CPAR | Perpetual Punishment: A State-by-State Analysis of Welfare Benefit Bans

for People with Prior Felony Drug Convictions

References

1 Bill Clinton in 1992 ad: “A plan to end welfare as we know it.” (2016). Washington Post. https://www.washingtonpost.com/video/politics/bill-clinton-in-1992-ad-a-plan-to-end-welfare-as-we-knowit/2016/08/30/9e6350f8-6ee0-11e6-993f-73c693a89820_video.html

2 Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act of 1996. Public Law 104-193. 104th Congress. (1996). https://www.congress.gov/bill/104th-congress/house-bill/3734

3 Nebbitt, M. L. A. von. (2021). Ex-prisoners are going hungry amid barriers, bans to benefits on the outside. https://phys.org/news/2021-05-ex-prisoners-hungry-barriers-benefits.html

4 Mitchell, O. (2009). IS THE WAR ON DRUGS RACIALLY BIASED? Journal of Crime and Justice, 32(2), 49–75. https://doi.org/10.1080/0735648x.2009.9721270 ; Taifa, N. (2021, May 17). Race, Mass Incarceration, and the Disastrous War on Drugs https://www.brennancenter.org/our-work/analysis-opinion/race-mass-incarceration-and-disastrous-war-drugs

5 Assistant Secretary for Planning and Evaluation. (n.d.). Incarceration & Reentry. Incarceration and Reentry. Retrieved from https://aspe.hhs.gov/topics/human-services/incarceration-reentry-0

6 Id.

7 Dong, K. R., Must, A., Tang, A. M., Stopka, T. J., & Beckwith, C. G. (2018). Food insecurity, morbidities, and substance use in adults on probation in Rhode Island. Journal of Urban Health, 95(4), 564–575. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11524-018-0290-2

8 Testa, A., & Jackson, D. B. (2019). Food Insecurity Among Formerly Incarcerated Adults. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 46(10), 1493–1511. https://doi.org/10.1177/0093854819856920

9 Dong et al., supra note 7.

10 Couloute, L., & Kopf, D. (2018). (rep.). Out of Prison & Out of Work: Unemployment Among Formerly Incarcerated People. Prison Policy Initiative. Retrieved from https://www.prisonpolicy.org/reports/outofwork.html.

11 Id.

12 Id.

13 Wang, L., & Bertram, W. (2022). New Data on formerly Incarcerated People’s employment reveal labor market injustices. Prison Policy Initiative. https://www.prisonpolicy.org/blog/2022/02/08/employment/

14 Christian, S., Children of Incarcerated Parents, National Conference of State Legislatures, March 2009, https://www.ncsl.org/documents/cyf/childrenofincarceratedparents.pdf

15 Paquette, D. (2015). One in nine black children has had a parent in prison. Washington Post. https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/wonk/wp/2015/10/27/one-in-nine-black-children-have-had-a-parent-in-prison/

16 Duncan, G. J., & MaGnuson, K. (2011). (rep.). The Long Reach of Childhood Poverty. https://inequality.stanford.edu/sites/default/files/media/_media/pdf/pathways/winter_2011/PathwaysWinter11_Duncan.pdf

17 Yang, C. S. (2017). Does Public Assistance Reduce Recidivism? American Economic Review, 107(5), 551–555. https://doi.org/10.1257/aer.p20171001

18 Id.

19 Crew, R. E., & Davis, B. C. (2003). Assessing the effects of substance abuse among applicants for TANF benefits. Journal of Health & Social Policy, 17(1), 39–53. https://doi.org/10.1300/j045v17n01_03

20 Wolkomir, E. (2018). How SNAP can better serve the formerly incarcerated. Center on Budget and Policy Priorities. https://www.cbpp.org/sites/default/files/atoms/files/3-6-18fa.pdf

21 Indiana Code Title 12. Human Services § 12-14-28-3.3 | FindLaw. (2021). Findlaw https://codes.findlaw.com/in/title-12-human-services/in-code-sect-12-14-28-3-3.html

22 2017 Maryland Code: Human Services :: Title 5 - Public Assistance :: Subtitle 4 - State Public Assistance Programs :: Part I - Public Assistance to Adults Justia Law. https://law.justia.com/codes/maryland/2017/human-services/title-5/subtitle-4/ part-i/

23 Colorado Revised Statues, 2018, Title 26. (n.d.). Colorado General Assembly. http://leg.colorado.gov/sites/default/files/ images/olls/crs2018-title-26.pdf

24 Hawaii Administrative Rules, Title 17. (n.d.). Hawaii General Assembly. https://humanservices.hawaii.gov/wp-content/ uploads/2014/01/17-656.pdf

25 Bureau of Justice Statistics. (2018). National Corrections Reporting Program, 1991-2015: Selected Variables [Dataset]. https://www.icpsr.umich.edu/web/NACJD/studies/36862/export#

26 Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality. (2021). Racial/ethnic differences in substance use, substance use disorders, and substance use treatment utilization among People aged 12 or older (2015-2019). Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. https://www.samhsa.gov/data/sites/default/files/reports/ rpt35326/2021NSDUHSUChartbook102221B.pdf

27 The Sentencing Project. (2022). Incarcerated women and girls. https://www.sentencingproject.org/fact-sheet/incarcerated-women-and-girls/

28 Women and the Drug War. (n.d.). Drug Policy Alliance. https://drugpolicy.org/issues/women-drug-war https://cssp.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/Racist-Roots-of-Work-Requirements-CSSP-1.pdf

29 Minoff, E. (2020). (rep.). The Racist Roots of Work Requirements.

30 Assistant Secretary for Planning and Evaluation. (2011). (rep.). Drug Testing Welfare Recipients: Recent Proposals and Continuing Controversies. Retrieved from https://aspe.hhs.gov/reports/drug-testing-welfare-recipients-recent-proposalscontinuing-controversies-0

31 Id.

32 Center for Law and Social Policy. (2013). (rep.). Random Drug Testing of TANF Recipients is Costly, Ineffective and Hurts Families. Retrieved from https://www.clasp.org/sites/default/files/publications/2017/04/520.pdf

33 Pollack, H. A., & Reuter, P. (2006). Welfare receipt and substance-abuse treatment among low-income mothers: The impact of welfare reform. American Journal of Public Health, 96(11), 2024–2031. https://doi.org/10.2105/ajph.2004.061762

34 Rubinstein, G., & Mukamal, D., Welfare and Housing—Denial of Benefits to Drug Offenders, in Invisible Punishment: The Collateral Consequences of Mass Imprisonment 42 (Marc Mauer & Meda Chesney-Lind eds., 2002). See also Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP): Eligibility, Certification, and Employment and Training Provisions of the Food, Conservation and Energy Act of 2008 (2019).

35 Id.

36 Friedman, M. (2016, March 29). Just facts: The probation nation. Brennan Center for Justice. Retrieved from https://www.brennancenter.org/our-work/analysis-opinion/just-facts-probation-nation

37 Jannetta, J., Breaux, J., Ho, H., The Urban Institute, Porter, J., & City of University of New York. (2014). (rep.). Examining Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Probation Revocation. The Urban Institute. Retrieved from https://www.urban.org/sites/ default/files/publication/22746/413174-Examining-Racial-and-Ethnic-Disparities-in-Probation-Revocation.PDF.

38 Id.