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RUMO AO NORTE

14.

A participação como prática de responsabilização… A “participação” é um dos princípios directamente associado às sociedades democráticas, surgindo como um direito universal de todos os cidadãos, independentemente da idade, cor, credo ou condição social, devendo ser encarada como uma oportunidade efectiva e acessível a todos, e ser traduzida em diversos contextos, na vida familiar, profissional, local, associativa e politica. Contudo e apesar de ser considerada um direito universal, a prática nem sempre lhe corresponde, verificando-se cada vez mais uma propensão das pessoas para o descomprometimento, para a desresponsabilização e para a abstenção perante tudo aquilo que as rodeia, refugiando-se na ideia comum de que não vale a pena lutar, porque nada vai mudar… porque são uma minoria, vivem em locais carenciados, têm dificuldades económicas…, enfim, um sem número de limitações, que por vezes são o reflexo da realidade, mas que não podem e sobretudo não devem ser uma barreira à participação activa na comunidade onde residem e/ou na própria sociedade. É pelo facto do Programa Escolhas acreditar que é possível provocar mudanças na vida das crianças e dos jovens, através de uma maior participação destes nos projectos, que esta é considerada como um dos princípios gerais do Programa. Assim, uma das directivas previstas em regulamento é que, “… os projectos devem promover uma cultura de participação dos destinatários na concepção, implementação e avaliação das actividades reforçando a sua (co) responsabilização.”1 A participação plena de cada um, na vida em sociedade, deve ser trabalhada desde muito cedo com os jovens. Assim, os projectos Escolhas surgem como uma espécie de experiências piloto a este nível, facilitando o desenvolvimento de determinadas competências nos jovens que lhes permita exercer o direito de cidadania activa. Uma das apostas do Programa Escolhas é 1 Cf. Regulamento do PE, pp.8, alínea g) do artigo 5º - Capítulo II – Dos princípios gerais 2 In Ulrich, Schiefer e outros (2006), “MAPA - Manual de Planeamento e Avaliação de Projectos”, Capítulo II, pp 23-38.

La Salete Lemos (Equipa Técnica da Zona Norte)

“os projectos devem ser construídos com as crianças e jovens e não para as crianças e jovens. Ao trabalhar com…, os jovens assumem o projecto como algo que também é seu e adquirem um sentimento de pertença e de identidade, que muitas das vezes não possuem relativamente a outros contextos de vivência, provocando nestes uma maior responsabilização sobre as suas práticas” que os projectos desenvolvam metodologias participativas, de forma a que, sejam os jovens eles próprios, mentores e dinamizadores das actividades e dos projectos e não meros receptores. É fulcral que estes parti-

cipem ao nível do planeamento, execução e avaliação dos projectos, de forma a sentirem que estes também lhes pertencem e que as suas opiniões são importantes e tidas em consideração na implementação do projecto. Quando se fala de metodologias participativas nos projectos, perspectiva-se “…a mobilização de uma considerável multiplicidade de métodos, técnicas, instrumentos e ferramentas…que envolvem activamente os actores sociais implicados num determinado contexto, processo ou evento” valorizando-se assim, “…a interacção, o confronto de expectativas e o envolvimento dos participantes.”2 Para o efeito, os projectos terão de se socorrer de estratégias de negociação entre o consórcio, a equipa técnica e os destinatários, criando momentos que propiciem a reflexão, a partilha de opiniões e as tomadas de decisão conjuntas, que vão de encontro aos interesses e necessidades de todos os intervenientes, especialmente das crianças e jovens. Desta forma, transmite-se às camadas mais jovens que elas têm um papel preponderante no projecto, na comunidade e na sociedade e que as suas opiniões são relevantes, fazendo-lhes ver que têm um papel importante a desempenhar na comunidade a que pertencem. Está experienciado que quanto maior for o envolvimento dos destinatários nos projectos maiores serão as suas probabilidades de sucesso, pois os projectos devem ser construídos com as crianças e jovens e não para as crianças e jovens. Ao trabalhar com…, os jovens assumem o projecto como algo que também é seu e adquirem um sentimento de pertença e de identidade, que muitas das vezes não possuem relativamente a outros contextos de vivência, provocando nestes uma maior responsabilização sobre as suas práticas, criando-se assim as condições necessárias para o seu empoderamento, visto que adquirem um maior controlo sobre as suas decisões e acções, facilitando a construção de projectos de vida mais sustentados e participados.

