H.O.M.E: Martian Habitat Colony by Jasim Azhar

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H.O.M.E MARTIAN HABITAT COLONY

cutout region for the whole book

Jasim Azhar Saeed

H.O.M.E:

MARTIAN HABITAT COLONY a design approach based on technology

Msc. Sustainable Urban Design Jasim Azhar Saeed 672-F, Johar Town Lahore, Pakistan Email: jasimazhar@hotmail.com

Master thesis in order to obtain the degree of Master of Science in Sustainable Urban Design University of Liechtenstein Graduate School Institute of Architecture and Planning Concentration: Sustainable Urban Design Semester: Summer Semester 2014 Professor: DI MAAS Peter Droege Assistant: Anis Radzi

This thesis work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically those of translation, reprinting, re-use of illustrations, broadcasting, reproduction by photocopying machines or similar means, and storage in data banks. @2014

Layout: Author Printing: Univerisity of Liechtenstein Binding: Thony AG

ABSTRACT Mars has been a point of interest to us for many reasons. It is about time that we explore it and expand our horizons. A human touchdown on mars, is expected by Mars one, in as soon as; 2025. Marsonauts will be prisoners of their artiﬁcial environment inside a cramped and uncomfortable habitat; therefore a human friendly habitat seems crucial. It is imperative to understand the need of ‘an expandable colony’ for our Marsonauts. The consideration of human factors is as important as technological problems, while designing a sustainable environment for the Marsonauts. While thinking about the expansion of these colonies, one must consider factors that will make a place in isolation, appealing to people. The real question is, that how do we expect the colony to expand with the advance technologies that makes human friendly shelter for long term stay. The design must focus on performance and to a lesser extent, to its aesthetic appeal. A habitat colony with technological advancement and human aspects would be useful not only in increasing our knowledge about Mars, but also in paving the way for human exploration of deploying the new infrastructure needed to support humans.

in mind the human aspect (physiological, socio-psychological) while designing them. Human conflicts occur when there are more people living in the same environment. Therefore, it will be important to divide the built environment in zones to provide a sense of security, comfort and to respect socio-cultural boundaries. We must also focus on the important aspects, needed for the design of individual and group modules so that they can be translated or replicated in spatial terms to increase performance. Since basic human survival is our biggest concern, physiological and socio-psychological health will be the foremost factor in designing these colonies.

It must be taken into account, that starting a colony from scratch will not be an easy task. The expansion of the colony through a ‘high habitability design’ will allow to create a more comfortable environment for the habitants. Creation of easily useable, livable and flexible modules can allow expansion of the colony. To ensure the success of the individual and collective modules, one must keep

III

CONTENTS

i. Preface................................................................................................................... VIII ii. Acknowledgments................................................................................................ IX

Part I: THE ESTABLISHMENT Chapter 1: Introduction 1.1 The Brief............................................................................................................... 03 1.2 Research Gap...................................................................................................... 05 1.3 Research Methodology........................................................................................ 07 1.4 Objectives of this thesis....................................................................................... 08 1.5 Research Content................................................................................................ 09

Part II: UNDERSTANDING AND SETTING UP Chapter 2: The Background 2.1 Quest for Habitability............................................................................................ 13 2.2 A support for Earth............................................................................................... 15 2.3 Why live on Mars.................................................................................................. 17 2.4 Mission requirements: Physics............................................................................. 20 Chapter 3: Human & Communal Aspect 3.1 Need for Habitability on LDM............................................................................... 24 3.2 Survival Problem 3.2.1 Socio-psychological Problem............................................................................ 25 3.2.2 Physiological Problem....................................................................................... 28 3.2.3 Socio-cultural Problem...................................................................................... 31 3.3 Resources for Life Supporting System................................................................. 32 Chapter 4: Habitats in Extreme Conditions 4.1 Polar Habitat 4.1.1 Halley VI............................................................................................................ 33 4.2 Underwater Habitats 4.2.1 Aquarius............................................................................................................ 35 4.3 Micro-architecture 4.3.1 Diogene house.................................................................................................. 37 4.4 Informal Settlemen 4.4.1 Dharavi.............................................................................................................. 39 Chapter 5: Experimental Habitat

