%,*%)*E%72%`'(2%Va)%27*+2,2%,*%72%SE'(/*E2% empleo en los EUA, 5% T'E% *(,*% 3'(% V25'E*)% 3')/')% ,*% V01E2304(<% sumado al rigor en la aplicación de las TE*)*(/2%7')%W'12E*)%E8E27*)%,*%V25'E%(]V*E'% leyes migratorias. ,*%E*3*T/'E*)%5%V'(/'%,*%E*V*)2)<%[80`a%*)/'%)*% *LT70[8*%T'E%72%S27/2%,*%*VT7*'<%7')%*7*.2,')%(0.*7*)%,*%T'YE*`2%5%V2Ed 10(2304(<%[8*%E*TE*)*(/2(%7')%Va)%27/')%,*%DCL03'" !*),*%*7%T8(/'%,*%.0)/2%,*%W'12E*)%E*3*T/'E*)<%72%TE'T'E304(%,*% W'12E*)%8EY2(')%5%E8E27*)%)*%V2(/8.'%*)/2Y7*n%*(%382(/'%2%72%E*3*T304(% ,*%E*V*)2)<%7')%]7/0V')%W2(%V*+'E2,'%7')%(0.*7*)%,*%0(1E*)')<%*)/'%*)<%,*% =Jr%*(%*7%=>>>%2%QJr%*(%=>?><%3'V'%3'()*38*(302%,*%72%)0V070/8,%,*%7')% (0.*7*)%*,832/0.')%,*%7')%W'12E*)%E8E27*)%5%8EY2(')%*(%72%`'(2%/E2,030'(27% 5%72%27/2%TE'T'E304(%,*%W'12E*)%E8E27*)%,*%72%`'(2%)8Ed)8E*)/*"
IQ
!"#$%&'($%)*"&+%&!%,-,&."#/&0"#+%1*22/,3&./#*"&4/56%#",&4/,7#"&& 8&!"/9(:)&;#/1/5")7%,&<%=>#%?
Distribución de las remesas regionales por género 6(%*)/*%2T2E/2,'<%2,*Va)%,*%,*/*EV0(2E%7')%E*3*T/'E*)%T'E%1C(*E'%,*%72% 32T/2304(%,*%E*V*)2)%5%)8%382(/:2<%)*%*(3'(/E2Ea%8(2%,0S*E*(302%)01(0S032/0d .2%,*%7')%0(1E*)')%TE'V*,0'%T'E%1C(*E'<%T2E2%*)/0V2E%)0%27%T*E/*(*3*E%2%% 8(%1C(*E'%8%'/E'%,0)V0(85*(%,*%S'EV2%)8)/2(3027%7')%0(1E*)')%T'E%E*V*)2)"
Cuadro 3. Remesas regionales por género, individuos e ingresos, 2000, 2005 y 2010
Millones de dólares. Precios constantes a diciembre de 2010. Fuente: elaboración propia con base en INEGI, ENIGH (2000, 2005 y 2010). a
b
&'V'%)*%*LT'(*%*(%*7%382,E'%Q<%,*%7')%W'12E*)%E*3*T/'E*)%,*% E*V*)2)<%N=r%)'(%V8+*E*)%5%=Jr<%W'VYE*)"%6(%E*72304(%3'(%*7%V'(/'%% ,*%E*V*)2)%E*30Y0,2)<%*(%TE'V*,0'<%)*%'Y)*E.2%[8*%N@r%)'(%T2E2%V8+*E*)% 5% =fr% T2E2% W'VYE*)"% &2Y*<% 2,*Va)<% )*^272E% [8*% 28([8*% *(% =>>>% 5% =>>I% 72% TE'T'E304(% ,*% E*V*)2)d1C(*E'% *E2% V2E10(27V*(/*% 2% S2.'E% ,*% 72)%V8+*E*)<%,*%I%5%?r<%E*)T*3/0.2V*(/*%T2E2%=>?><%*)/2%E*72304(%)*%.*% E*.*E/0,2%*(%S2.'E%,*%7')%W'VYE*)%3'(%fr%2%=>?>"%6)/'%('%)01(0S032%[8*% 72)%V8+*E*)% *)/a(% *V01E2(,'% *(% V25'E%V*,0,2%2% 7')% 6bA<% )0('% [8*% )*% W2%0(3E*V*(/2,'%*7%(]V*E'%,*%W'VYE*)%E*3*T/'E*)%,*%E*V*)2)"%;*1](% I@
Año 5 Núm. 10 julio-diciembre de 2014
!"#"$%&#'("$')*+&+',-"$%.+/&+0"1+#&,&1"1+&*+0"+/&1'23"0/"/+/&+0"1+#&2'.*&1+/&+456'$.7+ 89997+899:+;+89<9
*)/2,:)/032)%,*%=>>>%2%=>?><%7')%VaE1*(*)%,*%V01E2304(%TE'V*,0'%2%6bA% T*EV2(*30*E'(%32)0%0(2V'.0Y7*)%*(%IIr%,*%W'VYE*)%5%@Ir%,*%V8+*E*)% MHHgA<%=>?=O" e2)%E*10'(*)%/E2,030'(27<%('E/*%5%3*(/E'%3'VT2E/*(%*)/2,:)/0d 32)%V85%)0V072E*)<%*)/'%*)<%T2E2%*7%2^'%=>>><%*(%TE'V*,0'<%N>r%,*%V8+*d E*)% E*30Y:2(% J>r% ,*% 72)% E*V*)2)n% *(% =>?><% fIr% ,*% V8+*E*)% E*30Y:2(%% fIr%,*%72)%E*V*)2)"%9'E%)8%T2E/*<%*(%72%E*104(%)8Ed)8E*)/*%*(%*7%T*E0','% ,*%=>>>%2%=>>I<%J>r%,*%V8+*E*)%E*30Y:2(%JQr%,*%72)%E*V*)2)<%7'%[8*% E*TE*)*(/2(%,2/')%)8T*E0'E*)%2%72)%,*Va)%E*10'(*)n%)0(%*VY2E1'<%*)/')% (]V*E')%)*%E*.0E/0*E'(%*(%=>?>%T2E2%*)/2E%*(%TE'V*,0'%3'(%C)/2)"%e')% E*)87/2,')%'Y/*(0,')%*(%*)/2%)*3304(%('%V8*)/E2(%,0S*E*(302%)01(0S032/0d .2% *(% 7')% 0(1E*)')% T'E% E*V*)2)% *(/E*% W'VYE*)% 5% V8+*E*)<% 2,*Va)% ,*% [8*%72)%,0)/E0Y830'(*)%*(/E*%72)%,0S*E*(/*)%E*10'(*)%)'(%V85%)0V072E*)<% T'E%7'%[8*%('%E*)87/2%*LT7032/0.2%*(%72%,*/*EV0(2304(%,*%,*)01827,2,*)% ,*7%0(1E*)'"%;0(%*VY2E1'<%(')%,2%0(S'EV2304(%,*%72%,0)/E0Y8304(%,*%72)% E*V*)2)%5%7')%32VY0')%,*%C)/2%3'(%*7%T2)'%,*7%/0*VT'"
Distribuciรณn de las remesas regionales por edad 6(%*)/2%)*3304(%)*%*.27]2(%7')%E*3*T/'E*)%,*%E*V*)2)%T'E%*,2,<%2):%3'V'% 72%382(/:2%,*%,03W')%E*38E)')<%2,*Va)%,*%0(,032E%72)%,0S*E*(302)%)01(0S032d /0.2)%*(%*7%TE'V*,0'%,*%E*3*T304(%,*%E*V*)2)%T'E%*,2,%5%,0)/E0Y8304(% T2E2%,*/*EV0(2E%)0%72%T*E/*(*(302%2%8(%30*E/'%1E8T'%T*EV0/*%/*(*E%.*(/2d +2%*(%72%32T/2304(%,*%E*V*)2)"% 6(%*7%382,E'%@%)*%T*E30Y*%[8*%72%T'Y72304(%*(%*7%E2(1'%,*%*,2,% ,*%?=%2%f@%2^')%*)%72%[8*%V25'EV*(/*%E*30Y*%E*V*)2)n%)0(%*VY2E1'<%*)/2% TE'T'E304(%W2%.*(0,'%,0)V0(85*(,'%*(%0(,0.0,8')%,*%fI%5%Va)%,*%=>>I%2% =>?><%5%*(%V*('E%V*,0,2%7')%,*%>%2%??%,*%*,2,"%e2%E*104(%('E/*%*)%72%[8*% *(%V25'E%TE'T'E304(%,*%T*E)'(2)%,*%?=%2%f@%2^')%E*30Y*(%E*V*)2)%3'(% Q?r<%5%72%,*%V*('E<%*(%*)*%V0)V'%E2(1'%,*%*,2,<%*)%72%E*104(%)8Ed)8E*)/*% 3'(%?fr"%e2%E*104(%3*(/E'<%T'E%*7%3'(/E2E0'<%*)%72%[8*%V25'E%TE'T'E304(%,*% 0(,0.0,8')%*(%*,2,*)%,*%>%2%??%2^')%E*30Y*(%E*V*)2)%3'(%?Qr<%S0(27V*(/*<% 72%E*104(%/E2,030'(27%*)%72%[8*%V*('E%TE'T'E304(%,*%T*E)'(2)%*(%*7%V0)V'% )*1V*(/'%E*30Y*(%3'(%I%T'E%30*(/'%M.C2)*%382,E'%@O" 6(%382(/'%27%V'(/'%,*%E*V*)2)%E*30Y0,2)%T'E%E2(1'%,*%*,2,<% )*%2TE*302%8(%3'VT'E/2V0*(/'%)0V072E"%e2%E*104(%('E/*%)*%,0)/0(18*%T'E% E*30Y0E%Va)%E*V*)2)<%*)/'%*)<%72%T'Y72304(%,*%fI%5%Va)%2^')%3'(%QIr%5% 72%,*%V*('E%*(%*7%V0)V'%E2(1'%,*%*,2,%*)%72%E*104(%)8Ed)8E*)/*%3'(% II
!"#$%&'($%)*"&+%&!%,-,&."#/&0"#+%1*22/,3&./#*"&4/56%#",&4/,7#"&& 8&!"/9(:)&;#/1/5")7%,&<%=>#%?
??r"%9'E%'/E'%72,'<%*(%72)%E*10'(*)%)8Ed)8E*)/*%5%3*(/E'<%7')%[8*%V25'E% V'(/'%,*%E*V*)2)%E*30Y*(%)'(%7')%0(,0.0,8')%*(%*,2,*)%,*%>%2%??%2^')% 3'(%N%5%fr<%E*)T*3/0.2V*(/*n%('%'Y)/2(/*<%72%[8*%V*('E%32(/0,2,%,*% E*V*)2)% E*30Y*% *(% *)*% V0)V'% E2(1'% ,*% *,2,% *)% 72% E*104(% /E2,030'(27% M.C2)*%382,E'%IO"
Cuadro 4. Remesas regionales por edad por individuos, 2000, 2005 y 2010
Fuente: elaboración propia con base en INEGI, ENIGH (2000, 2005 y 2010).
6(% 1*(*E27% )*% 'Y)*E.2% 8(2% /*(,*(302% T')0/0.2% /2(/'% *(% 72% E*3*T304(%,*%E*V*)2)%3'V'%*(%*7%(]V*E'%,*%0(,0.0,8')%T2E2%72%*,2,% ,*%fI%5%Va)<%7'%3827%0(,032%8(%E*7*.'%1*(*E230'(27%,'(,*%72%T'Y72304(% *3'(4V032V*(/*% 23/0.2% T2E/030T2% *(% *7% S*(4V*('% V01E2/'E0'% 5% 72% T'Y72304(% ,*% V25'E% *,2,% T*EV2(*3*% *(% )8% W'12E"% ;0(% *VY2E1'<% 27% 2(270`2E%72)%30SE2)%,*%V01E2304(%T'E%*,2,*)%,*7%T*E0','%=>>>%2%=>?>%)*% T*E30Y*%8(%3E*30V0*(/'%,*%?"Pr%,*%72%T'Y72304(%*3'(4V032V*(/*%23/0.2% 5%8(%0(3E*V*(/'%V2E10(27%,*%>"fr%,*%72%T'Y72304(%,*%fI%5%Va)<%28(2,'% If
Año 5 Núm. 10 julio-diciembre de 2014
!"#"$%&#'("$')*+&+',-"$%.+/&+0"1+#&,&1"1+&*+0"+/&1'23"0/"/+/&+0"1+#&2'.*&1+/&+456'$.7+ 89997+899:+;+89<9
2%8(2%E*,83304(%,*%72%T'Y72304(%,*%>%2%??%2^')%,*7%'E,*(%,*%="Ir%MHHgA<% =>?=O<%7'%[8*%,2%8(2%2TE'L0V2304(%2%72%*LT7032304(%,*%*)/*%W*3W'" Cuadro 5. Remesas regionales por edad por ingresos, 2000, 2005 y 2010
Millones de dรณlares. Precios constantes a diciembre de 2010. Fuente: elaboraciรณn propia con base en INEGI, ENIGH (2000, 2005 y 2010). a
b
67%3'VT'(*(/*%,*%7')%1E8T')%T'E%*,2,*)%E*)87/4%TE'T'E30'd%% (27%*(/E*%*7%(]V*E'%,*%0(,0.0,8')%5%(0.*7*)%,*%E*3*T304(%,*%E*V*)2)<% T'E%7'%[8*%('%E*)87/2%,*%1E2(%E*7*.2(302%*(%72%*)/0V2304(%,*%,*)01827d ,2,*)%,*7%0(1E*)'"%;0(%*VY2E1'<%(')%,2%0(S'EV2304(%,*%72%,0)/E0Y8304(% ,*%72)%E*V*)2)%5%7')%32VY0')%,*%C)/2%3'(%*7%T2)'%,*7%/0*VT'"
IN
!"#$%&'($%)*"&+%&!%,-,&."#/&0"#+%1*22/,3&./#*"&4/56%#",&4/,7#"&& 8&!"/9(:)&;#/1/5")7%,&<%=>#%?
Distribución de las remesas regionales por nivel educativo 6(%*)/*%2T2E/2,'%)*%*)/2Y7*3*(%7')%E*3*T/'E*)%,*%E*V*)2)%T'E%(0.*7*)%*,8d 32/0.')n%*7%V'(/'%,*%,03W')%0(1E*)')<%2):%3'V'%72)%,0S*E*(302)%)01(0S032/0d .2)%*(%*7%TE'V*,0'%,*%E*3*T304(%,*%E*V*)2)%T'E%1E2,')%,*%*)/8,0'<%2,*Va)% ,*%)8%,0)/E0Y8304(<%3'(%*7%S0(%,*%,*/*EV0(2E%)0%72%T*E/*(*(302%2%8(%30*E/'% 1E8T'%T*EV0/*%/*(*E%.*(/2+2%*(%72%32T/2304(%,*%E*V*)2)"%
Análisis de la población por nivel educativo A%(0.*7%(230'(27%*)%('/'E02%72%E*,83304(%,*%7')%E*3*T/'E*)%)0(%0()/E83d 304(% 5% *,832304(% TE0V2E02<% *)% ,*30E<% ,*% ==% 5% IIr<% E*)T*3/0.2V*(d%% /*%*(%=>>><%2%?N%5%@Pr%*(%=>?>"%;0(%*VY2E1'<%)*%T*E30Y*%8(%0(3E*V*(/'%% *(% 7')% E*3*T/'E*)% 3'(% *,832304(% TE*T2E2/'E02% 5% TE'S*)0'(27% ,*% =?% 5%% =r%*(%=>>>%2%=P%5%Ir%*(%=>?>%M.C2)*%382,E'%fO"
IJ
Año 5 Núm. 10 julio-diciembre de 2014
!"#"$%&#'("$')*+&+',-"$%.+/&+0"1+#&,&1"1+&*+0"+/&1'23"0/"/+/&+0"1+#&2'.*&1+/&+456'$.7+ 89997+899:+;+89<9
Cuadro 6. Remesas regionales en educaciรณn por individuos, 2000, 2005 y 2010
Fuente: elaboraciรณn propia con base en INEGI, ENIGH (2000, 2005 y 2010).
6(%72%E*104(%/E2,030'(27<%72%T'Y72304(%)0(%0()/E83304(%V2(/0*d (*%)8%TE'T'E304(%,*%?Jr%*(%*7%T*E0','%=>>>d=>?>"%e2%T'Y72304(%3'(% *,832304(%TE0V2E02%T2)2%,*%IJr%*(%=>>>%2%f>r%*(%=>>In%('%'Y)/2(/*<% C)/2%,0)V0(85*%2%I?r%*(%=>?>"%e')%0(,0.0,8')%,*%*,832304(%TE*T2E2/'E02% T2)2E'(%,*%=?%2%=Nr<%5%7')%,*%TE'S*)0'(27%,*%Q%2%@r%,8E2(/*%*7%T*E0','% =>>>d=>?>" 6(%72%E*104(%('E/*<%72%T'Y72304(%)0(%0()/E83304(%0(3E*V*(/2%)8% TE'T'E304(%,*%Q%2%?=r%,*%=>>>%2%=>>I<%T*E'%,0)V0(85*%2%Jr%*(%=>?>"%6(% 7')%0(,0.0,8')%3'(%*,832304(%TE0V2E02%W25%8(2%E*,83304(%,*%IP%2%@@r% ,*%=>>>%2%=>?>"%e2%T'Y72304(%3'(%*,832304(%TE*T2E2/'E02%,*3E*3*%,*% QQ%2%Q?r%,*%=>>>%2%=>>In%)0(%*VY2E1'<%0(3E*V*(/2%2%QPr%*(%=>?>"%e')% 0(,0.0,8')%3'(%*,832304(%TE'S*)0'(27%28V*(/2(%)8%T2E/030T2304(%,*%I% 2%?Qr%*(%*7%T*E0','%=>>>d=>>I<%T2E2%78*1'%,0)V0(80E%2%P%T'E%30*(/'" IP
!"#$%&'($%)*"&+%&!%,-,&."#/&0"#+%1*22/,3&./#*"&4/56%#",&4/,7#"&& 8&!"/9(:)&;#/1/5")7%,&<%=>#%?
6(% 72% E*104(% 3*(/E'<% 72% T'Y72304(% )0(% 0()/E83304(% ,*)30*(d ,*% )8% T2E/030T2304(% ,*% Q@% 2% ?fr% ,*% =>>>% 2% =>>I<% T*E'% 0(3E*V*(/2% 2% ?Pr% *(% =>?>"% e')% 0(,0.0,8')% 3'(% *,832304(% TE0V2E02% 28V*(/2(% )8% T2E/030T2304(%,*%I?%2%INr%*(%*7%T*E0','%=>>>d=>>In%('%'Y)/2(/*<%,0)d V0(85*% 2% @Ir% *(% =>?>"% e2% T'Y72304(% 3'(% *,832304(% TE*T2E2/'E02% 5% TE'S*)0'(27%0(3E*V*(/4%)8%TE'T'E304(%,*%=>>>%2%=>?>%,*%?I%2%Q>r%5%,*% >"@%2%fr<%E*)T*3/0.2V*(/*" 6(%72%E*104(%)8Ed)8E*)/*<%72%T'Y72304(%)0(%0()/E83304(%E*,8+'%)8% T2E/030T2304(%,*%QP%2%=>r%,8E2(/*%*7%T*E0','%=>>>d=>?>"%e')%0(,0.0,8')% 3'(% *,832304(% TE0V2E02% 23E*30*(/2(% )8% TE'T'E304(% ,*% @f% 2% I@r% ,*% =>>>% 2% =>?>"% e2% T'Y72304(% 3'(% *,832304(% TE*T2E2/'E02% 5% TE'S*)0'(27% 0(3E*V*(/2E'(%)8%T2E/030T2304(%,*%=>>>%2%=>?><%*)/'%*)<%,*%?@%2%=@r<%5% ,*%?%2%=r<%E*)T*3/0.2V*(/*" e2)%E*10'(*)%('E/*%5%3*(/E'%)*%,0)/0(18*(%T'E%3'(/2E%3'(%V2d 5'E%TE'T'E304(%,*%0(,0.0,8')%3'(%*,832304(%TE*T2E2/'E02%5%TE'S*)0'd (27<%T'E%*77'<%3'(%V*+'E%E*3*T304(%,*%E*V*)2)%*(%3'VT2E2304(%3'(%72)% ,*Va)%`'(2)"%9'E%'/E'%72,'<%*(%72)%E*10'(*)%)8Ed)8E*)/*%5%/E2,030'(27<% 72%T2E/030T2304(%,*%0(,0.0,8')%)0(%0()/E83304(%5%*,832304(%TE0V2E02%*)% )8T*E0'E%*(%3'VT2E2304(%3'(%72)%,*Va)"
Análisis de los ingresos de remesas por nivel educativo A%(0.*7%(230'(27%)*%'Y)*E.2%8(2%E*,83304(%,*%72)%E*V*)2)%*(%72%T'd Y72304(% )0(% 0()/E83304(<% [8*% T2)2% ,*% ?Q% 2% ??r% ,*% =>>>% 2% =>?>"% e')% 0(,0.0,8')%3'(%*,832304(%TE0V2E02%)*%V2(/0*(*(%3'(%@Nr%,8E2(/*%*7% T*E0','%=>>>d=>?>"%e2%T'Y72304(%3'(%*,832304(%TE*T2E2/'E02%0(3E*d V*(/2%72%E*3*T304(%,*%=@%2%Q?r%,*%=>>>%2%=>?>"%e')%0(,0.0,8')%3'(% *,832304(%TE'S*)0'(27%,0)V0(85*(%,*%?f%2%?=r%,*%=>>>%2%=>?>%M.C2)*% 382,E'%NO"
f>
Año 5 Núm. 10 julio-diciembre de 2014
!"#"$%&#'("$')*+&+',-"$%.+/&+0"1+#&,&1"1+&*+0"+/&1'23"0/"/+/&+0"1+#&2'.*&1+/&+456'$.7+ 89997+899:+;+89<9
Cuadro 7. Remesas regionales por educaciรณn por ingresos, 2000, 2005 y 2010
Millones de dรณlares. Precios constantes a diciembre de 2010. Fuente: elaboraciรณn propia con base en INEGI (ENIGH, 2000, 2005 y 2010). a
b
6(%72%E*104(%/E2,030'(27<%72%E*3*T304(%,*%E*V*)2)%*(%72%T'Y72d 304(%)0(%0()/E83304(%0(3E*V*(/4%,*%P%2%?=r%*(%*7%T*E0','%=>>>d=>?>"% e')%0(,0.0,8')%3'(%*,832304(%TE0V2E02%28V*(/2E'(%)8)%E*V*)2)%,*%@=% 2%IPr%,*%=>>>%2%=>>In%)0(%*VY2E1'<%,0)V0(85*E'(%2%IIr%*(%=>?>"%6(% 72%T'Y72304(%3'(%*,832304(%TE*T2E2/'E02<%72)%E*V*)2)%)*%23E*3*(/2E'(% ,*%==%2%=Nr%,*%=>>>%2%=>?>"%e2%T'Y72304(%3'(%*,832304(%TE'S*)0'(27% E*,8+'%,Ea)/032V*(/*%72)%E*V*)2)<%T8*)%T2)2E'(%,*%=J%2%fr%,*%=>>>%2% =>?>" 6(% 72% `'(2% ('E/*<% 72)% T*E)'(2)% )0(% 0()/E83304(% 28V*(/2E'(% )8)% E*V*)2)% ,*% =% 2% fr% *(% *7% T*E0','% ,*% =>>>% 2% =>>I<% ('% 'Y)/2(/*<% ,*)3*(,0*E'(% 2% Qr% *(% =>?>"% e')% 0(,0.0,8')% 3'(% *,832304(% TE0V2E02% ,0)V0(85*E'(%)8)%E*V*)2)%,*%@P%2%Q>r%,*%=>>>%2%=>>I<%T*E'%*(%=>?>% f?
!"#$%&'($%)*"&+%&!%,-,&."#/&0"#+%1*22/,3&./#*"&4/56%#",&4/,7#"&& 8&!"/9(:)&;#/1/5")7%,&<%=>#%?
2)3*(,0*E'(%2%Q@r"%e2%T'Y72304(%3'(%*,832304(%TE*T2E2/'E02%E*,8+'%)8)% E*V*)2)%,*%Qf%2%Q>r%,*%=>>>%2%=>>I<%T2E2%78*1'%2)3*(,*E%2%QPr%*(%=>?>"% e2)% T*E)'(2)% 3'(% *,832304(% TE'S*)0'(27% 0(3E*V*(/2E'(% )8)% E*V*)2)%% ,*%?=%2%QQr%,*%=>>>%2%=>>In%)0(%*VY2E1'<%*(%=>?>%,*)3*(,0*E'(%2%=Q% T'E%30*(/'" 6(%72%E*104(%3*(/E'<%72)%T*E)'(2)%)0(%0()/E83304(%W2(%V2(d /*(0,'%)8)%E*V*)2)%,*%?Ir%,8E2(/*%*7%T*E0','%=>>>d=>?>"%e')%0(,0d .0,8')% 3'(% *,832304(% TE0V2E02% 72)% W2(% ,0)V0(80,'% ,*% f?% 2% QJr% ,*% =>>>%2%=>?>"%e2%T'Y72304(%3'(%*,832304(%TE*T2E2/'E02%28V*(/4%)8)% E*V*)2)% ,*% =@% 2% QIr% *(% *7% 72T)'% ,*% =>>>% 2% =>?>"% e2)% T*E)'(2)% 3'(% *,832304(% TE'S*)0'(27% W2(% 0(3E*V*(/2,'% 72% 32(/0,2,% ,*% E*V*)2)% ,*% >"Q%2%?Qr%,*%=>>>%2%=>?>" 6(% 72% `'(2% )8Ed)8E*)/*<% 7')% 0(,0.0,8')% )0(% 0()/E83304(% W2(% E*,830,'% )8)% E*V*)2)% ,*% @=% 2% ?Ir% ,*% =>>>% 2% =>?>"% F'% 'Y)/2(/*<% 72% T'Y72304(%3'(%*,832304(%TE0V2E02%72)%W2%*7*.2,'%,*%@?%2%I@r%*(%*7%V0)V'% T*E0','"%e2)%T*E)'(2)%3'(%*,832304(%TE*T2E2/'E02%0(3E*V*(/2E'(%)8)% E*V*)2)%,*%?@%2%Q=r%,*%=>>>%2%=>>I<%T*E'%,*)3*(,0*E'(%2%=Ir%*(%=>?>"% e2)%T*E)'(2)%3'(%*,832304(%TE'S*)0'(27%,0)V0(85*E'(%)8)%E*V*)2)%,*% @%2%>"Qr%,*%=>>>%2%=>>In%)0(%*VY2E1'<%T2E2%=>?><%28V*(/2E'(%2%f%T'E% 30*(/'" e2)% E*10'(*)% ('E/*% 5% 3*(/E'% )*% 32E23/*E0`2(% T'E% V25'E% E*d%% 3*T304(%,*%E*V*)2)%*(%0(,0.0,8')%3'(%*,832304(%TE*T2E2/'E02%5%TE'd S*)0'(27%*(%3'VT2E2304(%3'(%72)%'/E2)"%e2%/E2,030'(27%5%72%)8Ed)8E*)/*%)*% ,0)/0(18*(%T'E%3'(/2E%3'(%V25'E%E*3*T304(%,*%E*V*)2)%T2E2%72%T'Y72d 304(%)0(%0()/E83304(%5%*,832304(%TE0V2E02%3'(%E*)T*3/'%2%72)%,*Va)" &2Y*% E*)27/2E% [8*% 72% `'(2% ('E/*% TE*)*(/4% V25'E% (0.*7% *,8d 32/0.'%,*%)8)%E*3*T/'E*)%Mf=r%TE*T2E2/'E02%5%TE'S*)0'(27On%*7%V'(/'%,*% )8)% E*V*)2)% 3E*304% ,*% V2(*E2% E*27% 2% ,0S*E*(302% ,*% 72)% ,*Va)"% ;0% Y0*(% *)%30*E/'%[8*%72%TE*T2E2304(%*,832/0.2%,*7%E*3*T/'E%('%182E,2%E*72304(% ,0E*3/2% 3'(% *7% (0.*7% ,*% *)/8,0')% ,*7% [8*% *(.:2% 72)% E*V*)2)<% *)/*% ,2/'% 0(,032%[8*%2%V25'E%*,832304(%)'(%V*+'E*)%72)%*LT*3/2/0.2)%,*%0(1E*d )'"%6(%8(%*)/8,0'%)'YE*%DCL03'%M&27,*E4(%5%l8*)32<%=>?@O<%)*%0(,032% 72%E*72304(%,*%72%`'(2%SE'(/*E0`2%5%*7%(0.*7%*,832/0.'%3'(%72%E*3*T304(%% ,*%E*V*)2)" 67% 3'VT'(*(/*% ,*% 7')% 1E8T')% T'E% (0.*7% *,832/0.'% E*)87/4% ,0d S*E*(302,'% *(/E*% *7% (]V*E'% ,*% 0(,0.0,8')% 5% (0.*7*)% ,*% E*3*T304(% ,*% E*V*)2)<% T'E% 7'% [8*% E*)87/2% ,*% 1E2(% 0VT'E/2(302% *(% 72% ,*/*EV0(2304(%% ,*%,*)01827,2,*)%,*7%0(1E*)'"%A,*Va)%,*%TE'T'E30'(2E%0(S'EV2304(%,*%% 72%,0)/E0Y8304(%,*%72)%E*V*)2)%5%7')%32VY0')%,*%C)/2%3'(%*7%T2)'%,*7%/0*VT'" f=
Año 5 Núm. 10 julio-diciembre de 2014
!"#"$%&#'("$')*+&+',-"$%.+/&+0"1+#&,&1"1+&*+0"+/&1'23"0/"/+/&+0"1+#&2'.*&1+/&+456'$.7+ 89997+899:+;+89<9
Distribuciรณn de las remesas regionales por parentesco 6(% *)/2% T2E/*% )*% *)T*30S032(% 7')% E*3*T/'E*)% ,*% E*V*)2)% T'E% T2E*(/*)d 3'<% 2):% 3'V'% 72% 382(/:2% ,*% ,03W')% E*38E)')n% 2,*Va)<% )*% *)/2Y7*3*(% 72)% ,0S*E*(302)%)01(0S032/0.2)%*(%*7%TE'V*,0'%,*%E*3*T304(%,*%E*V*)2)%T'E% T2E*(/*)3'<%2):%3'V'%,*%,0)/E0Y8304(<%T2E2%,*/*EV0(2E%)0%72%T*E/*(*(302% 2%8(%30*E/'%1E8T'%T*EV0/*%/*(*E%.*(/2+2%*(%72%32T/2304(%,*%E*V*)2)"
Anรกlisis de la poblaciรณn por parentesco A%(0.*7%(230'(27%)*%2TE*302%8(%28V*(/'%,*%72%T'Y72304(%385'%T2E*(/*)d 3'%*)%+*S*M2O%,*%S2V0702<%*)/'%*)<%,*%I?%2%IPr%,8E2(/*%*7%T*E0','%=>>>d =>>I<%T2E2%78*1'%,0)V0(80E%2%I=r"%e')%0(,0.0,8')%385'%T2E*(/*)3'%*)% ,*%*)T')'M2O%,*)3*(,0*E'(%)8%T2E/030T2304(%,*%Q@%2%?Pr%,*%=>>>%2%=>?>"% e2%T'Y72304(%3'(%T2E*(/*)3'%,*%W0+'M2O%5%'/E')%)*%28V*(/4%,*%J%5%Nr<% E*)T*3/0.2V*(/*%*(%*7%=>>><%2%?I%5%?@r%*(%=>?>%M.C2)*%382,E'%JO" 6(%72%E*104(%/E2,030'(27<%72%T'Y72304(%3'(%T2E*(/*)3'%,*%+*S*M2O% ,*%S2V0702%0(3E*V*(/4%)8%TE'T'E304(%,*%@I%2%IIr%,*%=>>>%2%=>>I<%T*E'% ,0)V0(854%2%I?r%*(%=>?>"%e')%0(,0.0,8')%3'(%T2E*(/*)3'%,*%*)T')'M2O% E*,8+*E'(%)8%T2E/030T2304(%,*%@?%2%=@r%,*%=>>>%2%=>?>"%6(%72)%T*E)'(2)% 3'(%T2E*(/*)3'%,*%W0+'M2O%5%'/E')%0(3E*V*(/4%)8%T2E/030T2304(%,*%N%5% Jr<%E*)T*3/0.2V*(/*%*(%=>>><%2%?I%5%??r%*(%=>?>"
fQ
!"#$%&'($%)*"&+%&!%,-,&."#/&0"#+%1*22/,3&./#*"&4/56%#",&4/,7#"&& 8&!"/9(:)&;#/1/5")7%,&<%=>#%?