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6h :hXda]Vh YZ KâV 9 :hiZ 6 edkdV d YZ KâVg YZ 6cYdg^c]d bjîd Vci^\V Z hjV ]^hi g^V gZbZiZ"cdh eVgV Vh aVkVYZ^gVh YZ gdjeV YVh [Vb a^Vh Wjg\jZ" hVh YZ <V^V Z Yd Edgid# IZggV YZhi^cVYV djigdgV | egdYj d YZ XZWdaVh Z | Xg^V d YZ \VYd! VXijVabZciZ jbV [gZ\jZh^V Yd XdcXZa]d YZ KâV CdkV YZ <V^V! Xdb Vegdm^bVYVbZciZ '%#%%% ]VWîVciZh! kdaiVYV eVgV V bZiVajg\^V! V Xdchigj d X^kâ! d hZXidg YZ hZgk^ dh Z V V\g^XjaijgV# w cZhiV [gZ\jZh^V fjZ hZ ZcXdcigVb V JgWVcôV d YZ KâV 9U:hiZ Z d 7V^ggd 8VbVg{g^d YZ 7VaiZ^gd! dcYZ gZh^YZb XZgXV YZ &,#%%% eZhhdVh! egdkZc^ZciZh YZ k{g^Vh cVX^dcVa^YVYZh Z Zic^Vh# 6 jgWVcôV d jbV Zhe X^Z YZ eZfjZcV X^YVYZ YZcigd YZ KâV CdkV YZ <V^V! VXda]ZcYd '#%-* ]VWîV Zh Zb &%. ZY^[ X^dh fjZ! edg hjV kZo! Zhi d ^ciZ\gVYdh cjb Xdc_jcid YZ &- WadXdh# 8g^VYV ]{ '% Vcdh! KâV 9 :hiZ XdbedgiV eg Y^dh YZ gZVad_VbZcid hdX^Va Z iVbW b eg^kVYdh! ZhiZh ai^bdh VYfj^g^Ydh! hdWgZijYd! VigVk h YZ jbV XddeZgVi^kV YZ ]VWîV d V WV^md Xjhid# 8db jb Xdb g" X^d adXVa WVhiVciZ YZhZckdak^Yd! Z fjZ de d YZ \gVcYZ eVgiZ YV edejaV d! ZhiV jgWVcôV d XVgVXiZgôV"hZ Xdbd jbV ÆodcV Ydgbî g^dÇ! ed^h h d bjîdh dh fjZ hZ YZhadXVb eVgV igVWVa]Vg Zb djigVh adXVa^YVYZh Yd XdcXZa]d# Æ:b KâV 9 :hiZ ]{ XVhVh Zb XdcY^ Zh YZ\gVYVYVh! bVh dh bdgV" YdgZh i b ajiVYd eVgV VaiZgVg d gZigVid [ h^Xd YV jgWVcôV d# EVgiZ YVh [Vb a^Vh gZh^YZciZh h d edjXd ZhigjijgVYVh Z bjîdh _dkZch VegZhZciVb XdbedgiVbZcidh YZ g^hXd# 6eZhVg Y^hid! k^kZ"hZ jb Xa^bV igVcfjâd Vfj^! V Xdck^k cX^V eVX [^XV Z _{ hZ cdiVb Va\jch egd\gZhhdh! gZ[ZgZ >gZcZ ;gZîVh! XddgYZcVYdgV Yd Egd_ZXid

:hXda]Z KâVg! ^beaZbZciVYd Zb KâV 9 :hiZ cZhiV iZgXZ^gV [VhZ Yd Egd\gVbV :hXda]Vh# 6eZhVg YZ [VXidgZh Xdbd d YZhZbegZ\d! d ^chjXZhhd Z VWhZc" i^hbd ZhXdaVg! V Xg^b^cVa^YVYZ Z d Zhi^\bV YZ k^da cX^V fjZ VXdbeVc]Vb V ^bV\Zb YZ KâV 9 :hiZ! YZeVgVbd"cdh Xdb bjîV ajo! Xdg Z jb hZci^bZcid YZ Xdbjc^YVYZ ZcigZ Vh eZhhdVh fjZ Va^ k^kZb# ÆHdbdh Xdbd jbV [Vb a^V# ?{ h d &%* Vh Xg^Vc Vh Z _dkZch fjZ [gZfjZciVb d ZheV d Yd :hXda]Z KâVg! ZheZgVbdh Vi^c\^g bjîdh bV^hÇ! VXgZhXZciV V XddgYZcVYdgV# D egd_ZXid Y^cVbôV! edg ZmZbead! d ViZa^Zg YZ ^bV\Zb eZhhdVa! YZ YZhedg" id! YZ VgiZh ea{hi^XVh Z V [dgbV d Zb ^c[dgb{i^XV cd 8Zcigd YZ >cXajh d 9^\îVa Ä 8>9# Cd }bWîd Yd 6\gjeVbZcid KZgi^XVa YZ :hXdaVh 9 :hiZ! YZhZckdakZ V^cYV V Y^cVbôV d YZ gZXgZ^dh Z Ved^d ZhXdaVg! kdXVX^dcVa Z eh^Xda \^Xd# EVgV ;{W^d HVcidh! gZegZhZciVciZ Ydh Vajcdh cd :hXda]Z KâVg Z bdgVYdg YV jgWVcôV d! ÆKâV 9 :hiZ c d iZb VfjZaZ hZci^Yd cZ\Vi^kd fjZ Vh eZhhdVh Y d# ={ Vfj^ egdWaZbVh Xdbd Zb idYd aVYd ]{# D egd_ZXid igVWVa]V eVgV i^gVg bjîVh Xg^Vc Vh YV gjV Z eVgV a^kg{"adh Ydh bVjh k X^dhÇ! YZhiVXV ZhiZ _dkZb YZ &) Vcdh# 6 Xjgid egVod! Zhi{ egZk^hid jb egd_ZXid YZ gZfjVa^[^XV d YZ KâV 9 :hiZ! cjbV eVgXZg^V YV 8}bVgV Bjc^XêVa YZ K#C# YZ <V^V Z V 6hhdX^V d YZ 8dcYdb c^dh YV JgWVcôV d KâV Y :hiZ " 68JK:! Zci^YVYZ \ZhidgV Yd :hXda]Z KâVg#

: H 8 D A = 6 H 9 D C D G I :

