Colleen Brennan
Master of Landscape Architecture ‘21 University of Virginia
COVER A hand-drawn notational map describes the sound experience of walking at Riverview Park, Charlottesville THIS PAGE Analog field documentation of wind speed, direction and contents using charcoal on paper. See p. 60 for details.
Contents I. Resume
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II. Studio
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Reconciling Ground (Re)membering & Reassembling The Power of Memory Just Transitions
III. Master’s Thesis
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IV. Skills
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V. Professional
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Freedom-Seeking Futures
Planting Design Analog & Digital Research Methods Publication Design & Editing Michael Van Valkenburg Associates TM Vavra Architects Public Art & Design
Colleen Brennan
Master of Landscape Architecture ‘21 University of Virginia lcb8eyf@virginia.edu • 843.906.3644
Education 2021
Master of Landscape Architecture Candidate University of Virginia Departmental Scholarship Recipient (2018-2021) Howland Fellow 2020
2015 Bachelor of Fine Arts: Craft & Material Studies Virginia Commonwealth University School of Arts Summa Cum Laude Eastman Scholarship Recipient (2014) Provost Scholarship Recipient (2011-2015) Covington Scholarship Nominee (2012)
Professional Experience 2021
Surface 678 Winter Intern • Remote Created site analysis diagrams for client presentations, developed competition graphics and renderings, researched and wrote project narrative
2020
Michael Van Valkenburgh Associates Summer Intern • Remote Drafted portions of construction drawings, revised planting plans, researched, designed, and presented construction techniques, created plant-identification manual for prairie species Landscape Architecture Bureau Winter Intern • Washington, DC Created a regional mapping of completed projects, presentation of community input, planting plan updates, and design studies for a plaza.
2019
Michael Van Valkenburgh Associates Summer Intern • Brooklyn, NY Created design studies, physical models, research and presentations for the Waller Creek project in Austin, TX. Created aerial rendering for Sargent’s Wharf in Boston, MA.
2016 -
TM Vavra Architects Drafter & Designer • Chesterfield, VA Prepared preliminary designs and full construction documents for residential projects, managed online plan sales and distribution. Responsible for 3D rendering, graphic design, and web design.
2015 - 2016 RIC design build Designer & Carpenter • Richmond, VA Examples of design work include site analysis, plan drawing, 3D modeling, and selecting finishes & fixtures. Examples of carpentry include demolition, framing, and detail mill work.
Academic Experience 2020
Teaching Assistant University of Virginia • Foundation Studio III Teaching Assistant University of Virginia • Foundation Studio II Invited Juror University of Virginia • Foundation Studio II & III Midterm Reviews Student Mentor University of Virginia • Landscape Architecture Department Student Mentor Virginia Commonwealth University • mOb Design Studio
2019 -
Editor University of Virginia • LUNCH Design Journal
2018 -
Arboretum & Landscape Committee University of Virginia • Student Representative
Research 2020
Freedom-Seeking Futures Master of Landscape Architecture Thesis • Leena Cho, Advisor Benjamin C. Howland Research Fellowship Edisto Island Research • Leena Cho, Advisor Landscape as Racialized Topography Lecture Elizabeth Meyer • Research Assistant Algorithmic Cultivation Bradley Cantrell • Research Assistant Tobacco & Other Stolen Plants Ghazal Jafari • Design Research Methods Project
Honors 2020 Howland Fellowship Recipient University of Virginia • Freedom-Seeking Futures Merit Award for Communication, Virginia ASLA • Reconciling Ground: Alternative Perceptual and Management Frameworks for the Tulare Lake Basin Commendation for General Design, Virginia ASLA • The Power of Memory 2015 Association for Community Design Conference Speaker • Richmond, VA “How Small Structures Fill Big Gaps in Food Access” Article • Digital Publication VMFA Emerging Innovators Program Finalist • Richmond, VA Capabilities Conceptual development Research • writing Workshop planning • teaching Critique • student reviews Site analysis • field work
Software Construction • woodworking Drafting Rendering Physical model making Hand-drawing
Adobe Suite AutoCAD Rhino ArcGIS Lumion
Sketchup Grasshopper Arduino IDE
References Leena Cho Assistant Professor of Landscape Architecture lcho@virginia.edu
Bradley Cantrell Chair & Professor of Landscape Architecture bcantrell@virginia.edu 617.775.6442
Evan Blondell Senior Associate, Michael Van Valkenburgh Associates eblondell@mvvainc.com 315.879.7730
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Studio
The Ground Reunification Corps
Alternative Perceptual & Management Frameworks for the Tulare Lake Basin *Merit Award for Communication, Virginia ASLA Foundation Studio IV, Spring 2020 Instructors: Bradley Cantrell, Andrea Hansen-Phillips, Michael Ezban Colleen Brennan, Leah Kahler, Jane Lee, Lizzie Needham
This speculative proposal calls for a new political framework to address the cumulative effects of land management practices that have prioritized industrial agriculture and oil extraction over all else in California’s Central Valley. Instead of a system that manages ground as disparate elements of soil, water, and oil, the Ground Reunification Corps (GRC) develops land management strategies and generates new forms of data that regard ground as an interconnected super-organism. The strategy is two-pronged: demonstration sites in Alpaugh and South Taft allow land-based research for alternative management strategies, while an online platform acts as a repository for crowd-sourced knowledge about real-time conditions on the ground. This new agency facilitates knowledge and data access that changes how the public perceives and engages with the ground in the Tulare Lake Basin.