5.1 MDRS................................................................................................................... 41 5.2 Bio Sphere 2........................................................................................................ 43 Chapter 6: Habitat in Space 6.1 Orbital Habitat 6.1.1 ISS environment................................................................................................ 45

Part III: MOVING UP Chapter 7: Mars Space Agents 7.1 Earth-Mars Vehicles 7.1.1 NASA................................................................................................................ 49 7.1.2 ESA................................................................................................................... 53 7.1.2.1 ExoMars Orbitor............................................................................................. 55 7.1.2.2 ExoMars Rover............................................................................................... 56 7.1.3 SpaceX............................................................................................................. 57 7.2 Mars exploration scenarios 7.2.1 Mars one........................................................................................................... 59 7.2.2 Inspiration Mars................................................................................................ 61 7.3 Movement in Mars 7.3.1 Marscruiser one................................................................................................ 63 7.3.2 Mars Hopper..................................................................................................... 65

Part IV: SETTLING IN MARS Chapter 8: Mars Areography 8.1 Environment Conditions of Mars 8.1.1 The Overview.................................................................................................... 69 8.1.2 Analogy to Earth............................................................................................... 75 8.1.2.1 Valles............................................................................................................. 76 8.1.2.2 Aureum Cherso............................................................................................. 77 8.1.2.3 Gusev Crater................................................................................................. 78 8.1.2.4 Capri Chasma............................................................................................... 79 8.2.1 Design Opportunities....................................................................................... 80 8.2.2 Preferable Site.................................................................................................. 81 8.3 Martian Climate 8.3.1 The Radiation................................................................................................... 82 8.4 Martian Resources 8.4.1 Solar.................................................................................................................. 83

8.4.2 Wind............................................................................................................... 84 8.4.3 Water.............................................................................................................. 85 8.4.4 InSitu Resource Utilization............................................................................. 86 8.4.5 Xeriscaping.................................................................................................... 87 8.5 Martian Livability 8.5.1 Hydroponics................................................................................................... 88 8.5.2 Aquacultre...................................................................................................... 89 8.6 Life Support System (LSS) 8.6.1 Water and Waste Management System......................................................... 91 8.6.2 Food Production System................................................................................ 92 8.6.3 Air and Thermal System................................................................................. 93 8.6.4 Overall System............................................................................................... 94 Chapter 9: Consideration of Martian Base 9.1 The Framework................................................................................................. 95 9.2. Site Selection .................................................................................................. 99 9.3 Community Development 9.3.1 The Overview................................................................................................. 104 9.3.1.1 Linear Development.................................................................................... 105 9.3.1.2 Polycentric Development............................................................................ 107 9.3.1.3 Grid City Development................................................................................ 109 Chapter 10: Emerging Technologies 10.1 Nanotechnology 10.1.1 Smart materials............................................................................................ 111 10.1.2 Nano Vent Skin............................................................................................ 113 10.1.3 Carbon Nano Tube...................................................................................... 115 10.2 3D Printing Technology................................................................................... 117 10.4 HyperBaric Clothing 10.4.1 EVA: Bio Suit................................................................................................ 119 Chapter 11: Habitat System 11.1 Habitat Structures 11.1.1 Rigid Habitat................................................................................................ 121 11.1.2 HyperBaric Habitat...................................................................................... 123 11.1.3 Brick Vault Habitat....................................................................................... 125 11.1.4 Underground Habitat................................................................................... 127 11.1.5 Fractal Growth............................................................................................. 129 11.2 Coping with Disaster 11.2.1 The Backup Strategy................................................................................... 130 Chapter 12: Martian Settlement Plan 12.1 The Timeline: Basics....................................................................................... 131 12.2 2030-2250*: Settlement System 12.2.1 2030-2036: Stage 1...................................................................................... 133

12.2.2 2036-2060: Stage 2..................................................................................... 134 12.2.3 2060-2110*: Stage 3.................................................................................... 135 12.3.1 Zone Plan 1.................................................................................................. 136 12.3.2 Zone Plan 2 ................................................................................................. 137 12.3.3 Zone Plan 3................................................................................................. 138 Chapter 13: Martian Habitat Design 13.1 Settlement Plan.............................................................................................. 13.2 Settlement Diagram....................................................................................... 13.3 Settlement Section......................................................................................... 13.4 Module Design...............................................................................................