Cuadro 8. Remesas regionales por parentesco por individuos 2000, 2005 y 2010
Fuente: elaboración propia con base en INEGI, ENIGH (2000, 2005 y 2010).
6(% 72% E*104(% ('E/*<% 72% T'Y72304(% 3'(% T2E*(/*)3'% ,*% +*S*M2O% ,*% S2V0702% 28V*(/4% )8% T2E/030T2304(% ,*% I@% 2% f=r% ,8E2(/*% *7% T*E0','%% =>>>d=>>In%)0(%*VY2E1'<%,0)V0(854%2%I>r%*(%=>?>"%6(%7')%0(,0.0,8')% 3'(%T2E*(/*)3'%,*%*)T')'M2O%72%TE'T'E304(%)*%E*,8+'%,*%=N%2%?Ir%*(% *7%T*E0','%=>>>d=>?>"%e2)%T*E)'(2)%3'(%T2E*(/*)3'%,*%W0+'M2O%,0)V0d (85*E'(%%)8%T2E/030T2304(%,*%?I%2%Jr%,*%=>>>%2%=>>In%)0(%*VY2E1'<%)*% *7*.4%2%?Jr%*(%=>?>"%e')%)8+*/')%3'(%T2E*(/*)3'%,*%'/E')%28V*(/2E'(% )8%TE'T'E304(%,*%I%2%?Nr%,*%=>>>%2%=>?>"% 6(%72%E*104(%3*(/E'<%72%T'Y72304(%3'(%T2E*(/*)3'%,*%+*S*M2O%,*% S2V0702%5%*)T')'M2O%E*,8+'%)8%T2E/030T2304(%,*%f=%5%=Nr<%E*)T*3/0.2V*(d /*%*(%*7%2^'%=>>><%2%@P%5%?fr%*(%=>?>"%e')%0(,0.0,8')%3'(%T2E*(/*)3'% ,*%W0+'M2O%,0)V0(85*E'(%)8%TE'T'E304(%,*%f%2%Ir%,*%=>>>%2%=>>I<%('% 'Y)/2(/*<%)*%0(3E*V*(/4%2%?Nr%*(%=>?>"%e2)%T*E)'(2)%3'(%T2E*(/*)3'%,*% '/E')%28V*(/2E'(%)8%T2E/030T2304(%,*%I%2%?Jr%,*%=>>>%2%=>?>" f@
Año 5 Núm. 10 julio-diciembre de 2014
!"#"$%&#'("$')*+&+',-"$%.+/&+0"1+#&,&1"1+&*+0"+/&1'23"0/"/+/&+0"1+#&2'.*&1+/&+456'$.7+ 89997+899:+;+89<9
6(% 72% E*104(% )8Ed)8E*)/*<% 72% T'Y72304(% 3'(% T2E*(/*)3'% ,*% +*d S*M2O% ,*% S2V0702% *7*.4% )8% T2E/030T2304(% ,*% @J% 2% fQr% ,*% =>>>% 2% =>>I<%% T*E'% ,0)V0(854% 2% IPr% *(% =>?>"% e')% 0(,0.0,8')% 3'(% T2E*(/*)3'% ,*% *)T')'M2O%E*,8+*E'(%)8%TE'T'E304(%,*%QQ%2%?@r%,8E2(/*%*7%T*E0','%=>>>% 2%=>?>"%e2)%T*E)'(2)%3'(%T2E*(/*)3'%,*%W0+'M2O%5%'/E')%,0)V0(85*E'(%)8% T2E/030T2304(%,*%P%5%?>r<%E*)T*3/0.2V*(/*%*(%*7%=>>><%2%J%5%Pr%*(%=>>In% )0(%*VY2E1'<%)*%0(3E*V*(/4%2%??%5%?fr%*(%=>?>" e2% E*104(% )8Ed)8E*)/*% )*% 32E23/*E0`2% T'E% /*(*E% V25'E% TE'd T'E304(%,*%0(,0.0,8')%3'(%T2E*(/*)3'%,*%+*S*M2O%,*%S2V0702%3'(%IPr%*(% E*72304(%3'(%72)%'/E2)%`'(2)"%e2%E*104(%/E2,030'(27%)*%,0)/0(18*%T'E%)*E% 72%,*%V25'E%TE'T'E304(%,*%)8+*/')%3'(%T2E*(/*)3'%,*%W0+'M2O%3'(%=@r% *(%3'VT2E2304(%3'(%7')%,*Va)%*)T230')"%e2)%E*10'(*)%('E/*%5%3*(/E'% ,*)/232(%T'E%/*(*E%V25'E%TE'T'E304(%,*%T'Y72304(%3'(%T2E*(/*)3'%,*% W0+'M2O%5%'/E')%E*)T*3/'%2%72)%,*Va)"
Anรกlisis de los ingresos de remesas por parentesco A%(0.*7%(230'(27<%*7%28V*(/'%,*%72)%E*V*)2)%*(%72%T'Y72304(%385'%T2E*(d /*)3'%*)%+*S*M2O%,*%S2V0702<%T2)2%,*%II%2%N>r%,*%=>>>%2%=>?>"%e2)%E*V*)2)% ,*%7')%0(,0.0,8')%3'(%T2E*(/*)3'%,*%*)T')'M2O%,0)V0(85*%,*%Q@%2%??r% ,8E2(/*%*7%T*E0','%=>>>d=>?>"%e2)%E*V*)2)%,*%72%T'Y72304(%385'%T2E*(d /*)3'%*)%,*%W0+'M2O%5%'/E')%)*%0(3E*V*(/2E'(%,*%f%5%Ir<%E*)T*3/0.2V*(/*<% *(%=>>>%2%J%5%?=r%*(%=>?>%M.C2)*%382,E'%PO" 6(% 72% E*104(% /E2,030'(27% 72)% E*V*)2)% ,*% 72% T'Y72304(% 3'(% T2d E*(/*)3'%,*%+*S*M2O%,*%S2V0702%28V*(/2E'(%)8%TE'T'E304(%,*%IQ%2%N@r%,*% =>>>%2%=>?>"%e2)%E*V*)2)%,*%7')%0(,0.0,8')%3'(%T2E*(/*)3'%,*%*)T')'M2O% ,0)V0(85*E'(%,*%Qf%2%?Qr%*(%*7%72T)'%,*%=>>>%2%=>?>"%e2)%,*%72)%T*E)'d (2)%3'(%T2E*(/*)3'%,*%W0+'M2O%5%'/E')%0(3E*V*(/2E'(%)8%T2E/030T2304(%,*% I%5%fr<%E*)T*3/0.2V*(/*%*(%=>>><%2%?>%5%Nr%*(%=>>I<%T*E'%,0)V0(854%2%N% 5%fr%*(%=>?>" 6(% 72% E*104(% ('E/*% 72)% E*V*)2)% ,*% 72% T'Y72304(% 3'(% T2E*(/*)d 3'%,*%+*S*M2O%,*%S2V0702%*7*.2E'(%)8%T2E/030T2304(%,*%@I%2%N=r%,8E2(/*% *7%T*E0','%=>>>d=>?>"%e2)%E*V*)2)%,*%7')%0(,0.0,8')%3'(%T2E*(/*)3'%,*% *)T')'M2O%Y2+2E'(%)8%TE'T'E304(%,*%@?%2%Jr%,*%=>>>%2%=>?>"%e2)%,*%72)% T*E)'(2)% 3'(% T2E*(/*)3'% ,*% W0+'M2O% ,0)V0(85*E'(% ,*% ??% 2% @r% ,*% =>>>% 2%=>>I<%('%'Y)/2(/*<%0(3E*V*(/2E'(%2%Ir%*(%=>?>"%e2)%E*V*)2)%,*%7')% )8+*/')%3'(%T2E*(/*)3'%,*%'/E')%28V*(/2E'(%,*%@%2%?Ir%*(%*7%T*E0','% =>>>d=>?>"% fI
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Cuadro 9. Remesas familiares regionales por parentesco por ingresos, 2000, 2005 y 2010
Millones de dólares. Precios constantes a diciembre de 2010. Fuente: elaboración propia con base en INEGI, ENIGH (2000, 2005 y 2010). a
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Año 5 Núm. 10 julio-diciembre de 2014
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Año 5 Núm. 10 julio-diciembre de 2014
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Valor positivo es disminuciรณn y negativo aumento de la desigualdad. Datos del Banco Mundial (2000, 2005 y 2010). Fuente: elaboraciรณn propia con base en INEGI, ENIGH (2000, 2005 y 2010). a
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Año 5 Núm. 10 julio-diciembre de 2014
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Año 5 Núm. 10 julio-diciembre de 2014
Referencias
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Año 5 Núm. 10 julio-diciembre de 2014
0UJS\ZP}U ÄUHUJPLYH <U HUmSPZPZ PU[YVK\J[VYPV H las diferencias regionales en México
Rigoberto García Ochoa María de Lourdes Romo Aguilar Jorge Alberto Muñan Valencia El Colegio de la Frontera Norte
0UJS\ZP}U ÄUHUJPLYH <U HUmSPZPZ PU[YVK\J[VYPV H SHZ KPMLYLUJPHZ YLNPVUHSLZ en México Financial inclusion. An introductory analysis of regional differences in Mexico
Resumen #*3'('30*(,'% *7% T2T*7% [8*% /0*(*% 72% 0(378)04(% S0(2(30*E2% T2E2% E*,830E% 72% .87d (*E2Y070,2,% *3'(4V032% ,*% 72% T'Y72304(<% 2):% 3'V'% 72)% ,0S*E*(302)% *3'(4V032)% 5% )'3027*)%*LTE*)2,2)%/*EE0/'E027V*(/*%*(%DCL03'<%)*%TE*)*(/2%*(%*)/*%/E2Y2+'%8(% 2(a70)0)%0(/E',83/'E0'%,*%72)%,0S*E*(302)%E*10'(27*)%[8*%*(%V2/*E02%,*%0(378)04(% S0(2(30*E2% *L0)/*(% *(% *7% T2:)"% !*)T8C)% ,*% 2T7032E% *7% VC/','% ,*% 3'(17'V*E2,')% +*EaE[803')<%)*%0,*(/0S032(%)*0)%1E8T')%,*%*)/2,')%3'(%,0S*E*(302)%)01(0S032/0.2)%*(% *7%233*)'%5%8)'%,*%)*E.030')%S0(2(30*E')%S'EV27*)"%;*%3'(3785*%3'(%/E*)%TE'T8*)/2)% *)T*3:S032)R%0O%V')/E2E%8(2%.0)04(%E*10'(27%,*%72%E*72304(%*(/E*%T'YE*`2%*%0(378)04(% S0(2(30*E2n%00O%,0)38/0E%3E:/032V*(/*%*7%233*)'%5%8)'%,*%3EC,0/'%*(%72%E*,83304(%,*% 72%.87(*E2Y070,2,%*3'(4V032<%5%000O%2(270`2E%*7%E'7%,*%7')%TE'.**,'E*)%27/*E(2/0.')% T2E2%8(2%V25'E%T*(*/E2304(%S0(2(30*E2%*(%DCL03'" 9272YE2)%372.*
-(378)04(<%3'(17'V*E2,')" &ODVLƛLFDFL´Q -(/ %-Q?"
Abstract #*3'1(0`0(1% /W*% E'7*% /W2/% /W*% S0(2(3027% 0(378)0'(% W2)% /'% E*,83*% /W*% *3'('V03% .87(*E2Y070/5%'S%/W*%T'T872/0'(<%2)%o*77%2)%/W*%*3'('V03%2(,%)'3027%,0)3E*T2(35% *LTE*))*,%/*EE0/'E02775%0(%D*L03'<%0/%0)%TE*)*(/*,%0(%/W0)%TE'+*3/%2(%0(/E',83/'E5% 2(275)0)% 'S% /W*% E*10'(27% 3'(/E2)/)% 0(% 2% V2//*E% 'S% S0(2(3027% 0(378)0'(% '338EE*,% 0(% D*L03'"% AS/*E% 2TT750(1% /W*% W0*E2E3W0327% 3'(17'V*E2/*)% V*/W',<% )0L% 1E'8T)% 'S%)/2/*)%2E*%0,*(/0S0*,%o0/W%2%V*2(0(1S87%,0)3E*T2(35%0(%/W*%233*))%2(,%8)*%'S% S'EV27% S0(2(3027% )*E.03*)"% KW0)% 0)% 3'(378,*,% o0/W% /WE**% )T*30S03% TE'T')27)R% 0O% TE*)*(/%2%E*10'(27%.0)0'(%'S%/W*%T'.*E/5%2(,%S0(2(3027%0(378)0'(%E*72/0'()W0Tn%00O% ,0)38))%0(%2%3E0/0327%o25%/W*%E'7*%'S%/W*%8)*%2(,%233*))%'S%3E*,0/%0(%/W*%E*,83/0'(%'S% /W*%*3'('V03%.87(*E2Y070/5<%2(,%000O%2(275`*%/W*%E'7*%'S%/W*%27/*E(2/0.*%)8TT70*E)% S'E%2%Y011*E%S0(2(3027%YE*2t/WE'81W%0(%D*L03'" q*5o'E,)
#*10'(<%0(378)0'(<%378)/*E"
#*30Y0,'R%I%,*%V2E`'%,*%=>?@" A3*T/2,'R%=N%,*%'3/8YE*%,*%=>?@"
0UJS\ZP}U ÄUHUJPLYH <U HUmSPZPZ PU[YVK\J[VYPV H SHZ diferencias regionales en México Rigoberto García Ochoa María de Lourdes Romo Aguilar Jorge Alberto Muñan Valencia
Introducción
"
2%0(378)04(%S0(2(30*E2%2T2E*3*%*(%72%23/8270,2,%3'V'%8('%,*%7')% /*V2)%,*%T'7:/032%T]Y7032%Va)%0VT'E/2(/*)%*(%7')%T2:)*)%*(%.:2)%,*%,*)2d% EE'77'<%,*Y0,'%2%[8*%72%,0V*()04(%)'3027%0VT7:30/2%*(%*)/*%/*V2%W2%,*E0.2,'% *(% 8(2% 7:(*2% ,*% T*()2V0*(/'% [8*% )')/0*(*% 3'V'% TE*V0)2% S8(,2V*(d /27% 8(2% E*72304(% ,0E*3/2% *(/E*% 0(378)04(% S0(2(30*E2% 5% ,*)2EE'77'% )'3027% MKW'E2/<% =>>fn% !*V0E1ÇÉdq8(/% 5% q72TT*En% =>?=n% -('8*2% 5% l2V'E0Y<% =>?=n%l82(1%5%;0(1W<%=>??n%D2(+0n%=>?>n%&W0YY2<%=>>Pn%-VY',*(<%=>>In% B270702(%5%q0EtT2/E03t<%=>>=n%A,2V)%5%k0/3W*//<%?PP=n%\*77*E%+&.$0"%?PPN<% 5%\*77*E<%?PPIO<%)0/82304(%[8*%W2%,*)T*E/2,'%*7%0(/*EC)%,*%0(.*)/012,'d%% E*)%TE'3*,*(/*)%,*%,0.*E)2)%,0)30T70(2)%,*%72)%30*(302)%)'3027*)" &'(%*)/*%V2E3'%,*%E*S*E*(302%)*%,*)/232%[8*%72%,0V*()04(%*)T2d 3027% *(% *7% *)/8,0'% ,*% 72% 0(378)04(% S0(2(30*E2% *)% 8(2% aE*2% ,*% 0(.*)/012d%% 304(%[8*%T8*,*%1*(*E2E%3'('30V0*(/'%/*4E03'%5%*VT:E03'%E*7*.2(/*<%T8*)%% 72%,0.*E)0,2,%,*%32E23/*E:)/032)%*3'(4V032)<%)'3027*)%5%387/8E27*)%[8*%)*% V2(0S0*)/2(% *(% DCL03'% 3'7'32(% 8(% *)3*(2E0'% [8*% 0(S0*E*% ,0S*E*(302)% *)T23027*)%)01(0S032/0.2)%*(%72)%,0V*()0'(*)%[8*%3'VT'(*(%*7%3'(3*T/'% ,*%0(378)04(%S0(2(30*E2"%!*%/27%S'EV2%[8*%*7%'Y+*/0.'%,*%*)/*%/E2Y2+'%*)% 2(270`2E% 72)% 32E23/*E:)/032)% TE0(30T27*)% ,*% 7')% *)T230')% '% /*EE0/'E0')% W'd V'1C(*')<%2%*)3272%)8Y(230'(27<%*(%S8(304(%,*%72)%.2E02Y7*)%,*%233*)'%5% 8)'%,*7%)0)/*V2%S0(2(30*E'%S'EV27%*(%*7%T2:)" e2% *)/E83/8E2% ,*7% /E2Y2+'% )*% 3'(S'EV2% ,*% 72% )0180*(/*% V2(*d E2"%6(%72%TE0V*E2%T2E/*<%)*%TE*)*(/2%8(2%YE*.*%E*.0)04(%,*%72%70/*E2/8E2% *(%/'E('%2%7')%2)T*3/')%)'3027*)%.0(3872,')%2%72%0(378)04(%S0(2(30*E2<%,*% V2(*E2%*)T*3027%)'YE*%34V'%,03W2%0(378)04(%*)%8(%S23/'E%[8*%3'(/E0Y8d 5*%2%E*,830E%72%.87(*E2Y070,2,%*3'(4V032%,*%72%T'Y72304("%6()*180,2%)*% 0,*(/0S032<%3'V'%TE'Y7*V2%,*%0(.*)/012304(<%72%(*3*)0,2,%,*%0(/*1E2E%72% ,0V*()04(%*)T23027%27%*)/8,0'%,*%72%0(378)04(%S0(2(30*E2<%,*Y0,'%2%72)%TE'd%% NN
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S8(,2)% ,0S*E*(302)% *3'(4V032)% 5% )'3027*)% [8*% )*% V2(0S0*)/2(% *(% 72% E*d% T]Y7032% V*L032(2"% !*)T8C)% )*% ,*)2EE'772% *7% TE'3*)'% V*/','74103'% *Vd T7*2,'%T2E2%0,*(/0S032E%5%32E23/*E0`2E%*)T230')%)8Y(230'(27*)%*(%S8(304(% ,*%)8)%32E23/*E:)/032)%,*%233*)'%5%8)'%,*%)*E.030')%S0(2(30*E')%*(%*7%T2:)"% 9')/*E0'EV*(/*<%)*%*LT7032(%7')%E*)87/2,')%'Y/*(0,')%5%)*%TE'T'(*%2(2d 70`2E%8(2%)*E0*%,*%/*V2)%*(%/'E('%2%72%0(378)04(%S0(2(30*E2%*(%DCL03'"%9'E% ]7/0V'<%)*%TE*)*(/2(%7')%3'V*(/2E0')%S0(27*)%5%72)%3'(378)0'(*)"
Estudio de la literatura !*%238*E,'%3'(%72%&'V0)04(%F230'(27%H2(32E02%5%,*%g27'E*)%M&FHgO%,*% DCL03'<%72%0(378)04(%S0(2(30*E2%/0*(*%[8*%.*E%3'(%i*7%233*)'%5%8)'%,*%)*Ed .030')% S0(2(30*E')% S'EV27*)% Y2+'% 8(2% E*1872304(% 2TE'T02,2% [8*% 12E2(d%% /03*% *)[8*V2)% ,*% TE'/*3304(% 27% 3'()8V0,'E% 5% TE'V8*.2% 72% *,832304(% S0(2(30*E2%T2E2%V*+'E2E%72)%32T230,2,*)%S0(2(30*E2)%,*%/',')%7')%)*1V*(d /')%,*%72%T'Y72304(j%M&FHg<%=>?@2O"%6)/2%3'(3*T/8270`2304(%,*E0.2%*(%8(2% 7:(*2%,*%T*()2V0*(/'%[8*%)*^272%0VT23/')%T')0/0.')%,*%72%0(378)04(%('% )47'%*(%*7%3E*30V0*(/'%*3'(4V03'%5%*)/2Y070,2,%S0(2(30*E2%%,*%8(%T2:)<% /2VY0C(%*(%2)T*3/')%)'3027*)%E*7*.2(/*)%3'V'%72%E*,83304(%,*%72%T'YE*d `2<%72%,*)01827,2,%,*%0(1E*)')%5%72%.87(*E2Y070,2,%*3'(4V032%,*%72%T'Y72d 304(%MAk-<%=>?QR%=O" b)W2%KW'E2/<%*L)8Y,0E*3/'E2%1*(*E27%,*7%H2(3'%,*%72%#*)*E.2%,*% 72%-(,02<%,*)/234%*)/2%,0V*()04(%)'3027%*(%*7%-g%9E'1E2V2%,*%!*)2EE'77'% l8V2('%5%k0(2(`2)%,*7%6)/2,'<%27%)*^272E%[8*%72%0(378)04(%S0(2(30*E2%*)% S8(,2V*(/27%T2E2%2732(`2E%7')%xY+*/0.')%,*%!*)2EE'77'%,*7%D07*('%,*%E*d ,83304(%,*%72%T'YE*`2%V8(,027%MKW'E2/<%=>>fO"?%92E2%*)/*%S0(<%KW'E2/%2,d%% .0*E/*%[8*%)*%E*[80*E*%8(2%T2E/030T2304(%3''E,0(2,2%3'(%72)%)0180*(/*)% 32E23/*E:)/032)R%0O%*7%*)/2,'%,*Y*%TE'V'.*E%*%0VT7*V*(/2E%T'7:/032)%S0)32d 7*)% [8*% S23070/*(% *7% 3E*30V0*(/'% *3'(4V03'% 5% *7% ,*)2EE'77'% )'3027n% 00O% *7% )0)/*V2%S0(2(30*E'<%T'E%)8%T2E/*<%,*Y*%0(('.2E%)8)%*)/E2/*102)%,*%2VT702d 304(%,*%3'Y*E/8E2%5%,0)*^'%,*%0()/E8V*(/')%,*%3EC,0/'%*S030*(/*)<%5%000O%72% )'30*,2,%30.07%,*Y*%T2E/030T2E%23/0.2V*(/*<%2%/E2.C)%,*%'E12(0`230'(*)%('% %6)/*%*.*(/'%S8*%'E12(0`2,'%3'(+8(/2V*(/*%T'E%*7%&'7*10'%,*%72%H2(32%A1E:3'72%M-(,02O<% *7%9E'1E2V2%,*%F230'(*)%b(0,2)%T2E2%*7%!*)2EE'77'%M9Fb!O%5%72%&'V0)04(%,*%972(*2304(% ,*% 98(*<% *7% ?f% ,*% *(*E'% ,*% =>>f% *(% 98(*<% -(,02"% gC2)*% ,0)38E)'% 3'VT7*/'% *(R% W//TRXX ooo"E8E27S0(2(3*"'E1XY0Y70'/*32X*72Y'E230'(d,*dT'70/032)X)*E.030')dS0(2(30*E')dT2E2d 7')dT'YE*)X)*E.030')dS0(2(30*E')dT2E2d7')dT'YE*)X*)XÄ('Z323W*u?Å)E*3u???@JÅ/,*/u/ E20(0(1Å/,*/=uÅ/,*/Qu=ÅE*S*E*EuDKA?DK|rQ!% ?
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Año 5 Núm. 10 julio-diciembre de 2014
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1
Aguascalientes
0.72
114 484.34
11.07
4 599.08
2
Baja California
0.85
114 411.02
14.19
4 494.77
3
Baja California Sur
0.69
140 176.89
15.02
5 755.62
4
Campeche
0.55
145 934.25
8.78
4 879.37
5
Coahuila de Zaragoza
0.85
152 677.39
14.29
6 410.28
6
Colima
0.75
110 764.91
12.79
6 825.11
7
Chiapas
0.33
45 904.30
4.59
2 833.13
8
Chihuahua
0.79
98 847.25
10.26
4 238.49
9
Distrito Federal
0.99
247 675.86
14.71
14 141.31
10
Durango
0.58
89 903.50
7.6
4 180.55
11
Guanajuato
0.60
88 945.43
8.19
5 166.27
12
Guerrero
0.42
53 150.96
6.25
3 774.60
13
Hidalgo
0.29
74 060.47
6.31
3 762.58
14
Jalisco
0.73
105 530.69
11.23
5 212.98
15
México
0.71
73 245.20
6.73
4 277.39
16
Michoacán de Ocampo
0.47
65 266.09
6.57
4 323.54
17
Morelos
0.58
83 335.15
9.32
5 166.01
18
Nayarit
0.47
70 172.65
9.01
4 744.90
19
Nuevo León
0.90
194 923.67
19.24
7 244.94
20
Oaxaca
0.25
50 741.26
4.82
3 404.30
21
Puebla
0.49
70 739.54
6.46
3 947.92
22
Querétaro
0.50
137 034.28
12.53
5 329.46
23
Quintana Roo
0.79
137 249.46
17.16
5 205.92
24
San Luis Potosí
0.53
94 280.47
7.55
3 953.49
25
Sinaloa
0.59
91 020.69
11.58
4 733.64
%3'(/0(]2"""
J@
Año 5 Núm. 10 julio-diciembre de 2014
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3'(/0(82304( "9,3&+
@4)2.,.+L&.&/,)23,
M/,.*+.&+ -/;,428,02E4+ NOP
C!>+(&/+
0I(2),+ N(&'*'P
:00&'*
"/Q.2)*+
26
Sonora
0.75
133 590.92
13.41
5 200.44
27
Tabasco
0.34
74 986.53
7.49
4 886.25
28
Tamaulipas
0.82
117 119.07
15.27
5 307.16
29
Tlaxcala
0.34
58 161.11
5.58
3 781.96
30
Veracruz de Ignacio de la Llave
0.42
86 144.83
6.84
4 593.14
31
Yucatán
0.61
92 521.51
9.05
4 544.16
32
Zacatecas
0.40
80 253.27
6.79
3 036.78
0ķQLPR
RSTU
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TV[+\[USY\
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Fuente: elaboración propia con datos de CNBV (2014b).
92E2%V*,0E%*7%(0.*7%,*%0(1E*)'%)*%8)2%*7%TE',83/'%0(/*E('%YE8/'%T*E%3aT0/2% M9-H%T3O<%*LTE*)2,'%*(%T*)')<%*(%*7%2^'%=>>J"%92E2%*7%32)'%,*7%/2V2^'%,*% 7'3270,2,%)*%8)2%*7%1E2,'%,*%8EY2(0`2304(<%3273872,'%3'(%*7%T'E3*(/2+*% ,*%T'Y72304(%.0.0*(,'%*(%7'3270,2,*)%3'(%?I%V07%'%Va)%W2Y0/2(/*)"%6(% 382(/'%2%72%0(378)04(%S0(2(30*E2<%)*%TE*)*(/2(%,')%.2E02Y7*)%TE'T8*)/2)% T'E% 72% &'V0)04(% F230'(27% H2(32E02% 5% ,*% g27'E*)% M&FHgOR% *(/E2,2% 2% T8(/')% ,*% 233*)'% MA33*)'O% [8*% )*% 3273872% 3'(% *7% (]V*E'% ,*% ,03W')% T8(/')<%5%8)'%,*%3EC,0/'%S'EV27%M&EC,0/'O%[8*%)*%3273872%3'(%*7%(]V*E'% ,*%3'(/E2/')%,*%3EC,0/'%3*7*YE2,')<%2VY')%T'E%32,2%?>%V07%W2Y0/2(/*)" 6(%TE0V*E%7812E<%27%'Y)*E.2E%7')%.27'E*)%,*%72%V*,02<%V:(0V')<% VaL0V')%5<%)'YE*%/','<%72%,*).02304(%/:T032%,*7%1E2,'%,*%8EY2(0`2304(<% 2):%3'V'%*7%9-H%T3<%)*%3'VTE8*Y2%[8*%*L0)/*(%,0S*E*(302)%)01(0S032/0.2)% *(%72)%Q=%*(/0,2,*)%S*,*E2/0.2)"%&'(%Y2)*%*(%*)/*%*)3*(2E0'<%27%2(270`2E%72% 3'EE*72304(%*(/E*%32,2%8('%,*%7')%0(,032,'E*)%3'(%)8)%3'EE*)T'(,0*(/*)% T2E2%V*,0E%72%0(378)04(%S0(2(30*E2<%)*%3'(S0EV2%8(2%E*72304(%)01(0S032/0.2% MS018E2)%?%5%=O"= %e')%(]V*E')%V')/E2,')%*(%7')%T8(/')%,*%72)%S018E2)%?2<%?Y<%=2%5%=Y%3'EE*)T'(,*(%2%72)% 372.*)%,*%72)%*(/0,2,*)%S*,*E2/0.2)%M.C2)*%TE0V*E2%3'78V(2%,*7%382,E'%?O" =
JI
!"#$%&'($)*+',-+).,/$+0)1+'-+)2&)3$4'2&5)!$6$)7#4"8+') 9):$'#&)78%&'($)14;+<)=+8&<,"+
Figura 1. Relación entre el Índice de Desarrollo Humano ` SH PUJS\ZP}U ÄUHUJPLYH LU 4t_PJV
Fuente: elaboración propia con datos de CNBV (2014b).