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alpaugh, CA SALINITY RESEARCH STATION
LEGISLATION: SUSTAINABLE GROUNDWATER MANAGEMENT ACT U.S. FISH AND WILDLIFE CONSERVATION EASEMENT PROGRAM
SALINITY RESEARCH STATION PARTNERSHIPS FOR SELENIUM MANAGEMENT
LEFT Marine sediments make the soil and runoff in this area predisposed to high salt content, but state water infrastructure has disrupted historic flood cycles that would periodically flush salts to the Pacific. Farmers struggle with highly saline soils, while agricultural wastewater is conveyed to evaporation ponds, where salts and toxic concentrations of selenium accumulate.
ABOVE At this demonstration site, agricultural drainage water from surrounding fields is either piped into the farm, where salt tolerant crops and dry salt are harvested or into research plots and wetlands to test selenium remediation. 11
EXPERIMENTAL WETLAND PLOTS PHYTOMANAGEMENT OF SELENIUM CONTAMINATION
ABOVE The research portion of the site tests phytotechnology for selenium management to expand possibilities for drainage water reuse for the eventual goal of supplying the adjacent Pixley National Wildlife Refuge. Seeds are collected from promising species for the cultivation of plant varieties that volatilize selenium in the on-site nursery. RIGHT The Ground Reunification Corps funds workforce training for seed collectors, research interns, and data managers to assist university researchers through the monitoring and logging of data contributing to an ongoing database of research on plant capacity for selenium remediation and salt tolerance. 12
PHYTO-TECH DEVELOPMENT
WORKFORCE TRAINING FOR SELENIUM MANAGEMENT & RESEARCH
VISUALIZING WATER QUALITY
RESPONSIVE ROADSIDE INSTALLATION
Land-forward Data Research Community
Public Engagement
Outflow Water Se Content
0 μg
wetland cell #12 SALTMARSH BULRUSH Scirpus robustus
SELENIUM PHYTOMANAGEMENT Total Uptake:
5 μg
Shoots:
Ecotoxicity Threshold
Roots: Volatilization:
Water Quality Monitoring
Motorized Pulley
10 μg
RESPONSIVE ROADSIDE INSTALLATION REGISTERS PHYTOREMEDIATION & WATER QUALITY
ABOVE Water from experimental wetlands flows to the wildlife refuge if it meets quality standards. Otherwise, it is piped back to the farm. The effectiveness of phytoremediation can be registered from the highway through a responsive road-side installation. Real time-water quality sensors automatically raise and lower flags according to changes in selenium rates. LEFT The public can learn from our database about plant species performance and issues associated with groundwater pumping, agricultural drainage, and contamination that threaten public health & the ecology of the wildlife refuge. 15
The GRC’s success depends on public engagement and government policy. Multiple scenarios imagine how the agency might help redefine the economic and cultural value of marginalized ground.