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8dci^cjVcYd V EjaVg 8ZgXVh 8db d dW_ZXi^kd YZ V_jYVg Vh Xg^Vc Vh Z _dkZch fjZ k^kZb cd WV^ggd Yd 8ZgXd Yd Edgid X^YVYZ Yd Edgid V jaigVeVhhVgZb WVggZ^gVh! [d^ Xg^VYd d Egd_ZXid ÆEjaVg V 8ZgXVÇ# CVhX^Yd cV hZ\jcYV \ZgV d Yd Egd\gVbV :hXda]Vh! ZhiZ egd" _ZXid! fjZ V\dgV X]VbV ÆEjaVg V 8ZgXV >> Ç! egZiZcYZ Xdci^cjVg V egdbdkZg bZXVc^hbdh fjZ! VigVk h YZ Y^c}b^XVh YZ cZ\d" X^V d ZcigZ k{g^dh eVgXZ^gdh Z ^ciZgkZc^ZciZh! eZgbîVb Vh ^ciZgVX Zh Z bjYVc Vh i d cZXZhh{g^Vh |h Xg^Vc Vh Z _dkZch fjZ a{ ]VWîVb# >cZgZciZ Vd cdbZ Yd egd_ZXid iVbW b Zhi{ V ^YZ^V YZ bdk^bZcid Yd WV^ggd eVgV d ZmiZg^dg! Z Yd ZmiZg^dg eVgV d WV^ggd ejaVg Vh XZgXVh ^bV\^c{g^Vh fjZ X^gXjcYVb d 8ZgXd Yd Edgid # AdXVaôVYd cV ;gZ\jZh^V YZ 8VbeVc] ! ZhiZ WV^ggd! Xdb bV^h YZ * bâ gZh^" YZciZh! edhhj^ egdWaZbVh fjZ k d YZhYZ d ^chjXZhhd! VWhZci^h" bd Z VWVcYdcd ZhXdaVg Z Xjab^cVb cjb Vaid cY^XZ YZ VcVa[V" WZi^hbd Z WV^mdh c kZ^h YZ ZhXdaVg^YVYZ# Edg XVjhV Y^hid! Zm^hiZ jbV \gVcYZ Y^[^XjaYVYZ cV ^chZg d Z bVcjiZc d YVh eZhhdVh fjZ a{ k^kZb cd bZgXVYd YZ igVWVa]d Z! XdchZfjZciZbZciZ! jbV WV^mV eVgi^XêV d X k^XV Z Xdbjcî{g^V# 9V d igVWVa]d Yd ÆEjaVg V 8ZgXV >> Ç VWgVc\Zg V edejaV d ZhXdaVg Z Xdbjc^YVYZ Zckda" kZciZ VXijVabZciZ XZgXV YZ &%%% YZhi^cVi{g^dh # 6Xi^k^YVYZh YZhZckdak^YVh Æ6h Xg^Vc Vh! _dkZch Z iVbW b [Vb a^Vh fjZ eVgi^XêVb cd Egd_ZXid EjaVg V 8ZgXV >> Zhi d ^cXaj YVh hdX^VabZciZ# EdhhjZb gZYZh YZ gZaV Zh hdX^V^h ZhiVWZaZX^YVh Z YjgVYdjgVh Xdbd! edg ZmZbead! gZYZh [Vbâ^VgZh dj YZ kô^c]Vc V# Dh egdWaZbVh YZ ^cXajh d hdX^Va

hjg\Zb! Vfj^! Zb XdciZmidh bV^h ^chiîjX^dcV^h Z [dgbV^hÇ! hVa^Zc" idj V XddgYZcVYdgV Yd egd_ZXid! B{gX^V 6cYgVYZ# Edg ^hhd! ZcigZ Vh VXi^k^YVYZh fjZ d egd_ZXid YZhZckdakZ! B{gX^V YZhiVXV/ ÆVh EVaZhigVh 9^kZgi^YVhÇ! dcYZ YjgVciZ jbV hZbVcV dh XZgXV YZ &%%% Vajcdh YVh ZhXdaVh :7 '!( Yd 8ZgXd Yd Edgid Z hZXjcY{g^V$(° X^Xad Yd 8ZgXd Yd Edgid! Vhh^hiZb V eVaZhigVh fjZ i b Xdbd dW_ZXi^kd [Vo "adh XdbegZZcYZg d fj d ^bedgiVciZ h d Vh VegZcYôV\Zch ZhXdaVgZh! YVcYd"a]Zh jb hZci^Yd eg{i^Xd Z XdciZmijVaôVcYd ZhhVh VegZcYôV\Zch cdh hZjh fjdi^Y^Vcdh# ÆEVgV fjZ fjZ bZ hZgkZ V ]^hi g^V4 EdgfjZ fjZ YVbdh VfjZaVh Xd^hVh cV bViZb{i^XV4 :hiZh h d VeZcVh Va\jch ZmZbeadh fjZ gZkZaVb fjZ eZgi^cZciZ YZbdchigVg Vh gVo Zh eZaVh fjV^h V ]^hi " g^V Z V bViZb{i^XV h d ^bedgiVciZhÇ! Zmea^Xdj V XddgYZcVYdgV# 6h djigVh VXi^k^YVYZh fjZ d EjaVg V 8ZgXV >> gZVaôV! Xdbd Vh hV YVh! k^hîVh Z ^ciZgX}bW^dh! Z Vh d[^X^cVh YZ VgiZh Z ZmegZh" h Zh! iVbW b VXVWVb edg iZg jb c^Xd dW_ZXi^kd/ egdbdkZg V ZhXdaV Xdbd e ad YZ YZhZckdak^bZcid Z Y^cVbôV d YV Xdbj" c^YVYZ# Æ6 ZhXdaV hjg\Z Vfj^ Xdbd jb e ad fjZ V\gZ\V eZhhdVh! \gjedh Z Zci^YVYZh! Xdb d [^b YZ ^ciZgk^g cdh eg^cXêV^h egdWaZbVh Yd 8ZgXd Yd EdgidÇ! V[^gbV B{gX^V# 6igVk h YZ \gjedh YZ igVWVa]d! ZhiZ egd_ZXid egZiZcYZ Vgi^Xj" aVg! ^ciZ\gVg! gZhedchVWâôVg! dg\VcôVg! h^hiZbViôVg! YZX^Y^g Z ^bejah^dcVg d YZhZckdak^bZcid YV Xdbjc^YVYZ VigVk h YV ZhXdaV# 8dbd bZiV eVgV d [jijgd! Vhe^gV"hZ V VjidcdbôV d YZhIZh \gjedh YZ igVWVa]d! d fjZ ^g{ \VgVci^g V hjhiZciVWâ^YVYZ Yd egd_ZXid#