139 149 153 159

Part IV: THE OUTCOME Chapter 14: Conclusion 14.1 Project Reflection........................................................................................... 14.2 Personal Reflection........................................................................................ 14.3 Critics Reflection............................................................................................ 14.4 Sustaianing Life on Earth? Learning..............................................................

163 164 165 166

Appendix A1 Studio Description.............................................................................................. 169 A2 Design Exploration Sketches............................................................................. 172 A3 Acronyms & Abrreviations.................................................................................. 184 References............................................................................................................ 185 List of Figures....................................................................................................... 191 iii. Affidavit............................................................................................................ 201

VII

PREFACE

The idea of conquering the outer space has encouraged architects to think creatively by designing innovative living spaces and habitats. These ideas can be found in avantgrade movements where a generation of architects got inspired and started to depict futuristic visions. Some of his examples from the early work are like “Plug-in City” and “Walking City” by Archigram (Cook, 1991) and “Oasis 7” by Haus-Rucher-Co (Ortner, 1967-92). Now the visions have become reality and we have the opportunity to look forward and communicate our understanding to the next generation of space habitats. With the changing time and advancement in technological aspects it is imperative that we need to think more about extra terrestrial habitats that can be used for future missions. This will not only provide a new building typology, but will be occupied by the people from earth. “Habitiabilty is a general term to describe the suitability of a built habitat for its inhabitants in a specific environment and over a certain period of time. In the extra-terrestrial context, habitability can be understood as a measure of how well the (built) environment supports human health, safety and well being to enable productive and reliable mission operation and success”. (Cohen, 2011) To make the human survival possibilities this thesis looks at the important aspects of the extra-terrestrial habitats and develops a futuristic vision with a framework for the design which differs from the usual analysis by placing the building first but it assigns human activity to a superior rank. Furthermore, this thesis also offers us to understand the

VIII

importance of life support system for our earth based architecture and provides a new direction that can be dealt with in future.

ii.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

It would not have been possible to write and manage this project without the help and support of the kind people around me, to only some of whom it is possible to give particular mention here. I would like to express my deepest gratitude to my supervisor and mentor Prof. Peter Droege, for his excellent guidance, caring, patience, and providing me with an excellent support throughout the thesis as well in the last couple of studio semesters. I would like to thank Anis Radzi for always giving her useful feedback and correcting the general mistakes incorporated in design. I would like to thank Pia Scherrer, who let me experience the practical issues of writing the thesis book, patiently corrected my writings and gave me her useful feedback on the general regulations. I would also like to thank Barbar Imhof and Sushmita Mohanty who have been the active researchers in European Space Agency, for guiding and helping me out to develop my design strategy, while giving positive feedback during the reviews. I would like to express my gratitude for the financial staff, academic and technical support of the Universitat Liechtenstein. They all greeted me well and worked to make me feel very comfortable. I would also like to show my appreciation for my classmates with whom I have learned many new things and explored new places. Finally, I would like to thank Almighty, who has blessed me with the people who mean the world to me, my parents, brothers and lots of things that I canâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t imagine off. My parents always supported and encouraged me with their best wishes in a new country, where I needed to adapt and work everything out myself.

PART 1

THE ESTABLISHMENT

This chapter gives a short summary on the research methodology, its objectives and the structure of this book.