Jf
Año 5 Núm. 10 julio-diciembre de 2014
!"#$%&'(")*'"+"#',-+.)/")+"0$'&'&)'"1-23%#12-'2)+)$+&)3'*,-,"#'+&)-,4'2"+$,&),")567'#2
9'E%*+*VT7'<%72%S018E2%?%5%*7%382,E'%=%V8*)/E2(%[8*%*7% 9-H%T3% 5% *7% 233*)'%2% 8(% 3EC,0/'%S'EV27% 3'EE*7230'(2(%)01(0S032/0.2V*(/*%3'(% 8(%.27'E%,*%>"J?I<%V0*(/E2)%[8*%*7%9-H%T3%5%*7%8)'%,*%8(%3EC,0/'%S'EV27% 3'EE*7230'(2(%,*%01827%S'EV2%3'(%8(%.27'E%,*%>"J@N"
Cuadro 2. Correlaciones entre el IDH estatal con acceso y crรฉdito #,/2,;9&
"*40&()* Correlaciรณn de Pearson
PIB pc
Correlaciรณn de Pearson
0.815** 0
32
32
0.815**
1
0
N
32
32
C!>+(0
:00&'*
1
0.847**
"*40&()* Correlaciรณn de Pearson Sig. (bilateral) N Correlaciรณn de Pearson
Crรฉdito
1
Sig. (bilateral)
#,/2,;9&
PIB pc
:00&'*
Sig. (bilateral) N
Acceso
C!>+(0
0 32
32
0.847**
1
Sig. (bilateral)
0
N
32
32
3H JVYYLSHJP}U LZ ZPNUPร JH[P]H HS UP]LS IPSH[LYHS Fuente: elaboraciรณn propia con datos de CNBV (2014b).
6(%*7%32)'%,*7%1E2,'%,*%8EY2(0`2304(%)*%TE*)*(/2%8(%*)3*(2E0'% )0V072E%3'(%*7%233*)'%2%3EC,0/'%S'EV27%MS018E2%=O<%52%[8*%2VY2)%3'EE*d 7230'(2(%3'(%8(%.27'E%,*%>"J@In%)0(%*VY2E1'<%('%)83*,*%7'%V0)V'%3'(% *7%8)'%,*%3EC,0/'%S'EV27<%,2,'%[8*%)*%'Y/0*(*%8(2%3'EE*72304(%,*%>"f@@% [8*<%28([8*%)018*%)0*(,'%)01(0S032/0.2<%*)%V*('E%[8*%72)%2(/*E0'E*)"
JN
!"#$%&'($)*+',-+).,/$+0)1+'-+)2&)3$4'2&5)!$6$)7#4"8+') 9):$'#&)78%&'($)14;+<)=+8&<,"+
6(%E*)8V*(<%*)/*%YE*.*%2(a70)0)%,*)3E0T/0.'%*.0,*(302%8(%*)d 3*(2E0'% 3'(% TE'S8(,2)% ,0S*E*(302)% *(% 7')% (0.*7*)% ,*% 0(1E*)'% 5% 1E2,'% ,*%8EY2(0`2304(%*(%7')%*)/2,')%,*%DCL03'"%&'()0,*E2(,'%[8*%)*1](%72% E*.0)04(%,*%72%70/*E2/8E2%TE*)*(/2,2%/2(/'%*7%(0.*7%,*%0(1E*)'%3'V'%*7% /2V2^'%,*%72)%7'3270,2,*)%)'(%,')%,*%7')%S23/'E*)%Va)%0VT'E/2(/*)%[8*% *LT7032(% 72% 0(378)04(% S0(2(30*E2% ,*% 72% T'Y72304(% *(% 7')% T2:)*)% *(% .:2)% ,*%,*)2EE'77'n%*(%*)/*%/E2Y2+'%)*%,*)/232%72%(*3*)0,2,%,*%0(3'ET'E2E%72% ,0V*()04(%/*EE0/'E027%27%*)/8,0'%,*%72%0(378)04(%S0(2(30*E2%*(%*7%T2:)"
Figura 2. Relación entre porcentaje de población urbana L PUJS\ZP}U ÄUHUJPLYH
3'(/0(]2"""
JJ
Año 5 Núm. 10 julio-diciembre de 2014
!"#$%&'(")*'"+"#',-+.)/")+"0$'&'&)'"1-23%#12-'2)+)$+&)3'*,-,"#'+&)-,4'2"+$,&),")567'#2
3'(/0(82304(
Fuente: elaboraciรณn propia con datos de CNBV (2014).
67% /*EE0/'E0'<% 3'VTE*(,0,'% 3'V'% 8(% *)T230'% 23/0.'% [8*% ,*d /*EV0(2%72)%0(/*E2330'(*)%*(/E*%7')%,0)/0(/')%21*(/*)%*3'(4V03')%5%)'d 3027*)%*(%8(%*)T230'%1*'1EaS03'%3'(3E*/'<%E*3'('3*%72%,*)01827,2,<%)*2% *)/2%W0)/4E032%'%*V*E1*(/*"%!*%*)/2%V2(*E2<%3'('3*E%72)%,*)01827,2,*)% /*EE0/'E027*)%*(%/'E('%2%72%0(378)04(%S0(2(30*E2%*(%DCL03'%*)%8(%*)S8*Ed `'%[8*<%)0%Y0*(%*)%V*E2V*(/*%0(/E',83/'E0'%T'E%72%8(0,2,%,*%2(a70)0)% *VT7*2,2% *(% *)/*% /E2Y2+'% M*(/0,2,*)% S*,*E2/0.2)O<% T8*,*% TE*)*(/2E% 0(S'EV2304(% *VT:E032% E*7*.2(/*% T2E2% E*.*E/0E% *7% *)3*(2E0'% 23/827% ,*% 233*)'%5%8)'%,*%3EC,0/'%S'EV27%*(%*7%T2:)"
JP
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Cuadro 3. Correlaciones entre el porcentaje de poblaciĂłn urbana estatal con acceso y crĂŠdito #,/2,;9&
"*40&()* CorrelaciĂłn de Pearson
PIB pc
0.845** 0 32
CorrelaciĂłn de Pearson
0.845**
1
Sig. (bilateral)
0
N
32
32
C!>+(0
:00&'*
1
0.644**
"*40&()* CorrelaciĂłn de Pearson Sig. (bilateral) N
CrĂŠdito
1
32
#,/2,;9&
PIB pc
:00&'*
Sig. (bilateral) N
Acceso
C!>+(0
0 32
32
CorrelaciĂłn de Pearson
0.644**
1
Sig. (bilateral)
0
N
32
32
3H JVYYLSHJP}U LZ ZPNUPĂ&#x201E;JH[P]H HS UP]LS IPSH[LYHS Fuente: elaboraciĂłn propia con datos de CNBV (2014b).
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AĂąo 5 NĂşm. 10 julio-diciembre de 2014
!"#$%&'(")*'"+"#',-+.)/")+"0$'&'&)'"1-23%#12-'2)+)$+&)3'*,-,"#'+&)-,4'2"+$,&),")567'#2
32(/0,2,%,*%1E8T')%)*1](%72)%32E23/*E:)/032)%[8*%T')**("%e2%S8*(/*%,*% 0(S'EV2304(%8/070`2,2%*)%72%Y2)*%,*%,2/')%3'(%*)/2,:)/032)%*%0(,032,'E*)% *)/2/27*)%5%V8(030T27*)%,*%72%&'V0)04(%F230'(27%H2(32E02%5%,*%g27'E*)<% 23/8270`2,2% W2)/2% ,030*VYE*% ,*% =>?=% M&FHg<% Se torna =>?@YO"% relevante discutir 67% 2(a70)0)% ,*% 3'(17'V*E2,')% T*EV0/*% los elementos 21E8T2E%'Y+*/')%M*)/2,')%*(%*)/*%32)'O%*(%1E8T')% constitutivos de la M3'(17'V*E2,')O% 3'(% 8(2% 27/2% W'V'1*(*0,2,% PUJS\ZP}U ÄUHUJPLYH 0(/*E(2% 5% 8(2% 27/2% W*/*E'1*(*0,2,% 0(/E21E8T27"% el peso que se le debe otorgar &'V'% /C3(032% ,*)3E0T/0.2% 5% *LT7'E2/'E02<% *)/*% a cada uno y las 2(a70)0)%,*/*EV0(2%72)%32E23/*E:)/032)%*)/E83/8E2d implicaciones que en 7*)%,*%8(2%)*E0*%,*%'Y)*E.230'(*)%[8*<%*(%*7%32)'% materia de política ,*%*)/*%/E2Y2+'<%T*EV0/0Ea%/*(*E%8(%TE0V*E%23*Ed%% pública tienen estos para reducir 32V0*(/'%2%72)%,0S*E*(302)%E*10'(27*)%,*%72%0(378d la vulnerabilidad )04(%S0(2(30*E2%*(%DCL03'" económica y la e2)%.2E02Y7*)%)*7*330'(2,2)%E*)T'(,*(% pobreza de la 27%V2E3'%3'(3*T/827%5%V*/','74103'%,*)2EE'772,'% población. T'E%72%&'V0)04(%F230'(27%H2(32E02%5%,*%g27'E*)% [8*<%2%/E2.C)%,*%72%!0E*3304(%_*(*E27%T2E2%*7%A33*)'%2%;*E.030')%k0(2(d 30*E')%,*%72%g03*TE*)0,*(302%,*%9'7:/032%#*1872/'E02<%1*(*E2%8(2%Y2)*%,*% ,2/')% [8*% V0,*% 0(,032,'E*)% Ya)03')% ,*% 0(378)04(% S0(2(30*E2% *(% /E*)% ,0d V*()0'(*)% M382,E'% @OR% 0O% 233*)'n% 00O% 8)'dY2(32<% 5% 000O% 8)'d*(/0,2,*)% ,*% 2W'EE'%5%3EC,0/'%T'T872E%M6A&9O"
P?
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*\HKYV 0UKPJHKVYLZ ImZPJVZ KL PUJS\ZP}U Ã&#x201E;UHUJPLYH LU 4t_PJV !4.20,.*/
",4,9
H2(*
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Nacional
",D&/*' H&/724,9&'+C-4)*+.&+#&4),+NHC#P
+LTVNYmÃ&#x201E;JV (por cada 10 mil adultos)
Regional Estatal Municipal
",(),02E4 $'*]>,40,
=7;2)*
Nacional +LTVNYmÃ&#x201E;JV (por cada 10 mil adultos)
"/Q.2)* H/,4',002*4&'
Regional Estatal Municipal Nacional
",(),02E4
+LTVNYmÃ&#x201E;JV (por cada 10 mil adultos)
$'*]@:"C "/Q.2)*
Regional Estatal Municipal
Fuente: elaboración propia con datos de CNBV e INEGI (2014).
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P=
Año 5 Núm. 10 julio-diciembre de 2014
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-(,032,'E%*)/2/27%,*%8)'%32T/2304(%M32TOu%TE',83/')%,*%32T/2304(%T'E% 32,2%?>%V07%2,87/')%M3'(/E2/')%,*%,*T4)0/'O
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Cuadro 5. Estadísticas descriptivas de los indicadores de acceso, captación y crédito (por cada 10 mil adultos) :00&'*
",(),02E4
"/Q.2)*
Promedio
10.021
10 877
4 998.6
Máximo
19.242
30 661
14 141
Mínimo
4.588
5 889.1
2 833.1
Mediana
9.027
10 505
4 666.4
Desviación típica
3.864
4 325.2
1 933.4
Fuente: elaboración propia con base en CNBV (2014b).
PQ
!"#$%&'($)*+',-+).,/$+0)1+'-+)2&)3$4'2&5)!$6$)7#4"8+') 9):$'#&)78%&'($)14;+<)=+8&<,"+
!*% *)/2% V2(*E2<% *7% 271'E0/V'% ,*7% 2(a70)0)% ,*% 3'(17'V*E2d ,')% +*EaE[803'% 0(0302% 3'(% 72% ,*S0(0304(% ,*% 8(2% V2/E0`% ,*% ,0)/2(302% M'% )0V070/8,*)O%2%T2E/0E%,*%*77'%)*%3'()/E85*%72%*)/E83/8E2%+*EaE[8032"%92E2% S'EV2E% 7')% 3'(17'V*E2,')% )*% 8/070`4% *7% VC/','% z2E,<% *7% 3827% Y8)32% 7')% ,')% 32)')% Va)% TE4L0V')% T2E2% S'EV2E% 8(% 3'(17'V*E2,'% [8*% *)% 0(,0.0)0Y7*<% E*0/*E2(,'% *)/*% TE'3*)'% *(% 72)% )0180*(/*)% 0/*E230'(*)% ,*% /27% V2(*E2% [8*% )*% .2(% S'EV2(,'% 3'(17'V*E2,')% Va)% 1E2(,*)% 5% W*d /*E'1C(*')% W2)/2% [8*% )*% S'EV2% 8(% )47'% 3'(17'V*E2,'% [8*% 21E8T2% 2%/',')%7')%32)')"%e2%.*(/2+2%,*%8/070`2E%*)/*%VC/','%*)%[8*%E*,83*%27% V:(0V'% 72% TCE,0,2% ,*% 0(S'EV2304(% 32,2% .*`% [8*% )*% S8(,*(% 7')% 32)')% T2E2%S'EV2E%8(%3'(17'V*E2,'%Mz2E,<%?PfQO" 67%T8(/'%372.*%*)%0,*(/0S032E%7')%3'(17'V*E2,')%[8*%)*%S'EV2(% *(% 7')% TE0V*E')% T2)')<% T8*)% *)/')% TE*)*(/2(% V25'E% W'V'1*(*0,2,% 0(/*E(2% 5% V25'E% W*/*E'1*(*0,2,% *(/E*% 7')% ,0)/0(/')% 3'(17'V*E2,')"% 92E2%*7%32)'%*)T*3:S03'%,*%*)/*%/E2Y2+'<%)*%0,*(/0S032E'(%)*0)%1E8T')%,*% *(/0,2,*)%S*,*E2/0.2)%M3'(17'V*E2,')O%*(%72)%TE0V*E2)%0/*E230'(*)"%e2)% 32E23/*E:)/032)%,*%*)/')%3'(17'V*E2,')%)*%*LT7032(%2%3'(/0(82304("
Resultados Conformación de conglomerados !*%238*E,'%3'(%*7%2(a70)0)%,*%3'(17'V*E2,')%+*EaE[803')%)*%0,*(/0S032(% )*0)%1E8T')%,*%*)/2,')%MS018E2%QO"%e2)%TE0(30T27*)%32E23/*E:)/032)%*(%382(/'% 2%)8)%(0.*7*)%,*%9-H%T*E%3aT0/2%5%1E2,'%,*%8EY2(0`2304(<%2):%3'V'%,*%7')% 0(,032,'E*)%3'()0,*E2,')%,*%0(378)04(%S0(2(30*E2%5%)8%32E23/*E0`2304(% )*%V8*)/E2(%*(%*7%382,E'%f%5%72%S018E2%@"%e2)%*(/0,2,*)%[8*%3'(S'EV2(% *7%3'(17'V*E2,'%?%)'(%&W02T2)<%!8E2(1'<%6)/2,'%,*%DCL03'<%l0,271'<% _8*EE*E'<% D03W'23a(<% x2L232<% 98*Y72<% ;2(% e80)% 9'/'):<% K2Y2)3'<% K72L3272<% g*E23E8`<% |832/a(% 5% \232/*32)"% e')% 0(,032,'E*)% V8*)/E2(% [8*%T'E%32,2%?>%V07%2,87/')%W25%f"I%)838E)27*)%,*%233*)'<%)*%3*7*YE2(%% N%Pf>%3'(/E2/')%,*%32T/2304(%5%@%>@N%3'(/E2/')%,*%3EC,0/'"%6(%/CEV0(')% 1*(*E27*)<% )*% 'Y)*E.2% /2VY0C(% [8*% *)/')% ?@% *)/2,')% TE*)*(/2(% 7')% .27'E*)% Va)% Y2+')% *(% 7')% /E*)% 0(,032,'E*)<% 3852% *.0,*(302% E*TE*)*(/2% 8(2%EDMD LQFOXVL´Q ƛLQDQFLHUD"
P@
Año 5 Núm. 10 julio-diciembre de 2014
!"#$%&'(")*'"+"#',-+.)/")+"0$'&'&)'"1-23%#12-'2)+)$+&)3'*,-,"#'+&)-,4'2"+$,&),")567'#2
Figura 3. Formación de conglomerados en función de los indicadores de PUJS\ZP}U ÄUHUJPLYH 0 Guerrero
12
Puebla
21
Hidalgo
13
Tlaxcala
29
Oaxaca
20
Zacatecas
32
Chiapas
7
Durango
10
San Luis Potosí
24
Michoacán
16
México
15
Veracruz
30
Tabasco
27
Yucatán
31
Querétaro
22
Sinaloa
25
Jalisco
14
Colima
11
Nayarit
18
Morelos
1 8
Baja California Sur Tamaulipas Coahuila
25
2 26 3 28 5
Quintana Roo
23
Nuevo León
19
Distrito Federal
20
4
Chihuahua Sonora
15
17
Aguascalientes Baja California
10
6
Guanajuato Campeche
5
9
Fuente: elaboración propia con información de CNBV (2014b).
PI
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Cuadro 6. Conformación de conglomerados y sus principales características "*459*] 7&/,.*+
1
@'),.*
:00&'*
",(),02E4
"/Q.2)*
Chiapas
4.6
5 889.1
2 833.1
Durango
7.6
8 714.7
4 180.6
Guerrero
6.3
7 489.7
3 774.6
Hidalgo
6.3
7 995.4
3 762.6
México
6.7
7 704.8
4 277.4
Michoacán
6.6
10 517.6
4 323.5
Oaxaca
4.8
8 623.5
3 404.3
Puebla
6.5
7 566.2
3 947.9
San Luis Potosí
7.5
9 693.2
3 953.5
Tabasco
7.5
8 255.5
4 886.2
Tlaxcala
5.6
6 404.0
3 782.0
Veracruz
6.8
7 779.5
4 593.1
Yucatán
9.0
8 163.5
4 544.2
Zacatecas
6.8
8 043.6
3 036.8
H*),9
\SU
[+W\RSX
V+RV\SY
11.1
11 467.1
4 599.1
Campeche
8.8
9 975.2
4 879.4
Chihuahua
10.3
10 492.2
4 238.5
Guanajuato
8.2
13 342.2
5 166.3
Morelos
9.3
10 723.3
5 166.0
Nayarit
9.0
13 285.9
4 744.9
H*),9+
WST
ZZ+WR[S[
V+YXTS[
Aguascalientes
2
",/,0)&/2] 8,02E4
Baja inclusión ÄUHUJPLYH V+T[[SXW
Acceso y crédito bajo, captación media
3'(/0(]2"""
Pf
Año 5 Núm. 10 julio-diciembre de 2014
!"#$%&'(")*'"+"#',-+.)/")+"0$'&'&)'"1-23%#12-'2)+)$+&)3'*,-,"#'+&)-,4'2"+$,&),")567'#2
3'(/0(82304( "*459*] 7&/,.*+
3
4
@'),.*
:00&'*
",(),02E4
"/Q.2)*
Colima
12.8
13 704.8
6 825.1
Jalisco
11.2
12 453.2
5 213.0
Querétaro
12.5
14 300.0
5 329.5
Sinaloa
11.6
14 200.6
4 733.6
H*),9
ZZS\
ZX+Z[VSW
U+TRYS[
Baja California
14.2
10 318.7
4 494.8
Baja California Sur
15.0
11 536.6
5 755.6
Coahuila
14.3
11 126.9
6 410.3
Quintana Roo
17.2
11 810.3
5 205.9
Sonora
13.4
10 520.3
5 200.4
Tamaulipas
15.3
11,038.1
5 307.2
H*),9+
ZVS\
ZR+YWRSU
U+XT\SV
",/,0)&/2] 8,02E4 Acceso y crédito medio, alta captación
Acceso y crédito bajo, captación media
5
Nuevo León
19.2
14 254.3
7 244.9
Alto acceso y captación, crédito medio
6
Distrito Federal
14.7
30 660.6
14 141.3
Alta inclusión ÄUHUJPLYH
H*),9+4,02*4,9
WS[
ZZ+UVXS[
U+VR\S[
Bajo acceso, captación y crédito medio
Fuente: elaboración propia con información de CNVB (2014b).
6()*180,2% )*% 0,*(/0S032(% ,')% 3'(17'V*E2,')% [8*% TE*)*(/2(% 8(2% ,0S*E*(302% 38270/2/0.2V*(/*% 0VT'E/2(/*% 3'(% E*)T*3/'% 27% 2(/*E0'E% *(%72)%/E*)%,0V*()0'(*)%2(270`2,2)"%67%3'(17'V*E2,'%=%7'%3'(S'EV2(% A182)3270*(/*)<%&2VT*3W*<%&W0W82W82<%_82(2+82/'<%D'E*7')%5%F252E0/<% )*0)% *)/2,')% [8*% TE*)*(/2(% 8(% .27'E% TE'V*,0'% ,*% P"=% )838E)27*)% ,*% 233*)'<%??%P>J%3'(/E2/')%,*%32T/2304(%5%@%JQQ%3'(/E2/')%,*%3EC,0/'%T'E% PN
!"#$%&'($)*+',-+).,/$+0)1+'-+)2&)3$4'2&5)!$6$)7#4"8+') 9):$'#&)78%&'($)14;+<)=+8&<,"+
32,2%?>%V07%2,87/')<%.27'E*)%[8*%0(,032(%8(%0(3E*V*(/'%)01(0S032/0.'%,*% 7')%/E*)%0(,032,'E*)%3'(%E*)T*3/'%27%3'(17'V*E2,'%?<%TE0(30T27V*(/*%*(% 7')%0(,032,'E*)%,*%233*)'%5%32T/2304(<%,*%2W:%[8*%)*%32E23/*E03*%3'V'%8(% 1E8T'%3'(%%$?&$%*6,.>+<*$%T*E'%3'(%Y2+'%233*)'%5%3EC,0/'" e')% .27'E*)% 'Y)*E.2,')% *(% *7% 3'(17'V*E2,'% Q<% 3'(S'EV2,'% T'E% &'70V2<% B270)3'<% p8*EC/2E'% 5% ;0(27'2<% V8*)/E2(% 8(% 0(3E*V*(/'% 3'(% E*)T*3/'% 27% 3'(17'V*E2,'% ="% e2)% ??"P% )838E)27*)% ,*% 233*)'% 5% 7')% ?Q%?NI%3'(/E2/')%,*%32T/2304(%*(%*)/2%21E8T2304(%)*%*(38*(/E2(%T'E% *(30V2% ,*% 72% V*,02% (230'(27<% V0*(/E2)% [8*% 7')% I% =>P% 3'(/E2/')% ,*% 3EC,0/'% *)/a(% 701*E2V*(/*% T'E% ,*Y2+'% ,*% 7')% I% @>N% 3'(/E2/')% [8*% )'(% *7%TE'V*,0'%(230'(27<%*(%2VY')%32)')%T'E%32,2%?>%V07%2,87/')"%6)/')% .27'E*)%V8*)/E2(%*(/'(3*)%[8*%*(%/CEV0(')%1*(*E27*)%7')%*)/2,')%[8*% 3'(S'EV2(% *)/')% 3'(17'V*E2,')% )*% 32E23/*E0`2(% T'E% 8(2% $0&$. %$?&$4.. %*6,<%3'(%$%%+-".3.%'8<*&".>+<*""
-PN\YH *VTWHYH[P]V KL SVZ PUKPJHKVYLZ KL PUJS\ZP}U Ã&#x201E;UHUJPLYH
3'(/0(]2"""
PJ
Año 5 Núm. 10 julio-diciembre de 2014
!"#$%&'(")*'"+"#',-+.)/")+"0$'&'&)'"1-23%#12-'2)+)$+&)3'*,-,"#'+&)-,4'2"+$,&),")567'#2
3'(/0(82304(
Fuente: elaboraciรณn propia con informaciรณn de CNVB (2014).
67% 3'(17'V*E2,'% @<% 3'(S'EV2,'% T'E% H2+2% &270S'E(02<% H2+2% &270S'E(02%;8E<%&'2W8072<%p80(/2(2%#''<%;'('E2%5%K2V2870T2)<%)*%,0)d%% /0(18*% T'E% )8% 0(,032,'E% ,*% 233*)'% 2% )838E)27*)"% 6(% TE'V*,0'% *)/*% 3'(17'V*E2,'%TE*)*(/2%?@"f%)838E)27*)%T'E%32,2%?>%V07%2,87/')<%)47'% ,*Y2+'%,*%F8*.'%e*4(%5%*7%!0)/E0/'%k*,*E27"%6(%382(/'%2%7')%0(,032,'d E*)%,*%8)'<%?>%JP?%3'(/E2/')%,*%32T/2304(%*)/a(%T'E%,*Y2+'%,*%72%V*,02% (230'(27<% 0(378)'% *)% *7% )*18(,'% .27'E% Va)% Y2+'% 'Y)*E.2,'% M)47'% T'E% *(30V2%,*%7')%N%Pf>%3'(/E2/')%,*7%3'(17'V*E2,'%?n%V0*(/E2)%[8*%7')% I%Q>N%3'(/E2/')%,*%3EC,0/'%*)/a(%701*E2V*(/*%T'E%,*Y2+'%,*7%TE'V*,0'% (230'(27"%6)/'%)01(0S032%[8*%7')%*)/2,')%[8*%3'(S'EV2(%*)/*%1E8T'%)*% ,0)/0(18*(% T'E% 8(2% $0&$. $%%+-*;*0*<$<% ,*% 72% T'Y72304(% 2% 72)% 0()/0/830'd (*)%[8*%TE'T'E30'(2(%8(%3EC,0/'<%T*E'%TE*)*(/2(%2$0"'+-.>+<*"-.+,.0$. %$?&$%*6,.3.5-".<+0.%'8<*&"" e')% 3'(17'V*E2,')% I% MF8*.'% e*4(O% 5% f% M!0)/E0/'% k*,*E27O% )'(%7')%](03')%32)')%20)72,')%[8*%)*%0,*(/0S032E'(%*(%*)/*%2(a70)0)"%e2)% ?P"=% )838E)27*)<% ?@% =I@% 3'(/E2/')% ,*% 32T/2304(% 5% N% =@I% 3'(/E2/')% ,*% 3EC,0/'% T'E% 32,2% ?>% V07% 2,87/')% V8*)/E2(% [8*% F8*.'% e*4(% TE*)*(/2% E*)87/2,')%,*%0(378)04(%S0(2(30*E2%)8T*E0'E*)%27%TE'V*,0'%(230'(27%5<% *(%*7%32)'%*)T*3:S03'%,*7%0(,032,'E%,*%233*)'%2%)838E)27*)<%*)/*%*)/2,'% '38T2%*7%TE0V*E%7812E<%V85%T'E%*(30V2%,*%7')%,*Va)<%T'E%7'%3827%*)/*% 3'(17'V*E2,'%)*%32E23/*E0`2%T'E%)8%$0&".$%%+-".3.%$?&$%*6,%5%2$0"'+-.>+4 <*"-.+,.%'8<*&"" 9'E%)8%T2E/*<%*7%!0)/E0/'%k*,*E27%3'(%)8)%Q>%ff?%3'(/E2/')%,*% 32T/2304(%5%?@%?@?%3'(/E2/')%,*%3EC,0/'%,*V8*)/E2%[8*%*)%T'E%V83W'%72% *(/0,2,%3'(%V25'E%8)'%,*%7')%)0)/*V2)%S0(2(30*E')%S'EV27*)%*(%*7%T2:)<% PP
!"#$%&'($)*+',-+).,/$+0)1+'-+)2&)3$4'2&5)!$6$)7#4"8+') 9):$'#&)78%&'($)14;+<)=+8&<,"+
V0*(/E2)%[8*%72)%?@"N%)838E)27*)%*.0,*(302(%[8*%'38T2%*7%)*18(,'%7812E% *(%*7%0(,032,'E%,*%233*)'<%)47'%T'E%,*Y2+'%,*%F8*.'%e*4(<%*(%2VY')% 32)')%30SE2)%3'()0,*E2,2)%T'E%32,2%?>%V07%2,87/')"%!*%/27%S'EV2%[8*%*7% !0)/E0/'%k*,*E27%)*%32E23/*E0`2%T'E%TE*)*(/2E%*(%/CEV0(')%1*(*E27*)%8(2% DOWD LQFOXVL´Q ƛLQDQFLHUD" e2%0,*(/0S032304(%5%32E23/*E0`2304(%,*%3'(17'V*E2,')%*(%S8(d 304(%,*%7')%0(,032,'E*)%,*%233*)'%2%0(SE2*)/E83/8E2%5%8)'%,*%)*E.030')% S0(2(30*E')% S'EV27*)% M32T/2304(% 5% 3EC,0/'O% ,*V8*)/E2% [8*% *L0)/*(% ,0S*E*(302)% E*10'(27*)% E*7*.2(/*)% *(% DCL03'"% 6)/*% *)3*(2E0'% +8)/0S032% 72% 0,*2% TE'T8*)/2% *(% *)/*% /E2Y2+'% *(% *7% )*(/0,'% ,*% 2VT702E% 72% *)3272% ,*%2(a70)0)%2%8(%(0.*7%)8Y(230'(27<%T8*)<%3'V'%7'%)*^272(%!*V0E1ÇÉd q8(/%5%q72TT*E%M=>?=O<%7')%.27'E*)%TE'V*,0'%2%*)3272%(230'(27%'387/2(% TE'S8(,2)%,0S*E*(302)%*(%,*)2EE'77'%*3'(4V03'%5%)'3027%*(%72)%,0)/0(/2)% E*10'(*)%,*7%T2:)" ;0% Y0*(<% 1*(*E27V*(/*% 7')% 0(,032,'E*)% ,*% 0(378)04(%S0(2(30*d E2%'Y)*E.2,')%.2E:2(%*(%S8(304(%,*%7')%(0.*7*)%,*%0(1E*)'%5%1E2,'%,*% 8EY2(0`2304(%*)/2/27<%32Y*%,*)/232E%[8*%*)/2%E*72304(%('%*)%%(*3*)2E02d%% V*(/*%,0E*3/2<%,*Y0,'%2%[8*%,03W')%(0.*7*)%TE*)*(/2(%,0S*E*(/*)%3'VY0d (230'(*)%*(%7')%3'(17'V*E2,')%0,*(/0S032,')<%*)% 3H PKLU[PÄJHJP}U ,*30E<%*(%2718(')%)*%,0)/0(18*%*7%233*)'<%%*(%'/E')% y caracterización 72%32T/2304(%5%*(%'/E')%*7%3EC,0/'"% de conglomerados 6(%*)/*%)*(/0,'%W25%,0S*E*(/*)%3'VY0d en función de (230'(*)%*(%7')%3'(17'V*E2,')%0,*(/0S032,')<%*(% los indicadores de acceso a 2718(')%)*%,0)/0(18*%*7%233*)'<%*(%'/E')<%72%32Td infraestructura y /2304(%5%*(%'/E')<%*7%3EC,0/'"%9'E%7'%2(/*E0'E<%2% uso de servicios 3'(/0(82304(%)*%V*(30'(2(%2718(')%/*V2)%[8*<% ÄUHUJPLYVZ MVYTHSLZ ,*% 238*E,'% 3'(% 72)% 32E23/*E:)/032)% ,*% 7')% ,0S*d (captación y crédito) demuestra que E*(/*)% 3'(17'V*E2,')% ,*% *(/0,2,*)% S*,*E2/0.2)% existen diferencias *(3'(/E2,')<% +8)/0S032(% 72% E*7*.2(302% ,*% 72% ,0d regionales relevantes V*()04(%/*EE0/'E027%*(%*7%*)/8,0'%,*%72%0(378)04(% en México. S0(2(30*E2%*(%DCL03'"
=PZP}U YLNPVUHS KL SH YLSHJP}U WVIYLaH PUJS\ZP}U ÄUHUJPLYH e2%E*.0)04(%,*%72%70/*E2/8E2%V')/E4%[8*%TEa3/032V*(/*%/',')%7')%/E2Y2d +')%,*%0(.*)/012304(%[8*%W2(%2Y'E,2,'%*7%*)/8,0'%,*%72%,0V*()04(%)'3027% ,*%72%0(378)04(%S0(2(30*E2<%'%Y0*(%)8)%S23/'E*)%,*/*EV0(2(/*)<%)*^272(% [8*%7')%Y2+')%0(1E*)')%5%72%V2E10(2304(%)'3027%,*%72)%T*E)'(2)%)'(%7')% ?>>
Año 5 Núm. 10 julio-diciembre de 2014
!"#$%&'(")*'"+"#',-+.)/")+"0$'&'&)'"1-23%#12-'2)+)$+&)3'*,-,"#'+&)-,4'2"+$,&),")567'#2
TE0(30T27*)%S23/'E*)%[8*%0VT0,*(%72%0(378)04(%S0(2(30*E2%,*%7')%T'YE*)"% A7% E*.0)2E% *7% T'E3*(/2+*% ,*% T'Y72304(% [8*% .0.*% *(% T'YE*`2% *(% 32,2% 8(2%,*%72)%*(/0,2,*)%[8*%3'(S'EV2(%7')%3'(17'V*E2,')%0,*(/0S032,')% *(% *)/*% /E2Y2+'% MS018E2% IO<% )*% 3'VTE8*Y2% *S*3/0.2V*(/*% 8(2% E*72304(% )01(0S032/0.2%*(/E*%T'YE*`2%*%0(378)04(%S0(2(30*E2<Q%,*%V2(*E2%*)T*3027% *(%*7%3'(17'V*E2,'%?<%*7%3827%TE*)*(/2%7')%.27'E*)%Va)%Y2+')%,*%0(378d )04(%S0(2(30*E2%MS018E2%IO"
Figura 5. Porcentaje de población viviendo en pobreza en las LU[PKHKLZ X\L JVUMVYTHU SVZ ZLPZ JVUNSVTLYHKVZ PKLU[PÄJHKVZ ZLN U Z\Z UP]LSLZ KL PUJS\ZP}U ÄUHUJPLYH
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80.6 70.6 60.6
Z
50.6 40.6
X
T
30.6
V
\
20.6
U
10.6
Nuevo León
Distrito Federal
Sonora
Tamaulipas
Coahuila
Quintana Roo
Baja California Sur
Nayarit
Baja California
Morelos
Chihuahua
Guanajuato
Campeche
Sinaloa
Aguascalientes
Jalisco
Querétaro
Colima
Yucatán
Zacatecas
Tlaxcala
Veracruz
Tabasco
Puebla
San Luis Potosí
Oaxaca
Michoacán
Hidalgo
Estado de México
Guerrero
Chiapas
Durango
0.6
Fuente: elaboración propia con datos de CONEVAL (2012).