: H 8 D A = 6 H 9 D C D G I :

&-#

9Vg jb eVhhd YZ XVYV kZo ÆIgV VgZb! eVhhd V eVhhd! dh hZjh eg eg^dh dW_ZXi^kdh YZ k^YV Z YZ[^c^gZb Vh hjVh ZhXda]Vh cjbV XVb^c]VYV egd\gZhh^kV eVgV V Vjidcdb^VÇ! d fjZ d Egd_ZXid EVhhd V EVhhd! hîjVYd cV X^YVYZ YV A^mV! egZiZcYZ eVgV Vh hjVh Xg^Vc Vh Z _dkZch# 6 kâV YV A^mV [d^ ZaZkVYV V X^YVYZ Zb ?jc]d YZ &..*# HîjVYV V cdgiZ YZ Edgij\Va! ZcigZ 9djgd Z B^c]d! ZhiV X^YVYZ eZgiZcXZ Vd XdcXZa]d YZ ;Za\jZ^gVh Xdb jbV {gZV idiVa YZ &&+!( `b Z XdbedhiV edg ) [gZ\jZh^Vh/ 7dgWV YZ <dY^b! BVX^Z^gV YV A^mV! KâV 8dkV YV A^mV Z HVci d# 6h [gZ\jZh^Vh VWgVc\^YVh edg ZhiZ egd_ZXid! h^cVaôVYVh eZaV GZYZ HdX^Va! h d/ 7dgWV YZ <dY^b Z BVX^Z^gV YV A^mV# 9Z eZg[â bV^h gjgVa! ZhhVh [gZ\jZh^Vh Y^hi^c" \jZb"hZ eZaV ZhXVhhZo YZ gZXjghdh W{h^Xdh# 6hh^b! kZg^[^XV"hZ fjZ Vh XVbVYVh bV^h _dkZch hd[gZb Vh egdWaZb{i^XVh Yd VWVc" Ydcd! ^chjXZhhd Z VWhZci^hbd ZhXdaVg Z Y^[^XjaYVYZ Zb Zhigjij" gVg egd_ZXidh YZ k^YV# BZiV [^cVa/ HjhiZciVWâ^YVYZ IgVWVa]VcYd VXijVabZciZ Xdb &,+ YZhi^cVi{g^dh! d ÆEVhhd V EVhhdÇ VbW^X^dcV Xdcig^Wj^g eVgV V ^cXajh d ZhXdaVg Z ZYjXV d c d [dgbVa Ydh hZjh _dkZch! Va b YZ Xd"gZhedchVWâôVg dh [Vb^" a^VgZh cd egdXZhhd YZ YZhZckdak^bZcid eZhhdVa Ydh Zckdak^Ydh# 6igVk h YZ VXi^k^YVYZh Xdc_jciVh ZcigZ [Vb a^Vh! Xg^Vc Vh Z _dkZch! d[^X^cVh YZ igVWVa]d! VX Zh fjZ k^hVb egdbdkZg V eVg" i^XêV d X k^XV Z Xdbjcî{g^V! V ^c[d"^cXajh d! Z \VW^cZiZh YZ ^ciZgkZc d! Vd c kZa YVh XdbeZi cX^Vh YZ ZhijYd Z YV dg^ZciV" d ZhXdaVg Z egd[^hh^dcVa! ZhiZ egd_ZXid iZb Xdbd dW_ZXi^kdh/ VjbZciVg V egZhiV d YZ Ved^d hdX^Va Vdh ^ciZgkZc^ZciZh! gZYjo^g Vh iVmVh YZ VWVcYdcd ZhXdaVg cVh YjVh [gZ\jZh^Vh Z egdbdkZg Vh iZXcdad\^Vh YV ^c[dgbV d Z YV Xdbjc^XV d# Edg [^b! ÆYdiVg dh