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION

1.1

THE BRIEF â&#x20AC;&#x153;We are much closer today to being able to send humans to Mars than we were to being able to send men to the moon in 1961, and we were there eight years later. Given the will, we could have humans on Mars within a decadeâ&#x20AC;? (Dr. Robert Zubrin, n.d.). The nature of this project will involve making broad assumptions and speculations about the development of space and technology in the future. Current plans are to complete the International Space Station in 2010-2014. NASA and ESA plan a return of humans to the moon by 2020, and the development of a semi-permanently occupied lunar base as a platform for future missions to Mars in 2030. Mars one wants to send human missions to Mars by 2023 but it is suggested to take more time. The proposal for a permanent Martian settlement in 2040 seems to be more reliable and based on the benchmarks, it is well within reach due to emerging technologies for future explorations. Human ability to adapt to the new environments is very critical and important to its own survival. Our species rely upon this ability to inhibit other extra-terrestrial planet beyond our home planet. The main purpose of this thesis to explore and define the opportunities needed for spatial design of the first permanent human habitat on the surface of another planet i.e. Mars. The idea is to explore the benefits, advantages and potential for new technology and material with the human factors in order to increase human performance. This research is not about to debate on morals or ethics of moving to and living on Mars. It is assumed that Mars has the potential to become the first permanent human habi-

tat colony beyond Earth as opposed to the Moon. Mars has the similarity of its diurnal cycle and available material resources. The imperative goal of space exploration is to find new resources and form of life that can be beneficial for scientific exploration and human survival. Therefore, the need of architecture dialog arises to inhabit the humans on Mars. In the past, all structures are designed to be temporary or semi-permanent habitats lacked the support for human factors, emerging technology and materials to make a safe shelter. The architecture proposals were also dependant on those materials that could be taken to Mars on space vehicles while neglecting the existing terrain or context. As a result, architectural quality suffered primarily due to financial, technical engineering restraints. Architect and human psychologists play minor roles while engineer and project managers have been the primary and major decision makers in most space exploration

fig 0.1: satellite in Low Earth Orbit

chapter 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1

THE BRIEF habitat projects. With the rapid development of material, technology, robotics, computer science and the new knowledge about human aspects, coupled with the wealth of Martian material resources, it is clear that the design and construction of future settlement will be drastically more advanced that the current proposals and what theories suggest.

in Mars or any other extra-terrestrial planet. A project like this with 25 years into the future, requires to create a theoretical framework (explained in detail in chapter 9); while making assumptions and speculations in order to begin with the design process. This will not only help and assist us to think about future missions, but also taking drastic steps to sustain life on Earth in a better way.

With the shortage of resources, climate change and the rise in population on Earth, will provide a sufficient motivation and incentives for human to migrate permanently

fig 0.2: Martian surface from space, looking at Vallies Marineris (largest Canyon in Solar System)

chapter 1

INTRODUCTION

1.2

RESEARCH GAP “The design of long duration human space missions is a highly complex and expensive process. It involves different kinds of expertise, such as: structure, configuration, space environment, environmental control and life support system, HF (Human Factors), crew performance, radiation, electrical power system, thermal control system, communication system, in-situ resource utilization, operation and risk analysis, health and medical care, cost estimation, future options and development, outreach and marketing, transportation and logistics, mobility and robotics”. (SSDW, 2010) In the process of making a selection between different factors, it is important to focus on human habitability during LDM. A higher level of habitability will ensure a high level of performance. This can be achieved through analyzing human factors and emerging technologies which will support the Marsonaut’s mission. Humans can cope and adapt to difficult conditions in respect to short time frame. This is not the case with Mars, as it will take at least several months to rescue, with respect to each planet’s orbit. Consequently, the greatest challenge to humans living in the extreme hostile environment of Mars will include isolation, remoteness, and claustrophobia. These factors can become really serious and can affect their lives with, most importantly, their performance to work will decrease. The human factors like physiology, social-psychology becomes important for individuals and group of people living together. These factors are important to study and should be completely understood before any serious design effort is made. The choice of arranging the interior spaces should be taken into consideration that will

influence the human habitability. As defined by www.about.com, human factors are, “A discipline of study that deals with human machine interface. Human Factors deal with the psychological, social, physical, biological and safety characteristics of a user and the system the user is in.” In an essence, the entire Martian settlement seems to be like a machine composed of different parts working together in a correct order (shown in fig 0.3). The spatial interface between the structure and the inhabitants will provide the greatest opportunity to mediate and decrease the negative effects of dwelling through the design approach in such an extreme environment. The problem concerning in Martian habitat is like construction with current technology and the problem of a form, function and interiors. Taking both into consideration, it is possible after having analyzed the existing conditions in Mars and its environment to build a specific Martian base.