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Año 5 Núm. 10 julio-diciembre de 2014
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Figura 6. Participación de contratos de captación y crédito por conglomerados
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Año 5 Núm. 10 julio-diciembre de 2014
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Figura 7. Indicadores de captación y crédito de las EACP
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Año 5 Núm. 10 julio-diciembre de 2014
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Las tecnologías cívicas como herramientas ciudadanas para la innovación social
María Cristina Girardo Pierdominici Prudencio Oscar Mochi Alemán Lucía Abelenda Casalet El Colegio Mexiquense, A.C. Centro Regional de Investigaciones Multidisciplinarias-UNAM Fundación Avina
Las tecnologías cívicas como herramientas ciudadanas para la innovación social Civic technologies as citizens tools for social innovation
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Las tecnologías cívicas como herramientas ciudadanas para la innovación social María Cristina Girardo Pierdominici Prudencio Oscar Mochi Alemán Lucía Abelenda Casalet
Introducción
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Año 5 Núm. 10 julio-diciembre de 2014
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Año 5 Núm. 10 julio-diciembre de 2014
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Año 5 Núm. 10 julio-diciembre de 2014
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Año 5 Núm. 10 julio-diciembre de 2014
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Año 5 Núm. 10 julio-diciembre de 2014
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?=I
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Metodología de investigación 67%2(a70)0)%,*%7')%32)')%)*%E*270`4%V*,02(/*%8(%,0)*^'%V*/','74103'%382d 70/2/0.'%[8*%Y8)34%'Y/*(*E%,2/')%TE'S8(,')%5%E*)27/2E%72%3'()/E83304(% ,*%TE'3*)')%)'YE*%8(2%/*Va/032%*(%3'()/E83304("%92E2%72%E*3'7*3304(%,*% ,2/')%)*%E*270`4%72%0,*(/0S032304(%,*%23/'E*)%372.*%.0(3872,')%27%TE'5*3d /'n%S0(27V*(/*%)*%2T7034%*7%TE0(30T0'%,*%Y'72%,*%(0*.*%T2E2%2VT702E%72% E*,%,*%0(S'EV2304(%*%0,*(/0S032E%2%(8*.')%0(S'EV2(/*)%5%*LT*E0*(302)% )01(0S032/0.2)%T2E2%*7%32)'%,*%*)/8,0'" 67% TE'3*)'% ,*% 0(.*)/012304(% S8*% 8(% 3'(/0(8'% 2TE*(,0`2+*<% 3'(%TE*18(/2)%)8E10,2)%*(%*7%2(a70)0)%,*%7')%*(S'[8*)%/*4E03')%5%72)%0(d /*EE'12(/*)%,*%72%23304(<%5%T2E2%*72Y'E2E7'%5%/*(*E%30*E/'%1E2,'%,*%3'Vd T2E2304(%5%E*/E'270V*(/2304(%*(/E*%7')%TE'5*3/')<%2):%3'V'%,2E%38*(/2% ,*%)8)%)0(1872E0,2,*)<%)*%'T/4%T'E%72%,*S0(0304(%,*%2718(')%0(,032,'E*)% 3'V8(*)%5%'/E')%*)T*3:S03')%,*%238*E,'%3'(%32,2%TE'5*3/'<%7')%3827*)%)*% V*(30'(2(%2%3'(/0(82304(R ?"%&2VT2^2)%[8*%2S*3/2(%T'7:/032)%T]Y7032)%M0VT23/2(,'%2%V07*)% ,*%308,2,2(')O ="%&2VT2^2)%,*%A,.'3235%*%0(('.2304(%3:.032%2T'52,2)%T'E%72% T72/2S'EV2 Q"%A702(`2)%3'(%'E12(0`230'(*)%,*%72%)'30*,2,%30.07 @"%A702(`2)%3'(%*(/0,2,*)%18Y*E(2V*(/27*) I"%b)82E0')%,*%72%T72/2S'EV2 f"%9*E)'(2)%2732(`2,2)%MT72/2S'EV2%5%V*,0')%)'3027*)O N"%)$&$-+&-%)8Y0,')%2%72%T72/2S'EV2 J"%K277*E*)%,*%32T230/2304(%E*270`2,') e')%0(,032,'E*)%*)T*3:S03')%,*7%TE'5*3/'%!2/')%DL%)*%3*(/E2d E'(%*(%72%0,*(/0S032304(%,*%7')%TE'3*)')%,*%70VT0*`2%5%*)/2(,2E0`2304(% ,*%,2/')%2Y0*E/')<%,*)2EE'77'%,*%KDFNDWKRQVJ%8/070`2(,'%7')%,2/')%,*%72% T72/2S'EV2<%E*3'V*(,2E%2%/E2.C)%,*%/277*E*)%RƛI RQ OLQH%*(%*7%8)'%,*%72%T72d /2S'EV2%T2E2%3'()8V0E%,2/')"%k0(27V*(/*<%7')%0(,032,'E*)%*)T*3:S03')% ,*%!2/2%*)/8.0*E'(%*(S'32,')%*(%*7%)*180V0*(/'%,*7%,*)2EE'77'%,*%V2d T2)%5%V'(0/'E*')"% %b(%KDFNDWKRQ%'%W23t2/4(%*)%8(%/CEV0('%8)2,'%*(%72)%3'V8(0,2,*)%KDFNHU%T2E2%E*S*E0Ed%% )*% 2% 8(% *(38*(/E'% ,*% TE'1E2V2,'E*)<% 385'% 'Y+*/0.'% *)% *7% ,*)2EE'77'% 3'72Y'E2/0.'% ,*% -"#&L$'+<%28([8*%*(%'32)0'(*)%T8*,*%W2Y*E%/2VY0C(%8(%3'VT'(*(/*%,*%KDUGZDUH"%6)/')% *.*(/')%T8*,*(%,8E2E%*(/E*%,')%,:2)%5%8(2%)*V2(2" J
?=f
Año 5 Núm. 10 julio-diciembre de 2014
!"#$%&'()*)+,"#$',-.'"#$')/)$0&11"/.&(%"#$'.23"3"("#$4"1"$*"$.(()-"'.5($#)'."*
Anรกlisis y resultados !*% 7')% W2772`1')% 'Y/*(0,')% *(% 72% 0(.*)/012304(<% 8(% *7*V*(/'% 3E83027% T2E2%'Y/*(*E%TE'3*)')%,*%0(('.2304(%)'3027%.0(3872,')%2%E*)87/2,')%5% 3'(% 72% 32T230,2,% ,*% 3'(/0(82E% 3'(% (8*.2)% 0(0302/0.2)%*)% *7% ,*)2EE'77'% ,*%8(2%/*'E:2%,*%32VY0'%)470,2%[8*%3'(3*,2%/E2`2E%8(2%372E2%.0)04(%,*% CL0/'"%x/E'%2)T*3/'%2%,*)/232E%*)%72%0VT'E/2(302%,*%72%3'(S'EV2304(%,*% 2702(`2)% 3'(% *)[8*V2)% ,*% 3''T*E2304(% S7*L0Y7*<% W*/*E'1C(*')% 5% T'3'% +*E2E[80`2,')%3'(%23/'E*)%(230'(27*)%*%0(/*E(230'(27*)%[8*%S'V*(/*(% 72%/E2()S*E*(302%,*%3'('30V0*(/'"%6(%*)/*%)*(/0,'<%3'V'%7'%V*(30'(2(% AV2Y7*<%H2EEC%5%H'5*E%M?PPNO<%72%3''T*E2304(%0(/*E'E12(0`230'(27%)*% 3'(.0*E/*%*(%8(%23/0.'%,*%3E*30*(/*%0VT'E/2(302%T2E2%2732(`2E%*L0/')2d V*(/*%72)%V*/2)%'E12(0`230'(27*)%5%7')%E*[8*E0V0*(/')%*(%8(2%)'30*,2,% Y2)2,2% *(% *7% 3'('30V0*(/'"% 67% V2(/*(0V0*(/'% ,*% 72% *S032302% ,*% *)/2)% 3'72Y'E230'(*)%,*T*(,*%,*%72)%*)/E2/*102)%,*%3'()*()'%[8*%)*%1*(*E2(% 3'(%8(%2VT70'%W'E0`'(/*%/*VT'E27%5%V*32(0)V')%3'7*3/0.')%32T23*)%,*% 2V0('E2E%7')%27/')%3')/')%,*%72%0(3*E/0,8VYE*" !*(/E'% ,*% 72)% 2702(`2)<% 72)% ,*)2EE'772,2)% 3'(% *7% 1'Y0*E('% '38d T2(% 8(% 7812E% *)/E2/C103'% T2E2% *)3272E% 7')% TE'3*)')% ,*% 0(('.2304(% )'3027"% e2)%*S*3/82,2)%3'(%*7%)*3/'E%T]Y703'%,*),*%*7%,0)*^'%,*%72%T72/2S'EV2%T'd )0Y070/2(%T'/*(302E%*7%2732(3*%,*%72%V0)V2%,8E2(/*%)8%TE0V*E%T*E0','%,*% 0VT7*V*(/2304("%A)0V0)V'<%72%0(('.2304(%)'3027%)8*7*%)270E%,*),*%72%)'30*d ,2,%30.07%5%*7%/E2Y2+'%3'(+8(/'%3'(%*7%6)/2,'%T*EV0/*%77*.2E%7')%TE'3*)')%,*% 0(('.2304(%W2)/2%*)/E2/*102)%.0(3872,2)%3'(%72%T'7:/032%T]Y7032" x/E2%2702(`2%*)/E2/C1032%T2E2%T'/*(302E%*7%8)'%,*%/*3('7'1:2)%3:d .032)<%V*+'E2E%*7%,*%72%2T7032304(%5%S'V*(/2E%7')%TE'3*)')%,*%0(('.2304(<%% *)%72%3'72Y'E2304(%3'(%'E12(0`230'(*)%[8*%8/0703*(%72%T72/2S'EV2%3'V'%8(2% W*EE2V0*(/2%,*%1*)/04(%TE'T02<%*)%,*30E<%72%T72/2S'EV2%*)/a%,0E*3/2V*(d%% /*%E*7230'(2,2%3'(%V0)04(%5%23304(%,02E02)" K2VY0C(<%)*%,*)TE*(,*%,*%72%0(.*)/012304(%[8*%8(2%3'(,0304(% T2E2%[8*%72)%2702(`2)%7'1E*(%)*E%*L0/')2)%*)%0,*(/0S032E72)%2(/*)%,*%3'V*(d `2E%72%*/2T2%,*7%T72(/*2V0*(/'%,*%72)%0(0302/0.2)<%T2E2%E*/E'270V*(/2E%*7% TE'3*)'%,*%,0)*^'%,*%72%2T7032304(%5%2Y'E,2+*%,*7%TE'Y7*V2"%6(%*)/*%)*(/0,'% *)%0VT'E/2(/*%E*270`2E%8(%V2T*'%,*%23/'E*)%*(%*7%V2E3'%,*%8(%2(a70)0)%Va)% 2VT70'%,*%0(/*701*(302%3'(/*L/827%3'(%*7%TE'T4)0/'%,*%0,*(/0S032E%T')0Y7*)% 2702,')%5%/E25*3/')%27/*E(2/0.')%W2302%72%.0)04(%,*%CL0/'%,*70V0/2,2%*(%72% /*'E:2%,*%32VY0'%,*7%TE'5*3/'"%!8E2(/*%,03W'%TE'3*)'%*)%/E2)3*(,*(/27% V*(30'(2E% 72% 0VT'E/2(302% ,*7% 0(/*E32VY0'% ,*% *LT*E0*(302)<% ,2,'% [8*% V83W2)% .*3*)% 7')% TE'3*)')% ,*% 0(('.2304(% [8*,2(% 3'V'% *T0)',0')% ?=N
!"#$"%&#'()'*"%+'#"#,-%.'/#,-0'*'1'2%.#3,/*1'-%4(1"#%!-15'%67/08* 9%:31$"%6;/7/*,"%&"("7/)
20)72,')"%6)%(*3*)2E0'%3'VT2E/0E%0(S'EV2304(%5%S'V*(/2E%*7%0(/*E32Vd Y0'%,*%*LT*E0*(302)%T2E2%*7%,*)2EE'77'%,*%2TE*(,0`2+*)%3'7*3/0.')<%)'YE*% /','%*(%8(%32VT'%*V*E1*(/*%3'V'%*7%,*%72)%/*3('7'1:2)%3:.032)" % % % k0(27V*(/*<% 2% T*)2E% ,*% [8*% /',')% 7')% *7*V*(/')%0,*(/0S032,')%)27*(%,*%*)/2%0(.*)/012d Nonaka (1994) sostiene que 304(<% .2E02)% TE*18(/2)% ,*Y*Ea(% )*E% *LT7'E2,2)% una organización *(% TE4L0V')% *)/8,0')<% 72)% 3827*)% )*% 3*(/E2(% *(% que aprende es *(/*(,*E%7')%,*)2S:')%T2E2%8(2%T2E/030T2304(%308d una organización ,2,2(2% 3'VTE'V*/0,2% 5% 2% 72E1'% T72`'% *(% *)/*% que no limita el /0T'% ,*% W*EE2V0*(/2)<% 2):% 3'V'% 72)% ,0S0387/2,*)% aprendizaje sólo a un área, sino que T2E2% /E2,830E% 72)% 0(/*E2330'(*)% *(% 8(% aVY0/'% toda la organización .0E/827%2%8(%3'(/*L/'%,*%0(30,*(302%*(%T'7:/032)% aprende. T]Y7032)"
?=J
Año 5 Núm. 10 julio-diciembre de 2014
Referencias
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El examen escrito. La ayuda pedagógica en la educación básica primaria en México
Emilio García Martínez Arturo Pérez Flores Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México Universidad de Atlacomulco
El examen escrito. La ayuda pedagógica en la educación básica primaria en México The written exam. The teaching aid in basic education in Mexico Primary
Resumen 67%*L2V*(%*)3E0/'%'Y*,*3*%2%8(2%0(.*(304(%TE'T02%,*%72%V',*E(0,2,%.0(3872,2%2% TEa3/032)%,*%3'(/E'7%5%.01072(302<%*)%,*30E<%,0)30T70(2E02%27%3'(/*VT72E%27%W'VYE*% 3'V'%)8+*/'%5%'Y+*/'n%2):<%)*%,*)2EE'772%3'V'%8(%TE'3*)'%[8*%38VT7*%S0(270,2,*)% /C3(032)<% ,*% 3'(/E'7% 5% 3*E/0S032304(% ,*% 7'1E')<% ,*% )*7*3304(% 5% ,0)/E0Y8304(% ,*% )8+*/')"% 67% 'Y+*/0.'% ,*% 72% TE*)*(/*% 0(.*)/012304(% *)% 0(/*ETE*/2E% ,*% [8C% V2(*E2% *7% *L2V*(% *)3E0/'<% 3'V'% T2E/*% ,*% 72% *.2782304(<% 2T'E/2% *7*V*(/')% T2E2% [8*% *7% ,'3*(/*% TE'T'E30'(*% 5% 2+8)/*% 258,2% T*,2141032% 2% 7')% 278V(')% ,*% *,832304(% Ya)032%TE0V2E02%*(%DCL03'"%6(%*)/*%)*(/0,'<%)*%2)8V*%8(2%T*E)T*3/0.2%/*4E03'd V*/','741032% ,*7% 3'()/E83/0.0)V'% )'30'd387/8E27% T2E2% 2(270`2E% 72% 3'()/E83304(% ,*7%)2Y*E%5%72%S'EV2%,*%233*,*E%2%C7"%A):%T8*)<%)*%3'(3785*%[8*%*7%*L2V*(%*)3E0/'% TE'T'E30'(2% 0(S'EV2304(% 27% TE'S*)'E% T2E2% 2+8)/2E% TE'1E*)0.2V*(/*% 72% 258,2% T*,2141032%[8*%T8*,*%TE*)/2E%*(%72%3'()/E83304(%,*%)01(0S032,')<%5%2%7')%278V(')% T2E2%[8*%/'V*(%3'(30*(302%,*%7'%[8*%3'()0180*E'(%'%('%2TE*(,*E%5%,*%34V'%)*% *(38*(/E2(%*(%)8%TE'T0'%TE'3*)'%,*%2TE*(,0`2+*" 9272YE2)%372.*
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Abstract KW*%oE0//*(%*L2V%0)%,8*%/'%W0)%'o(%0(.*(/0'(%'S%V',*E(0/5%70(t*,%/'%TE23/03*)% 'S% 3'(/E'7% 2(,% )8E.*0772(3*<% 0*% ,0)30T70(2E5% 3'(/*VT72/0(1% V2(% 2)% )8Y+*3/% 2(,% 'Y+*3/n% )'<% 0/% ,*.*7'T)% 2)% 2% TE'3*))% /W2/% V**/)% /*3W(0327% T8ET')*)<% 3'(/E'7% 2(,% 3*E/0S032/0'(%'S%23W0*.*V*(/<%)*7*3/0'(%2(,%,0)/E0Y8/0'(%'S%)8Y+*3/)"%KW*%'Y+*3/0.*% 'S% /W0)%E*)*2E3W% 0)% /'% 0(/*ETE*/% W'o% /W*% oE0//*(% /*)/% 2)% T2E/% 'S% /W*% *.2782/0'(<% TE'.0,*)%*7*V*(/)%S'E%/W*%/*23W*E%/'%TE'.0,*%2(,%2,+8)/%/*23W0(1%W*7T)%)/8,*(/)%/'% Y2)03%TE0V2E5%*,832/0'(%0(%D*L03'"%z*%2))8V*%2%/W*'E*/0327%2(,%V*/W','7'10327% T*E)T*3/0.*% /'% 2(275`*% /W*% )'30'd387/8E27% 3'()/E83/0'(% 'S% t('o7*,1*% 2(,% W'o% /'% 233*))% 0/% 3'()/E83/0.0)V"% KW*E*S'E*<% 0/% 0)% 3'(378,*,% /W2/% /W*% oE0//*(% /*)/% TE'.0,*)%0(S'EV2/0'(%/'%/W*%/*23W*E%/'%2,+8)/%1E2,82775%/W*%/*23W0(1%20,%/W2/%32(% Y*%TE'.0,*,%0(%/W*%3'()/E83/0'(%'S%V*2(0(1)<%2(,%)/8,*(/)%/'%V2t*%/W*V%2o2E*% 'S%oW2/%/W*5%1'/%'E%('/%7*2E(%2(,%W'o%/W*5%2E*%0(%/W*0E%'o(%7*2E(0(1%TE'3*))" q*5o'E,)
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El examen escrito. La ayuda pedagógica en la educación básica primaria en México Emilio García Martínez Arturo Pérez Flores
Introducción
#
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Año 5 Núm. 10 julio-diciembre de 2014
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Año 5 Núm. 10 julio-diciembre de 2014
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Año 5 Núm. 10 julio-diciembre de 2014
!"#$%&'$(#$)*+,-./#0&#&123&#4$3&565,*&#$(#"&#$32*&*,6(#78),*&#4+,'&+,&#$(#9:%,*.
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Enseñanza, construcción de conocimientos y aprendizaje como procesos de ayuda 6(% *7% 2872% ,*% 372)*)% *)% S8(,2V*(/27% [8*% *7% TE'S*)'E% )*2% 3'()30*(/*% ,*% [8*%*7%3'('30V0*(/'%*)%8(%TE'3*)'%,*%3'()/E83304(<%[8*%T*EV0/*%2%7')% 278V(')%/E2()0/2E%T'E%8(%32V0('%Va)%)*18E'%W2302%*7%2TE*(,0`2+*%*)3'd 72E%5<%,*%*)/*%V','<%V',0S032E%)8)%*)[8*V2)%,*%3'('30V0*(/'"@%;*%/E2/2%,*% 8(2%23/0.0,2,%3'VT7*+2%[8*%E*[80*E*%[8*%7')%*)/8,02(/*)%)*%0(.'783E*(%,*% V2(*E2%0(/*1E27"%92E2%D28E0%M?PPPO<%2TE*(,*E%3'EE*)T'(,*%2%*72Y'E2E%8(2% E*TE*)*(/2304(%T*E)'(27%,*7%3'(/*(0,'<%'Y+*/'%,*%2TE*(,0`2+*<%E*270`2,2% 2%T2E/0E%,*%7')%3'('30V0*(/')%TE*.0')%T2E2%.0(3872E7')%27%(8*.'%3'(/*(0d ,'%3'(%*7%TE'T4)0/'%,*%2/E0Y80E7*%,*/*EV0(2,'%)01(0S032,'"%A):%T8*)<%278d ,*%2%8(%TE'3*)'%,0(aV03'%[8*%T*EV0/*%2%7')%278V(')%72%T')0Y070,2,%,*% E*'E12(0`2E% 5% *(E0[8*3*E% )8)% 3'('30V0*(/')<% 28([8*% T2E2% *77'% /*(12(% [8*%*3W2E%V2('%,*%/',2%8(2%12V2%,*%W2Y070,2,*)%V*/23'1(0/0.2)%[8*%7*)% 12E2(/03*%/*(*E%30*E/'%3'(/E'7%,*%*77')%5%,*%7')%TE'T0')%TE'3*)')%,8E2(/*% *7%2TE*(,0`2+*" %e2%0(/*E23/0.0,2,%)*%,*S0(*%3'V'%72%2E/03872304(%,*%72)%23/8230'(*)%,*7%TE'S*)'E%5%,*%7')% 278V(')%*(%/'E('%2%8(%3'(/*(0,'%'%/2E*2%,*%2TE*(,0`2+*%M&'77%HW DO <%?PP=O" Q
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Año 5 Núm. 10 julio-diciembre de 2014
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Año 5 Núm. 10 julio-diciembre de 2014
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Año 5 Núm. 10 julio-diciembre de 2014
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Año 5 Núm. 10 julio-diciembre de 2014
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Año 5 Núm. 10 julio-diciembre de 2014
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Alumnos, contenidos de aprendizaje y ayudas pedagógicas e')%,'3*(/*)%[8*%E*S7*L0'(2(%)'YE*%)8%TEa3/032%5%,*%V2(*E2%3'()/2(d /*%T0*()2(%*(%/E2()S'EV2E72%'%0(('.2E72%T8*,*(%,*)2EE'772E%23/0.0,2d ,*)%3E*2/0.2)%27*+2,2)%,*%3827[80*E%E8/0(2<%T2E2%TE'T0302E%[8*%)8)%0(/*d E2330'(*)%3'(%7')%278V(')%7*)%T*EV0/2(%2%*)/')%7'1E2E%72%3'VTE*()04(%5% *7%V2(*+'%TE'S8(,'%5%3E*2/0.'%,*%7')%3'(/*(0,')%*)3'72E*)" 6(% *7% 972(% 5% 7')% 9E'1E2V2)% ,*% *)/8,0'% =>>P% ,*% 6,832304(% Ha)032%9E0V2E02<%)*%*)/2Y7*3*%3'V'%TE0(30T0'%1*(*E27%[8*%*7%TE'S*)'E<% 3'V'%8('%,*%7')%TE0(30T27*)%23/'E*)%,*%72%*)38*72%*(%)8%3'(+8(/'<%,0E0+2% 72%S'EV2304(%,*%7')%278V(')%T2E2%7'1E2E%72%3'()'70,2304(%,*%7'%[8*%)*% ?I=
Año 5 Núm. 10 julio-diciembre de 2014
!"#$%&'$(#$)*+,-./#0&#&123&#4$3&565,*&#$(#"&#$32*&*,6(#78),*&#4+,'&+,&#$(#9:%,*.
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Año 5 Núm. 10 julio-diciembre de 2014
!"#$%&'$(#$)*+,-./#0&#&123&#4$3&565,*&#$(#"&#$32*&*,6(#78),*&#4+,'&+,&#$(#9:%,*.
