Mathayom 2 Paralympic sports From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Ice Sledge Hockey: United States (blue shirts) vs Japan (white shirts) during the 2010 Paralympics in Vancouver. The Paralympic sports comprise all the sports contested in the Summer and Winter Paralympic Games. As of 2010, the Summer Paralympics include 20 sports and disciplines and about 420 events[1], and the Winter Paralympics include 5 sports and disciplines and about 64 events. The number and kinds of events may change from one Paralympiad to another. The Paralympic Games are a major international multi-sport event for athletes with physical disabilities. This includes athletes with mobility disabilities, amputations, blindness, and Cerebral Palsy. Paralympic sports refers to organized competitive sporting activities as part of the global Paralympic movement. These sports are organized and run under the supervision of the International Paralympic Committee and other international sports federations.
Contents [hide] • •
1 History 2 Organization
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3 Disability categories
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4 Classification
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5 Summer Paralympics o
5.1 Current summer sports
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5.2 Discontinued summer sports 6 Winter Paralympics
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6.1 Current winter sports
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6.2 Discontinued winter sports
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7 Abbreviations
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8 See also
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9 Notes
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10 References
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11 External links
[edit] History
Archery: Lindsey Carmichael from the United States, at the 2008 Paralympic Games in Beijing. Organized sport for persons with physical disabilities developed out of rehabilitation programs. Following the Second World War, in response to the needs of large numbers injured ex-service members and civilians, sport was introduced as a key part of rehabilitation. Sport for rehabilitation grew into recreational sport and then into competitive sport. The pioneer of this approach was Ludwig Guttmann of the Stoke Mandeville Hospital in England. In 1948, while the Olympic Games were being held in London, England, he organized a sports competition for wheelchair athletes at Stoke Mandeville. This was the origin of the Stoke Mandeville Games, which evolved into the modern Paralympic Games.
[edit] Organization
The Paralympic symbol. Globally, the International Paralympic Committee is recognized as the leading organization, with direct governance of thirteen sports and responsibility over the Paralympic Games and other multi-sport, multi-disability events. Other international organizations, notably the International Wheelchair and Amputee Sports Federation (IWAS), the International Blind Sports Federation (IBSA), and the Cerebral Palsy International Sports and Recreation Association (CP-ISRA) govern some sports that are specific to certain disability groups. In addition, certain single-sport federations govern sports for athletes with a disability, either as part of an able-bodied sports federation such as the International Federation for Equestrian Sports (FEI), or as a disabled sports federation such as the International Wheelchair Basketball Federation. At the national level, there are a wide range of organizations that take responsibility for Paralympic sport, including National Paralympic Committees, which are members of the IPC, and many others.
[edit] Disability categories
Cycling: Karissa Whitsell and Mackenzie Woodring (pilot) from the United States, compete in Beijing 2008.
Biathlon: Andy Soule from the United States, at the 2010 Paralympics in Vancouver.
Swimming at the 2008 Summer Paralympics Athletes who participate in Paralympic sport are grouped into six major categories, based on their type of disability: •
Amputee: Persons with a partial or total amputation of at least one limb.
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Cerebral palsy: Persons who have a non-progressive neurological disorder resulting from cerebral palsy, traumatic brain injury, or stroke, or similar disabilities affecting muscle control, balance or coordination.
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Intellectual disability: Persons who have a significant impairment in intellectual functioning with associated limitations in adaptive behaviour.
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Les autres: From the French for the others, this includes persons with a mobility impairment or other loss of physical function that does not fall strictly into one of the other five categories. Participants include those with dwarfism, multiple sclerosis or other disabilities.
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Visually impaired: Persons who have a non-correctable vision impairment ranging from partially sighted to total blindness.
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Wheelchair: Persons with a disability that requires them to compete using a wheelchair. This includes most athletes with spinal cord injuries as well as other athletes who require wheelchairs, including some lower limb amputees, persons with polio, and other disabilities.
The disability category affects who athletes compete against and which sports they participate in. Some sports are open to multiple disability categories (e.g. cycling), while others are restricted to only one (e.g. Five-a-side football). In some sports athletes from multiple categories compete, but only within their category (e.g. athletics), while in others athletes from different categories compete against one another (e.g. swimming).
