Cmjv03i03p0258 by Journal of Computer and Mathematical Sciences

J. Comp. & Math. Sci. Vol.3 (3), 258-275 (2012)

Finite Element Analysis of Convective Heat And Mass Transfer Flow of a Viscous Fluid through a Porous Medium with Heat Generating Source and Quadratic Density Temperature Variation Y. MADHUSUDHANA REDDY1 and D. R. V. PRASADA RAO2 1

Associate Professor, Department of Mathematics, Sri Venkateswra Institute of Technology, Anantapur, INDIA. 2 Professor, Department of Mathematics, S. K. University, Anantapur, INDIA. (Received on: April 15, 2012) ABSTRACT In this analysis we investigate the effect of quadratic density temperature variation on convective heat and mass transfer flow of a viscous fluid through a porous medium in vertical channel with heat generating source. By using galarkin finite element analysis the equations governing flow heat and mass transfer are solved with three noded line segments. The effect of various fluid sources on velocity, temperature concentration is analyzed. The rate of heat and mass transfer on the boundaries are evaluated numerically. Keywords: Vertical Channel, Nondarcy , Finite element analysis, Porous Medium, Heat and Mass Transfer.

1. INTRODUCTION Flow and heat transfer in porous medium has been attracting the attention of an increasingly large number of investigators in recent years. The need for fundamental studies in porous media heat transfer stems from the fact that a better under standing of a host of thermal engineering applications in which porous

materials present is required. The accumulated impact of these studies is two fold, first to improve the performance of existing porous media-related thermal systems, second is to generate new ideas and explore new avenues with respect to the use of porous media in heat transfer applications. Some examples of thermal engineering disciplines which stand to benefit from a better understanding of heat

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and fluid flow process through porous materials are geothermal systems, thermal insulations, grain storage, solid matrix heat exchangers, oil extractions and the manufacturing of numerous products in the chemical industry. Darcy’s equation give satisfactory results for closely packed porous medium but does not explain the flow through sparsely distributed porous medium in later situation, Brinkman5 proposed an alternate model by adding a term which accounts for the viscous shear in addition to the Darcy’s equation. The first theoretical investigation of natural convection in porous enclosure using Brinkman model was made by Chan et al6. Later on a series of investigations were carried out using the Brinkman model by a few authors notably Poulikakos and Bejan14. Convective flows driven by temperature and concentration differences have been studied extensively in the fast and various extensions of the problem have been reported in the literature with both temperature and concentration interacting simultaneously, the convection has become quite complex. Combined heat and mass transfer along a vertical plate in natural convection flows have been studied in great detail. Bejan and Khair4 have investigated the vertical free convection boundary layer flow embedded in a porous medium resulting from the combined heat and mass transfer. Similarity solutions for buoyancy induced heat and mass transfer for vertical surfaces in porous media were presented. Lai and Kulacki 11 have used an integral method to solve the problem of Bejan and Khair4. Nelson and Wood13 has numerically and analytically investigated the combined heat and mass transfer for both boundary

conditions. Mamou12 et al have analyzed the problem of thermosolutal convection in a rectan cell filled with a brinkman porous medium saturated by a binary fluid. Sugunama18 and Ravindranath reddy15 have analyzed the free convective heat transfer in vertical channel taking dissipative terms. Sulochana19 has analyzed the convective heat and mass transfer through a porous medium confined in a vertical channel with viscous and Darcy dissipations. In all the above investigations, the variation of density is taken in the linear form

∆ρ = − ρβ (∆T )

(1.1)

Where β is the co-efficient of thermal expansion and is 2,07 x 104 (OC) -1+. This is valid for temperature variation near 200c. But this analysis is not applicable to the study of the flow of water at 40c, the density of water is a maximum at atmospheric pressure and the above relations (1.1) does not hold good. The modified form of (1.1) applicable to water at 40c is given by

∆ρ = − ργ (∆T )

(1.2)