,*%3'('30V0*(/'%5%3'(%*7%V2*)/E'j%M;69<%=>>PYR%JNO<%)0(%'7.0,2E%[8*%72% 0(/*E23304(% *(/E*% T2E*)% 01827*)% T8*,*% TE'T0302E% 3'()/E8330'(*)% Va)% TE'S8(,2)"%e2)%T*E)'(2)%3'(%[80*(*)%)*%0(/*E23/]2%5%7')%3'(/*L/')%*(%*7% 2872%*)3'72E%)'(%TE0V'E,027*)%T2E2%7'1E2E%/27*)%TE'T4)0/')"
El examen escrito en la evaluaciรณn de los alumnos !2E% TE0'E0,2,% 27% )*(/0,'% T*,214103'% ,*7% *L2V*(% *)3E0/'% *(% 72% TEa3/032% *.2782/0.2%T2E2%77*.2E%2%32Y'%8(2%E*.0)04(%5%E*1872304(%,*7%TE'3*)'%,*%*(d )*^2(`2%5%2TE*(,0`2+*%*(%72)%2872)%.2%Va)%277a%,*%7')%S0(*)%382(/0/2/0.')<% 3270S032/0.')%5%23E*,0/2/0.')"%6)/*%0()/E8V*(/'<%.0(3872,'%2%72%*.2782304(<% ,*Y*%)*E%8(%TE'3*)'%*(/*(,0,'%3'V'%*7%3'(+8(/'%,*%2330'(*)%*(32V0(2d ,2)%2%i'Y/*(*E%0(S'EV2304(%)'YE*%7'%[8*%7')%278V(')%2TE*(,*(%*(%*7%TE'd 3*)'%*,832/0.'<%*(%S8(304(%,*%72%*LT*E0*(302%TE'.0)/2%*(%372)*<%/*(0*(,'% 3'V'% E*S*E*(/*% 7')% 2TE*(,0`2+*)% *)T*E2,')j% M;69<% =>>PYR% @NO"% !*% *)/*% V','<%+8`12E%72)%258,2)%[8*%*7%,'3*(/*%(*3*)0/2%YE0(,2E%T2E2%[8*%/',')% 3'()012(%TE'1E*)')%)01(0S032/0.')" 67%TE'3*)'%*()*^2(`2d2TE*(,0`2+*<%.0(3872,'%27%,*%*.2782304(<% ,*)32E/2%.27'E2E%)47'%7')%E*)87/2,')%S0(27*)<%T'E%*7%3'(/E2E0'<%T'(*%C(S2)0)% *(%7')%TE'1E*)')%'Y/*(0,')%T'E%7')%278V(')%*(%*7%/E2()38E)'%,*7%2Y'E,2+*% ,*% 7')% 3'(/*(0,')% *)3'72E*)"% 9E'3*)'% 5% TE',83/'% 3'(/E0Y85*(% ,*% 01827% V2(*E2%2%E*/E'270V*(/2E%5%258,2E%2%/',')%7')%23/'E*)%,*%72%*,832304(%[8*% 0(/*E23/]2(%*(%*7%2872<%2%72%/'V2%,*%,*30)0'(*)%5%2%E*'E0*(/2E%72%TEa3/0d 32% *,832/0.2<% TE0'E0`2(,'% 72)% (*3*)0,2,*)% ,*% 7')% *)/8,02(/*)"% K2(/'% *)% 2):% [8*<% ,*% 238*E,'% 3'(% 72% ;69% M=>>PYO<% *(% 8(2% *.2782304(% *(32V0(2d% ,2%27%,*)2EE'77'%,*%3'VT*/*(302)<%)*%W23*%8)'%,*%,0)/0(/')%0()/E8V*(/')% c70)/2)% ,*% 3'/*+'<% 'Y)*E.230'(*)<% T'E/2S'70')<% *LaV*(*)% *)3E0/')<% *(/E*% '/E')c<%2,*382,')%T2E2%'Y/*(*E%0(S'EV2304(%3'(%E*)T*3/'%2%72%TEa3/032% ,*7%TE'S*)'E%5%,*7%TE'3*)'%,*%2TE*(,0`2+*"% !*% *)/2% S'EV2<% *7% TE'3*)'% ,*% *.2782304(<% T2E/03872EV*(/*<% *7% [8*%)*%,*)2EE'772%2%/E2.C)%,*7%*L2V*(%*)3E0/'<%iTE'T'E30'(2%0(S'EV2304(% 27%,'3*(/*%)'YE*%*7%1E2,'%,*%2.2(3*%[8*%32,2%278V('%2732(`2%*(%72)%,0d S*E*(/*)% */2T2)% ,*7% TE'3*)'% ,*% *()*^2(`2% 5% 2TE*(,0`2+*<% 5% 258,2% 2% 7')% 278V(')%2%0,*(/0S032E%7'%[8*%2TE*(,0*E'(j%M;69<%=>>PYR%@JO<%*)/'%)83*,*% 27%S0(270`2E%8(2%8(0,2,%,0,a3/032<%27%/CEV0('%,*7%*)/8,0'%,*%,*/*EV0(2d%% ,')% 3'(/*(0,')% '% ,*% 8(% T*E0','% *)3'72E"% &'V'% T2E/*% ,*% 72% *,832304(<% 2T'E/2% *7*V*(/')% )01(0S032/0.')% [8*% )0E.*(% 3'V'% Y2)*% T2E2% Y8)32E% 28d V*(/2E%72%3270,2,%,*%7')%2TE*(,0`2+*)%,*%7')%*)/8,02(/*)" ?II
!"#$#%&'()*+(&,()-+./0&1&2)-3)%&45)/0&6$%)/7
67% 382,*E('% ,*% /E2Y2+'% ,*7% 278V('<% 72% *(/E*.0)/2<% *7% E*10)/E'% 2(*3,4/03'<% 72% /2E*2<% 72)% 70)/2)% ,*% 3'(/E'7<% 7')% *LaV*(*)% *)3E0/')<% *(/E*% '/E')<%)'(%0()/E8V*(/')%[8*%7')%TE'S*)'E*)%8/070`2(%3'V'%E*38E)')%T2E2% )2Y*E% [8C% /2(/'% W2(% 2TE*(,0,'% )8)% 278V(')<% [8C% )2Y*(% W23*E<% [8C% ('% 7'1E2E'(% 2TE*(,*E<% 34V'% 7'% 2T7032(% 5% [8C% *)/a(% *(% TE'3*)'% ,*% 2TE*(d ,*E"%&'(%72%0(/*(304(%,*%2T'52E%5%V*+'E2E%*7%TE'3*)'%,*%*.2782304(<%5% ,*%'Y/*(*E%0(S'EV2304(%[8*%)0E.2%T2E2%77*.2E%2%32Y'%8(2%E*.0)04(%5%E*d 1872304(%,*%7'%[8*%)*%*()*^2%5%)*%2TE*(,*<%*(%32,2%8('%,*%7')%Y7'[8*)% /*Va/03')% ,*% 72)% 2)01(2/8E2)% )*% ,*S0(*(% 7')% 2TE*(,0`2+*)% *)T*E2,')% [8*% )0(/*/0`2(% 7')% 3'('30V0*(/')% 5% 72)% W2Y070,2,*)% [8*% 7')% 278V(')% ,*Y*(% 2TE*(,*E%27%*)/8,02E%7')%3'(/*(0,')%*)3'72E*)"% b(2% *.2782304(% *(% 72% [8*% )*% 8/0703*(% ,0)/0(/')% TE'3*,0V0*(d%% /')<% E*38E)')% '% 0()/E8V*(/')% [8*% 2T'E/2(% 0(S'EV2304(% 382(/0/2/0.2% 5% 38270/2/0.2%3'(%E*)T*3/'%27%TE'1E*)'%5%7'1E')%,*7%2TE*(,0`2+*%,*%7')%278Vd (')%T8*,*%)*E%S'EV2/0.2%5%S'EV2,'E2"%6(%'/E2)%T272YE2)<%iTE'T'E30'(2% 27%,'3*(/*%*7*V*(/')%T2E2%V*+'E2E%7')%TE'3*)')%,*%*()*^2(`2%5%2TE*(d ,0`2+*<% 5% 2% 7')% 278V(')<% 2% )8% .*`<% 7*)% 'E0*(/2% 5% 2T'52% *(% *7% TE'3*)'% ,*% 2TE*(,0`2+*%[8*%*)/a(%)0180*(,'<%Y2)2,'%*(%72%E*S7*L04(%)0)/*Va/032%E*)d T*3/'%2%)8)%2.2(3*)%5%,0S0387/2,*)j%M;69<%=>>PYR%?Q=O"%l25%[8*%/*(*E%*(% 38*(/2% [8*% 258,2% 2% 0,*(/0S032E% S2772)% 5% 230*E/')% Ya)03')% T2E2% E*.0)2E% 7'% )83*,0,'%*(%*7%2872%,*%372)*)%3'(%E*)T*3/'%2%7')%3'(/*(0,')<%2):%3'V'%2% E*S7*L0'(2E%72%TEa3/032%,'3*(/*%5%YE0(,2E%72)%258,2)%(*3*)2E02)"% e2%*.2782304(%*(%72%*,832304(%Ya)032%TE0V2E02%*)/a%*(32V0(2,2% ('%)47'%2%'Y/*(*E%3270S03230'(*)<%)0('%27%TE'3*)'%[8*%TE'T'E30'(2%0(S'Ed V2304(% E*7*.2(/*% T2E2% YE0(,2E% ,*% V2(*E2% 3'()/2(/*% 72% E*/E'270V*(/2d%% 304(%5%72)%258,2)%T*,2141032)%2%7')%278V(')"%&'VTE*(,0,2%3'V'%*7%iV*d%% ,0'% T2E2% 3'('3*E% *% 0,*(/0S032E% *7% 1E2,'% ,*% 2TE'T02304(% ,*% 3'(3*T/')<% W2Y070,2,*)%5%23/0/8,*)<%E*[80*E*%32VY02E%72%.0)04(%,*%FDOLƛLFDFL´Q%T'E%72% ,*%?'"%+-"<%,'(,*%*L0)/2(%/E*)%S2)*)%*(%*)/E*3W2%E*72304(%3'(%72%T72(*2d 304(R%72%0(03027%'%,021(4)/032<%72%T*EV2(*(/*%'%S'EV2/0.2%5%72%)8V2/0.2% '%238V872/0.2j%M;69<%=>>PYR%?N@O"%6(%*7%*(/*(,0,'%,*%[8*%3827[80*E2%,*% *772)% T8*,*% )*E% S'EV2/0.2% 5% S'EV2,'E2<% *7% TE'S*)'E% T8*,*% 8/070`2E% ,0)d /0(/')%0()/E8V*(/')%cT'E%*+*VT7'%*7%*L2V*(%*)3E0/'c%[8*%E*)T27,*(%('% /2(/'%72)%3270S03230'(*)<%)0('%[8*%)*%T8*,2%.27'E2E%*7%2TE*(,0`2+*%,*%7')% 278V(')<%'Y)*E.2(,'%)8%2,[80)0304(%5%2TE'.*3W2V0*(/'" &'V'%)*%W2%V*(30'(2,'<%i*)%0VT'E/2(/*%*.2782E%T2E2%3'('3*E% 72)% ,0S0387/2,*)% ,*% 7')% 278V(')% *(% )8)% 2TE*(,0`2+*)<% 'Y/*(*E% 0(S'EV2d 304(% )'YE*% *7% /0T'% ,*% 258,2% [8*% )*% 7*)% ,*Y*% YE0(,2E<% 3'('3*E% *7% 1E2,'% ,*%2TE'T02304(%,*%3'('30V0*(/')%5%W2Y070,2,*)<%5%T2E2%[8*%*7%TE'S*)'E% ?If
Año 5 Núm. 10 julio-diciembre de 2014
!"#$%&'$(#$)*+,-./#0&#&123&#4$3&565,*&#$(#"&#$32*&*,6(#78),*&#4+,'&+,&#$(#9:%,*.
2,[80*E2% 0(,032,'E*)% ,*% 7')% 7'1E')% 5% ,*Y070,2,*)% T2E2% 23E*,0/2E7')% 5% TE'V'.*E7')j%M;69<%=>>PYR%?N@O"%A%T2E/0E%,*%*)/')%3E0/*E0')<%72%*.2782304(% ,*+2%,*%/*(*E%V'V*(/')%*L3*T30'(27*)%5%](03')<%2W'E2%)*%W23*%,*%S'Ed V2%T*EV2(*(/*<%T*E'<%)'YE*%/','<%*)%8(2%'T'E/8(0,2,%T2E2%77*.2E%2%32Y'% 8(2% E*.0)04(% 5% E*1872304(% ,*7% TE'3*)'% ,*% *()*^2(`2% 5% 2TE*(,0`2+*% ,*% 7')%3'(/*(0,')%)8Y)0180*(/*)%*(%[8*%.2(%2%.*E)*%0(.'783E2,')%7')%278Vd%% (')<%2):%3'V'%T2E2%7'1E2E%TE'1E*)')%*(%)8)%2TE*(,0`2+*)" 6(%)8V2<%)*%/E2/2%,*%8(%TE'3*)'%0VT'E/2(/*%T2E2%V*+'E2E%7'% [8*%)*%*()*^2%5%)*%2TE*(,*<%*(%72%V*,0,2%[8*%TE'T'E30'(*%0(S'EV2304(% E*7*.2(/*%T2E2%3'(/0(82E%'%/E2()S'EV2E%,*/*EV0(2,2)%TEa3/032)%,'3*(d /*)<% 5% 7')% )*(/0,')% [8*% 2,[80*E*% 5% 3'(% [8*% )*% 2T7032% 8(% 0()/E8V*(/'% 3'V'%*7%*L2V*(%*)3E0/'"%9'E%7'%/2(/'<%3*(/E2E%*7%0(/*EC)%*(%*7%32Ea3/*E% T*,214103'%*)%3'(/2E%3'(%72%'T'E/8(0,2,%,*%YE0(,2E%*7%/0T'%5%3270,2,% ,*% 258,2)% [8*% 7')% 278V(')% (*3*)0/2(<% 2):% 3'V'% E*270`2E% *7% 2+8)/*% [8*%% )*%E*[80*E*"
El examen escrito y la ayuda pedagรณgica e2%*.2782304(%,*%7')%2TE*(,0`2+*)%[8*%)*%77*.2%2% Se puede 32Y'%2%/E2.C)%,*7%*L2V*(%*)3E0/'%T8*,*%*)/2E%27% pensar que )*E.030'%,*%8(%TE'3*)'%,*%/'V2%,*%,*30)0'(*)%,*% VI[PLULU ILULร JPVZ en el sentido de :(,'7*% T*,2141032% '% ,0,a3/032"% 67% S0(% ]7/0V'% *)% generar ingresos que permitan 2T'E/2E%0(S'EV2304(%]/07%5%E*7*.2(/*%T2E2%V*+'d E2E% 72% *S032302% ,*% 72% 23304(% *,832/0.2<% 5% 7'1E2E% y aseguren la [8*%7')%2TE*(,0`2+*)%[8*%W2(%,*%,*)2EE'772E%7')% sobrevivencia, pero no tienen 278V(')%)'YE*%7')%3'(/*(0,')%*)3'72E*)%)*2(%)01d la capacidad de (0S032/0.')"%6(%'/E2)%T272YE2)<%7')%E*)87/2,')%,*%72% originar ganancias *.2782304(%2T2E*3*(%E*7230'(2,')%2%8(%TE'3*)'% que posibiliten la acumulaciรณn ,*%/'V2%,*%,*30)0'(*)%)'YE*%7')%T')/*E0'E*)%TE'd de capital. 3*)')% ,*% *()*^2(`2% 5% 2TE*(,0`2+*% M&'77% HW DO <% =>>?O"% A7%E*)T*3/'<%&'77%5%x(E8Y02%M=>>=O%)*^272(%[8*%72%*.2782304(% 3'(%S0(*)%T*,214103')%'%,0,a3/03')%T8*,*%/*(*E%7812E%*(%,0S*E*(/*)%V'd V*(/')% ,*7% TE'3*)'% *,832/0.'% 5% *)/2E% 27% )*E.030'% ,*% ,0)/0(/2)% ,*30)0'd (*)%T*,2141032)R%27%0(030'<%,8E2(/*%5%27%S0(27%,*7%TE'3*)'%,*%*()*^2(`2%5% 2TE*(,0`2+*"%A):%T8*)<%72%*.2782304(%[8*%)*%,2%27%3'V0*(`'%,*%*)/*%TE'3*d )'%M0(03027O%T8*,*%*)/2E%27%)*E.030'%,*%72%/'V2%,*%,*30)0'(*)%)'YE*%*7%/0T'% 5%72%3270,2,%,*%72)%258,2)%[8*%3'(.0*(*%TE'V'.*E<%'%TE'.'32E%[8*%7')% ?IN
!"#$#%&'()*+(&,()-+./0&1&2)-3)%&45)/0&6$%)/7
278V(')%E*S7*L0'(*(%)'YE*%7')%3'(/*(0,')%[8*%W2(%7'1E2,'%2TE'T02E)*% 5%)*E<%*(%3'()*38*(302<%S'EV2/0.2%5%S'EV2,'E2<%3'(%Y2)*%*(%)8)%TE'T0')% E*)87/2,')"% A)0V0)V'<% 72% *.2782304(% )8V2/0.2<% 2[8*772% [8*% /0*(*% 7812E% 27%S0(27%,*7%TE'3*)'%,*%*()*^2(`2%5%2TE*(,0`2+*<%2T'E/2%*7*V*(/')%T2E2% 72% E*1872304(% 5% 72% E*.0)04(% ,*% 7')% TE'3*)')% T')/*E0'E*)% ,*% *()*^2(`2%% 5%2TE*(,0`2+*"% 9'E%3'()0180*(/*<%*7%*L2V*(%*)3E0/'%.0(3872,'%2%72%*.2782304(% )8V2/0.2% T',E:2% 38VT70E% 72)% S0(270,2,*)% T*,2141032)% [8*% /*4E032V*(/*% )*%7*%2/E0Y85*(R%T'E%8(%72,'<%S23070/2E%27%TE'S*)'E%8(%TE'3*)'%,*%/'V2%,*% ,*30)0'(*)%T2E2%V*+'E2E%)8%TEa3/032%,'3*(/*%*(%E*72304(%3'(%*7%2TE*(,0`2d +*%,*%7')%278V(')%5%2+8)/2E%72%258,2%T*,2141032%*(%S8(304(%,*%7')%2.2(3*)<% ,0S0387/2,*)% '% E*/E'3*)')% [8*% *)/')% *LT*E0V*(/2(% M*.2782304(% S'EV2/0d% .2On%T'E%'/E'%72,'<%S23070/2E%2%7')%*)/8,02(/*)%8(%TE'3*)'%,*%/'V2%,*%,*d 30)0'(*)%S8(,2V*(/2,2)%T2E2%V*+'E2E%)8%23/0.0,2,%,*%2TE*(,0`2+*%M*.2d 782304(%S'EV2,'E2O" e2%E*72304(%T*,2141032%[8*%)*%*)/2Y7*3*%*(/E*%*7%TE'S*)'E%5%7')% 278V(')<%3'V'%7')%TE0(30T27*)%23/'E*)%[8*%0(/*E.0*(*(%*(%*7%*L2V*(% *)3E0/'<%,*/*EV0(2%30*E/2)%T*38702E0,2,*)%*(%*7%,0)38E)'%,*%72%23/0.0,2,% 3'(+8(/2%,*)2EE'772,2%*(%*7%2872%*)3'72E"%6)/')%)8+*/')%3'0(30,*(%*(%*7% V0)V'%*)3*(2E0'<%T*E'%,2,2)%72)%30E38()/2(302)<%*7%2872%)*%/E2()S'EV2% 27%01827%[8*%7')%T2E/030T2(/*)<%TE',830C(,')*%0(378)'<%8(2%*LT*E0*(302% *)3'72E%,0)/0(/2%2%72%[8*%)*%1*(*E2%*(%72%3'/0,02(*0,2,%,*%72%*)38*72" e2%*.2782304(<%2%/E2.C)%,*7%*L2V*(%*)3E0/'<%/0*(*%,*/*EV0(2,2% *)/E83/8E2%,02741032<%i72%3'V8(032304(%*)3E0/2%[8*%)*%*)/2Y7*3*%*)%Ü,0S*E0d ,2V*(/*Ñ%,027'12(/*R%2):<%*7%*V0)'E<%*7%TE'S*)'E<%72(`2%*7%V*()2+*dTE*18(/2<% *7%32(27%T2T*7%*)%*7%[8*%27Y*E12%*)/*%V*()2+*%5%2T72`2%*7%23/'%3'V8(032/0.'% W2)/2%[8*%*7%E*3*T/'E<%*7%278V('<%*VT0*3*%2%3',0S032E7'%5%3'VTE*(,*E7'% 5% 7'% ,*.8*7.2% 27% TE'S*)'E% *(% 8(% (8*.'% V*()2+*dE*)T8*)/2j% MH2EY*Ea<% =>>QR%?N@O"%A%T*)2E%,*%[8*%*(%'32)0'(*)%)*%,2%8(2%E*72304(%T'3'%T*E3*Td%% /0Y7*<%,0)/2(/*%*%0(,0S*E*(/*<%/2VY0C(%)8*7*%TE*)*(/2E)*%7'%3'(/E2E0'<%*)% ,*30E<%23'(/*3*E%8(%.:(387'%3*E32('%382(,'%8(2%,8,2%*)T*3:S032%)'YE*%8(2% TE*18(/2%*(%T2E/03872E%,*)*(32,*(2%8(2%3'V8(032304(%3*E32(2n%*(%*)/')% 32)')<%*7%TE'S*)'E%M2O%T'E%V*,0'%,*%,*/*EV0(2,2)%iT0)/2)j<%TE'T'E30'(2%2% 7')%278V(')%258,2%T*,2141032%V*,02(/*%8(%,0a7'1'%)0V87/a(*'%[8*%)*% 1*(*E2%*(/E*%/',')%7')%)8+*/')%*(%*7%2872%*)3'72E%*(%*7%V'V*(/'%,*%E*2d 70`2E%*7%*L2V*("
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Año 5 Núm. 10 julio-diciembre de 2014
!"#$%&'$(#$)*+,-./#0&#&123&#4$3&565,*&#$(#"&#$32*&*,6(#78),*&#4+,'&+,&#$(#9:%,*.
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Año 5 Núm. 10 julio-diciembre de 2014
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El triángulo interactivo en la actividad conjunta 67%3'()/E83/0.0)V'%,*%'E0*(/2304(%)'30'387/8E27%*)%8(2%T*E)T*3/0.2%/*4d E032%*)T*3:S032%32T2`%,*%/*(*E%*(%38*(/2%72%(2/8E27*`2%T2E/03872E%,*%72% 3'()/E83304(% ,*7% 3'('30V0*(/'% 5% *)/8,02E72% *(% /',2% )8% 3'VT7*+0,2,"% !*),*%*)/2%T*E)T*3/0.2%)*%*)/2Y7*3*%[8*%,03W2%3'()/E83304(%*)%8(%TE'd 3*)'% 3'VT7*+'% [8*% )*% 77*.2% 2% 32Y'% 2% /E2.C)% ,*% 72% E*72304(% *(/E*% /E*)% *7*V*(/')R%*7%278V('%[8*%2TE*(,*%27%,*)2EE'772E%)8%23/0.0,2,%V*(/27n%*7% 3'(/*(0,'%'Y+*/'%,*%*()*^2(`2%5%2TE*(,0`2+*<%5%*7%TE'S*)'E%[8*%258,2% 27%278V('%*(%,03W'%TE'3*)'%,*%3'()/E83304(<%TE'1E*)2(,'%*(%*7%1E2,'% ,*%)01(0S032,'%)'YE*%7'%[8*%2TE*(,*%5%)0*(,'%TE'1E*)0.2V*(/*%32T2`%,*% ,'/2E7*%,*%)*(/0,'" 6(%/'E('%2%*)/*%TE'3*)'%3'()/E83/0.'<%*7%*L2V*(%*)3E0/'%c8/0d 70`2,'% 3'(% S0(*)% T*,214103')c% 2T2E*3*% 3'V'% *7% V*,0'% [8*% 2T'E/2% *7*d V*(/')% T2E2% [8*% *7% ,'3*(/*% TE'T'E30'(*% 5% 2+8)/*% 258,2% T*,2141032% 2%7')%278V(')%,*%*,832304(%Ya)032%TE0V2E02%*(%DCL03'"%A):<%)*%,0)*^4% 8(%*)[8*V2%*(%*7%[8*%)*%.0)8270`2(%72)%E*7230'(*)%*(/E*%72)%TE0(30T27*)% .2E02Y7*)%0()/E8330'(27*)%MTE'S*)'E<%278V('X)%5%3'(/*(0,'O%5%*7%0()/E8d V*(/'%V*,02,'E%M*L2V*(%*)3E0/'O%*(%*7%*)3*(2E0'%T2E/03872E%,*%72%*.2d 782304(%*)3E0/2" e2% E*72304(% Ya)032% [8*% )*% *)/2Y7*3*% *(% *7% /E0a(187'% ,*% 72% 0(/*d E23/0.0,2,%)0/]2%*(%32,2%8('%,*%7')%.CE/03*)%2%8(2%,*%72)%.2E02Y7*)R%TE'S*)'E<% 278V('X)% 5% 3'(/*(0,'% MH2EY*Ea<% =>>=O"% 6(% *)/*% )*(/0,'<% )*% ,*/*EV0(2% *7%V',*7'%,*%8(%/E0a(187'%'Y/8)a(187'%*(%*7%[8*%72%S018E2%,*7%TE'S*)'E% '38T2%8(%a(187'%'Y/8)'%5<%*(%)*180,2<%)*%*LT7032(%72)%E2`'(*)%,*%*77'"
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Año 5 Núm. 10 julio-diciembre de 2014
!"#$%&'$(#$)*+,-./#0&#&123&#4$3&565,*&#$(#"&#$32*&*,6(#78),*&#4+,'&+,&#$(#9:%,*.
Figura 1. Triรกngulo interactivo en el escenario del examen escrito
Fuente: elaboraciรณn propia con base en aportaciones teรณricas de Barberรก (2002).
