Chapter 3: Australia

1884–5 Berlin Conference discusses African colonisation among European powers 1904–5 Russo–Japanese War

1894–5 Sino-Japanese War; Taiwan given to Japan

1910 Korea annexed by Japan

Key vocabulary

Peninsulares White Europeans born in Spain or Portugal Pieds-noirs Term used by North Africans to describe White European settlers Porters Forced labourers who carried objects through the African bush Protectorate A state that is controlled by another Qaids Arab provincial governors Quotas Specifi ed quantity of a product Regime du sabre ‘Rule of the sword’ in the

French colonial empire VOC United (Dutch) East India Company Zouaves Berber recruits in the French army

Key people

Abd al-Qadir Arab resistance leader who fought the French in North Africa Johannes van den Bosch Governor-General of the Dutch East Indies who introduced the cultivation system in 1830 Juana Azarduy de Padilla Mixed-race leader of the Latin American independence movement Lalla Fadhma N’Soumer Berber resistance leader who fought the French in North Africa Leopold II King of Belgium who created the

Congo Free State Simon Bolivar Leader of the Latin American independence movement

1761 The opening of the Bridgewater Canal 1763 The Treaty of Paris ends the Seven Years’ War 1765 Treaty of Allahabad 1770 Captain Cook claims Australia for Britain

1775

Arkwright opens the Cromford Mill 1776 Continental Congress approves the United States Declaration of Independence 1787 Thomas Clarkson forms the Society for the Abolition of the Slave Trade

1762 Catherine the Great stages a coup and becomes Tsarina of Russia

1764

Hargreaves invents the spinning jenny

1769

Arkwright invents the water frame

1772 The case of James Somerset rules slavery illegal in Britain

1776 Watt builds his fi rst functioning steam engine

1781

The Zong slave ship massacre takes place

1788 The First Fleet of 11 convict ships reaches Australia

1834

Tolpuddle Martyrs are transported to Australia 1834 British Parliament passes the Poor Law Amendment Act 1833 British Parliament passes the Factory Act 1831 The Baptist War in Jamaica

1831

Giuseppe Mazzini founds the Young Italy movement 1830 US Congress passes the Indian Removal Act 1829 British Parliament passes the Metropolitan Police Act

1839 Lin Dexu dumps British opium into the Pearl River 1837 Victoria becomes Queen of the United Kingdom 1833 British Parliament passes the Slavery Abolition Act

1832 British Parliament passes the Great Reform Act

1831 Mary Prince publishes her memoirs of life as an enslaved person

1838 The ‘People’s Charter’ is published 1842 British Parliament passes the Mines Act 1845 The Irish Potato Famine begins 1830 French invasion of Algiers 1830 Opening of the Liverpool to Manchester Railway

1825

Decembrist Revolt in Russia

1848 Treaty of Guadeloupe Hidalgo ends the Mexican–American War and brings new southern and western territory under US control 1851 The Great Exhibition is held in Hyde Park, London

1842

Chadwick publishes The Sanitary Conditions of the Labouring Population

1842 The First Opium War ends with the Treaty of Nanjing

1848

Revolutions across Europe

1850 Taiping Rebellion begins

1899 The start of the Boer War 1898 British victory at the Battle of Omdurman

1895 Japan wins the Sino-Japanese War and Taiwan given to Japan 1890 Massacre of Native Americans at Wounded Knee

1900 The Boxer Rising 1853 Crimean War begins

1884–5 Berlin Conference discusses African colonisation among European powers