Where γ = 8 x 10-6 (OC)-2. Taking this fact into account, Goren showed in this case, similarity solutions for the fee convection flow of water at 40c past a semi-infinite vertical plate exist. An approximate solution for velocity and temperature has been obtained by using Karman – Pohlhausen method together with the method of finding similarity solution. Following a quadratic density temperature variation applebaum3 have discussed the laminar free convection

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flow through coaxial circular cylinders with and without heat sources. Taking non-linear density temperature variation Sarojamma 16a has analyzed the hydro-magnetic free convection flow in a cylindrical geometry. Vajravelu19a have solved the problem of free convection between vertical walls by taking the non-linear density temperature variation, viz.

∆ρ = − ρβ 0 g (T − Te ) − ρβ1 (T − Te ) (1.3) 2

Where β0 and β1 are the constants. Bhargawa and Agarwal 2a have investigated the fully developed laminar free convection flow in the presence of constant heat sources in a circular pipe taking the same density temperature relationship (1.3). It is found that the flow and heat transfer both depend upo a new parameter

β  γ =  1 ∆T  β0  in addition to the heat source parameter and free convection parameter k. Keeping the applications in view 9 Jaffer and Venkataramana20 have studied the effect of Quadratic density temperature variation on convective heat transfer in vertical channel. Recently Alivene1 and Rao16 have studied the effect of quadratic density temperature variation on convective heat and mass transfer through a porous medium in vertical channel under varied conditions. In this paper we investigate the convective heat and mass transfer through a porous medium confined in a vertical channel in the presence of heat generating sources with quadratic density temperature

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variations. The equations governing the velocity, energy, and diffusion are nonlinear coupled. By employing Galerkin finite element analysis with quadratic interpolation functions the equations are solved. The velocity, temperature, and concentration distributions are analyzed for different variations of the parameters , viz. Gm, Gc, D-1, S, Sc, and α. The rate of heat transfer and mass transfer are evaluated numerically for different variations of the parameters. 2. FORMULATION OF THE PROBLEM We consider the convective heat and mass transfer flow of a viscous, incompressible, non-conducting, fluid through a Darcy, isotropic, homogenous porous medium. The x-axis is directed along the vertical surface and the y-axis is transverse to this. Both the vertical surface and the fluid are maintained initially at the same temperature and concentration. Instantaneously they are raised to a temperature Tw and concentration Cw which remain unchanged. The walls are situated at y = ± L. Assuming the Concentration at a low level the soret and Doufour effects are neglected. Incorporating viscous heating effects, wall mass flux and buoyancy, under the Boussinesque approximation, the boundary layer equations may be presented as follows:

∂v =0 ∂y v

(2.1)

∂u ∂ 2u υ 2 = υ 2 + β g (T − Te ) + β * g ( C − C e ) − u ∂y ∂y Kp

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(2.2)

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∂T ∂ 2T v = λ 2 − Q(Te − T ) ∂y ∂y

(2.3)

∂C ∂ 2C v = Dm 2 ∂y ∂y

φ yy + SScφ y = 0

(2.8)

The corresponding boundary conditions are

y = 0;

u = 0,

T = T 1,

C = C1,

y = 1,

u=0,

T = T2,

C = C2.

(2.5)

We introduce the non-dimentional variables as

u = 0, θ = 1, φ = 1 u = 0, θ = 0, φ = 0

T − T2 T1 − T2

φ=

gβ 3 2 Gm = υ

The conservation equations are now transformed into the following system of coupled, non-linear ordinary differential equations of f, θ, φ.

u yy + Su y − D −1u = Gmθ 2 + Gcφ

(2.6)

(T1 − T2 )

g β *3 2 Gc = υ

D-1 = Kp/L2 α = QL2/λ

(2.9)

( C1 − C 2 )

(Local temperature Grashof number) (Local mass Grashof number) (Darcy’s number)

(Heat source parameter)

v0 L

Pr = Sc =

C − C2 C1 − C2

at y = L at y = -L.