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Año 5 Núm. 10 julio-diciembre de 2014
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Año 5 Núm. 10 julio-diciembre de 2014
Referencias
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!"#$#%&'()*+(&,()-+./0&1&2)-3)%&45)/0&6$%)/7 Referencias
-Y2EE2<% D"% M?PPNO<% i&4V'% *.27]2(% 7')% V2*)/E')j<% *(% (GXFDFL´Q <% (]V"% =N<% .'7"% Q<% 21')/'%?PPN" D28E0<%K"%5%D"%#'3W*E2%M?PPNO<%iATE*(,*E%2%E*1872E%*7%TE'T0'%2TE*(,0`2+*j<%*(%$XOD GH D,,"2$%*6,.:<5%$&*2$<%(]V"%fN<%TT"%@JdI=" D28E0<%K"%M?PPPO<%i p8C%W23*%[8*%*7%278V('%5%72%278V(2%2TE*(,2(%7')%3'(/*(0,')%*)d 3'72E*)Ã&#x201E;j<%*(%&'77<%&"%HW DO <%:0.%",-&'5%&*2*->".+,.+0.$50$<%6)T2^2<%_E24<%TT"%fId?>>" D'E*('<%6"%M=>>QO<%i6L2V*(%,*%8(2%T'7CV032%*(%E*72304(%27%*L2V*(j<%*(%3DHGDJRJLXP<% (]V"%?N<%V25'd+8(0'%=>>Q<%TT"%?@d=Q" F0*/'<%B"%M=>>IO<%(YDOXDFL´Q VLQ H[¢PHQHV 0HGLRV DOWHUQDWLYRV SDUD FRPSUREDU HO DSUHQGL]DMH<% DCL03'<%6,0/'E027%&&;" x(E8Y02<%B"%M?PPPO<%i6()*^2ER%3E*2E%`'(2)%,*%,*)2EE'77'%TE4L0V'%*%0(/*E.*(0E%*(%*772)j<%*(% &'77<%&"%HW DO <%:0.%",-&'5%&*2*->".+,.+0.$50$<%6)T2^2<%_E24<%TT"%?>?d?=@" ZZZZZZZ%M=>>IO<%iATE*(,*E%5%*()*^2E%*(%*(/'E(')%.0E/827*)R%23/0.0,2,%3'(+8(/2<%258,2% T*,2141032%5%3'()/E83304(%,*7%3'('30V0*(/'j<%*(%#6! 5HYLVWD GH (GXFDFL´Q D 'LV &$,%*$(%(]V*E'%V'('1EaS03'%--"% #',E:18*`<%_"%HW DO %M?PPPO<%7+&"<"0"/1$.<+.0$.*,2+-&*/$%*6,.%5$0*&$&*2$<%DCL03'<%6,030'(*)% A7+0Y*" #'V*E'<%B"%5%#"%e2.01(*%M=>>IO<%'LÆ&#x203A;LFXOWDGHV HQ HO DSUHQGL]DMH XQLÆ&#x203A;LFDFL´Q GH FULWHULRV GLDJ ,6-&*%"-<%A(,2783:2<%B8(/2%,*%A(,2783:2d&'()*+*E:2%,*%6,832304(" #80`<%B"%M=>>IO<%iD0(8302)%5%)8/07*`2)%,*7%*L2V*(%*(%*,832304("%-VT23/'%)'30'T*,21410d 3'j<%*(%5HYLVWD ,EHURDPHULFDQD GH (GXFDFL´Q x6-<%(]V"%Qf<%21')/'"% ;6_xH%M=>>NO<%i!0)3'(/0(80,2,*)%,*7%*L2V*("%#*/'E('%,*%72%*.2782304(%E*,8330'(0)/2%5% *L3785*(/*j<%*(%D,,"2$%*6,.+<5%$&*2$<%(]V"%Qf<%.'7"%N<%*(*E'dS*YE*E'<%TT"%IQdfN"% ZZZZZZZ%M=>?@O<%&RQVWLWXFL´Q 3RO®WLFD GH ORV (VWDGRV 8QLGRV 0H[LFDQRV<%DCL03'<%;6_xH" ;69%M=>>?O<%3ODQHDFL´Q GH OD HQVH²DQ]D \ HYDOXDFL´Q GHO DSUHQGL]DMH<%DCL03'<%;69" ZZZZZZZ%M=>>JO<%$FFLRQHV SDUD OD $UWLFXODFL´Q &XUULFXODU <%DCL03'<%;69"% ZZZZZZZ%M=>>P2O<%3ODQ GH (VWXGLRV (GXFDFL´Q %¢VLFD 3ULPDULD<%DCL03'<%;69" ZZZZZZZ%M=>>PYO<%3URJUDPDV GH (VWXGLR 4XLQWR JUDGR (GXFDFL´Q %¢VLFD 3ULPDULD<%DCL03'<%;69"% ZZZZZZZ%M=>?QO<%/D SODQLÆ&#x203A;LFDFL´Q GLG¢FWLFD HQ OD HVFXHOD SULPDULD DD<%DCL03'<%;69" g*E,8`3'<%D"%5%D"%K2T02%M=>?=O<%2UJDQL]DFLRQHV GH OD VRFLHGDG FLYLO SUHVHQWHV HQ ODV HVFXH 0$-(.$5-+,&+-.<+.0$-.?"01&*%$-.+<5%$&*2$-<%DCL03'<%A7/*E(2/0.2)%5%&2T230,2,*)"
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Año 5 Núm. 10 julio-diciembre de 2014
Sobre los autores
Calidad de vida urbana en los hogares de Tijuana y Mexicali, Baja California
Félix Acosta !'3/'E% *(% &0*(302)% ;'3027*)% 3'(% *)T*30270,2,% *(% 6)/8,0')% ,*% 9'Y72304(% T'E% 67% &'7*10'% ,*% DCL03'"% 6)% TE'S*)'Ed0(.*)/012,'E% ,*7% !*T2E/2V*(/'% ,*%6)/8,0')%,*%9'Y72304(%,*%67%&'7*10'%,*%72%kE'(/*E2%F'E/*%,*),*%?PJP"% 6)% V0*VYE'% ,*7% ;0)/*V2% F230'(27% ,*% -(.*)/012,'E*)<% F0.*7% -"% 6(% =>>f% S8*% *7*3/'% 3'V'% 8('% ,*% 7')% )*0)% 0(.*)/012,'E*)% 232,CV03')% ,*7% &'()*+'% F230'(27%,*%6.2782304(%,*%72%9'7:/032%,*%!*)2EE'77'%;'3027%M&xF6gAeO%T2E2% *7%T*E0','%=>>fd=>?>" ;8)%/*V2)%,*%0(.*)/012304(%)'(%S2V0702<%T'YE*`2%5%T'7:/032%)'3027<%% 5%2718(2)%,*%)8)%T8Y703230'(*)%Va)%E*30*(/*)%)'(%*(%3'28/'E:2%3'(%;'7:)<% D"%5%A"%#*5*)%M=>?IO<%i&E0)0)%*3'(4V032<%V01E2304(%0(/*E(2%5%32VY0')%*(% 72%*)/E83/8E2%'38T230'(27%,*%K0+82(2j<%*(%3DSHOHV GH OD 3REODFL´Q%M*(%TE*()2On% *(%3'28/'E:2%3'(%;'7:)<%D"%M=>?@O<%iB*S2/8E2%S*V*(0(2%5%T'7:/032%)'3027j<%*(% 789*%".@"%*$0<%2^'%Q<%(]V"%@f<%V25'<%TT"%=>d=Qn%*(%3'28/'E:2%3'(%;'7:)<%D"%% 5%_"%A7'()'%M=>?=O<%i_E2,'%,*%2TE'T02304(%,*%72%308,2,%5%T*E3*T30'(*)% )'YE*%72%3270,2,%,*%.0,2%*(%308,2,*)%,*%72%SE'(/*E2%('E/*%,*%DCL03'j<%*(% !"#$%&"'<%.'7"%---<%(]V"%f<%+870'd,030*VYE*<%TT"%Nd@>"% &'EE*'%*7*3/E4(03'R%23')/2U3'7*S"VL"
Eduardo González Fagoaga 6)% ,'3/'E% *(% &0*(302)% ;'3027*)% 5% V2*)/E'% *(% !*V'1E2S:2n% 23/827V*(d /*% )*% ,*)*VT*^2% 3'V'% 0(.*)/012,'E% 2)'302,'% *(% 72% &'V0)04(% ,*% ;278,% kE'(/*E0`2% DCL03'd6)/2,')% b(0,')n% W2% /E2Y2+2,'% 3'V'% TE'S*)'E% *(% 72% b(0.*E)0,2,%A8/4('V2%,*%H2+2%&270S'E(02<%2):%3'V'%3''E,0(2,'E%,*%6)d /2,:)/032<% -(.*)/012304(% 5% g0(3872304(% ,*% 72)% 6(38*)/2)% )'YE*% D01E2304(% *(% 72)% kE'(/*E2)% F'E/*% 5% ;8E% ,*% DCL03'% ,*% 67% &'7*10'% ,*% 72% kE'(/*E2% F'E/*"%%;8)%7:(*2)%,*%0(.*)/012304(%2Y2E32(%V01E2304(%5%)278,<%5%,0(aV032% ,*V'1EaS032" ?fP
l2%T8Y7032,'%,0.*E)')%,'38V*(/')R%*(%3'28/'E:2%3'(%D2E/:(*`<%A"%HW DO % M=>?IO<%iD01E2(/)%0(%/E2()0/R%/W*%0VT'E/2(3*%'S%V'(0/'E0(1%l-g%E0)t%2V'(1% V01E2(/%S7'o)%2/%/W*%D*L03'db";"%Y'E,*Ej<%*(%$PHULFDQ -RXUQDO RI 3XEOLF +HDOWK<%2^'%Q<%(]V"%?>I<%V2E`'<%TT"%@PNdI>Pn%*(%3'28/'E:2%3'(%\2T2/2<%#"% HW DO %M=>?@O<%iD'E/270,2,%T'E% g-lX;-!A%*(%72%SE'(/*E2%('E/*%,*%DCL03'R% (0.*7*)% 5% /*(,*(302)% E*30*(/*)j<% *(% 3DSHOHV GH SREODFL´Q<% bA6D<% .'7"% =><% (]V"%NP<%*(*E'dV2E`'<%TT"%QPdN?n%*(%3'28/'E:2%3'(%A(1802('<%D"%M=>?@O<% iKE2()S'EV230'(*)% *(% 72)% E8/2)% ,*% 72% *V01E2304(% V*L032(2% 2% 6)/2,')% b(0,')j<%*(% D²RV GH OD (QFXHVWD VREUH 0LJUDFL´Q HQ OD )URQWHUD 1RUWH GH 789*%"<%&xFA9x<%TT"%??Qd?Qf"% &'EE*'%*7*3/E4(03'R%*,82E,'"1'(`27*`"S21'212U1V207"3'V
Caracterización e impacto de las remesas en la desigualdad de las regiones de México, 2000, 2005 y 2010
Jorge Eugenio de Jesús Mora Tordecillas xY/8.'%*7%1E2,'%,*%V2*)/E:2%*(%63'('V:2%5%F*1'30')%T'E%72%b(0.*E)0,2,% A8/4('V2%-(,:1*(2%,*%DCL03'<%;0(27'2<%5%*)%703*(302,'%*(%&'(/2,8E:2% 9]Y7032%T'E%*7%-K6;D"%A3/827V*(/*%)*%,*)*VT*^2%3'V'%TE'S*)'E%,*%2)01d (2/8E2%H%*(%72%b(0.*E)0,2,%A8/4('V2%,*%;0(27'2%MbA;O%5%*)/a%*(32E12,'% ,*%72%,0E*3304(%,*%72%6)38*72%,*%F*1'30')<%*(%7')%D'3W0)" A718(2)% T8Y703230'(*)% [8*% W2% E*270`2,'% *(% 3'28/'E:2% 3'(% ;2730,'<%k"%5%!"%\2V'E2('%M=>>JO%)'(R%iA(a70)0)%3'VT2E2/0.'%,*%TE*30')% ,*%*VTE*)2)%/E2()(230'(27*)%3'(%*VTE*)2)%7'327*)j%5%iA(a70)0)%,*%72%'S*E/2% 5%72%,*V2(,2%,*7%)*E.030'%,*%0(/*E(*/%T'E%32Y7*%*VTE*)2E027%,*%?>=@%tYT)j<% *(%5HYLVWD GH 6RFLHGDG<%&XOWXUD \ 'HVDUUROOR 6XVWHQWDEOH 5D ;LPKDL<%.'7"%@<% (]V"%=<%V25'd21')/'<%TT"%?=Pd?QN%5%=PIdQ>P<%E*)T*3/0.2V*(/*" &'EE*'%*7*3/E4(03'R%3T+'E1*V/UW'/V207"3'V%
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Año 5 Núm. 10 julio-diciembre de 2014
Sobre los autores
Mario Camberos Castro 6)% ,'3/'E% 5% V2*)/E'% *(% &0*(302)% 63'(4V032)<% T'E% 72% b(0.*E)0,2,% A8/4('V2% ,*% H2+2% &270S'E(02% 5% T'E% 72% b(0.*E)0,2,% A8/4('V2% F2d 30'(27% ,*% DCL03'<% E*)T*3/0.2V*(/*n% *3'('V0)/2% T'E% 72% b(0.*E)0,2,% ,*%_82,272+2E2"%6)%0(.*)/012,'E%/0/872E%!%*(%*7%!*T2E/2V*(/'%,*%63'd ('V:2%5%TE'S*)'E%,*7%T')1E2,'%*(%!*)2EE'77'%#*10'(27%,*7%&*(/E'%,*% -(.*)/012304(% *(% A70V*(/2304(% 5% !*)2EE'77'% A"&"% M&-A!On% 2,*Va)% *)% V0*VYE'% ,*7% ;0)/*V2% F230'(27% ,*% -(.*)/012,'E*)<% F0.*7% --"% 6(% =>??% 'Y/8.'%*7%9E*V0'%F230'(27%,*%-(.*)/012304(%;'3027%5%,*%xT0(04(%9]d Y7032"% ;8)% 7:(*2)% ,*% 0(.*)/012304(% )'(% T'7:/032% *3'(4V032<% Y0*(*)/2E<% V*E32,')%72Y'E27*)%5%*.2782304(%,*%T'7:/032)%T]Y7032)" A718(2)%,*%)8)%T8Y703230'(*)%Va)%E*30*(/*)%)'(R%*(%3'28/'E:2% 3'(%HE232V'(/*)<%B"%M=>?@O<%ie2%3E0)0)%17'Y27<%*7%TE'1E2V2%xT'E/8(0,2d ,*)%5%)8%0VT23/'%*(%72%E*,83304(%,*%72%T'YE*`2%*(%DCL03'j<%*(%5HYLV &$. K*%"0$1&$. <+. :-&5<*"-. :%",6>*%"-<% .'7"% -m Q»P MXOLRÑ&#x161;GLFLHPEUH SS Ñ&#x161; HQ FRDXWRU®D FRQ 6DOFLGR ) \ $ &DUUHUD Ñ£Â&#x20AC;4Xª SDV´ *(%DCL03'%,8E2(/*%72%TE0V*E2%,C32,2%,*7%)017'% mm-Ã&#x201E;%b(2%T*E)T*3/0.2% )'30'*3'(4V032%E*10'(27j<%*(%5HYLVWD &LHQW®Æ&#x203A;LFD -8<<$$1,$<% &--!-#X-9FX ;-FAexA<%.'7"%=<%(]V"%?<%*(*E'd+8(0'<%TT"%?d?>" &'EE*'%*7*3/E4(03'R%V32VY*E')U302,"VL
JoaquÃn Bracamontes Nevárez !'3/'E% 5% V2*)/E'% *(% 63'('V:2% T'E% 72% b(0.*E)0,2,% A8/4('V2% ,*% H2+2%&270S'E(02%5%72%b(0.*E)0,2,%,*%_82,272+2E2n%*)%*3'('V0)/2%,*%70d 3*(302/8E2%T'E%T2E/*%,*%72%b(0.*E)0,2,%,*%;'('E2"%;*%,*)*VT*^2%3'd V'%0(.*)/012,'E%/0/872E%&%*(%*7%!*T2E/2V*(/'%,*%63'('V:2%5%9E'S*)'E% ,*7%9')1E2,'%*(%!*)2EE'77'%#*10'(27%,*7% &-A!n%V0*VYE'%,*7%;0)/*V2% F230'(27% ,*% -(.*)/012,'E*)<% F0.*7% -"% 6(% =>??% S8*% E*3'('30,'% 3'(% *7% 9E*V0'%F230'(27%,*%-(.*)/012304(%;'3027%5%,*%xT0(04(%9]Y7032" ;8)% 7:(*2)% ,*% 0(.*)/012304(% 10E2(% *(% /'E('% 2% 72% T'7:/032% *3'(4V032<%)'3027%5%27%Y0*(*)/2E"%6(/E*%)8)%T8Y703230'(*)%Va)%)'YE*)2d 70*(/*)%)*%*(38*(/E2(R%*(%3'28/'E:2%3'(%&2VY*E')<%D"%M=>?@O<%ie2%3E0)0)%
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17'Y27<% *7% TE'1E2V2% xT'E/8(0,2,*)% 5% )8% 0VT23/'% *(% 72% E*,83304(% ,*% 72%T'YE*`2%*(%DCL03'j<%*(%5HYLVWD 1LFROD®WD GH (VWXGLRV (FRQ´PLFRV<%.'7"% -m Q»P MXOLRÑ&#x161;GLFLHPEUH SS Ñ&#x161; HQ FRDXWRU®D FRQ &DPEHURV 0 5% e"% l8*)32% M=>?@O<% i67% 0VT23/'% *(% 7')% TE0V*E')% 2^')% ,*% 2T7032304(% ,*7%TE'1E2V2%xT'E/8(0,2,*)%T'E%/0T')%,*%T'YE*`2%*(%DCL03'%5%H2+2% &270S'E(02<%=>>=d=>>fj<%*(%(VWXGLRV )URQWHUL]RV<%.'7"?I<%(]V"%Q><%+870'd ,030*VYE*<%TT"%?=Nd?I@" &'EE*'%*7*3/E4(03'R%+'23'U302,"VL
0UJS\ZP}U Ã&#x201E;UHUJPLYH <U HUmSPZPZ PU[YVK\J[VYPV H las diferencias regionales en México
Rigoberto GarcÃa Ochoa 6)%,'3/'E%*(%6)/8,0')%bEY2(')%5%AVY0*(/27*)%T'E%67%&'7*10'%,*%DCL0d 3'n%23/827V*(/*%*)%TE'S*)'Ed0(.*)/012,'E%,*7%!*T2E/2V*(/'%,*%6)/8,0')% bEY2(')%5%D*,0'%AVY0*(/*%,*%67%&'7*10'%,*%72%kE'(/*E2%F'E/*%*(%72%)*,*% ,*%F'127*)<%;'('E2"%6)%V0*VYE'%,*7%;0)/*V2%F230'(27%,*%-(.*)/012,'E*)% M32(,0,2/'O"%;8)%7:(*2)%,*%0(.*)/012304(%)'(%T'YE*`2%*(*E1C/032<%32VY0'% 370Va/03'%5%%)8)/*(/2Y070,2,%8EY2(2" k8*%1272E,'(2,'%3'(%*7%9E*V0'%_8)/2.'%&2YE*E2%A3*.*,'%T'E% *7%V*+'E%/E2Y2+'%,*%0(.*)/012304(%*(%6)/8,0')%bEY2(')%5%AVY0*(/27*)%*(% =>??% 5% E*30Y04% 8(2% V*(304(% W'('E:S032% ,*7% -()/0/8/'% e2/0('2V*E032('% 5%,*7%&2E0Y*%,*%972(0S032304(%63'(4V032%5%;'3027%M-e96;O%5%72%&'V0)04(% 63'(4V032%T2E2%AVCE032%e2/0(2%5%*7%&2E0Y*%M&69AeO%*(%*7%V2E3'%,*%72)% 9E0V*E2)%B'E(2,2)%,*%972(0S032304(%63'(4V032%5%;'3027%=>?Q" &'EE*'%*7*3/E4(03'R%E01'U3'7*S"VL
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Año 5 Núm. 10 julio-diciembre de 2014
Sobre los autores
MarÃa de Lourdes Romo Aguilar 6)%1*41E2S2%3'(%,'3/'E2,'%*(%&0*(302)%;'3027*)%3'(%*)T*30270,2,%*(%#*d 7230'(*)%,*%9',*E%5%&87/8E2%9'7:/032%T'E%72%b(0.*E)0,2,%A8/4('V2%D*d /E'T'70/2(2% 5% V2*)/E2% *(% A,V0(0)/E2304(% -(/*1E27% ,*7% AVY0*(/*% T'E% 67%&'7*10'%,*%72%kE'(/*E2%F'E/*"%D0*VYE'%,*7%;0)/*V2%F230'(27%,*%-(d .*)/012,'E*)%,*),*%=>>N<%23/827V*(/*%F0.*7%--" 9E'S*)'E2d0(.*)/012,'E2%,*7%!*T2E/2V*(/'%,*%6)/8,0')%bEY2(')% 5%D*,0'%AVY0*(/*%,*%67%&'7*10'%,*%72%kE'(/*E2%F'E/*%3'(%)*,*%*(%&08d ,2,%B8aE*`"%;8)%0(.*)/01230'(*)%W2(%2Y'E,2,'%/*V2)%)'YE*%1*)/04(%5%T'd 7:/032% 2VY0*(/27% *(% E*72304(% 3'(% 'E,*(2V0*(/'% ,*7% /*EE0/'E0'<% 2):% 3'V'% .87(*E2Y070,2,%2%E0*)1')%2VY0*(/27*)%5%32VY0'%370Va/03'" 6(/E*% )8)% ]7/0V')% 70YE')% T8Y7032,')% )*% *(38*(/E2(R% M=>?QO<% D,4 WHUDFFLRQHV WUDQVIURQWHUL]DV /D UHJL´Q SDVR GHO QRUWH GHVGH OD HFRQRP®D OD SRO®WL %$(.+0.>+<*".$>;*+,&+.3.0$.%50&5'$<%67%&'7*10'%,*%&W0W82W82n%M=>>PO<%J+-&*6,. DPELHQWDO \ SDUWLFLSDFL´Q FLXGDGDQD HQ HO HVWDGR GH &KLKXDKXD FXDWUR FDVRV GH +-&5<*"<%67%&'7*10'%,*%72%kE'(/*E2%F'E/*<%T'E%V*(30'(2E%2718(')" &'EE*'%*7*3/E4(03'R%7E'V'U3'7*S"VL
Jorge Alberto Muñan Valencia &8*(/2%3'(%*)/8,0')%,*%V2*)/E:2%*(%63'('V:2%AT7032,2%T'E%67%&'7*10'%,*% 72%kE'(/*E2%F'E/*n%*)%*3'('V0)/2%T'E%72%b(0.*E)0,2,%A8/4('V2%,*%&08,2,% B8aE*`"%A3/827V*(/*%)*%,*)*VT*^2%3'V'%/C3(03'%232,CV03'%*(%72%)*,*%,*% F'127*)<% ;'('E2% ,*% 67% &'7*10'% ,*% 72% kE'(/*E2% F'E/*"% ;8% TE0(30T27% 7:(*2%% ,*%0(.*)/012304(%)*%*(V2E32%*(%72%*3'('V:2%E*10'(27%5%*)T23027"
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Las tecnologías cívicas como herramientas ciudadanas para la innovación social
María Cristina Girardo Pierdominici 6)% ,'3/'E2% *(% 9*,21'1:2% T'E% T2E/*% ,*% 72% b(0.*E)0/å% ,*170% ;/8,0% ,0% K'E0('<%K8E:(<%-/2702<%5%38*(/2%3'(%8(%)*18(,'%,'3/'E2,'%*(%6)/8,0')% e2/0('2V*E032(')%T'E%72%bFAD<%DCL03'"%;*%,*)*VT*^2%3'V'%TE'S*)'E2d 0(.*)/012,'E2% ,*% /0*VT'% 3'VT7*/'% *(% 67% &'7*10'% D*L0[8*()*<% A"&"n% 3''E,0(2,'E2%,*7%aE*2%-()/0/830'(*)<%9'7:/032)%9]Y7032)%5%;'30*,2,%&0.07"% 6)% V0*VYE'% MS8(,2,'EO% ,*% 72% #*,% F230'(27% ,*% 6)/8,0')% )'YE*% K*E3*E% ;*3/'E%,*%72%#*,%,*%!*)2EE'77'%K*EE0/'E027%5%6VT7*'%T2E2%AVCE032%e2/0d (2%5%*7%&2E0Y*<%2):%3'V'%,*7%;0)/*V2%F230'(27%,*%-(.*)/012,'E*)<%F0.*7%-" ;8)%7:(*2)%,*%0(.*)/012304(%)*%'E0*(/2(%2%*)/8,0')%)'YE*%,*)2EE'd 77'%7'327<%3'V'%S'EV2304(%,*%21*(/*)<%/*EE0/'E0270`2304(%,*%T'7:/032)%T]Y70d 32)%7'327*)<%*,832304(%T2E2%*7%,*)2EE'77'n%*)/8,0')%)'YE*%'E12(0`230'(*)%,*% 72%)'30*,2,%30.07<%3'V'%*VT7*'<%TE'S*)0'(270`2304(<%E*)T'()2Y070,2,%)'d 3027<%T2E/030T2304(%308,2,2(2<%5%*)/8,0')%)'YE*%3''T*E2304(%0(/*E(230'd (27%5%*S032302%,*%72%258,2%27%,*)2EE'77'" l2% T2E/030T2,'% 3'V'% 0(.*)/012,'E2% *(% .2E0')% TE'5*3/')% 5% W2% T8Y7032,'%8(%1E2(%(]V*E'%,*%2E/:387')%*(%E*.0)/2)%5%T*E04,03')<%2):%3'd V'%32T:/87')%*(%,0.*E)')%70YE')n%/0*(*%8(2%T2E/030T2304(%V85%23/0.2%3'V'% T'(*(/*<%3'(S*E*(30)/2%5%3'V*(/2E0)/2%*(%,0.*E)')%T2:)*)"% &'EE*'%*7*3/E4(03'R%3"10E2E,'UW'/V207"3'V
Prudencio Oscar Mochi Alemán &8*(/2%3'(%8(%,'3/'E2,'%*(%&0*(302)%9'7:/032)%T'E%72%b(0.*E)0/å%,*170% ;/8,0% ,0% K'E0('<% K8E:(<% -/2702<% 5% '/E'% *(% 6)/8,0')% e2/0('2V*E032(')% T'E% T2E/*% ,*% 72% bFAD<% DCL03'"% 6)% TE'S*)'Ed0(.*)/012,'E% ,*7% &*(/E'% #*10'(27% ,*% -(.*)/01230'(*)% D87/0,0)30T70(2E02)dbFAD% 5% 3'()87/'E% ,*% &69Ae% 5% kxD-FdH-!% *(% TE'5*3/')% ,*% !*)2EE'77'% e'327n% V0*VYE'% ,*7% ;0)/*V2%F230'(27%,*%-(.*)/012,'E*)<%F0.*7% -%5%,*%72%#*,%,*%!*)2EE'77'% K*EE0/'E027%5%6VT7*'%T2E2%AVCE032%e2/0(2%5%*7%&2E0Y*<%2):%3'V'%,*%'/E2)% ?N@
Año 5 Núm. 10 julio-diciembre de 2014
Sobre los autores
E*,*)%Va)<%(230'(27*)%*%0(/*E(230'(27*)<%*%0(.*)/012,'E%,*7%&#-DdbFAD<% E*)T'()2Y7*%,*7%TE'1E2V2%&2VY0'%D8(,027%*%-(/*E(230'(270`2304(" ;8)%7:(*2)%,*%0(.*)/012304(%)'(%17'Y270`2304(%5%,*)2EE'77'%7'327<% T'7')%/*3('74103')<%2TE'T02304(%,*%/*3('7'1:2)%,*%72%0(S'EV2304(%5%3'V8d (032304(%*(%E*10'(*)%,*%DCL03'%,*%27/'%5%V85%27/'%E*`21'%)'3027<%)'30*,2,% 30.07%'E12(0`2,2%3'V'%21*(/*%,*%,*)2EE'77'<%,*)2EE'77'%5%/*EE0/'E0'" 6(/E*%8(%)0((]V*E'%,*%T8Y703230'(*)%*(%72)%[8*%W2%T2E/030T2d ,'<%)'YE*)27*(%*(%3'28/'E:2%3'(%_0E2E,'<%&"%M=>?=O<%/DV 2UJDQL]DFLRQHV GH 0$.@"%*+<$<.!*2*0.+,.789*%".3.0$.%""?+'$%*6,.*,&+',$%*",$0.?$'$.+0.<+-$''"00"<% DCL03'<%67%&'7*10'%D*L0[8*()*<%5%/D FRQVWUXFFL´Q GH DOLDQ]DV HQ WHUULWRULRV GH DOWD \ PX\ DOWD PDUJLQDFL´Q (O FDVR GH ORV &HQWURV &RPXQLWDULRV GH $SUHQGL]DMH%M=>??O<%DCL03'<%b(0.*E)0,2,%,*%_82(2+82/'X&6D6k-" &'EE*'%*7*3/E4(03'R%V'3W0TE8,*(30'U1V207"3'V
Lucía Abelenda Casalet xY/8.'%*7%1E2,'%,*%V2*)/E2%*(%&0*(302)%;'3027*)%T'E%72%k2387/2,%e2/0d ('2V*E032(2% ,*% &0*(302)% ;'3027*)% MkeA&;xO% )*,*% DCL03'"% 6)% T2E/*% ,*7% *[80T'% ,*% K*3('7'1:2% T2E2% *7% &2VY0'% ;'3027% ,*% k8(,2304(% A.0(2<% ,'(,*%3''E,0(2%*7%k'(,'%A3*7*E2,'E%[8*%)*%'E0*(/2%2%S0(2(302E%TE'5*3d /')% ,*% /*3('7'1:2% [8*% *)/0V87*(% *)/E2/*102)% 3'7*3/0.2)% ,*% 32VY0'% )'3027%% *(% AVCE032% e2/0(2<% *)T*3027V*(/*% *(% aE*2)% 8EY2(2)"% l2% T2E/030T2,'% 3'd V'%0(.*)/012,'E2%5%2)*)'E2%*(%,0)/0(/')%TE'5*3/')%.0(3872,')%3'(%/*V2)% 3'V'%/*3('7'1:2%,*%72%0(S'EV2304(%5%3'V8(032304(<%'E12(0`230'(*)%0(d /*EV*,02)%5%1'Y0*E('%2Y0*E/'" ;8)% 7:(*2)% ,*% 0(.*)/012304(% )'(% (8*.2)% /*3('7'1:2)<% )'30*d%% ,2,% 30.07<% E*)T'()2Y070,2,% )'3027% 5% *VTE*)2E027<% 1'Y0*E('% 2Y0*E/'"% b('% ,*%)8)%2E/:387')%Va)%)'YE*)270*(/*)%*)R%iF8*.2)%V',270,2,*)%,*%*(723*%5% .0(3872304(%*(%*7%32VT'%,*%72%E*)T'()2Y070,2,%)'3027%*VTE*)2E027j%M=>??O<% *(%D,,"2$&*",.5,&(&<%.'7"%Q<%(]V"%?" &'EE*'%*7*3/E4(03'R%72Y*7*(,2U1V207"3'V
?NI
Sobre los autores
El examen escrito. La ayuda pedagógica en la educación básica primaria en México
Emilio García Martínez D2*)/E'%*(%-(.*)/012304(%,*%72%6,832304(%T'E%T2E/*%,*7%-()/0/8/'%;8T*E0'E% ,*%&0*(302)%,*%72%6,832304(%,*7%6)/2,'%,*%DCL03'%M-;&66DO%5%703*(302,'%% *(%A(/E'T'7'1:2%;'3027%T'E%72%bA6D"%&8*(/2%3'(%72%3*E/0S032304(%,*%A)*d )'E%*(%e:(*2%T'E%72%bFAD%5%72%3*E/0S032304(%*(%&'VT*/*(302)%e*3/'E2)%T'E% *7%K*3('74103'%,*%D'(/*EE*5<%&2VT8)%K'7832"%A3/827V*(/*%*)%TE'S*)'E% *(%72%k2387/2,%,*%e*(182)%,*%72%bA6D"%;8%TE0(30T27%7:(*2%,*%0(.*)/012d 304(%)*%*(S'32%*(%)8+*/')<%T',*E<%,0)38E)'%5%.*E,2,%*(%72%*,832304(" &'EE*'%*7*3/E4(03'R%12E*V07Z?>UW'/V207"3'V
Arturo Pérez Flores &8*(/2%3'(%*)/8,0')%,*%,'3/'E2,'%*(%&0*(302)%,*%72%6,832304("%A3/827d V*(/*%*)%)8Y3''E,0(2,'E%,*%9')1E2,'%5%TE'S*)'E%*(%72%b(0.*E)0,2,%,*% A/723'V873'"% 9E'S*)'E% ,*% 72% k2387/2,% ,*% &'(/2,8E:2% 5% A,V0(0)/E2304(% ,*% 72% bA6D"% l2% E*270`2,'% 0(.*)/012304(% )'YE*% >$'M+&*,/% *,832/0.'% 5% /E2(),0)30T70(2E0*,2,%*(%72%*,832304(%5%)8%.:(387'%3'(%72%(*8E'30*(302" &'EE*'%*7*3/E4(03'R%2"T*E*`U8,2/"*,8"VL
?Nf
Año 5 Núm. 10 julio-diciembre de 2014