^ciZgkZc^ZciZh YZ ^chigjbZcidh Z XdcY^ Zh fjZ a]Zh eZgbîVb XVb^c]Vg hdo^c]dh! Zb Y^gZX d V jb YZhZckdak^bZcid eZhhdVa ^ciZ\gVYd Z hVjY{kZaÇ d fjZ edYZg{ \VgVci^g V hjhiZciVWâ^YVYZ YZhiZ egd_ZXid# De^c^ d YZ fjZb XVb^c]V d ÆEVhhd V EVhhdÇ ÆCV b^c]V de^c^ d! d Egd_ZXid EVhhd V EVhhd ZYjXVi^kd! edgfjZ iZbdh VXdbeVc]VbZcid cd ZhijYd Z YZhZckdakZbdh VXi^k^YVYZh Xdb Vh fjV^h VegZcYZbdh Xd^hVh cdkVh# 6h VXi^k^YVYZh fjZ Zj iZc]d eVgi^XêVYd Z fjZ Zj \dhid bjîd h d/ =dgV Yd Xdcid! 6iZa^Zgh! Vh E^hiVh YZ jbV 6kZcijgV! d 8^Y5 CZi½ :j \dhid bjîd YZ eVgi^XêVg cd Egd_ZXid EVhhd V EVhhdÇ# 8g^hi k d ;ZggZ^gV! &( Vcdh# ÆEVgV b^b! d Egd_ZXid EVhhd V EVhhd bZa]dgdj V b^c]V k^YV edgfjZ! eVgi^XêVcYd cVh Y^[ZgZciZh VXi^k^YVYZh <gjed YZ IZVigd! DIA! 6iZa^Zgh! =dgV Yd 8dcid! 8^Y5C:I ! kdj VegZcYZcYd Y^[ZgZc" iZh Xd^hVh Z [VoZcYd cdkdh Vb^\dh# :hiZ egd\gVbV [d^ iVbW b ^bedgiVciZ edgfjZ eZgbî^j fjZ Zj bZ idgcVhhZ bV^h Vji cdbV Z gZhedch{kZa# Edg ^hhd! V\dgV hdj XVeVo YZ [VoZg ^bZchVh Xd^hVh hdo^c]V fjZ! VciZg^dgbZciZ! h XdchZ\j^V [VoZg Xdb V_jYV# :j fjZgd Xdci^cjVg V [VoZg eVgiZ YZhiZ egd_ZXidÇ# IVi^VcV HdjhV! &% Vcdh# Æ:j \dhid YZ eVgi^XêVg cd Egd_ZXid EVhhd V EVhhd edgfjZ VegZcY^ V igVWVa]Vg Xdb d XdbejiVYdg! V ZhXgZkZg! V aZg! ZiX# IVbW b [ô cdkdh Vb^\dh Xdb dh fjV^h bZ Y^k^gid Z VegZcYd# Edg ^hid ijYd d egd_ZXid ^bedgiVciZ cV b^c]V k^YV½Ç 8Vgadh 8dZa]d! &' Vcdh#

: H 8 D A = 6 H 9 D C D G I :

&.#

8gZhXZg! hVWZg Z Xdci^cjVg 8gZhXZg! HVWZg Z! XdchZfjZciZbZciZ! ÆZhiVg egZeVgVYd eVgV Xdci^cjVgÇ h d Vh \gVcYZh bZiVh fjZ d Egd_ZXid Æ8gZhXZg HVWZgÇ! jb Ydh egd_ZXidh [^cVcX^VYd eZad Egd\gVbV :hXda]Vh! egZiZcYZ Vi^c\^g >chZg^Yd Zb Y^[ZgZciZh [gZ\jZh^Vh YV X^YVYZ Yd Edgid! cdbZVYV" bZciZ! H ! 8VbeVc] ! HVcid >YZa[dchd Z 7dc[^b! ZhiZ egd_ZXid VWgVc\Z XZgXV YZ )-* Xg^Vc Vh Z _dkZch fjZ k^kZb cZhhVh adXVa^YVYZh# 8dbd \gVcYZ eVgiZ YZhiVh [gZ\jZh^Vh hZ ZcXdcigVb cd XZcigd ]^hi g^Xd Yd Edgid adXVa fjZ VegZhZciV bjîVh [gV\^" a^YVYZh Vd c kZa hdX^Va ! hjg\^j V kdciVYZ YZ Xg^Vg jb egd_ZXid fjZ ejYZhhZ Xdcig^Wj^g eVgV YVg bV^h k^YV! bV^h Xdg Z hVWZg Vd jc^kZghd YVh Xg^Vc Vh Z _dkZch fjZ a{ k^kZb Z VegZhZciVb jb bjcYd YZ Xdc]ZX^bZcid bjîd gZhigîd! iZcYd Zb XdciV dh hZjh XdciZmidh YZ k^YV# 9ZhhZ bdYd! Xdb d ^cijîd YZ egdbdkZg V ^cXajh d hdX^Va! d Æ8gZhXZg HVWZgÇ Zhi{ V YZhZckdakZg VXi^k^YVYZh YZ dXjeV d Ydh iZbedh a^kgZh Zb ig h ZhXdaVh YZhhVh [gZ\jZh^Vh# 9Vc V! iZVigd! igZ^cd YZ XdbeZi cX^Vh! dg^ZciV d ZhXdaVg Z egd[^hh^dcVa! eaVcZVbZcid [Vbâ^Vg! [dgbV d eVgZciVa Z d gZXdc]ZX^bZcid! kVa^YV d Z XZgi^[^XV d YZ XdbeZi cX^Vh h d Va\jbVh YVh VXi^k^YVYZh fjZ k^hVb Xdcig^Wj^g eVgV d YZhZckdak^bZcid YVh Xg^Vc Vh Z _dkZch Zckdak^YVh cZhiZ egd_ZXid# 8db V eVaVkgV! dh YZhi^cVi{g^dh >hVWZa Z 6cYgZ^V h d YjVh _dkZch! YZ &) Vcdh! fjZ [gZfjZciVb d Egd_ZXid 8gZhXZg HVWZg# 6h VXi^k^YVYZh Zb fjZ ZhiVh _dkZch XdhijbVb eVgi^XêVg h d/ 8^ cX^V 9^kZgi^YV Z d =ê"=de# ÆCd =ê"=de VegZcYZbdh bjîVh Xd^hVh! Xdbd XdgZd\gV[^Vh! eVhhdh fjZ cjcXV i c]Vbdh k^hid! Z VegZcYZbdh V Xd^hV bV^h ^bedgiVciZ fjZ