where

(x , y ) = (x, y)/L

θ=

(2.7)

(2.4)

where u is the axial velocity in the porous region, T & C are the temperature and concentrations of the fluid, k is the permeability of porous medium, g is the acceleration due to gravity, Kp is the permeability of porous medium , Q is the hear source, υ is the kinematic viscosity , ρ is the dencity of the fluid, α is the thermal diffusivity , Dm is the coefficient of mass diffusitivity, Cs is the concentration susceptibility, Cp is the specific heat, β is the coefficient of thermal expansion, β* is the coefficient of volume expansion. The boundary conditions are

θ yy + S Pr θ y − αθ = 0

(Suction Reynolds number)

γ λ

(Prandtl number)

ν Dm

(Schmidt number)

3. FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS OF THE PROBLEM To solve these differential equations with the corresponding boundary conditions, we assume If ui, θi, and φi are the approximations of u, θ, and φ we define the errors (residual)

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Y. Madhusudhana Reddy, et al., J. Comp. & Math. Sci. Vol.3 (3), 258-275 (2012)

E1i , E 2i , E3i , E 4i Eui =

d  du i  dy  dy

function

 du i − Gm(θ i )2 − Gcφ i − D −1u i +S dy 

(3.1)

d  dθ  dθ Eθi =  − αθ i  + Pr S dy  dy  dy i

d  dφ i Eφi =  dy  dy

 dφ i + SSc  dy 

and integrate over the typical two nodded linear element ( η e ,η e +1 ) we obtain ηe+1

∫ Eψ η i u

(3.2)

∫ Eθψ η i

(3.3)

ηe+1

f kψ k

η e+1

k =1

∑

(j = 1, 2, 3, 4)

(3.6)

(j = 1, 2, 3, 4)

(3.7)

dy = 0

 d  du i 

 du i − Gm(θ i ) 2 − Gcφ i − D −1u i ψ ij dy = 0 dy 

(3.8)

k =1

(3.4)

∑φ ψ k

ηe+1

∫

ηe

 d  dθ i   dθ i − αθ i ψ ij dy = 0    + Pr S dy  dy  dy   (3.9)

k =1

these errors are orthogonal to the weight function over the domain of ei. under Galerkin finite element technique we choose the approximation functions as the weight function. Multiply both sides of the equations (3.1) – (3.3) by the weight function i.e., each of the approximation

∫

(3.5)

θ kψ k

ηe

i j

(j = 1, 2, 3, 4)

dy = 0

∫   + S η  dy  dy  e

ηe+1

i j

φ =

dy = 0

∑

i j

ηe+1

∫ Eφψ η

θi =

i j

where

ui =

262

ηe+1

∫

ηe

 d  dφ i  dφ i  i   ψ j dy = 0  + SSc dy   dy  dy  (3.10)

following the Galerkin weighted residual method and integration by parts method to the equations (3.8 – 3.10), we obtain

ηe+1 ηe+1 ηe+1 ηe+1 dψ ij duk du dy + ∫ S k ψ ij dy − ∫ Gmθ kψ ij dy − ∫ Gcφkψ ij dy − D −1 ∫ ukψ ij dy = Q1, j + Q2, j dy dy dy ηe ηe ηe ηe

(3.11)

−Q1, j = ψ j (ηe ) Where

duk (ηe ) dy

Q2, j = ψ j (ηe +1 ) ,

duk (ηe+1 ) dy

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263 ηe+1

∫

ηe

Y. Madhusudhana Reddy, et al., J. Comp. & Math. Sci. Vol.3 (3), 258-275 (2012) ηe+1 ηe+1 dψ ij dθ k dθ k i ψ j dy − ∫ αθ kψ ij dy = R1, j + R2, j dy + ∫ PrS dy dy dy ηe ηe