fig 0.3: high habitability means high human performance. This can be achieved through architecture design that is dependent on human aspects and technology.

chapter 1

INTRODUCTION

1.2

RESEARCH GAP Living in isolated and confined environment for long-term missions is a demanding and difficult experience, both psychologically as well as interpersonally. The natural desire, is to stay connected with the people, while staying in a larger environment and to contact with more than few human beings. The scientists, research study shows that the manned mission to Mars might fail if the human aspects are not taken into consideration. The need of time is to make improvements and make suggestions with the already available materials that influences reliability, safety, and stability of constructing structures for future missions. It becomes handy

to explore the structures on Earth that will act in a similar way in Martian conditions. It is a need to develop the guidelines for Martian architecture and analyze different building technologies that can become a part for future habitats in the planet. There have been no buildings that are constructed on Mars, and there in no assurance that technical or engineering process is better than another, but it is worth to explore the architecture through the human aspects and technological advances. Thanks to science and new technologies, what seemed to be improbable in the past, now has the potential to become reality.

fig 0.4: opportunity roving through the Martian Surface

chapter 1

INTRODUCTION

1.3

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY The design of long duration human space The topic is based on another planet, therefore it is imperative to research and review the available data. The methodologies used to carry out this thesis includes literature review (books, website, journals), consultation (space experts, studio professor) and graphical (illustration, sketches) understanding. In this thesis, there are four focuses are defined on the basis of different problems to build up a habitat colony on the Red Planet: Mars, Human Factors, Architecture and Technology. All these sets will be explained through the graphical illustrations with the supporting text. 1. Mars: The extreme Martian climate will influence the human life and their habitat. It is very important to research the factors that are involved in the extreme environment. The understanding about land relief, available resources and climate change is important while selecting the site. The book named as “Human Missions to Mars” presents the detail information about the Martian Terrain and human Missions to Mars. There are some website sources that also give a detail outlook on the Martian atmosphere. 2. Human Factors: There is no way to know exactly who is going to go to Mars so the narrative is required to set up the client. The assumptions made up are based on reality. However, the research available on human needs, and human behavior is useful to define the role of architecture in extreme condition. “Space Habitability” is a well written journal that deals with the human factors once they are isolated and presents some solutions how to cater to it. 3. Architecture: To build a Martian base the analysis of habitats in extreme con-

ditions on Earth and in outer-space are both conducted. There are lots of examples that can be found in a book named as “extreme architecture” and they also become the case study to design a Martian habitat. It will be important to choose those construction, form and function, completed with interior design that will enable and guide the design scheme. Architecture designing depends on graphic and model devices. What usually is described in words, is graphically illustrated and architecture design is always completed with a technical description, but most of the problems are illustrated with pictures. Hereby in this thesis the conceptual project will device to present the solutions in the end. 4. Technology: Only those emerging technological solutions are analyzed which have the potential to be useful on Mars. There are different journals available on the websites about the emerging technologies in Earth, but it takes a careful consideration of which technology can be utilized in the future endeavors especially on Mars.

chapter 1

INTRODUCTION

1.4

RESEARCH CHALLENGE & OBJECTIVE Research Challenge

The Objectives

It is needless to say that developing this thesis research in the field of Martian habitability is not an easy task. There have been three main challenges: the first one is the area of research that is quite restricted and not easily accessible. The field is expanding, but there are low number of users who have published their articles, especially on the emerging technology in reference to space missions. The second one is that the space industry is dominated by engineering oriented fields whereas, the space specialists are trying to accumulate the knowledge between the different fields including architecture and human aspects through the concurrent designing facility. The concurrent design facility has just been applied so it becomes hard to understand, which pathway is correct, since it is based on assumptions. The third one is as the field is ever expanding and vast that anyone can get lost while doing research. The time for compiling all the research and design in a short period is a big challenge. Nevertheless, this thesis sought to develop an idea that would lay a foundation for the future and will contribute in this ever expanding field.