igVWVa]Vg Zb ZfjêV# :hiV XdbeZi cX^V kV^"cdh hZg bjîd iâ jb Y^V! bV^h iVgYZ! fjZg cV ZhXdaV! fjZg cd cdhhd [jijgd ZbegZ\dÇ! gZ[Zg^gVb# ÆIZbdh iVbW b d 6iZa^Zg YZ 8^ cX^V 9^kZgi^YV# 8dbd c h hdbdh VYdaZhXZciZh Xjg^dhVh! ^ciZgZhhdj"cdh bjîd ZhiZ ViZa^Zg Z gZhdakZ" bdh ZmeZg^bZciVg# >hhd cdh aZkdj V hVWZgbdh bV^h Xd^hVh hdWgZ Vh X^ cX^Vh# EZchVbdh fjZ YZkZg^V hZbegZ ]VkZg egd_ZXidh Xdbd ZhiZ! edgfjZ h d bjîd Zcg^fjZXZYdgZh eVgV idYdh c hÇ! XdcXaj gVb# ÆEgZeVgVg eVgV 8dci^cjVgÇ EVgV Va b YZ ^beaZbZciVg VXi^k^YVYZh YZ dXjeV d YZ iZbedh a^kgZh Z YZhZckdakZg VX Zh fjZ [VkdgZ Vb d VXZhhd | [dgbV d egd[^hh^dcVa! ZhiZ egd_ZXid egZiZcYZ egdbdkZg V fjVa^YVYZ YVh ^ciZgVX Zh ZcigZ Vh Xg^Vc Vh! _dkZch Z hZjh eV^h! VigVk h Yd gZXjghd | ZYjXV d eVgZciVa# BVciZg jbV gZYZ YZ eVgXZg^Vh! egZeVgVg Z idgcVg Vji cdbdh dh _dkZch! eVgV fjZ ZhiZh VhhZ\jgZb V Xdci^cj^YVYZ YVh ^c^X^Vi^kVh h d! Zb ai^bV ^chi}cX^V! dh \gVcYZh dW_ZXi^kd YZhiZ egd_ZXid#

: H 8 D A = 6 H 9 D C D G I :

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: H 8 D A = 6 H 9 D C D G I :

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: H 8 D A = 6 H 9 D C D G I :

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: H 8 D A = 6 H 9 D C D G I :

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: H 8 D A = 6 H 9 D 8 : C I G D

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: H 8 D A = 6 H 9 D 8 : C I G D

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: H 8 D A = 6 H 9 D 8 : C I G D

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?jcidh½ cjb iZaZ_dgcVa Jb Ydh eg^cXêV^h dW_ZXi^kdh YZhiZ egd_ZXid V ^cXajh d hdX^dXjaijgVa YZ Xg^Vc Vh Z _dkZch Zb g^hXd! VigVk h YV ^beaZbZciV d YZ VX Zh YZ dXjeV d YZ iZbedh a^kgZh! ^ckZh" i^cYd cV Vjidcdb^V Z XdbeZi cX^V Ydh YZhi^cVi{g^dh# Cd }bWîd Yd 6\gjeVbZcid YZ :hXdaVh YV 6eZaV d! d egd_ZXid egZk V [dgbV d Ydh V\ZciZh ZYjXVi^kdh! Zb eVgXZg^V Xdb 6hhdX^V d 6G>H8D! Z Ydh ZcXVggZ\VYdh YZ ZYjXV d! Xdb V 8ddeZgVi^kV H X^d":YjXVi^kV eVgV d 9ZhZckdak^bZcid 8dbjcî{g^d! 8GA# Dg^ZciVg dh _dkZch eVgV V fjVa^[^XV d ZhXdaVg Z$dj egd[^hh^dcVa! VigVk h YZ jb VXdbeVc]VbZcid i Xc^Xd fjZ eZgbîV ^YZci^[^XVg XVeVX^YVYZh! gZ^ciZ\gVg cV ZhXdaV Z ZcXVb^c]Vg eVgV d bZgXVYd YZ igVWVa]d! djigV bZiV V Vi^c\^g# 6a b Ydh 6iZa^Zgh YZ 9Vc V! YZ 6jY^dk^hjV^h Z Yd 8Zcigd YZ >cXajh d 9^\îVa Ä 8>9! jbV YVh VXi^k^YVYZh YZ bV^dg YZhiVfjZ cd egd_ZXid gZ[ZgZ"hZ Vd ÆIZaZ_dgcVaÇ! jb ZheV d bZchVa YZ cdi X^Vh! Zb fjZ dh XdciZ Ydh! Vh VegZhZciV Zh! Vh ZcigZk^hiVh Z idYV V ZhigjijgV Ydh egd\gVbVh h d YV gZhedchVWâ^YVYZ Ydh eVgi^XêVciZh! dh fjV^h XdchiîjZb d \gjed ZYîdg^Va# :hiZ igVWV" a]d gZVaôVYd cd 8Zcigd 8dbjcî{g^d YV 6eZaV d Z Zhi{ hdW V gZhedchVWâ^YVYZ YZ EVja^cd OdaV! i Xc^Xd Yd egd_ZXid# D ?jcidh 8dchigj bdh BV^h Zhi{ V Ved^Vg V Xg^V d YV 6hhdX^V d YZ ?dkZch YV 6eZaV d! fjZ _{ hZ ZcXdcigV Zb [VhZ YZ [dgbVaôV d# EVgV Va b Y^hid! c d [VaiVb Vh VXi^k^YVYZh a Y^Xd"eZYV\ \^XVh! Xdb c[VhZ cd YZhedgid! cV b h^XV Z cdh eVhhZ^dh XjaijgV^h#