(Re)membering & Reassembling:
Sea Level Rise, Marsh Migration, & Community Preservation in Charleston, SC Research Studio: Agential Systems for Sea Level Rise, Fall 2020 Instructors: Julie Bargmann, Missy Velez (Re)membering & Reassembling imagines FEMA and Army Corps reform that seeks to repair racialized effects of river and flood management practices on Charleston’s Cooper River. Historically, the Cooper River was integral infrastructure to the plantation economy, managed by enslaved laborers for rice cultivation. In the 1940s, moves to industrialize through hydroelectric dam construction and port expansion resulted in displacement and environmental risk for predominantly Black communities. These river management practices have also contributed to ongoing wetland loss, which threatens residents in flood-prone areas as sea levels rise. Project Edge Migration is a partnership between existing agencies that fund a workforce for urban edge deconstruction, coastal ecotone migration management, and community preservation in the face of sea level rise, prioritizing communities that have historically been harmed by river and flood management practices.
Sediment Transport
Charleston, SC
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Marshes at Risk Due to Sea Level Rise
LEFT Over time, hydroelectric dams upstream have starved the lower deltas of sediment, while the lack of freshwater flow and ongoing dredging allows salt creep inland, contributing to wetland loss. ABOVE As the city’s primary flood protection, marshes need space to migrate inland in order to survive rising sea levels. However, hard urban edges can block migration pathways and cause marshes to drown. 21
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Urban Edge Deconstruction Material (Re)assembly
2 Coastal Ecotone Migration Management
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UPLAND PINE
UPLAND BORDER
HIGH MARSH
LOW MARSH
Soil Conditions & Plant Communities
Community Preservation: Path of (Re)memberance
Path of (Re)Memberance
Priority Ecotone Migration Zones
Historic Creeks
Parcels of Interest
Marsh Migration Projections
SLR Projections
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At the waterfront, visitors observe changes to the conBy then, new vibrant assemblages of migrating ecotones structed marsh but the path eventually becomes inaccessi- can be seen along Migration Way, as hard urban edges ble—first only at high tide until it is fully submerged. are deconstructed further inland.
In the (Re)memberance District, shared historic sites are preserved, while an annual community reunion brings together current and former residents of Union Heights.
The highest ground becomes the new Main Street, where urban infill makes way for those displaced by rising waters & pine reforestation anticipates future deconstruction.
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The Power of Memory Commendation for General Design, Virginia ASLA Foundation Studio III, Fall 2019 Instructors: Elizabeth Meyer, Sara Jacobs, Michael Ezban
The proposed removal of a Confederate monument in Charlottesville spurred violent protests in 2017, the memories of which haunt the local park today. This public seating proposal shifts power from the central monument to the park’s periphery by thickening the eastern edge of the park through a participatory effort of excavating, transforming, and reallocating soil. The seating engages passers-by and provides opportunities for human connection between otherwise disparate groups: mostly wealthy white residents to the north, predominately African American public housing residents to the south, individuals experiencing homelessness, or visitors and workers of the downtown area. Planting creates an intimate enclosure, with humans at the center rather than a symbol of racist violence where a new public narrative might emerge.
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ABOVE As a space for reconciliation, it features seating for close, intimate relationships, social conversations, and solitary visitors. Steps lead to an existing yoshino cherry, which encloses the space and obscures the monument. LEFT Iterative models led to the final design, which diverts the sidewalk, asking pedestrians to pass through the rift created by the history of racist violence in Charlottesville.
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Conceptual Development Strategizing through Ideogram
Conceptual development through collage and models led to a design strategy for thickening the edge to obscure the center through a participatory process of cut and fill. The park is elevated above street level, acting as an extension of the pedestal for the monument. The process of cut and fill reclaims ground for those who have been victims of white supremacy. 30
Participatory Construction
Transforming & Reassembling Materials
The construction process is imagined as a participatory effort of excavating, transforming, and reallocating soil. Excavated material is transformed into a rammed earth base, made into bricks for the seat and back, and used as fill for planting beds.
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Diverted sidewalk
Existing Prunus x yedoensis
Solitary space
Social space
Intimate social space
Just Transitions
An Infrastructure for Land-Use Democracy in Oakland, CA Foundation Studio II, Spring 2019 Instructors: Matthew Seibert This proposal expands access to under-used industrial parcels in Oakland, CA by deploying an infrastructural framework that diversifies the beneficiaries of industrial infrastructure and democratizes land use decision-making in shifting economic conditions. The proposal focuses on the residential interface with the Port of Oakland, which monopolizes a vast swath of land, yet those most impacted by its infrastructure do not share in its economic rewards. I propose a strategy that allows nearby residents to take advantage of vacant and under-used parcels of various scales by providing access to utilities, restrooms, storage, and the estuary. This infrastructural framework empowers communities to make land use decisions informally and democratically, allowing residents to quickly adapt to uncertain economic futures and making publicly-funded infrastructure truly public. The strategy is tested by imagining its performance within possible scenarios of economic growth and decline.