To elaborate comprehensively the range of the subject, hereby I am stating the following objectives: 1. To identify the Martian environment as a new building location and its influence on the architecture urban planning. 2. To better understand the human factors that can be a problem for Martian Habitat. 3. To pave a new horizon for future exploration and settlement during long term stay. 4. Applying the architectonic concepts already established for extreme environment habitats. 5. To search new emerging building technologies that can aid Martian settlement. 6. Applying the architecture and colonial solutions that can have influence on psychological and physical comfort of the inhabitants of Martian base. 7. Promoting new guidelines for architect and designer to use the existing Martian environment in an efficient way. 8. New techniques that can help to implement solutions on Earth in an efficient way.

chapter 1

INTRODUCTION

1.5

RESEARCH CONTENTS PART I: Establishment

PART II: Understanding and Setting up

The introduction provides the background for the challenges involved in the Martian habitat design and the reasons for undertaking this topic. Chapters have been organized into five main parts / headings with their respective sub headings.

Chapter 2: The Background This chapter presents the detail outlook on the need of habitability in extra-terrestrial land. This section presents the idea about going to Mars as how it can become a support for Earth. It includes the information about the space environment as what it feels like and what will be required for LDM to be successful.

The first main heading provides an insight about the research framework by aiming to present the context, research gap, research question and the methodology for the project to be carried out. The second man gives an understanding and providing information about the need of habitability on Mars, while knowing the important human factors that can aid the design scheme. Afterwards, this chapter is supported by some real examples from Earth. The third heading provides an insight about moving up to space and eventually to Mars by using different space vehicles. The fourth heading is about settling in Mars, that includes the basis of the design project. It includes the important information about Martian land features, the site selection, and the important aspect of technology that can aid human habitat system to develop a successful colony. The fifth and last heading is about the conclusions, the learning outcome throughout this project and furthermore, how the learning can be applied to sustain life on Earth in a sustainable way.

Chapter 3: Human & Communal Aspect This chapter presents the important knowledge about human factors during both long and short term stay. It describes those factors that play a key role in the process of habitat design and should be kept in mind while designing the habitat colony. Chapter 4: Habitats in Extreme Conditions on Earth This chapter presents the example of existing design projects that have been built in the extreme environmental conditions on Earth in different locations. The selected projects are from underground, underwater, Antarctica and mini architecture spaces that can aid the design colony Chapter 5: Experimental Approach This chapter presents the example of different projects that have been tested for LDM. These examples aim to improve the human performance by focusing important aspects of human factors. Chapter 6: Habitat in Space This chapter presents the example of a habitat system that has been constructed in Space.

chapter 1

INTRODUCTION

1.5

RESEARCH CONTENTS PART III: Moving up Chapter 7: Mars Exploration Missions This chapter gives an insight on the EarthMars vehicles and their technology for future robotic missions. This section also includes a proposal about making a habitat system in Mars.

PART IV: Settling in Mars Chapter 8: Mars Aerography This chapter presents an introduction to the Mars terrain, its physical characteristics and the climate. This section makes analogies to the Earthâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s surface and proposes some solutions in order to design in Martian land. Chapter 9: Consideration of Martian Base This chapter presents a description about the people who are going to live and work on Mars. This section includes the best possible site for constructing a habitat based on the available research data till now (2014). Chapter 10: Emerging Technologies This chapter presents an important knowledge about the new technologies that can become a part of the habitat colony while catering to extreme Martian climate. The technology will be vital to transform the constructions, but will also revolutionize the space endeavors

Chapter 12: Martian Settlement Plan This chapter presents the narrative on which the entire design is based upon. This chapter includes the timeline, the program for settlement and the people who will go there to explore and mine the first habitat colony for the new arrivals. Chapter 13: Martian Habitat Design This chapter presents the implementation process of design scheme through the research done. This section will include sketches, illustration and drawings.