Normas para la recepción de originales I. Generalidades !"#$%&"'.*)%8(2%E*.0)/2%232,CV032<%*,0/2,2%T'E%*7%&'()*+'%,*%-(.*)/012304(%5% 6.2782304(%,*%72%9'7:/032%;'3027%,*7%6)/2,'%,*%DCL03'%M&-69;O<%[8*%,0S8(,*% 0(.*)/01230'(*)%'E010(27*)%*(%V2/*E02%,*%,*)2EE'77'%)'3027"%e2)%3'(/E0Y8d 30'(*)% )'(% E*)87/2,'% ,*% *)/8,0')% 2T7032,')% [8*% TE*)*(/2(% 2.2(3*)% *(% 72% ,0)38)04(%,*%*)/*%32VT'" % 6)/2%E*.0)/2%/0*(*%3'V'%'Y+*/0.'%)*E%8(%*)T230'%T2E2%72%,0)38)04(%5% 72%3E:/032%*(%*7%aVY0/'%,*7%,*)2EE'77'%)'3027n%27%V0)V'%/0*VT'<%Y8)32%3'()d /0/80E)*%3'V'%8(%E*S*E*(/*%'Y7012,'%*(%72%V2/*E02%T2E2%7')%E*)T'()2Y7*)% ,*%72%/'V2%,*%,*30)0'(*)%18Y*E(2V*(/27*)<%2):%3'V'%T2E2%0(.*)/012,'E*)<% 232,CV03')%5%*)/8,02(/*)" % e2%/*Va/032%TE0(30T27%0(/*1E2%2(a70)0)%*%0(.*)/01230'(*)%,*%,0S*E*(d /*)%30*(302)%)'3027*)%*(%V2/*E02)%3'V'%T'YE*`2<%V2E10(2304(<%*L378)04(<% ,*)01827,2,<%1C(*E'<%V01E2304(<%*,832304(<%)278,<%12)/'%)'3027<%,*V'1E2d S:2%5%Y0*(*)/2E<%*(/E*%'/E')" % e')%2E/:387')%3'(/*(0,')%)'(%E*)T'()2Y070,2,%*L378)0.2%,*7%28/'E% 5%('%(*3*)2E02V*(/*%3'0(30,*(%3'(%72%'T0(04(%,*%72%0()/0/8304("%K',')%7')% 'E010(27*)%[8*%)*%*(/E*18*(%T2E2%)8%T8Y7032304(%T2)2Ea(%T'E%8(%TE'3*)'% *,0/'E027%[8*%)*%,*)2EE'772Ea%*(%.2E02)%S2)*)"%9'E%*77'<%*)%(*3*)2E0'%[8*%)8% TE*)*(/2304(%)012%30*E/2)%('EV2)%T2E2%S23070/2E%72%*,0304(%5%*.0/2E%*7%E*/E2d )'%,*%72)%T8Y703230'(*)" II. Criterios de evaluación e')% 2E/:387')% ,*Y*Ea(% )*E% E*)87/2,'% ,*% 8(2% 0(.*)/012304(% 30*(/:S032% [8*% 'SE*`32%2T'E/230'(*)%E*7*.2(/*)%T2E2%*7%*)/8,0'%,*%TE'Y7*V2)%)'3027*)" % 67% V2/*E027% E*30Y0,'% )*% )'V*/*Ea% 2% 8(% 2EY0/E2+*% V*,02(/*% TE'd 3*,0V0*(/')%2%,'Y7*%30*1'%5%)*%372)0S032Ea%,*%238*E,'%3'(%*7%-RXUQDO RI (FR QRPLF /LWHUDWXUH%M-(/O%&ODVLƛLFDWLRQ 6\VWHP" %% b(2% .*`% *)/0T872,'% [8*% *7% 2E/:387'% 38VT7*% 3'(% 7')% E*[80)0/')% *)/2d Y7*30,')%T'E%72%E*.0)/2<%)*Ea%*(.02,'%2%,')%aEY0/E')<%[80*(*)%,*/*EV0(2Ea(%*(% S'EV2%2(4(0V2R%2O%T8Y7032E%)0(%32VY0')<%YO%T8Y7032E%382(,'%)*%W252(%38Vd T70,'%72)%3'EE*330'(*)%V*('E*)<%3O%T8Y7032E%8(2%.*`%[8*%)*%W252%*S*3/82,'%8(2% E*.0)04(%2%S'(,'%'%,O%E*3W2`2E"%6(%32)'%,*%,0)3E*T2(302%*(/E*%7')%E*)87/2,')<%*7% /*L/'%)*Ea%*(.02,'%2%8(%/*E3*E%aEY0/E'<%3852%,*30)04(%,*S0(0Ea%)8%T8Y7032304("% e')%E*)87/2,')%,*7%TE'3*)'%,*%,03/2V*(%232,CV03'%)*Ea(%0(2T*72Y7*)%*(%/',')% 7')%32)')"%e')%/E2Y2+')%*(.02,')%T'E%232,CV03')%,*%2718(2%0()/0/8304(%)*Ea(% )0*VTE*%)'V*/0,')%2%3'()0,*E2304(%,*%aEY0/E')%*L/*E(')%2%*772" ?NN
Normas para la recepción de originales % 67M7')O% 28/'EM*)O% 3'(3*,*M(O% 2% !"#$%&"'% *7% T*EV0)'% T2E2% [8*% )8% V2/*E027% )*% ,0S8(,2% *(% 72% E*.0)/2% 5% *(% V*,0')% V21(C/03')% 5% S'/'1EaS03')"% e')% ,*E*3W')% T2/E0V'(027*)% ,*% 7')% 2E/:387')% T8Y7032,')% *(% 72% E*.0)/2% 7*% )'(% 3*,0,')% 2% !"#$%&"'% /E2)% 72% 23*T/2304(% 232,CV032% 5% *,0/'E027% ,*7% 'E010d (27%T2E2%[8*%C)/*%)*%T8Y70[8*%5%,0)/E0Y852<%/2(/'%*(%.*E)04(%0VTE*)2%3'V'% *7*3/E4(032n% 2)0V0)V'<% *7M7')O% 28/'EM*)O% 3'()*E.2M(O% )8)% ,*E*3W')% V'E27*)% 3'(S'EV*%7'%*)/2Y7*3*%72%7*5"%67%28/'E%TE0(30T27%E*30Y0Ea%8(%S'EV2/'%,*%3*d )04(%,*%,*E*3W')%T2/E0V'(027*)%[8*%,*Y*Ea%S0EV2E<%*(%*7%*(/*(,0,'%,*%[8*% W2%'Y/*(0,'%*7%3'()*(/0V0*(/'%,*%7')%,*Va)%28/'E*)<%)0%7')%W8Y0*E*"%9'E%'/E2% T2E/*<%7')%28/'E*)%T',Ea(%8)2E%*7%V2/*E027%,*%)8%2E/:387'%*(%'/E')%/E2Y2+')%'% 70YE')%[8*%T8Y70[8*(%T')/*E0'EV*(/*<%3'(%72%3'(,0304(%,*%30/2E%2%!"#$%&"'% 3'V'%72%S8*(/*%'E010(27%,*%7')%/*L/')"%6)%E*)T'()2Y070,2,%,*7%28/'E%'Y/*(*E% T'E%*)3E0/'%72%28/'E0`2304(%3'EE*)T'(,0*(/*%T2E2%W23*E%8)'%,*%/','%2[8*7% V2/*E027%[8*%S'EV*%T2E/*%,*%)8%2E/:387'%5%[8*%)*%*(38*(/E*%TE'/*10,'%T'E%72% e*5%k*,*E27%,*7%!*E*3W'%,*%A8/'E" III. Formato de presentación ?"%67%0(.*)/012,'E%,*Y*Ea%TE*)*(/2E%*7%/E2Y2+'%3'VT7*/'%*(%)8%.*E)04(%S0(27<% 52%[8*%('%)*%2,V0/0Ea(%32VY0')%8(2%.*`%0(0302,'%*7%TE'3*)'%,*%,03/2V*(% 5%TE',83304(" ="%e2%0(.*)/012304(%,*Y*Ea%*(.02E)*%.:2%3'EE*'%*7*3/E4(03'%2%72%)0180*(/*% ,0E*3304(R%E*.0)/23'S23/'E30*T)U1V207"3'V% Q"%67%28/'E%,*Y*Ea%*(/E*12E%8(2%32E/2%*(%72%[8*%,*372E*%[8*%*7%*)/8,0'%*)% 'E010(27<%0(C,0/'%5%[8*%('%W2%)0,'%*(.02,'%T2E2%)8%T8Y7032304(%2%'/E2% E*.0)/2% '% V*,0'% *7*3/E4(03'<% (0% )*% W2% TE*)*(/2,'% 3'V'% T'(*(302% *(% 3'(1E*)')%[8*%T8Y7032Ea(%72%V*V'E02%,*7%*.*(/'" @"%e2%3'72Y'E2304(%,*Y*Ea%0(3780E%72%)0180*(/*%0(S'EV2304(R è% 6(% 72% TE0V*E2% Ta10(2% ,*Y*Ea% 2T2E*3*E% *7% /:/87'% ,*7% 2E/:387'<% *7M7')O% ('VYE*M)O% ,*7M7')O% 28/'EM*)O<% 72% 372)0S032304(% B6e<% 8(% YE*.*% 70)/2,'% ,*% T272YE2)% 372.*% M*(% *)T2^'7% *% 0(17C)O% 5% S03W2% 38EE03872E% MS'EV2304(% 232,CV032<% [80C(% *)% 5% ,4(,*% /E2Y2+2<% 7:(*2)%,*%0(.*)/012304(<%T8Y703230'(*)%Va)%E*30*(/*)%5%3'EE*'% *7*3/E4(03'O%,*7M7')O%28/'EM*)O<%,*)01(2(,'%27%E*)T'()2Y7*%T2d E2%*7%)*180V0*(/'%,*7%TE'3*)'%,*%,03/2V*(<%2):%3'V'%)8%/E2,83d 304(%*(%*7%0,0'V2%0(17C)"
?NJ
Año 5 Núm. 10 julio-diciembre de 2014
è%e2%Ta10(2%)0180*(/*%3'(/*(,Ea%*7%/:/87'%,*7%*)/8,0'%)0(%*)T*30S0d 32E%72%28/'E:2<%2%*S*3/'%,*%12E2(/0`2E%[8*%*7%TE'3*)'%,*%)*7*3d 304(%)*2%2(4(0V'" è%b(%E*)8V*(%M*(%*)T2^'7%*%0(17C)O%,*7%2E/:387'%3'(%8(2%*L/*(d )04(%,*%?>>d?I>%T272YE2)<%01827V*(/*%3'(%)8%/E2,83304(%*(%*7% 0,0'V2%0(17C)" I"%67%/*L/'%*7*3/E4(03'%,*Y*Ea%)*E%*)3E0/'%*(%/2V2^'%32E/2%)0(%)2(1E:2)<%3'(% 270(*2304(% +8)/0S032,2<% *(% S8*(/*% AE027% 2% ?=% T8(/')% T2E2% *7% 38*ET'% ,*7% /*L/'%3*(/E27%5%2%?>%T8(/')%T2E2%72)%('/2)%2%T0*%,*%Ta10(2"%67%0(/*E70(*2d ,'%,*Y*Ea%)*E%,*%?"I<%5%,'Y7*%T2E2%0(,032E%8(%TaEE2S'%(8*.'"%67%S'EV2/'% ,*Y*Ea%)*E%3'VT2/0Y7*%3'(%7')%TE'1E2V2)%*)/a(,2E*)%,*%TE'3*)2V0*(d% /'%,*%/*L/'" f"%e2%*L/*()04(%7:V0/*%,*7%2E/:387'%)*Ea%,*%QI%Ta10(2)<%0(3785*(,'%382,E')<% 1EaS03')<%S018E2)<%,021E2V2)<%30/2)%5%Y0Y70'1E2S:2" N"% e2)% S'/'1E2S:2)% ,*Y*Ea(% )*E% *(/E*12,2)% ,*% S'EV2% 0(,*T*(,0*(/*% *(% S'EV2/'%9;!<%B9_%'%K-k%3'(%E*)'78304(%V:(0V2%,*%Q>>%,T0" J"%e2)%/2Y72)%)*%,*Y*(%TE*)*(/2E%*,0/2Y7*)%*(%6L3*7%'%z'E,<%5%7')%V2T2)%5% 1EaS03')%,*Y*Ea(%0(/*1E2E)*%.*3/'E0`2,')%*(%S'EV2/'% 69;%'% A-%*(%3'7'E% M92(/'(*%&<%VaL0V'%@%3'7'E*)O"% P"%K',')%7')%*)[8*V2)%,*Y*Ea(%3'(/*(*E%)8%E*)T*3/0.2%7*5*(,2%5%)*E%0,*(d /0S032,')%3'(%*7%('VYE*%,*7%28/'E%M)*%)810*E*%*.0/2E%0VT'E/2E7')%,*),*% z'E,%T2E2%('%T*E,*E%3270,2,O" ?>"%A7%8/070`2E%T'E%TE0V*E2%.*`%8(2%)0172<%2YE*.02/8E2%'%23E4(0V'<%)*%,*Y*% 'SE*3*E%)8%*[80.27*(302%3'VT7*/2%5%2%3'(/0(82304(<%*(/E*%T2EC(/*)0)<%% 72%)0172%'%2YE*.02/8E2%[8*%T')/*E0'EV*(/*%)*%*VT7**" ??"%e2%0(378)04(%,*%/CEV0(')%/C3(03')%*)/a%3'(,030'(2,2%2%72%372E2%*LT7032d 304(%[8*%,*%*77')%)*%'SE*`32" ?="%;0%*(%*7%/*L/'%S8*E2(%0(3780,2)%T272YE2)%*(%'/E'%0,0'V2<%)*%E*3'V0*(,2%% 2('/2E%,*%0(V*,02/'%72%/E2,83304(%*(/E*%T2EC(/*)0)" ?Q"% e2)% 30/2)% /*L/827*)% 8)2Ea(% 72% ('/2304(% l2E.2E,R% TE0V*E% 2T*770,'% ,*7% 28/'E%5%2^'%,*%72%T8Y7032304(<%5<%)0%*)%*7%32)'<%(]V*E'%,*%Ta10(2<%/','% ?NP
Normas para la recepción de originales *(/E*%T2EC(/*)0)"%6+"%MH*E/W0*E<%=>>@O"%A)0V0)V'<%)*%)'7030/2%30/2E%,*%72% )0180*(/*%V2(*E2R è%&82(,'%)*%8/0703*%8(2%'YE2%*)3E0/2%T'E%,')%28/'E*)<%)*%3'7'32Ea% *(% 72% E*S*E*(302% *7% 2T*770,'% ,*% 2VY')% )*T2E2,')% T'E% Ü5Ñ"% 6+"% Mz2/`72o03t%5%F2E,'(*<%=>>>O"% è%6(%*7%32)'%,*%'YE2)%3'(%Va)%,*%,')%28/'E*)<%)*%3'7'32Ea%,*)d T8C)%,*7%TE0V*E%('VYE*%72%2YE*.02/8E2%*/%27"%*(%38E)0.2)%,*(d /E'%,*7%T2EC(/*)0)"%6+"%Mz2/`72o03t%+&.$0"<%=>>=R%@PdI=O" è%&82(,'%)*%V*(30'(2%2%Va)%,*%8(%28/'E%,*(/E'%,*%8(2%E*S*E*(d 302<% )*% )*T2E2Ea% 2% 32,2% 8('% 5% )8% E*)T*3/0.2% 'YE2% 8/070`2(,'% T8(/'%5%3'V2"%6+"%Mq8W(<%?PN?n%9'TT*E<%?PN=n%K2E)t0<%?PIfO" è%;0%7')%28/'E*)%)*%*(8V*E2(%S8*E2%,*%72%E*S*E*(302<%)*%3'7'32Ea% *(/E*%T2EC(/*)0)%*7%2^'%,*%T8Y7032304(%,*%72%'YE2"%6+"%K2(/'% q8W(%M?PN?O%3'V'%9'TT*E%M?PN=O%5%K2E)t0%M?PIfO%T72(/*2(é è%&82(,'%)*%8/070`2(%E*S*E*(302)%,*%28/'E*)%2%)8%.*`%E*S*E0,')% T'E% '/E')% 28/'E*)<% )*% *)3E0Y0Ea% i30/2,'% *(j% *(/E*% *7% ('VYE*% ,*7%TE0V*E'%5%*7%('VYE*%,*7%)*18(,'n%)*%0(,032Ea<%2,*Va)<%*7% 2^'%,*%72)%E*)T*3/0.2)%T8Y703230'(*)"%6+"%Me*((2E,%5%H*E)/*0(<% ?Pf>n%30/2,')%*(%z2/`72o03t%+&.$0"<%=>>=O" è% &82(,'% )*% 8/0703*% 8(% /*L/'% *L/E2:,'% ,*% 271](% V*,0'% ,*% T8d Y7032304(%T*E04,032%)*%30/2Ea%01827%[8*%72)%E*S*E*(302)%Y0Y70'd 1EaS032)n%382(,'%('%*)/C%S0EV2,'%T'E%8(%28/'E<%)*%,*Y*Ea%8/070d `2E%*7%('VYE*%,*7%T*E04,03'%*(%7812E%,*7%28/'E"%6+"%M:0.J5$'<*I,<% =>>@R%?AO" è%A,*Va)<%382(,'%72%*L/*()04(%,*%72%30/2%)*2%V25'E%2%8(%E*(d 174(%5%V*('E%2%382/E'<%)*%3'7'32Ea%,*(/E'%,*7%TaEE2S'%5%*(/E*% 3'V0772)" è% &82(,'% 72% 30/2% /*L/827% T')*2% 8(2% *L/*()04(% V25'E% 2% 30(3'% E*(17'(*)<%)*%*)3E0Y0Ea(%,')%T8(/')%5%72%30/2%)*%3'7'32Ea%,')%E*(d 17'(*)% 2Y2+'% 3'(% /0T'1E2S:2% ,*% ??% T8(/')% 5% V2E1*(% 0`[80*E,'% V25'E" è%!*%)*E%(*3*)2E0'%*7%8)'%,*%('/2)%2372E2/'E02)<%C)/2)%)*%)*^272d Ea(% 3'(% 2)/*E0)3')% )0% )'(% V*(')% ,*% /E*)n% *(% 32)'% 3'(/E2E0'<% 3'(.0*(*%8)2E%72%(8V*E2304(%2EaY012"%A7%S0(27%72)%('/2)%,*Y*(% TE*30)2E% )8% 'E01*(R% à6"â% )0% TE'.0*(*% ,*7% *,0/'E<% àK"â% T2E2% *7% /E2,83/'E%5%à&'VT"â%T2E2%*7%3'VT072,'E" ?@"%e2%Y0Y70'1E2S:2%)*%'E,*(2Ea%27S2YC/032V*(/*%27%S0(27%,*7%,'38V*(/'%5% ,*%01827%S'EV2%)*%)*180Ea%*7%S'EV2/'%,*7%;0)/*V2%l2E.2E,"%A%3'(/0(82d
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Año 5 Núm. 10 julio-diciembre de 2014
304(%)*%TE*)*(/2%72%V2(*E2%,*%0(3780E%*)/2%0(S'EV2304(%*(%72%70)/2%,*% E*S*E*(302)%T2E2%72)%S8*(/*)%,'38V*(/27*)%Va)%SE*38*(/*)" è%"#! $%&'()% AT*770,'% ,*7% 28/'E<% 0(03027% ,*7% ('VYE*% M2^'% ,*% T8Y7032304(O<%&1&50"<%(]V*E'%,*%.'78V*(%)0%*)%(*3*)2E0'<%(]V*E'% ,*%*,0304(%)0%('%*)%72%TE0V*E2<%308,2,%,*%*,0304(<%*,0/'E027" % 6+"%k'83287/<%D"%M=>>=O<%A*-&"'*$.<+.0$.0"%5'$.+,.0$.8?"%$.%0I-*%$<%.'7"% --<%('.*(2%E*0VTE*)04(<%DCL03'<%k'(,'%,*%&87/8E2%63'(4V032" è%"#$!*%+*(!,-.('!/!0#$!*%+*(!,1()!A8/'E<%0(03027%,*7%('VYE*% M2^'%,*%T8Y7032304(%5%7*/E2%,*%0,*(/0S032304(%2)01(2,2%*(%'E,*(% 27S2YC/03'O%5%7')%V0)V')%,2/')%,*7%32)'%2(/*E0'E"% % 6+"%q0*Et*122E,<%;"%M=>>=2O<%(O DPRU \ OD UHOLJL´Q 3XQWRV GH YLVWD<% DCL03'<%_E8T'%6,0/'E027%K'V'" % q0*Et*122E,<%;"%M=>>=YO<%)*$'*".<+.5,.-+<5%&"'<%DCL03'<%_E8T'% 6,0/'E027%K'V'" è%"(+!,-.('#+)%AT*770,'<%0(03027%,*7%('VYE*%i5j%0(03027%,*7%('VYE*% ,*7%)*18(,'%28/'E"%AT*770,'%,*7%)*18(,'%28/'E%5%7')%V0)V')%,2d /')%[8*%*(%*7%TE0V*E%32)'"%M6(%32)'%,*%/*(*E%8(%/*E3*E%28/'E<% )47'%*7%]7/0V'%3'V*(`2Ea%T'E%72%0(03027%,*7%('VYE*<%)*180,'%,*% )8%2T*770,'"O % 6+"%e8WV2((<%F"%5%#"%,*%_*'E10%M?PPQO<%H+"'1$.<+.0$.-"%*+<$<<% *,0304(%2%32E1'%,*%B2.0*E%K'EE*)%F2.2EE2/*<%DCL03'<%b(0.*E)0,2,% ,*%_82,272+2E2Xb(0.*E)0,2,%-Y*E'2V*E032(2X-()/0/8/'%,*%6)/8d ,0')%;8T*E0'E*)%,*%x330,*(/*" è%23+! 0#! .'#+! ,-.('#+)! AT*770,'% ,*7% TE0V*E% 28/'E<% 0(03027% ,*7% ('VYE*"%+&.$0"<%5%7')%V0)V')%,2/')%,*7%TE0V*E%32)'" % 6+R% z2/`72o03t<% 9"% +&. $0"% M?PPIO<% /D UHDOLGDG LQYHQWDGD<% H2E3*d 7'(2<%_*,0)2" è%4,56.-$(! 0#! -7! $%&'(! 8-/(! ,-.('! 7(! 8(''#+5(70#! 8(7! #$! #0%.('!(!8(*5%$,0(')%AT*770,'%,*7%28/'E%,*7%32T:/87'<%0(03027% ,*7%('VYE*%M2^'%,*%T8Y7032304(O<%i/:/87'%,*7%32T:/87'%*(/E*%3'd V0772)j<% *(% AT*770,'% ,*7% *,0/'E% '% 3'VT072,'E% ,*7% 70YE'<% 0(03027%% % % ,*7%('VYE*"%M*)T*30S032E%)0%*)%*,0/'E%Ü*,"Ñ%'%3'VT072,'E%Ü3'VT"Ñ% ,*7%/*L/'O<%&1&50".<+0.0*;'"<%5%7')%V0)V')%,2/')%,*7%TE0V*E%32)'" % 6+"%;3W8/`<%A"%M?PNfO<%i9E'Y7*V2)%,*%72%)'30'7'1:2%0(/*ETE*/2/0d .2j<%*(%#52(<%A"%M3'VT"O<%/D ƛLORVRƛ®D GH OD H[SOLFDFL´Q VRFLDO<%D2d ,E0,<%k'(,'%,*%&87/8E2%63'(4V032" è%9-.('!,7:7%*(!(!8($#8.%;()%-()/0/8304(%'%3'7*3/0.'%E*)T'()2d Y7*%,*%72%T8Y7032304(%5%7')%V0)V')%,2/')%,*7%TE0V*E%32)'" % 6+"%&'7*10'%,*%&0*(302)%;'3027*)%,*%x330,*(/*%M=>>IO<%:0.?'";0+4
?J?
Normas para la recepción de originales >$.<+.0$.%*+,%*$.+,.789*%"(.789*%"<%&'7*10'%,*%&0*(302)%;'3027*)% ,*%x330,*(/*" è%"#!'#;%+.,)!AT*770,'<%0(03027%,*7%('VYE*%M2^'%,*%T8Y7032304(O<% i/:/87'%,*7%2E/:387'j<%*(%&1&50".<+.0$.'+2*-&$<%(]V*E'%,*%.'78V*(% 2YE*.02,'%5%*(%Y2+2)<%(]V*E'%,*%72%E*.0)/2%2YE*.02,'%5%*(%Y2+2)<% V*)<%*)/2304(%,*7%2^'%'%*[80.27*(/*<%Ta10(2)%[8*%2Y2E32%*7%2Ed /:387'%TE*3*,0,2)%,*%72%2YE*.02/8E2%TT" % 6+"% z277*E)/*0(<% 6"% M?PPIO<% i 67% S0(% ,*% [8C% V',*E(0,2,Äj<% *(% @"%*"06/*%$<% 2^'% ?><% (]V"% =N<% A3/'E*)<% 372)*)% 5% V'.0V0*(/')% )'3027*)%-<%*(*E'd2YE07%?PPI<%TT"%?QdQ?" è%"#! 5#'%:0%8()! AT*770,'<% 0(03027% ,*7% ('VYE*% M2^'% ,*% T8Y7032d 304(O<%i/:/87'%,*7%2E/:387'j<%*(%,">;'+.<+0.?+'*6<*%"<%S*3W2%,*%T8d Y7032304(<%)*3304(%5%(]V*E'%,*%Ta10(2" % 6+"%_'(`a7*`<%A"%M=>>@O<%ie2%#*.'78304(%D*L032(2%0(232Y2,2j<% *(%:0.J5$'<*I,<%=Q%,*%('.0*VYE*%,*%=>>@<%AQ" è%4(7<#'#78%,+!5-&$%8,0,+)!AT*770,'%,*7%3'(S*E*(30)/2%5%72%TE0d V*E2% 0(03027% ,*7% ('VYE*% M2^'% ,*% T8Y7032304(O<% i/:/87'% ,*% 72% T'(*(302%*(/E*%3'V0772)j<%*(%2T*770,'%,*7%3'VT072,'E%'%*,0/'E<% 0(03027% ,*7% ('VYE*% M*)T*30S032E% )0% *)% *,0/'E% Ü*,"Ñ% '% 3'VT072,'E% Ü3'VT"Ñ% ,*7% /*L/'% '% *(% )8% 32)'% ,*% 72% 0()/0/8304(% E*)T'()2Y7*% ,*7% 3037'% ,*% 3'(S*E*(302)O<% ,">;'+. <+0. 0*;'"% '% <+0. %*%0". <+. %",4 #+'+,%*$-<%0()/0/8304(%E*)T'()2Y7*%,*%72%E*270`2304(%,*7%3037'%,*% 3'(S*E*(302)<% S*3W2% ,*% E*270`2304(% ,*7% 3037'% ,*% 3'(S*E*(302)% 0(3785*(,'% *7% 2^'<% 308,2,% ,*% T8Y7032304(<% *,0/'E027<% Ta10(2)% % % % [8*%2Y2E32%72%3'(S*E*(302%TE*3*,0,2)%,*%72%2YE*.02/8E2%TT" % 6+"% B8(1W2(()<% #"% M=>>>O<% i67% ,*E*3W'% 2% 72% 0(S'EV2304(% *(% A7*V2(02j<% *(% g0772(8*.2<% 6"% M3''E,"O<% +DFLD XQ QXHYR GHUHFKR <+.0$.*,#"'>$%*6,"%9E0V*E%&'(1E*)'%F230'(27%,*%!*E*3W'%2%72% -(S'EV2304(<%P<%?>%5%??%,*%('.0*VYE*%,*%=>>><%DCL03'<%b(0d .*E)0,2,%-Y*E'2V*E032(2XA702(`2%6,0/'E027Xq'(E2,%A,*(28*E% ;/0S/8(1" è%4(7<#'#78%,+!%7=0%.,+R%AT*770,'%,*7%3'(S*E*(30)/2<%0(03027%,*7% ('VYE*%M2^'%,*%E*270`2304(%*(/E*%T2EC(/*)0)O<%i/:/87'%,*%72%T'd (*(302j<%3",#+'+,%*$.<*%&$<$.<5'$,&+.+0.%*%0"<%0()/0/8304(%E*)T'(d )2Y7*%,*%72%E*270`2304(%,*7%3037'%,*%3'(S*E*(302)<%S*3W2%,*%E*2d 70`2304(%,*7%3037'%,*%3'(S*E*(302)" % 6+"%l*E(a(,*`<%B"%M=>>=O<%ie2%S07')'S:2%,*7%)*(/0,'%3'V](j<%3'(d S*E*(302% ,03/2,2% ,8E2(/*% 72% -g% ;*V2(2% ,*% 72% b(0.*E)0,2,% ,*7% D*,0/*EEa(*'<%b(0.*E)0,2,%,*7%D*,0/*EEa(*'<%?=%,*%V25'%,*% =>>="
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Año 5 Núm. 10 julio-diciembre de 2014
è%>#+%+!/!0%+#'.,8%(7#+)!AT*770,'<%0(03027%,*7%('VYE*%M2^'%,*%T8d Y7032304(O<%&1&50"<%/0T'%,*%,'38V*(/'%5%1E2,'<%308,2,%,*%T8Y70d 32304(<%0()/0/8304(%[8*%'/'E12%*7%1E2,'%232,CV03'" % 6+"%H*E/W0*E<%A"%5%B"%_270(,'%M?PPfO<%3DODEUDV VLQ URVWUR $Q¢OLVLV GHO GLVFXUVR ]DSDWLVWD<%/*)0)%,*%703*(302/8E2<%DCL03'<%!*T2E/2V*(/'% ,*%;'30'7'1:2<%b(0.*E)0,2,%A8/4('V2%D*/E'T'70/2(2" è%?%$*#+!(!;%0#(+)!1RPEUH GHO ƛLOPH%*(%)8%0,0'V2%'E010(27%M2^'%,*% E*270`2304(%*(/E*%T2EC(/*)0)O<%T*7:3872%,0E010,2%T'E%('VYE*%,*7% ,0E*3/'E<%7812E%,*%E*270`2304(<%32)2%TE',83/'E2<%/0T'%,*%V*,0'% '%)'T'E/*" % 6+"%H+--%M?PNPO<%T*7:3872%,0E010,2%T'E%#'V2(%9'72()t0<%kE2(302X -(172/*EE2<%&'78VY02%903/8E*)<%!g!" è%@5%+(0%(+!0#!.#$#;%+%:7)!F'VYE*%,*%72%)*E0*<%(]V*E'%,*%*T0)'d ,0'<%,">;'+.<+0.+?*-"<*"%M2^'%,*%TE',83304(%*(/E*%T2EC(/*)0)O<% 7812E%,*%E*270`2304(<%32)2%TE',83/'E2<%S*3W2%,*%/E2()V0)04(<%S'Ed V2/'%,*7%)'T'E/*" % 6+"% A702)<% *T0)',0'% ?f<% /D SURIHF®D% M=>>QO<% 6)/2,')% b(0,')<% K'83W)/'(*%K*7*.0)0'(<%!g!" è%"#!#7.'#;%+.,+)!AT*770,'%,*7%*(/E*.0)/2,'<%0(03027%,*7%('VYE*% M2^'%,*%E*270`2304(O<%*(/E*.0)/2%*(%,">;'+.<+0.?'"/'$>$<%S'EV2/'% ,*7% )'T'E/*<% 7812E% ,*% E*270`2304(<% 32)2% TE',83/'E2<% S*3W2% ,*% /E2()V0)04(" % 6+"%F2.2EE*/*<%A"%M=>>IO<%*(/E*.0)/2%*(%:0.%'*-&$0.%",.P5+.-+.>*'$<% gl;<%DCL03'<%K*7*.0)2<%=>%,*%*(*E'%,*%=>>I" è%%%4"ABC2)%AT*770,'%,*7%28/'E<%0(03027%,*7%('VYE*%M2^'%,*%*,0304(% *(/E*%T2EC(/*)0)O<%iK:/87'%,*7%2E/:387'%'%)*3304(%,*7% &!d#xDj<% *(%&1&50".<+0.!)4520<%S'EV2/'%,*7%)'T'E/*<%(]V*E'%,*%.'78V*(<% (]V*E'% ,*7% &!d#xD<% V*)% '% *)/2304(% ,*7% 2^'% '% *[80.27*(/*<% 7812E%,*%T8Y7032304(<%*,0/'E%'%32)2%TE',83/'E2<%,0)T'(0Y7*%*(R% ('VYE*%,*7%TE'T0*/2E0'%'%Y2)*%,*%,2/')<%*(%32)'%,*%)*E%(*3*)2E0'<% S*3W2%,*%3'()87/2" % 6+"%z25(*<%z"!"%M=>>QO<%ig27'E*)%,*%m=%2%7')%(0.*7*)%,*%3'(d S02(`2%,*%">I%5%">?j<%*(%l*E(a(,*`<%#"n%k*E(a(,*`%&'772,'<%&"% 5% 9"% H2T/0)/2<% 7+&"<"0"/1$. <+. 0$. *,2+-&*/$%*6,<% &!d#xD<% /*E3*E2% *,0304(<%DCL03'<%D3_E2odl077%-(/*E2V*E032(2" è%"#! '#;%+.,+! #$#8.':7%8,+R% AT*770,'% ,*7% 28/'E<% *,0/'E% '% 0()d /0/8304(%E*)T'()2Y7*%,*7%,'38V*(/'<%0(03027%,*7%('VYE*%M2^'%,*% T8Y7032304(%*(%72%E*,%c)0%('%2T2E*3*%*(%*7%,'38V*(/'<%)*%3'd 7'32Ea%*7%2^'%*(%[8*%)*%23/8270`4%72%Ta10(2%'%Y0*(%72%S*3W2%*(%[8*% S8*%3'()87/2,'cO<%i/:/87'%,*7%2E/:387'j<%*(%,">;'+.<+.0$.'+2*-&$<%/0d
?JQ
Normas para la recepción de originales T'%,*%V*,0'<%(]V*E'%,*%.'78V*(<%(]V*E'%,*%72%E*.0)/2<%V*)%'% *)/2304(%,*7%2^'%'%*[80.27*(/*<%7812E%,*%T8Y7032304(<%*,0/'E<%,0)d T'(0Y7*%*(R%,0E*3304(%*7*3/E4(032%3'VT7*/2<%S*3W2%,*%3'()87/2" % 6+"%AE('7,<%D"%5%k"%x)'E0'%M?PPJO<%i-(/E',83304(%2%7')%3'(3*T/')% Ya)03')% ,*% 72% /*'E:2% 1*(*E27% ,*% )0)/*V2)j<% *(% 5HYLVWD &LQWD GH 7"+;*"<% (]V"% Q<% 2YE07% ?PPJ<% b(0.*E)0,2,% ,*% &W07*<% ,0)T'(0Y7*% *(R% W//TRXXE*W8*"3)'3027*)"83W07*"37XT8Y703230'(*)XV'*Y0'X>QX SE2V*)@I"W/V<%3'()87/2R%=>%,*%*(*E'%,*%=>>I" è%D%.%(+E!53F%7,+!/!$%&'(+!#$#8.':7%8(+)!)*%3'7'32Ea(%7')%V0)V')% ,2/')%[8*%T2E2%72)%E*.0)/2)%*7*3/E4(032)<%T*E'%*(%7812E%,*7%/:/87'% ,*7% 2E/:387'% )*% *)3E0Y0Ea% *7% iF'VYE*% ,*7% 70YE'j% 5% *(% 7812E% ,*7% ('VYE*%,*%72%E*.0)/2%)*%2('/2Ea%*7%K">;'+.<+0.-*&*"" % 6+"%b(,*Eo'',<%D"%M=>>QO<%i#*3*T/0'(%;/8,0*)R%D'E7*5j<%*(%!"4 >5,*%$&*",(.!50&5'+.$,<.7+<*$.@&5<*+-<%e'(,E*)<%,0)T'(0Y7*%*(R% ooo"387/)'3t"(,0E*3/"3'"8tXDbl'V*X3)W/V7X0(,*L"W/V7<% 3'()87/2R%=Q%,*%V2E`'%,*%=>>@" IV. Aclaraciones è%%%67%38VT70V0*(/'%,*%*)/2)%('EV2)%*)%0(,0)T*()2Y7*"%9*)*%2%[8*% 72)%3'72Y'E230'(*)%23*T/2,2)%)*Ea(%)'V*/0,2)%2%8(%TE'3*)'%,*% 3'EE*3304(%,*%*)/07'<%)*%E*3'V0*(,2%[8*%7')%0(.*)/012,'E*)%*(d /E*18*(%.*E)0'(*)%3'(%8(2%TE0V*E2%3'EE*3304(" è% e')% *,0/'E*)% )*% E*)*E.2(% *7% ,*E*3W'% ,*% V',0S032E% 2718(2)% *LTE*)0'(*)%5%)81*E0E%32VY0')%3'(%*7%S0(%,*%V*+'E2E%72%3270,2,% ,*7%/*L/'%5%372E0S032E%)8)%3'(/*(0,')"% è% 6)% TE*30)'% 23'VT2^2E% *7% *)/8,0'% 3'(% 8(% YE*.*% 2(*L'% [8*% 3'(/*(12%,2/')%1*(*E27*)%3'V'%*7%('VYE*%3'VT7*/'<%(]V*E')% /*7*S4(03')% 5% 38*(/2% ,*% 3'EE*'% *7*3/E4(03'% T2E2% V2(/*(*E% 3'V8(032304(% ,8E2(/*% *7% TE'3*)'% *,0/'E027<% 2):% 3'V'% 8(2% ,0E*3304(% T')/27% T2E2% W23*E7*% 77*12E% 72% T8Y7032304(% 382(,'% *7% 2E/:387'% )*2% T8Y7032,'"% K2VY0C(% )*% E*[80*E*% ,*% 8(2% S03W2% 38EE03872E%[8*%0(37852%,*/277*)%232,CV03')%5%TE'S*)0'(27*)<%5% [8*%('%*L3*,2%,*%=>%E*(17'(*)" è%%92E2%3827[80*E%,8,2%772V2E%2%7')%/*7CS'(')%M>?%N==O%=%?@%=I%J=%5% =%?@%=I%PQ%'%*(.02E%3'EE*'%2%E*.0)/23'S23/'E30*T)U1V207"3'V