− R1, j = ψ j (ηe ) where

dθ k dφ (ηe ) +ψ j (ηe ) k (ηe ) dy dy

R2, j = ψ j (ηe +1 ) ηe+1

∫

ηe

(3.12)

dθ k dφ (ηe+1 ) +ψ j (ηe+1 ) k (ηe+1 ) dy dy

ηe+1 dψ ij dφk dφ dy + ∫ ScS k ψ ij dy = S1, j + S 2, j dy dy dy ηe

− S1, j = ψ j (ηe ) where

(3.13)

dφk dθ (ηe ) +ψ j (ηe ) k (ηe ) dy dy

S2, j = ψ j (ηe +1 )

dφk dθ (ηe+1 ) +ψ j (ηe+1 ) k (ηe+1 ) dy dy

making use of equations (3.4), we can write above equations as η e +1

∑

k =1

∫

dψ

i j

ηe

dψ k dy + dy

η e +1

∑

k =1

Suk

∫

ηe

dψ k ψ ij d y − G m dy

∑

k =1

θk

η e +1

∫

η e +1

k =1

ηe

ψ kψ ij d y − G c ∑ φ k

ηe

∫

ψ kψ ij d y − D

−1

η e +1

∑

k =1

∫

ψ kψ ij d y = Q 1 , j + Q 2 , j

ηe

(3.14) ηe+1

∑θ ∫ η k =1

ηe+1 ηe+1 3 3 dψ ij dψ k dψ k i ψ j dy − α ∑θk ∫ ψ kψ ij dy =R1, j + R2, j dy + Pr ∑ Sθk ∫ ψ k dy dy dy k =1 k =1 ηe ηe

η e +1

∑φ ∫ η k =1

η e +1 3 dψ ij dψ k dψ k i ψ j dy =S1, j + S 2 , j dy + Sc ∑ S φ k ∫ ψ k dy dy dy k =1 ηe

(3.15)

(3.16)

choosing different ψ ij ’s corresponding to each element η e in the equation (3.14) yields a local stiffness matrix of order 3× 3

in the form

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( fi k j )(uik ) − δ G ( gik j )(θik + NCik ) + δ D −1 (mik j )(uik ) + δ 2 Λ ( nik j )(uik ) = (Q2k j ) + (Q1k j ) (3.17) Likewise the equation (3.15) &(3.16)gives rise to a Stiffness matrices (eik j )(θ ik ) − Pr Du(t ik j )(uik ) = (lik j )(φik ) − ScSr(t ik j )(uik ) =

R2k j + R1k j (3.18)

S 2k j + S1k j (3.19)

where ( f i k j ) , ( g ik j ) , (mik j ) , ( nik j ) , (eik j ) ,

(l ik j ) and (t ik j ) are 3× 3 matrices and (Q2k j ) , (Q1k j ) , ( R2k j ) & ( R1k j ) , ( S 2k j ) & ( S 1k j ) are 3× 1 column matrices and

such stiffness matrices (3.17) - (3.19) in terms of local nodes in each element are assembled using inter element continuity and equilibrium conditions to obtain the coupled global matrices in terms of the global nodal values of f, h, θ, and φ. In case we choose n quadratic elements then the global matrices are of order 2n+1. The ultimate coupled global matrices are solved to determine the unknown global nodal values of the velocity , temperature and concentration in fluid region. In solving these global matrices an iteration procedure has been adopted to include the boundary and effects in the porous region.

The shape functions corresponding to

( y − 2)( y − 4) 8

ψ 11 =

( y − 4)( y − 8) 32

ψ 21 =

( y −12)( y −16) 1 ( y − 20)( y − 24) ψ3 = 32 32

ψ 22 =

( y − 6)( y − 8) 8

ψ23 =

( y −10)(y −12) 3 (3y − 4)(3y − 8) ψ1 = 8 32

ψ 33 =

(3y − 20)(3y − 24) 4 ( y − 1)( y − 2) 4 ( y − 3)( y − 4) ( y − 5)( y − 6) ψ1 = ψ2 = ψ 34 = 32 2 2 2