PART V: Learning Outcome Chapter 14: CONCLUSION This final chapter presents a critical review of the overall achievements. It will include a detailed summary regarding the design contributions, the critical review and will suggest possibilities for further research. Afterwards, it includes a section about how the life can be sustained on Earth.

Chapter 11: Habitat System This chapter presents the strategies needed to make a colonial habitat in respect to technology and human factors. This section also provides useful information on how to cope with disasters.

PART 2

UNDERSTANDING AND SETTING UP

This section presents the detail outlook on the need of habitability in the extra - terrestrial land. It also deals with what is required and should be understood before we are encouraged to design a new habitat system in an extra-terrestrial land.

CHAPTER 2 BACKGROUND

2.1

QUEST FOR HABITABILITY he manned mission to the outer space began in the early 1960s of the 20th century. The exploration and colonization of the universe – possible with contemporary technologies – are the reason to conduct scientific researches in the different fields of science and engineering. Thanks to it the best solutions to implement the big objectives are being gained to know better and to establish settlements in the universe. Up till now humans landed on the Moon only, the natural satellite of Earth. It has appeared to be an inhospitable place, dry, empty, deprived of any atmosphere; a very low gravitation makes moving around very difficult. There are completely strange environments for humans on other planets and moons and human beings are not adjusted to them. There is a possibility to terra-form¬, which means reshaping those celestial bodies to make proper life conditions. However, the process is always very long, complicated and dangerous as well as changing the scenery is irreversible. If that is the case, there should be built artificial hermetic ecosystems where people could safely live and work. The dimensions of those compounds could meet even the ones of cities. There is also an idea of creating settlements in the Space itself, as well as in the insides of planetoids. Nevertheless, regarding contemporary capabilities the most rational decision seems to be the colonization of Mars. There are many reasons for this, where the most important seems to be the most similar to the Earth’s gravity (1/3 g, when the gravity of the Moon is 1/6g only, and in the Space 0 g) and the existence of some different local resources, counting water as the most important one.

Mars is only the third closest to the Earth celestial body. However, temperature is not as extreme as on the Moon deprived of the atmosphere and on the hot and volcanically active the Venus there. The popular belief is that the colonization of other planets belongs to science fiction. In the meanwhile the first manned missions to Mars are planned for the years 2025-2030. The first schemes of the universe exploration have been worked out considering establishing first human settlements in the outer space. Scientists of different space agencies of many countries prepare them. One of such programs is ‘Mars Direct’. This has been established during the Case for Mars conference and its assumptions were published for instance, in Zubrin’s and Wagner’s “The Time of Mars” (1997). This is the fastest, the safest, the most factual and the cheapest program for the exploration of the Red Planet and settling there. It states that every three years there should be a manned mission organized regarding a suitable planet’s arrangement to each other. The first one to send should be a coming back module for the first mission. After the landing in a chosen place on the surface, it should start a fuel production from the brought hydrogen and local resources. Thanks to that there would be no need to build a huge space shuttle in the orbit of Earth and collecting reserves for the mission in there. One mission would last about 2.5 years, which is 6 months one way, 1.5 years on the planet and 6 months for the return. The technological solutions to realize the program are available today. NASA has approved the program ‘Mars Direct’ and on the basis of it the Mars DRM – Mars Design Reference Mission

chapter 2

BACKGROUND

2.1

QUEST FOR HABITABILITY has been established. Mars DRM is the program of the model manned mission to Mars!

building settlements in the universe shapes the whole new definition of the phrase.

Among others branches of science and engineering connected with a manned mission to Mars there is architecture, but not yet contributing much. There is not much literature the subject of the shape and construction of the future base on the Red Planet. There are mostly sketches of some solutions or one particular technological solution is described in detail. There is still not enough professional literature showing clearly technically guidelines and possibilities of the architectures on Mars, as well as there is nowhere to find such literature concerned with the architectural design of the Mars colonization. A phrase â&#x20AC;&#x153;an outer-space architectureâ&#x20AC;? is rather thought as a non-science concept. On the contrary, the actuality of the problem of

fig 0.5: the current potential habitable exoplanets, including the newly discoved HD 40307 g. Image Credit: PHL@UPR Arecibo