?J@
Año 5 Núm. 10 julio-diciembre de 2014
Standards for the reception of originals I. General information !"#$%&"'% 0)% 2(% 232,*V03% V212`0(*% *,0/*,% Y5% /W*% &'8(307% 'S% #*)*2E3W% 2(,%6.2782/0'(%'S%;'3027%9'7030*)%'S%/W*%;/2/*%'S%D*L03'%M&-69;%0(%)T2d (0)WO<% oW03W% ,0))*V0(2/*)% 'E010(27% E*)*2E3W*)% '(% /W*% )8Y+*3/% 'S% )'3027% ,*.*7'TV*(/"%&'(/E0Y8/0'()%2E*%/W*%E*)87/%'S%2TT70*,%)/8,0*)%/W2/%TE*)*(/% 2,.2(3*)%0(%/W*%,0)38))0'(%'S%/W0)%S0*7," KW*% 'Y+*3/0.*% 'S% /W0)% V212`0(*% 0)% /'% Y*% 2% )T23*% S'E% ,0)38))0'(%% 2(,%3E0/0[8*%0(%/W*%S0*7,%'S%)'3027%,*.*7'TV*(/"%A/%/W*%)2V*%/0V*<%0/%)/E0.*)% /'%V2t*%0/)*7S%2%V2(,2/'E5%E*S*E*(3*%0(%/W*%)8Y+*3/%S'E%/W')*%E*)T'()0Y7*% S'E% 1'.*E(V*(/27% ,*30)0'(dV2t0(1% 2)% o*77% 2)% E*)*2E3W*E)<% 232,*V03)%% 2(,%)/8,*(/)" KW*%TE0(30T27%/'T03%0(378,*)%/W*%2(275)0)%2(,%E*)*2E3W%'S%,0SS*d E*(/%)'3027%)30*(3*)%0(%)8Y+*3/)%)83W%2)%T'.*E/5<%V2E10(270`2/0'(<%*L378)0'(<% 0(*[8270/5<%1*(,*E<%V01E2/0'(<%*,832/0'(<%W*27/W<%)'3027%*LT*(,0/8E*<%,*d V'1E2TW03)%2(,%o*7S2E*<%2V'(1%'/W*E)" KW*%2E/037*)%3'(/20(*,%0(%/W*%V212`0(*%2E*%/W*%*L378)0.*%E*)T'(d )0Y070/5% 'S% /W*% 28/W'E% 2(,% ,'% ('/% (*3*))2E075% E*S7*3/% /W*% 'T0(0'()% 'S% /W*% 0()/0/8/0'("% A77% 'S% /W*% 'E010(27)% /W2/% 2E*% )*(/% S'E% T8Y7032/0'(% o077% 1'% /WE'81W%2(%*,0/'E027%TE'3*))%/W2/%3'()0)/)%'S%.2E0'8)%TW2)*)"%k'E%/W0)<%0/% 0)% (*3*))2E5% /W2/% /W*% TE*)*(/2/0'(% S'77'o% 3*E/20(% )/2(,2E,)% /'% S23070/2/*% *,0/0(1%2(,%2.'0,%T8Y7032/0'(%,*725)" II. Evaluation criteria AE/037*)%V8)/%Y*%/W*%E*)87/%'S%)30*(/0S03%E*)*2E3W%/W2/%'SS*E)%E*7*.2(/%3'(d /E0Y8/0'()%/'%/W*%)/8,5%'S%)'3027%TE'Y7*V)" D2/*E027%E*3*0.*,%o077%Y*%)8YV0//*,%/'%2%E*.0*o%/WE'81W%,'8Y7*d Y70(,%TE'3*,8E*)%2(,%o077%Y*%372))0S0*,%0(%233'E,2(3*%o0/W%/W*%-RXUQDO RI (FRQRPLF /LWHUDWXUH -(/ &ODVVLÆ&#x203A;LFDWLRQ 6\VWHP x(3*% ,*/*EV0(*,% /W2/% /W*% 2E/037*% 3'VT70*)% o0/W% /W*% E*[80E*d V*(/)%*)/2Y70)W*,%Y5%/W*%V212`0(*<%0/%o077%Y*%)*(/%/'%/o'%E*.0*o*E)%oW'%o077% 2('(5V'8)75%,*/*EV0(*%/'R%2O%T8Y70)W%o0/W'8/%3W2(1*)<%YO%T8Y70)W%oW*(% V0('E%3'EE*3/0'()%W2.*%Y**(%3'VT70*,%o0/W<%3O%T8Y70)W%'(3*%2%V2+'E%E*.0)0'(% W2)%Y**(%V2,*<%,O%E*+*3/%0/"%-(%/W*%32)*%'S%2%,0)3E*T2(35%2V'(1%/W*%E*)87/)<% /W*%/*L/%o077%Y*%)*(/%/'%2%/W0E,%E*.0*o*E%oW')*%,*30)0'(%o077%,*/*EV0(*%0/)% T8Y7032/0'("%KW*%E*)87/)%'S%/W*%232,*V03%E870(1%TE'3*))%o077%('/%Y*%'T*(%/'% 2TT*27%0(%277%32)*)"%z'Et)%)*(/%Y5%232,*V03)%SE'V%2(%0()/0/8/0'(%o077%27o25)% Y*%)8YV0//*,%/'%/W*%3'()0,*E2/0'(%'S%*L/*E(27%E*.0*o*E)" ?JI
KW*% 28/W'EM)O% 10.*% !"#$%&"'% T*EV0))0'(% /W2/% V2/*E027% o077% Y*% T8Y70)W*,%0(%/W*%V212`0(*%2(,%0(%V21(*/03%2(,%TW'/'1E2TW03%V*,02" KW*% E*TE0(/% E01W/)% 'S% 2E/037*)% T8Y70)W*,% 0(% /W*% V212`0(*% 2E*% 3*,*,% /'% !"#$%&"'% /WE'81W% /W*% 232,*V03% 2(,% *,0/'E027% 233*T/2(3*% 'S% /W*% 'E010(27%)'%0/%32(%Y*%T8Y70)W*,%2(,%,0)/E0Y8/*,%0(%TE0(/*,%S'EV%2)%o*77%2)% *7*3/E'(03"%A7)'<%/W*%28/W'EM)O%V20(/20(%V'E27%E01W/)%0(%3'VT702(3*%o0/W% oW2/%0)%*)/2Y70)W*,%Y5%72o"%KW*%TE0(30T27%28/W'E%o077%E*3*0.*%2%,'38V*(/% 'S%3*))0'(%'S%E*TE0(/%E01W/)%/W2/%W*%V8)/%)01(<%o0/W%/W*%8(,*E)/2(,0(1%/W2/% W*%W2)%'Y/20(*,%/W*%3'()*(/%'S%/W*%'/W*E%28/W'E)<%0S%/W*E*%2E*%2(5"%x(%/W*% '/W*E%W2(,<%28/W'E)%o077%Y*%2Y7*%/'%8)*%V2/*E027%0(%/W*0E%2E/037*%0(%'/W*E% o'Et)% 'E% Y''t)% /W2/% 2E*% T8Y70)W*,% 72/*E% 8(,*E% /W*% 3'(,0/0'(% /W2/% /W*5% V8)/%30/*%!"#$%&"'%2)%/W*%'E010(27%)'8E3*%'S%/W*%/*L/)"%-/%0)%/W*%E*)T'()0Y070/5% 'S% /W*% 28/W'E% /'% 'Y/20(% oE0//*(% 28/W'E0`2/0'(% /'% V2t*% 8)*% 'S% 277% )83W% V2/*E027% /W2/% S'EV)% 2% T2E/% 'S% W0)% 2E/037*<% 2(,% /W2/% 0/% 0)% TE'/*3/*,% Y5% /W*% k*,*E27%e2o%'S%A8/W'EÑ)%#01W/)" III. Presentation format 1. KW*%E*)*2E3W*E%V8)/%TE*)*(/%2%3'VT7*/*%o'Et%0(%0/)%S0(27%.*E)0'(<%2)% 3W2(1*)% 2E*% ('/% 233*T/*,% '(3*% /W*% E*.0*o% 2(,% TE',83/0'(% TE'3*))%% W2)%Y*18(" 2. KW*%E*)*2E3W%V8)/%Y*%)*(/%Y5%*V207%/'%/W*%S'77'o0(1%*7*3/E'(03%2,,E*))R% E*.0)/23'S23/'EU52W''"VL 3. KW*% 28/W'E% V8)/% )*(,% 2% 7*//*E% ,*372E0(1% /W2/% /W*% )/8,5% 0)% 'E010(27% 2(,% 8(*,0/*,% 2(,% /W2/% 0/% W2)% ('/% Y**(% )*(/% S'E% T8Y7032/0'(% /'% 2('d /W*E% V212`0(*% 'E% *7*3/E'(03% V*,02% 2(,% W2)% ('/% Y**(% TE*)*(/*,% 0(% 3'(S*E*(3*)%/W2/%o077%T8Y70)W%2%E*3'E,%'S%/W*%*.*(/" 4. KW*%3'772Y'E2/0'(%V8)/%0(378,*%/W*%S'77'o0(1%0(S'EV2/0'(R è%KW*%/0/7*%'S%/W*%2E/037*<%/W*%(2V*M)O%'S%/W*%28/W'EM)O<%/W*%-(/%372))0d S032/0'(<% 2% YE0*S% 70)/% 'S% t*5o'E,)% M0(% ;T2(0)W% 2(,% 6(170)WO<% 2(,% 3'(/23/% ,2/2% S'E% /W*% 28/W'EM)O% V8)/% 2TT*2E% '(% /W*% S0E)/% T21*<% ,*)01(2/0(1%/W*%E*)T'()0Y7*%T2E/5%/'%S'77'o%/W*%E*.0*o%TE'3*))" è% KW*%(*L/%T21*%o077%3'(/20(%/W*%/0/7*%'S%/W*%)/8,5%o0/W'8/%)T*30d S50(1%/W*%28/W'E%0(%'E,*E%/'%182E2(/**%/W2/%/W*%)*7*3/0'(%TE'3*))% 0)%2('(5V'8)"
?Jf
Año 5 Núm. 10 julio-diciembre de 2014
Standards for the reception of originals è% A%)8VV2E5%M0(%;T2(0)W%2(,%0(%6(170)WO%'S%/W*%2E/037*%0(%?>>d?I>% o'E,)" 5. KW*%*7*3/E'(03%/*L/%V8)/%Y*%oE0//*(%0(%7*//*E%)0`*%o0/W'8/%0(,*(/2/0'()<% o0/W% +8)/0S0*,% 2701(V*(/<% 0(% AE027% ?=dT'0(/% S'(/% S'E% /W*% Y',5% 'S% /W*% 3*(/E27%/*L/<%2(,%0(%?>dT'0(/%S'(/%S'E%S''/('/*)"%KW*%)T230(1%V8)/%Y*% ?"I%2(,%,'8Y7*d)T23*,%/'%0(,032/*%2%(*o%T2E21E2TW"%KW*%S'EV2/%V8)/% Y*%3'VT2/0Y7*%o0/W%)/2(,2E,%o'E,%TE'3*))0(1%TE'1E2V)" 6. KW*%V2L0V8V%7*(1/W%'S%/W*%2E/037*%0)%QI%T21*)<%0(378,0(1%/*L/%Y'L*)<% 1E2TW03)<%S018E*)<%,021E2V)<%30/2/0'()%2(,%/W*%Y0Y70'1E2TW5" 7. 9W'/'1E2TW)%V8)/%Y*%)*(/%0(,*T*(,*(/75%0(% 9;!<% B9_<%'E% K-k%S'EV2/% o0/W%2%V0(0V8V%E*)'78/0'(%'S%Q>>%,T0" 8. K2Y7*)%V8)/%Y*%*,0/2Y7*%0(%6L3*7%'E%z'E,<%2(,%V2T)%2)%o*77%2)%1E2TW03)% V8)/%Y*%0(378,*,%.*3/'E*,%0(%69;%'E%A-%S'EV2/%0(%3'7'E%M92(/'(*%&<% V2L0V8V%@%3'7'E)O" 9. A77%S018E*)%V8)/%3'(/20(%2%E*)T*3/0.*%7*1*(,%2(,%Y*%0,*(/0S0*,%Y5%/W*% 28/W'EÑ)%(2V*"%M-/%0)%)811*)/*,%/'%2.'0,%0VT'E/0(1%/W*V%/'%z'E,%0(% 'E,*E%/'%('/%7')*%[8270/5"O 10. zW*(% 8)0(1% 2(% 23E'(5V% 'E% 2YYE*.02/0'(% S'E% /W*% S0E)/% /0V*<% /W*% 3'VT7*/*%*[80.27*(35%V8)/%Y*%0(378,*,%2(,%72/*E<%0(%T2E*(/W*)*)<%/W*% 23E'(5V%'E%2YYE*.02/0'(%/W2/%0)%Y*0(1%0)%8)*," 11. KW*%0(378)0'(%'S%/*3W(0327%/*EV)%0)%8(,*E%/W*%3'(,0/0'(%/W2/%2%37*2E% *LT72(2/0'(%'S%/W*V%0)%'SS*E*," 12. -S%o'E,)%SE'V%2('/W*E%72(1821*%2E*%0(378,*,%0(%/W*%/*L/<%0/%0)%E*3'VV*(d ,*,%/W2/%/W*%/E2()72/0'(%0)%0VV*,02/*75%0(378,*,%0(%T2E*(/W*)*)" 13. K*L/827% 30/2/0'()% o077% 8)*% l2E.2E,% ('/2/0'(R% 72)/% (2V*% 'S% /W*% 28d /W'E%2(,%5*2E%'S%T8Y7032/0'(<%2(,<%0S%2TT7032Y7*<%T21*%(8VY*E<%277%0(% T2E*(/W*)*)"%0"*"%MH*E/W0*E<%=>>@O"%A7)'<%30/*%0(%/W*%S'77'o0(1%o25R è% zW*(%2%o'Et%oE0//*(%Y5%/o'%28/W'E)%0)%8)*,<%/W*5%2E*%0(d 378,*,%0(%/W*%E*S*E*(3*%o0/W%Y'/W%72)/%(2V*)%)*T2E2/*,%Y5% i2(,"j%0"*"%Mz2/`72o03t%2(,%F2E,'(*<%=>>>O"
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Año 5 Núm. 10 julio-diciembre de 2014
Standards for the reception of originals è% ?'(*!,!&((G)%A8/W'EÑ)%72)/%(2V*<%S0E)/%(2V*%0(0/027%M5*2E%'S% T8Y7032/0'(O<%&*&0+<%.'78V*%(8VY*E%0S%(*3*))2E5<%*,0/0'(%(8Vd Y*E%0S%0/%0)%('/%/W*%S0E)/<%30/5%oW*E*%*,0/*,<%*,0/'E027" % 0"*"%k'83287/<%D"%M=>>=O<%A*-&"'*$.<+.0$.0"%5'$.+,.0$.8?"%$.%0I-*%$<% .'7"%--<%(0(/W%TE0(/0(1<%D*L03'<%k'(,'%,*%&87/8E2%63'(4V032" è%?'(*!.H#!+,*#!,-.H('!,70!+,*#!/#,')%A8/W'E<%0(0/027%'S% S0E)/%(2V*%M5*2E%'S%T8Y7032/0'(%2(,%2))01(*,%0,*(/0S032/0'(%7*//*E% 0(%27TW2Y*/0327%'E,*EO%2(,%/W*%)2V*%0(S'EV2/0'(%2)%/W*%TE*.0'8)% 32)*" % 0"*"%q0*Et*122E,<%;"%M=>>=2O<%(O DPRU \ OD UHOLJL´Q 3XQWRV GH 2*-&$<%DCL03'<%_E8T'%6,0/'E027%K'V'" % q0*Et*122E,<%;"%M=>>=YO<%)*$'3. "#. $. -+<5%+'<%D*L03'<%_E8T'% 6,0/'E027%K'V'" è%>I(!,-.H('+)%e2)/%(2V*%'S%TE0V2E5%28/W'E<%S0E)/%(2V*%0(0/027% i2(,j%S0E)/%(2V*%0(0/027%'S%/W*%)*3'(,%28/W'E"%e2)/%(2V*%'S%/W*% )*3'(,%28/W'E%2(,%/W*%)2V*%0(S'EV2/0'(%2)%0(%/W*%S0E)/%32)*" % 0"*"%e8WV2(<%F"%2(,%#"%,*%_*'E10%M?PPQO<%H+"'1$.<+.0$.-"%*+4 <$<<% *,0/0'(% 0(% 3W2E1*% 'S% B2.0*E% K'EE*)% F2.2EE*/*<% DCL03'<% b(0.*E)0,2,% ,*% _82,272+2E2<% b(0.*E)0,2,% -Y*E'2V*E032(2<% -()/0/8/'%,*%6)/8,0')%;8T*E0'E*)%,*%x330,*(/*" è% 2('#!.H,7!.H'##!,-.H('+)!e2)/%(2V*%'S%TE0V2E5%28/W'E<% S0E)/%(2V*%0(0/027"%+&.$0"<%2(,%/W*%)2V*%0(S'EV2/0'(%2)%0(%/W*%S0E)/% 32)*" % 6L"%z2/`72o03t<%9"%+&.$0"%M?PPIO<%/D UHDOLGDG LQYHQWDGD<%H2Ed 3*7'(2<%_*,0)2" è% 4H,5.#'! (<! ,! &((G! IH(+#! ,-.H('! %+! 7(.! .H#! #0%.('! ('! 8(*5%$#')%e2)/%(2V*%'S%/W*%28/W'E%'S%/W*%3W2T/*E<%S0E)/%(2V*% 0(0/027%M5*2E%'S%T8Y7032/0'(O<%i/0/7*%'S%/W*%3W2T/*E%0(%[8'/2/0'(% V2Et)j<%0(%e2)/%(2V*%'S%*,0/'E%'E%3'VT07*E%'S%Y''t<%S0E)/%(2V*% 0(0/027"%M;T*30S5%0S%0/%0)%/W*%*,0/'E%i*,"j%'E%3'VT07*E%i3'VT"j%'S% /W*% /*L/O<% &*&0+. "#. ;""M<% 2(,% /W*% )2V*% 0(S'EV2/0'(% 2)% 0(% /W*%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% S0E)/%32)*" % 6L"%;3W87/`<%A"%M?PNfO<%i9E'Y7*V2)%,*%72%)'30'7'1:2%0(/*ETE*d /2/0.2j<%0(%#52(<%A"%M3'VT"O<%/D ƛLORVRƛ®D GH OD H[SOLFDFL´Q VR %*$0<%D2,E0,<%k'(,'%,*%&87/8E2%63'(4V032" è% 97(7/*(-+!,-.H('!('!8($$#8.%;#)!-()/0/8/0'(%'E%3'77*3/0.*% E*)T'()0Y7*%S'E%/W*%T8Y7032/0'(%2(,%/W*%)2V*%0(S'EV2/0'(%2)%0(% /W*%S0E)/%32)*"
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% 6L"%&'77*1*%'S%/W*%;'3027%;30*(3*)%'S%/W*%z*)/%M=>>IO<%:0.?'"4 ;0+>$.<+.0$.%*+,%*$.+,.789*%"<%D*L03'<%&'77*1*%'S%/W*%;'3027% ;30*(3*)%'S%/W*%z*)/" è% ?'(*! ,! *,F,J%7#)! e2)/% (2V*<% S0E)/% (2V*% 0(0/027% M5*2E% 'S% T8Y7032/0'(O<% i/0/7*% 'S% 2E/037*j<% 0(% WLWOH RI PDJD]LQH<% .'78V*% (8VY*E% 2YYE*.02/*,% 2(,% 0(% 7'o*E% 32)*<% V212`0(*% (8VY*E% 2YYE*.02/*,% 2(,% 0(% 7'o*E% 32)*<% V'(/W<% )*2)'(% 'S% 5*2E% 'E% *[80.27*(/<% T21*)% /W2/% 3'(/20(% /W*% 2E/037*% TE*3*,*,% Y5% /W*% 2YYE*.02/0'(%TT" % 6L"%z277*E)/*0(<%6"%M?PPIO<%i 67%S0(%,*%[8C%V',*E(0,2,Äj<%0(% @"%*"06/*%$<% 5*2E% ?><% (8V"% =N<% A3/'E)<% 372))*)% 2(,% )'3027% V'd .*V*(/)%-<%B2(82E5dATE07%?PPI<%TT"%?QdQ?" è% ?'(*!,!7#I+5,5#')!e2)/%(2V*<%S0E)/%(2V*%0(0/027%M5*2E%'S% T8Y7032/0'(O<%i/0/7*%'S%2E/037*j<%0(%&*&0+."#.,+L-?$?+'<%T8Y7032/0'(% ,2/*<%)*3/0'(%2(,%T21*%(8VY*E" % 6L"% _'(`a7*`<% A"% M=>>@O<% ie2% #*.'78304(% D*L032(2% 0(2d 32Y2,2j<%0(%:0.J5$'<*I,<%F'.*VY*E%=Q<%=>>@<%AQ" è% K-&$%+H#0! $#8.-'#+). e2)/% (2V*% 'S% /W*% )T*2t*E% 2(,% /W*% S0E)/%(2V*%0(0/027%M5*2E%'S%T8Y7032/0'(O<%i/0/7*%'S%/W*%7*3/8E*% 0(% [8'/2/0'(% V2Et)j<% 0(% 72)/% (2V*% 'S% 3'VT70*E% 'E% *,0/'E<% S0E)/%(2V*%0(0/027%M)T*30S5%0S%0/%0)%/W*%*,0/'E%i*,"j%'E%3'VT07*E% i3'VT"j%'S%/W*%/*L/%'E<%0S%2TT7032Y7*<%'S%/W*%0()/0/8/0'(%E*)d T'()0Y7*% S'E% /W*% 3537*% 'S% )T**3W*)O<% &*&0+. "#. ;""M. 'E% RI WKH '"5,<. "#. 0+%&5'+-<% 0()/0/8/0'(% E*)T'()0Y7*% S'E% /W*% E'8(,% 'S% 7*3/8E*)<%,2/*%'S%/W*%E'8(,%'S%7*3/8E*)%0(378,0(1%/W*%5*2E<% 30/5%'S%T8Y7032/0'(<%*,0/'E027<%T21*)%/W2/%3'(/20(%/W*%7*3/8E*% TE*3*,*,%Y5%/W*%2YYE*.02/0'(%TT" % 6L"% B8(1W2(()<% #"% M=>>>O<% i67% ,*E*3W'% ,*% 72% 0(S'EV2304(% *(% A7*V2(02j<%0(%g0772(8*.2<%6"%M3''E,"O<%+DFLD XQ QXHYR GHUHFKR GH OD LQIRUPDFL´Q %k0E)/%F2/0'(27%&'(S*E*(3*%'S%/W*%#01W/%/'%-(S'EV2/0'(<% F'.*VY*E%P<%?>%2(,%??<%=>>><%D*L03'<%-Y*E'd2V*E032(2%b(0.*Ed )0/5XA702(`2%6,0/'E027Xq'(E2,%A,*(28*E%;/0S/8(1" è%L75-&$%+H#0!$#8.-'#+).e2)/%(2V*%'S%/W*%)T*2t*E<%S0E)/%(2V*% 0(0/027%M5*2E%'S%/W*%7*3/8E*%o2)%10.*(%0(%T2E*(/W*)*)O<%i/0/7*%'S%/W*% 7*3/8E*j<%OHFWXUH JLYHQ GXULQJ WKH URXQG<%0()/0/8/0'(%E*)T'()0Y7*% S'E%/W*%E'8(,%'S%7*3/8E*)<%,2/*%'S%/W*%E'8(,%'S%7*3/8E*)" % 6L"%l*E(2(,*`<%B"%M=>>=O<%ie2%S07')'S:2%,*7%)*(/0,'%3'V](j<% 7*3/8E*%10.*(%,8E0(1%/W*%-g%z**t%'S%/W*%b(0.*E)0/5%'S%/W*% D*,0/*EE2(*2(<% b(0.*E)0/5% 'S% /W*% D*,0/*EE2(*2(<% D25% ?=<%=>>=" ?P>
Año 5 Núm. 10 julio-diciembre de 2014
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Año 5 Núm. 10 julio-diciembre de 2014
Números anteriores Política social y retos urbanos Año 1, Número 1, enero-junio 2010 Artículos 1. El reto socio especial de México 2. El programa Hábitat: un análisis de su cobertura, operación e impactos en zonas de atención prioritaria intervenidas 3. El programa Oportunidades y su impacto en la región centro de México 4. Capital social y participación social en las organizaciones comunitarias 5. *HYHJ[LYxZ[PJHZ ZVJPVKLTVNYmÄJHZ ` KL[LYTPUHU[LZ KLS \ZV KL SVZ ZLY]PJPVZ de salud por la población adulto mayor en México
Desigualdad, género, envejecimiento y desarrollo Año 1, Número 2, julio-diciembre 2010 Artículos 1. Polarización económica regional en México: 1980-2004 2. El empobrecimiento de la clase media en México y en la frontera norte durante las últimas décadas del siglo XX, las políticas causales y las expectativas con la crisis actual 3. Elementos para un desarrollo alternativo: un acercamiento a partir del binomio nopal tunero-migración en el territorio de Pinos, Zacatecas 4. El enfoque de género y la agenda de gobierno. Una aproximación al proceso de institucionalización en el Estado de México 5. La vejez vista como vida privada 6. El educador social y el graduado social ¿profesiones del estado de bienestar?
Economía política, migración y política social Año 2, Número 3, enero-junio 2011 Artículos 1. 4t_PJV HTLYPJHUVZ ` 4t_PJV 9LÅL_PVULZ ZVIYL \UH YLSHJP}U JVTWSLQH 2. Por una política migratoria integral 3. Formas organizativas migrantes y gobernanza local en México 4. Política Económica o Economía Política: El ciclo político presupuestal en México 5. Políticas para la disminución de la pobreza en México: Consideraciones a partir del programa Oportunidades
-VJHSPaHJP}U JYLJPTPLU[V WYV WVIYL ` MLKLYHSPZTV ÄZJHS Año 2, Número 4, enero-junio 2011 Artículos 1. Focalización en programas gubernamentales: una evaluación de la armonización de criterios normativos por Análisis de Componentes Principales 2. Una comparación de los efectos del crecimiento pro-poor para México y España entre 1984 y 2008 3. 3H YLHSPKHK KLTVNYmÄJH TL_PX\LUZL H [YH]tZ KL SVZ KH[VZ KLS *LUZV KL 7V blación y Vivienda de 2010 4. Las aportaciones técnicas y humanas que realizan los migrantes internacionales de retorno en el Estado de México 5. -LKLYHSPZTV ÄZJHS TL_PJHUV! SVZ JVUÅPJ[VZ KL SH KLTVJYHJPH WHY[PJPWH[P]H
Ingreso mínimo ciudadano, reforma laboral y vulnerabilidad hacia la pobreza Año 3, Número 5, julio-diciembre 2012 Artículos 1. Ingreso mínimo ciudadano como estrategia de combate a la pobreza en México 2. Vulnerabilidad social y hacia la pobreza: rumbo a una conceptualización 3. La importancia del contenido en el mensaje. Perspectiva de género en los medios de comunicación 4. 9LÅL_PVULZ ZVIYL SHZ JH\ZHZ LZ[Y\J[\YHSLZ KL SHZ YLMVYTHZ SHIVYHSLZ LU (TtYPJH Latina y la propuesta parlamentaria del Partido Acción Nacional en México en 2011 5. La socialdemocracia europea
Calidad de vida urbana, bienes públicos y ciudades de la frontera norte Año 3, Número 6, enero-junio 2012 Artículos 1. Grado de apropiación de la ciudad y percepciones sobre la calidad de vida en ciudades de la frontera norte de México 2. Ciclo político, demanda agregada y formación de capital en México 3. Políticas públicas de integración de los consejos comunales al Sistema de Seguridad Social en Venezuela según contexto 2007-2008 4. Reforma de los sistemas de salud y atención a padecimientos de orden mental o emocional Reseñas 5. México, mejores políticas para un desarrollo incluyente 2012 6. Diagnóstico del avance en monitoreo y evaluación en las entidades federativas 2011
Empleo, transferencias federales y política social comparada Año 4, Número 7, enero-junio 2013 Artículos 1. Reformas al mercado laboral para estimular la productividad, competitividad y calidad de vida en el Estado de México 2. Bienestar socioeconómico en los territorios de Chiapas afectados por la remunicipalización de 1999: una década de evidencia 3. Esquema de trasferencias a los municipios y propuestas alternativas. El caso de Quintana Roo, 2009 4. Los partidos políticos, los gobiernos estatales y su incidencia en la reducción de la pobreza en México. Un ejercicio comparado Reseñas 5. Pobreza y derechos sociales de niñas, niños y adolescentes en México, 20082010, CONEVAL - UNICEF 6. Reporte sobre la discriminación en México 2012. Introducción general, CIDE - CONAPRED
Programas de combate a la pobreza y capital humano Año 4, Número 8, julio-diciembre 2013 Artículos 1. Incidencia de políticas de empleo y transferencias de ingreso sobre la desigualdad económica: la Argentina del posneoliberalismo, 2003-2010 2. Transferencias monetarias condicionadas y su impacto sobre la pobreza: el caso del Bono Juancito Pinto en Bolivia 3. El costo de las corresponsabilidades como un factor de bajas en el Programa Oportunidades: el caso del componente de salud en zonas urbanas 4. Evolución del Índice de Pobreza Humana en la ciudad de Hermosillo, Sonora, 2000-2010 5. Formación de capital humano en la educación superior y proceso de transición: licenciatura en Economía en una universidad pública del Estado de México, 2000-2010 Reseñas 5. Evaluación Estratégica de Protección Social en México (2013), México, D.F., Consejo Nacional de Evaluación de la Política Social (CONEVAL)
Números anteriores :VJPLKHK JP]PS YLaHNV [LJUVJPLU[xÄJV ` TPJYVULNVJPVZ Año 5, Número 9, enero-junio 2014 Artículos 1. La pobreza en el Estado de México: cambios atribuibles al crecimiento económico y a la distribución del ingreso 2. =\SULYHIPSPKHK ZVJPVKLTVNYmÄJH KL SVZ HK\S[VZ TH`VYLZ PUKxNLUHZ LU LS ,Z tado de México, 2010 3. :VJPLKHK JP]PS ÄSHU[YVWxH ` KLZHYYVSSV O\THUV LU SH MYVU[LYH UVY[L KL 4t_PJV 4. Desempeño económico y factores que se encuentran detrás del rezago tecUVJPLU[xÄJV LU 4t_PJV 5. El caso de las pequeñas y medianas empresas mexicanas ¿micronegocios viables o sobrevivientes?
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