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WATERFRONT MONOPOLY THE PORT OF OAKLAND
PORT OF OAKLAND FOCUS AREA: HOWARD TERMINAL
ABOVE Despite occupying a vast portion of the city’s land, the Port of Oakland is tax-exempt and thus does not contribute to public services. Its infrastructure and operations obstruct access to the bay and harm public health for adjacent residents. RIGHT Conceptual diagrams define an alternative to extractive, exploitative land and labor management that has resulted in economic volatility and ecological harm. This project proposes and ethic for land-use decision making that weighs considerations for multi-species public value in social, ecological, and economic terms. 36
URBAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT
RETHINKING LAND USE
FOR MULTI-DIMENSIONAL PUBLIC VALUE
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ADAPTIVE INFRASTRUCTURE
THE FUTURE OF HOWARD TERMINAL
ABOVE The port’s foundation is cut back and the water’s edge is regraded to make the estuary accessible for multiple uses. A bike and pedestrian corridor improves connectivity from West Oakland to Howard Terminal, Jack London Square, and the waterfront. Impervious surfaces are replaced to allow for greater land-use flexibility. RIGHT Utility access, restrooms, and storage allows for residents of nearby neighborhoods to use vacant industrial parcels temporarily as the economy grows and shrinks. The water’s edge is regraded into a gradual incline to improve access. Modular floating docks can be configured to accommodate different water-dependent activities. 38
INCLINED EDGE
MODULAR FLOATING DOCK SYSTEM
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GROWTH SCENARIO: GREEN NEW DEAL
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With major investment in green industry, infrastructure, and job retraining, the waterfront is partially conserved for wetland rehabilitation and partially reserved for business related to aquaculture. 41
Under-Used Street Flax Cultivation
An under-used street is adapted for a community-driven flax cultivation start-up.
Under-Used Parcel
Community Garden & Gathering
An under-used parcel becomes a pocket garden and gathering space for neighbors.
III
Thesis
Freedom-Seeking Futures
Unearthing Plantation Legacies for Liberatory Land Management Master’s Thesis* In Progress Advisors: Leena Cho, Ghazal Jafari *Howland Fellowship Recipient for Field Research
Once dominated by rice and cotton plantations, the Sea Islands of South Carolina became a region of experimentation in radical land reform immediately following the Civil War. During Reconstruction, land redistribution began on a mass scale through the establishment of the South Carolina Land Commission, Freedman’s Bureau Field Offices, and Special Field Order No. 15, which set aside “the islands from Charleston South, the abandoned rice fields along the rivers for thirty miles back from the sea, and the country bordering the St. Johns River, Florida” for the settlement of free people. Yet these experiments in land reform spurred white backlash, prompting the re-acquisition of land by whites and the passage of a suite of restrictive laws broadly referred to as the enclosure movement across the US South. By both denying Black land ownership and restricting access to land for wild food, the white planter class created a program of starvation to force a system of sharecropping, which persisted for at least another half-century. This history makes clear that enclosure was not foundational to land-relations in the US South, but rather, part of a white-supremacist politics of property imposed to maintain control of Black labor power following the abolition of slavery. This thesis imagines strategies that seed a transition toward liberatory land relations, through a series of provocations that operate to varying degrees within the system of enclosure to its total abolition. A video presentation of this research can be found here.
Land Gained:
Mapping Freedman’s Bureau Land Grants Whites abandoned the sea islands at the start of the war, leaving the people they’d enslaved to live and work freely on the land. In a meeting with General Sherman in 1865, prominent Black leaders stated, “The way we can best take care of ourselves is to have land, and turn it and till it by our own labor–that is, by the labor of the women and children and old men; and we can soon maintain ourselves and have something to spare.” Thus, Special Order No. 15 was issued to officially grant 40 acre tracts to free people. 48
Acts and Joint Resolutions of the General Assembly of the State of South Carolina. 1866.