ψ 15 =

(5 y − 4)(5 y − 8) 32

ψ 25 =

ψ 12 = ψ 23 =

(3y −12)(3y −16) 32

(5 y − 12)(5 y − 16) (5 y − 20)(5 y − 24) ψ 35 = 32 32

4. STIFFNESS MATRICES

The global matrix for C is

The global matrix for θ is

A4 X 4 = B4

(3.21)

The global matrix for u is

A3 X 3 = B3

(3.20)

A5 X 5 = B5

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(3.22)

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The equilibrium conditions are

R31 + R12 = 0 R +R =0 3 3

4 1

Q31 + Q12 = 0

R32 + R13 = 0

R +R =0

Q32 + Q13 = 0

4 3

5 1

Q +Q = 0, S 31 + S 12 = 0

Q +Q = 0, S 32 + S13 = 0

S + S =0,

S + S = 0 ,(3.23)

3 3

4 1

3 3

4 1

4 3

5 1

4 3

5 1

Solving these coupled global matrices for temperature, Concentration and velocity (3.20-3.22) respectively and using the iteration procedure we determine the unknown global nodes through which the temperature, concentration and velocity at different radial intervals at any arbitrary axial cross sections are obtained. The above results coincide with those of Reddy16 for S0=0 and Du=0. 5. DISCUSSION OF THE NUMERICAL RESULTS In this analysis, we discuss the effect of Non linear density temperature variation on the convective Heat and Mass transfer flow of a viscous fluid through a porous medium confined in vertical channel in presence of heat generating sources. Taking quadratic polynomials as shape functions the analysis has been carried out by finite element technique. The velocity, temperature and concentration distributions are analyzed for different values of Gm, Gc, R, α, Sc. The velocity distribution is exhibited in fig 1-4. From fig 1, it is found that the velocity enhances with increase in

Gm ≤ 10, and depreciates for higher Gm ≥ 20. The variation of u with Gc shows that the velocity changes from negative to positive as we move from the left boundary to right boundary. The region of transition enlarges with increase in Gc. Also u experiences an enhancement with increase in Gc with maximum attained in the mid-half of the left region. Fig-3, represents the variation of u with Reynolds number R. It is found that for smaller values of R, u changes from negative to positive in the neighborhood of the right boundary y=1. For higher R≥ 200, the velocity is completely positive everywhere in the fluid region. u experiences an enhancement in the region -0.8 ≤ y≤ -0.2, while it depreciates in the remaining region. The variation of u with Sc shows that the velocity is positive for Sc≤ 0.8 and it changes from negative to positive in the region adjacent to y=+1. Also |u| depreciates with increase in Sc ≤ 0.8 and enhances for higher Sc=1.3 and for further higher values of Sc, it depreciates in the entire fluid region. The influence of the heat generating sources on u is shown in fig-5. It is observed that for α=0 and α=4, the velocity is negative except in a narrow region adjacent to y=1. For lower and higher values of α it is completely positive. Also the magnitude of u enhances with α≤4 and depreciates with higher α ≥ 6. The Non – dimensional temperature distribution (θ) is shown in figures 6-10. We follow the convention that, the temperature is positive or negative according as the actual temperature is greater or lesser than the ambient temperature T2. Fig 6 represents the variation of θ with Gm. It is noticed that for Gm≥30, θ is negative and is positive for lower values of Gm<30. Also the actual