: H 8 D A = 6 H 9 D 8 : C I G D

(*#

BVg YZ Dedgijc^YVYZh Zb EZc^X]Z

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ÆBVg "6aiVÇ YZ VXi^k^YVYZh w cZhiZ XdciZmid fjZ hZ YZhZckdakZ d BVg "6aiV >>! Xj_Vh eg^cXêV^h VXi^k^YVYZh h d d C XaZd YZ >c[dgbV d Z 6ed^d | ;Vb a^V! :kZcidh >ciZgXjaijgV^h Vc^bV d YZ gZXgZ^dh Z VXi^" k^YVYZh Zb hVaV YZ VjaV ! d C XaZd YZ >c[dgbV d Z 6ed^d Vd >b^\gVciZ! d :hijYd YZ 8VgVXiZgôV d Ydh ;VXidgZh$>cY^XVYdgZh Yd 6WVcYdcd :hXdaVg Z V [dgbV d Zb CdkVh IZXcdad\^Vh YV >c[dgbV d Ä I>8! VigVk h Yd 8Zcigd YZ >cXajh d 9^\îVa# 9ZhiVXV"hZ V^cYV V ÆJc^kZgh^YVYZ Ydh EV^hÇ! VhhZciZ cjbV bZidYdad\^V YZ [dgbV d edg Xdc_jcid YZ b Yjadh Vgi^XjaVYdh ZcigZ h^ Z fjZ Xdc[ZgZb jb YêadbV YZ eVgi^XêV d# 6 VX d Æ¿ EZhXV Yd ;jijgdÇ gZbZiZ eVgV V ^ciZgVX d ZcigZ d egd_ZXid! V ZhXdaV! Vh Zci^YVYZh [dgbVYdgVh Z d bZgXVYd YZ igVWVa]d! VigV" k h YV fjVa dh _dkZch i b XdciVXid Xdb jbV gZVa^YVYZ aVWdgVa [aZm kZa Z V_jhiVYV | hjV ^cY^k^YjVa^YVYZ# ;{W^d AdeZh! YZ &+ Vcdh! jb Ydh YZhi^cVi{g^dh Yd BVg "6aiV >># ÆD egd_ZXid bjYdj V b^c]V k^YV! V_jYdj"bZ V hZg bV^h WZb XdbedgiVYd# 6egZcYZbdh Xd^hVh cdkVh# :j egVi^XVbZciZ c d hVW^V [VoZg cVYV Ydh XdbejiVYdgZh Z V\dgV hZ^ [VoZg bjîVh XZcVhÇ# GjWZb G^XVgYd! YZ &* Vcdh! egZ[ZgZ Ædh YZWViZh Z Vh VXi^k^YVYZh fjZ c h dg\VcôVbdh! Xdbd dh idgcZ^dh YZ [jiZWda Z d eZYYn"eVeZg# IVbW b VegZcY^ Xdbd edg YZcigd jb XdbejiVYdg# D BVg "6aiV bjYdj V b^c]V k^YV eVgV bZa]dg Zb iZgbdh YZ VbôVYZ# HZ^ fjZ ]{ Vfj^ eZhhdVh Xdb fjZb edYZbdh XdciVgÇ#

: H 8 D A = 6 H 9 D 8 : C I G D

(+#

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: H 8 D A = 6 H 9 D H J A : > A = 6 H

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6 8dci^cj^YVYZ Xdbd eVaVkgV YZ dgYZb EVgV H c^V <VggjX]d! Æ:hiZ egd_ZXid hjg\^j YZ jbV [dgbV bjîd cVijgVa! YVYd fjZ kZb YVg Xdci^cj^YVYZ V idYd jb igVWVa]d fjZ k^bdh V YZhZckdakZg ]{ bV^h YZ hZ^h VcdhÇ# H d XZgXV YZ '-) dh YZhi^cVi{g^dh fjZ! VigVk h Yd Æ8^YVYZ ?dkZbÇ! i b VXZhhd V Ved^d eh^XdeZYV\ \^Xd! hZhh Zh YZ ]{Wîdh Z b idYdh YZ ZhijYd! Y^hXjhh d Xdb egd[ZhhdgZh Z YZ[^c^ Zh YZ cdkVh bZidYdad\^Vh Z ZhigVi \^Vh! VXi^k^YVYZh XdbeaZbZciVgZh Vd Xjgg Xjad VXVY b^Xd! ViZcY^bZcid Z VXdb" eVc]VbZcid YVh [Vb a^Vh! Ved^d eh^XdhhdX^Va! ZheV d YZ Ved^d | a c\jV edgij\jZhV! VX Zh [dgV YV ZhXdaV! VX Zh eVgV ^ciZ\gVg Y^[ZgZciZh XjaijgVh Z VXi^k^YVYZh cd 8Zcigd YZ >cXajh d 9^\îVa 8>9 # ÆIgViV"hZ! edgiVcid! YZ jb egd_ZXid YZ Xdci^cj^YVYZ! bVh Xdb cdkdh YZhV[^dhÇ! Zc[Viôdj V XddgYZcVYdgV# ÆEgZiZcYZbdh fjZ! cd [^cVa! dh cdhhdh ^YZV^h hZ_Vb VWgV VYdh Z Xdci^cjVYdh edg djigdh V\ZciZh ZYjXVi^kdh# Eg^cXêVabZciZ cd fjZ Yô gZheZîd Vd gZXdc]Z" X^bZcid YZ fjZ XVYV _dkZb iZb jb ediZcX^Va c^Xd! fjZ Vh [Vb a^Vh Z V ZhXdaV edYZb ZhiVg bV^h eg m^bVh! fjZ idYdh i b Y^gZîd V cdkVh dedgijc^YVYZh Z fjZ V :YjXV d V c^XV [ZggVbZciV eVgV fjZ idYdh iZc]Vb ^\jVaYVYZ YZ dedgijc^YVYZhÇ! XdcXaj^j#