[edit] Classification A major component of Paralympic sport is classification. Classification provides a structure for competition which allows athletes to compete against others with similar disabilities or similar
levels of physical function. It is similar in aim to the weight classes or age categories used in some able-bodied sports. Athletes are classified through a variety of processes that depend on their disability group and the sport they are participating in. Evaluation may include a physical or medical examination, a technical evaluation of how the athlete performs certain sport-related physical functions, and observation in and out of competition. Each sport has its own specific classification system which forms part of the rules of the sport.
[edit] Summer Paralympics [edit] Current summer sports The following table lists the currently practiced Paralympic sports:
Wheelchair basketball: Iran vs South Africa at the 2008 Summer Paralympics. Sport Categories Governing body Paralympic Games status Archery ALA, CP, WC IPC Summer sport (1960–present) Athletics ALA, CP, ID, VI, WC IPC Summer sport (1960–present) Boccia CP CP-ISRA Summer sport (1984–present) Cycling ALA, CP, VI, WC IPC Summer sport (1988–present) Equestrian ALA, CP, VI, WC FEI Summer sport (1996–present) Diving WC FEI Summer sport (1996–present) Football 5-a-Side VI IBSA Summer sport (2004–present) Football 7-a-Side CP CP-ISRA Summer sport (1984–present) Goalball VI IBSA Summer sport (1980–present) Judo
VI
IBSA
Summer sport (1988–present)
Powerlifting
ALA, CP, WC
IPC
Summer sport (1964–present)
Rowing
ALA, CP, VI, WC
IFDS
Summer sport {2008-present}
Sailing
ALA, CP, VI, WC
IFDS
Summer sport (2000–present)
Shooting
ALA, CP, VI, WC
IPC
Summer sport (1976–present)
Swimming
ALA, CP, ID, VI, WC IPC
Summer sport (1960–present)
Table tennis
ALA, CP, WC
IPC
Summer sport (1960–present)
Volleyball
ALA
WOVD
Summer sport (1976–present)
Wheelchair basketball WC, ALA
IWBF
Summer sport (1960–present)
Wheelchair fencing
WC
IWAS
Summer sport (1960–present)
Wheelchair rugby
WC
IWRF
Summer sport (2000–present)
Wheelchair tennis
WC
ITF
Summer sport (1992–present)
[edit] Discontinued summer sports Sport Categories Governing body Paralympic Games status Basketball ID ID INAS-FID Summer sport (1996–2000) Lawn bowls ALA, CP, VI, WC, IPC Summer sport (1968–1988, 1996) Snooker WC IWAS Summer sport (1960–1976, 1984-1988) Dartchery Summer sport (1960–1980) Weightlifting Summer sport (1964–1992) Wrestling Summer sport (1980–1984)
[edit] Winter Paralympics [edit] Current winter sports
Alpine skiing: Talan Skeels-Piggins from Great Britain at the Winter Paralympics 2010 in Vancouver. Sport Categories Governing body Paralympic Games status Alpine skiing ALA, CP, VI, WC IPC Winter sport (1976–present) Ice sledge hockey ALA, CP, WC IPC Winter sport (1994–present) Nordic skiing:
Biathlon ALA, CP, VI, WC IPC Cross-country skiing Wheelchair curling WC ICF
Winter sport (1988–present) Winter sport (1976–present) Winter sport (2006–present)
[edit] Discontinued winter sports Sport Categories Governing body Paralympic Games status Ice sledge racing Winter sport (1980–1988, 1994-1998)
[edit] Abbreviations •
Categories: o ALA - Amputee and les autres o
CP - Cerebral palsy
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ID - Intellectual disability
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VI - Visually impaired
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WC - Wheelchair Governing bodies:
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CP-ISRA - Cerebral Palsy International Sports and Recreation Association
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FEI - International Federation for Equestrian Sports
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IBSA - International Blind Sports Federation
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ICF - International Curling Federation
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IFDS - International Association for Disabled Sailing
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INAS-FID - International Sports Federation for Persons with an Intellectual Disability
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IPC - International Paralympic Committee
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ITF - International Tennis Federation
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IWAS - International Wheelchair and Amputee Sport Federation
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IWBF - International Wheelchair Basketball Federation
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WOVD - World Organization Volleyball for Disabled
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CISS - Comite International des Sport des Sourd
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WCH - Wheelchair hockey