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temperature experiences a marginal increment in the flow region. From fig 6, we notice that for all values of Gc, the actual temperature is greater than T2. From fig 8, we observe that the actual temperature reduces in the left half and enhances in the right half with increase in Reynolds number R. With reference to Schmidt Number Sc, we notice that lesser an molecular diffusivity, smaller the actual temperature in the left half, while in the right half it depreciates with Sc≤ 0.8 and enhances with higher Sc≥1. The influence of the heat generating sources on θ is exhibited in fig.10. For α =0, θ is negative in the region 0.6<y<0 and positive in the remaining region. The actual temperature depreciates in the left half for all α, while in the right half, it enhances with α ≤ 4 and depreciates with α ≥ 6. The concentration distribution(C) is shown in fig.11-15. Fig-11 shows that the concentration is positive for all Gm except for Gm=30. The actual concentration enhances with increase in Gm, the variation of C with Gc exhibits that the actual concentration enhances in the left region and depreciates in the right region. With respect to the variation, with R, we find that the concentration is positive for all R except for R = 300 where it changes form positive to negative in the region -0.8≤y≤0.8. The actual concentration depreciates except in the narrow region adjacent to y=1 for R≤200, while for higher values of R, it enhances in the entire flow region. From Fig.14, we conclude that lesser the molecular diffusivity smaller the actual concentration and for further lowering of the diffusivity, it enhances in the region 0.8≤y≤-0.4 and depreciates in the remaining

266

region. The variation of C with heat source parameter α shows that in the absence of the heat sources the concentration is negative in the left half and positive in the right half. For α=2, it is negative except in the narrow region adjacent to left boundary y = -1. For higher values of α it enhances in the entire flow region and for further increase in α≥6 it depreciate in the flow region. The Nusselt Number (Nu) which measures the rate of heat transfer is exhibited in table 1-4 for different parameters Gm, Gc, R, Sc and α . It is observed that the rate of heat transfer at y=1 depreciates with R≥200 and enhances with higher R≥300 and at y= -1, a reversed effect is observed. A variation of Nu with Gm shows that |Nu| reduces with Gm≤10 and enhances with Gm ≥20 and at y= -1, |Nu| enhances with Gm≤10 and reduces with Gm≥20 for all R. With respect to the behavior of Nu with Gc, we find that for R≤100, |Nu| reduces with Gc at y=1 and enhances with Gc at y= -1 while for higher R≥200, it enhances at y=1 and reduces at y= -1. The variation of Nu with Schmidt Number Sc shows that lesser the molecular diffusivity higher the rate of heat transfer and further lowering of diffusivity smaller |Nu| at R≤ 200 while for R≥300 a reversed effect is observed. At y = -1, smaller the diffusivity, lesser the rate of heat transfer and for further the lowering of diffusivity, higher |Nu|. An increase in the ion strength of heat generating source enhances |Nu| at y=1 and reduces at y= -1. The sherwood number(Sh) which measures the rate of mass transfer is shown in table 5-8 for different values of parameters Gm, Gc, R, Sc and α. It is observed that Sh enhances with R≤200 and

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reduces with higher R≥ 300 and at y= -1 it reduces with R≤ 200 and enhances with R≥300. An increase in Gm, enhances |Sh| at y=1 and reduces |Sh| at y= -1. With respect to the behavior of Sh with Gc, we notice an enhancement in |Sh| at y=1 and at y= -1 it reduces with Gc≤20 and enhances with Gc≥20(tables 5 and 7). From tables 6 and 8 we find that for R≤200, lesser the molecular

diffusivity higher |Sh| and for further lowering of diffusivity lesser |Sh|. At y= -1 it depreciates with Sc≤0.8 and enhances with Sc≥1.3 for all values of R. Also an increase in the strength of heat generating source results in an increment in |Sh| at both the boundaries. In general, we notice that the rate of heat transfer at y=1 is greater than that at y=-1.

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Y. Madhusudhana Reddy, et al., J. Comp. & Math. Sci. Vol.3 (3), 258-275 (2012) Table 3

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6. REFERENCES 1. Alivene: Effect of quadratic temperature variation on MHD convective heat and mass transfer of a viscous electrically conducting fluid in a vertical channel

with heat sources,M.Phil Dissertation, S. K. University, Anantapur,(2010). 2. Angirasa. D, Peterson.G.P, Pop.I: Combined heat and mass transfer by natural convection with buoyancy effects in a fluid saturated porous

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