: H 8 D A = 6 H 9 D H J A : > A = 6 H

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D ÆIjidgZh YZ 7V^ggdÇ cVhXZj Xdb V eg^bZ^gV ZY^ d Yd Egd\gVbV :hXda]Vh# 8dbd cd WV^ggd dcYZ Zhi{ ^chZg^Yd ]Vk^V bjîdh _dkZch YZhdXjeVYdh bVh! Vd bZhbd iZbed! Xdb bjîVh ediZcX^Va^YVYZh! hZci^j"hZ V cZXZhh^YVYZ YZ hZaZXX^dcVg jb \gjed YZ ÆijidgZhÇ fjZ ejYZhhZb hZgk^g YZ bdYZadh YZ gZ[Zg c" X^V Z bdWâôVg Vh Xg^Vc Vh eVgV VXi^k^YVYZh edhî^kVh# 6hh^b! Ve h jbV bZidYdad\^V YZ Vegdm^bV d Vdh _dkZch! d Egd\gVbV :hXda]Vh! Zb Xdc_jcid Xdb k{g^dh eVgXZ^gdh adXV^h! dg\VcôVgVb jbV [dgbV d YZ ijidgZh! Zb Y^kZghVh {gZVh! Xdb d dW_ZXi^kd YZ hZaZXX^dcVg jb \gjed YZ ) dj * ijidgZh fjZ ejYZhhZb hZg ^ciZ\gVYdh cV :7& YV Fj^ciV YV HZggV Z! Vhh^b! YZhZckdakZgZb VXi^k^YVYZh Zb XdciZmid ZhXdaVg Z YZ WV^ggd# 8dbd hZ igViV YZ jb egd_ZXid YZ Xdci^cj^YVYZ! d ÆIjidgZh YZ 7V^ggdÇ iZb Xdbd eg^cXêVa bZiV \VgVci^g V hjV hjhiZciVWâ^YVYZ# 6a b Y^hhd! egZiZcYZ Xdci^cjVg V egdbdkZg V ^cXajh d ZhXdaVg! YZhZckdakZcYd VX Zh fjZ V [VkdgZ Vb! eVgV Va b YZ [dbZciVg V eVgi^XêV d X k^XV Z Xdbjcî{g^V _jcid YVh Xg^Vc Vh! _dkZch Z [Vb a^Vh Zckdak^YVh#

: H 8 D A = 6 H 9 D H J A : > A = 6 H

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ÆIZbdh d XVhd YZ jb _dkZb eZhXVYdg fjZ [gZfjZciV d egd_ZXid YZhYZ d ^c X^d Z fjZ! eZaVh hjVh XVgVXiZg hi^XVh! eZch{kVbdh fjZ c d ^g^V eZgbVcZXZg bjîd iZbed XdccdhXd# Cd ZciVcid! ]d_Z Xdch" iîj^ V cdhhV bV^dg hjgegZhV Idgcdj"hZ d egZh^YZciZ Ydh _dkZch Yd egd_ZXid! ZaZîd eZadh eg eg^dh XdaZ\Vh! Z iZb Vhhjb^Yd jb eVeZa YZ YZhiVfjZ cV Y^c}b^XV Y^{g^V Yd bZhbd Z cV ^ciZgVX d Ydh i X" c^Xdh Xdb dh YZbV^h _dkZch fjZ [gZfjZciVb d ZheV dÇ! Xdci^cjdj V XddgYZcVYdgV# Æ6ciZh YZ k^g eVgV X{! ZhiVkV cdh XV[ h V \VhiVg Y^c]Z^gd Zb Xd^hVh fjZ c d egZX^hVkV# ;d^ bjîd Wdb VWg^g ZhiZ ZheV d! edgfjZ Vfj^ bVciZc]d"bZ dXjeVYd Z c d \Vhid Y^c]Z^gd Zb Xd^hVh fjZ c d egZX^hdÇ! gZ[Zg^j d _dkZb Gj^ ;ZaêZ 6cYgVYZ :higZaV! YZ '& Vcdh! V [Zaô hjgegZhV Yd Egd_ZXid Edgid HZ\jgd# 6hhZ\jgVcYd V Xdci^cj^YVYZ YVh VXi^k^YVYZh 6XijVabZciZ d Egd_ZXid Edgid HZ\jgd YZhZckdakZ ViZa^Zgh YZ ZmegZhh d ea{hi^XV! ZmegZhh d YgVb{i^XV Z bjh^XVa! ^c[dgb{i^XV! VXi^k^YVYZh YZ YZhedgid Xdbd [jiZWda Z XVedZ^gV! Y^c}b^XVh YZ \gjed! ZYjXV d VbW^ZciVa! ZhXdaV YZ eV^h Z ViZa^Zgh eg " egd[^hh^dcVaôVciZh YZ VgiZhVcVid! eZhXV! XVge^ciVg^V! Xja^c{g^V Z ]dgid[adg^XjaijgV# 8dbd bZiVh eVgV d [jijgd! ZhiZ egd_ZXid dW_ZXi^kV V XVcY^YVijgV Vd Egd\gVbV >I>C:G>H! d fjZ! hZ\jcYd V XddgYZcVYdgV! edhh^W^" aîVg{ d YZhZckdak^bZcid YZ Xjghdh YZ [dgbV d Z! XdchZfjZc" iZbZciZ! V XZgi^[^XV d YVh XdbeZi cX^Vh VYfj^g^YVh#

: H 8 D A = 6 H 9 D H J A : > A = 6 H

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