General Statutes And The Code Of Civil Procedure Of The State Of South Carolina. 1881.
Land Lost:
Fencing, Trespassing, & Hunting Laws That same year, the federal government began revoking freedmen’s land grants to return land to its former white owners. Yet the land was worthless to planters without a labor force. Fencing, trespassing, and hunting laws were passed across the South at the urging of planters to coerce free people into labor contracts. Before the war, unfenced land was considered open to the public; passing through or hunting on another’s land was common practice. As the primary tool for controlling Black labor power following emancipation, these laws continue to influence how we move through and relate to the landscape. 49
Land Gained:
Freedman’s Cooperatives Many free people on the sea islands managed to purchase large tracts of land by forming cooperatives during Reconstruction. Co-ops pooled money and sometimes purchased entire plantations, enabling free people to own valuable farmland and turn a profit growing the very same crops that had formerly held them in bondage. An oral history of Edisto describes a Black community leader, Jim Hutchinson, who
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(acres)
Black-Owned Land
1st generation
2nd generation
3rd generation
4th generation
5th generation
Land Lost:
Heirs’ Property & Coastal Development
Nearly every aspect of our legal system thoroughly discourages collective ownership that was indicative of freedmen’s co-ops. Today, 1/3 of African-American owned land is owned collectively by family members under a legally tenuous status called heirs’ property. Heirs’ have limited rights to their property, which has been exploited by predatory developers as many of the sea islands have been developed into exclusive resorts. To resolve heirs’ property issues, land must be equitably divided among all heirs, which creates increasingly small parcels that disrupt typical spatial patterns of families and collectives.
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Measurement as Method: Cadastral Survey
Movement as Method: Boundaries Unraveled
Unraveling the Cadastral Survey
Benjamin C. Howland Travel Fellowship Exhibit The cadastral survey is the process that renders enclosure geographic by delineating the exact spatial boundaries of a piece of property. It establishes the extents of ownership, which enables exclusive rights of use and the absolute right to exclude others. A series of walks taken at case study sites on Edisto Island serve as a starting place for experimenting with alternative purposes, documentation, and representational methods for the survey. An exhibition of this work in April 2021 is forthcoming. 52
Alternative Archive
Culturally Significant to Gullah Geechee
Managed at ACE Basin Wildlife Refuge
Conservation Commons
Co-Management for Land-Based Justice Management strategies for at former rice plantations in the ACE Basin Wildlife Refuge have their roots in the hunting practices of wealthy northerners and descendants of enslavers, without adequate consultation from the Gullah/ Geechee descendants of the enslaved who originally built the plantations and the wealth generated by them. I propose reforming wildlife conservation law to allow gathering and access to sacred sites, and that land management decisions be co-created with members of the Gullah/Geechee nation and Natchez Kusso tribes. 53
IV
Skills
Calicarpa americana Asarum canadense
Cornus sericea Thymus sp.
Opuntia humifusa
Rhus typhina Schizochyrium scoparium
Jardins do Arte Moderna Planting Design Inspired by Burle Marx Plant-Driven Design, Fall 2020 Instructors: Cole Burrell This garden design takes cues from case study analysis of Roberto Burle Marx’s planting design at the Museum of Modern Art Gardens in Rio de Janeiro. Burle Marx’s tendency to showcase contrast in color, texture, and vertical layering inform plant selection and placement decisions. The design accentuates the site’s existing rectilinear beds and serpentine walls (right), which recall Burle Marx’s modernist geometries. Existing quadrants are subdivided into smaller beds to allow for a larger variety of planting and to encourage visitors to wander throughout. The southern serpentine wall extends into a low planter with seating. Working between the plant palette, experimental collages, and sections, I developed textural compositions that celebrate plant form and color throughout the year. The compositions were arranged within the garden based on circulation, the sense of enclosure and openness, color, light, and microclimate. 56
A
B
Illustrative Plan
C
C
A
B
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Planting Plan
Plant Palette
Maintenance Plan
Materializing Atmospheres Analog & Digital Research Methods Foundation Studio II, Spring 2019 Instructors: Emma Mendel, Matthew Seibert Teammates: JingJing Lai, Binyu Yang In this 4-week workshop, our team experimented with analog and digital methods of field research to investigate the effects of wind on seed dispersal and forest succession at Milton Airfield, a decommissioned airport outside of Charlottesville, VA. Our field research involved recording wind speed and direction using charcoal dust on paper (pictured left), as well as wind contents using adhesive fixtures in the landscape (below). We then used digital simulation to test landform vegetative massing schemes to strategically guide seed dispersal. We applied these methods to various future scenarios for the site that included industrial agriculture, mining activities, or urban development.
Spring Seed Shed
Betula nigra
Acer saccharinum
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Seed Dispersal By Wind Distance and Direction
ABOVE Plan showing seed dispersal throughout the year based on wind speed and direction. RIGHT 3D models test seed dispersal behavior over various landform and massing schemes using particle simulation. Models are used to design landforms that strategically direct seed dispersal for various future land-uses 62
Landform Testing
Landform Design
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LUNCH Journal Publication Design & Editing
University of Virginia School of Architecture Student-Led Design Journal Faculty Advisors: Bradley Cantrell & Sneha Patel Editorial Team: Colleen Brennan, Leah Kahler, Ben Small LUNCH is the student-led design journal at the University of Virginia School of Architecture. For each issue of LUNCH, the editorial team chooses the issue’s theme, solicits contributions from students and practitioners, plans an exhibition, and designs and edits the entirety of the journal. For the fifteenth issue, we chose the theme THICK, inspired by anthropologist Clifford Geertz’s writing on thick descriptions, and Thaisa Way’s thick-sections approach to design research. The call for submissions appears on the back cover of the journal (right), while a typical spread design is shown above. The journal is currently being designed and edited and will be released in Fall 2021.
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V
Professional
Michael Van Valkenburgh, Associates Summer Intern 2019 (Brooklyn) & 2020 (remote) Mentors: Timothy Gazzo, Evan Blondell, Gullivar Shepherd
As a two-time summer intern for MVVA, I worked primarily on the Waller Creek project in Austin, TX. In 2019, I worked on design studies that explored options for grading & circulation for multiple areas within the project. I developed physical models to test various schemes for walls and plazas. I designed a limestone block wall through iterative modeling & drafting with conceptual guidance from Gullivar Shepherd. I also developed an aerial rendering of Sargent’s Wharf in Boston, MA (shown here). As a remote intern in 2020, I worked primarily on construction documents for Waller Creek, detailing soil profiles, play equipment, and maintenance access. I also researched safety tie-off mechanisms to allow maintenance workers access to steep slopes, and designed several options that I presented to the structural engineering team. In addition, I developed a plant-identification manual for prairie species.
Design Studies
Waller Creek Project - Austin, TX
LEFT Design studies through hand-drawing and physical modeling explore options for grading and circulation for a plaza along Waller Creek, Austin, TX ABOVE Through iterative physical modeling, I designed stonework for a limestone block wall with conceptual guidance from Gullivar Shepherd. This wall design was implemented as of 2020. 71
Drafting & Communication Waller Creek Project - Austin, TX
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ABOVE Graphics created for a client presentation to help communicate scale comparisons among the various park spaces within the Waller Creek corridor. LEFT Drafting experience using AutoCAD, shows planting plan revisions (top), sectional studies for creek bank maintenance access (bottom), and soil transition details (above). 73
TM Vavra Architects Draftsperson & Designer 2016 - 2018 (Chesterfield, VA) Supervisor: Tom Vavra, Principal
As a draftsperson and designer at this residential architecture firm, I learned the basics of architectural construction methods including foundations, framing, and finishing. I prepared preliminary designs and construction documents using AutoCAD (above), as well as 3-D renderings using Sketchup and Lumion (right). Additionally, I was responsible for graphic design and marketing materials. This included the design of the firm’s website, where I went on to manage online plan sales, preparation, and distribution.
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Public Art & Design Undergraduate & Early Professional Work 2015-2016
As a Craft & Material Studies major at Virginia Commonwealth University School of Arts, I worked between public art, fine craft, and design. My undergraduate thesis project, Common Ground, 2015 (above) involved building multiple body-scale mobile “park spaces” that were installed on a public street. More traditional furniture making and woodworking techniques were also explored (bottom right), where I developed an attention to detail, quality material, and craftsmanship. A mobile sound-recording booth and exhibition space was designed for story-telling podcast, UnMonumental, 2016 (top right).
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Thank you.