chapter 2

THE BACKGROUND

2.2

A SUPPORT FOR EARTH Human progress and evolution has been marked by our natural desire to explore new environments and to inhabit and manipulate the environment around us. We now occupy every continent, the air, and the sea. For some, the trip to Mars and the very thought of living there may be outside the realm of possibility. The evidence for that was recorded –- in words and illustrations -– by the Sumerians, whose civilization blossomed out in Mesopotamia (now mostly Iraq) some six thousand years ago. “In texts dealing with the actual space travel between the planets, Earth was designated as the seventh planet – which indeed it is but only if one counts from outside-in, where Pluto would be the first, Neptune the second, Uranus and Saturn third and fourth, Jupiter the fifth, Mars the sixth and Earth the seventh. In those texts, Mars was called “The Way Station” – a stopover place between Nibiru and Earth”. (Sitchin, 2007) The crews of the first polar bases and submarines were the first to inhabit extreme environments, similar to those that the first settlers on Mars will experience- in places where simply stepping outside unprotected or any structural failure results in death. The

fig 0.6: seal created by Sumerian

success of these facilities demonstrates the potential for designing habitats in extreme environments. The occupants in these cases face similar claustrophobic conditions, limited views to the outside, remoteness, isolation, and the constant threat of danger from external conditions. Astronauts can be compared to the first permanent settlers on Mars, and specifically those who travelled to the Moon and lived aboard Skylab, Mir, and the International Space Station. These explorers faced many unknown challenges, dangers, and obstacles becoming pioneers in the final frontier of space. “Escaping the Earth’s atmosphere has allowed studies of radiation and microgravity and its effects on human physiology and psychology. The first permanent settlers will have the benefit of knowledge gained from all of these experiments, as well as everything learned from missions between now and the time of this project in the year 2040. Future lunar and Mars missions, both robotic and manned, will provide access to untold knowledge and technology benefitting and aiding the design of space architecture in the solar system and the first human settlers on other worlds”.(CA Travor, 2009)

fig 0.7: the illustration of possible destruction of Earth in future

chapter 2

THE BACKGROUND

2.3

WHY LIVE ON MARS On Mars, the development still has to be kick started, but it has not stopped the people to sign up for going to Mars. 200,000 prospective space travelers who have already paid fees of as much as $75 per application to the Mars One foundation, the Dutch company which announced that it’s moving ahead with contracts to first build an unmanned spacecraft, whose 2018 mission to Mars will be followed a few years by the first group of four Earthlings making the big move out of town. There are some reasons that give an insight why people would want to live on Mars that are mentioned as: - Finite Resources: Our resources are finite. Many sources for the raw goods that we require to fulfill our demand are currently laid in near space. Geologic statistics already show that some of our resources will only be available through recycling within 50 years because all viable sources on earth will be depleted. For some of these we have likely

In the words of the great science fiction author Kim Stanley Robinson, “We are the consciousness of the universe, and our job is to spread that around, to go look at things, to live everywhere we can. It’s too dangerous to keep the consciousness of the universe on one planet; it could be wiped out. Mars will always remain Mars, different from Earth, colder and wilder. But it can be Mars and ours at the same time. And it will be. There is this about the human mind: if it can be done, it will be done. We can do it, so we will do it. So we might as well start.” (Red Colony, 2004)

already waited too late. Establishing a human presence off world is becoming imperative. - Extinction: One simple fact screams out for human beings to colonize Mars with all due haste. That fact makes it crystal clear that the Earth has a deplorable track record when it comes to its ability to support life. Consider that 99.9% of all species that have ever existed on planet Earth are extinct.

fig 0.8: the extinction of species over time

fig 0.9: future of Martian property on sale

fig 1.0: resources ramianing on Earth

fig 1.1: future expansion in extra-terrestrial land

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THE BACKGROUND

2.3

WHY LIVE ON MARS - Similarity to Earth: Mars has water, frozen underground and at the polar caps. There is evidence that this water has, in the past and present, flooded the surface in liquid form. Signs of erosion can be found on the slopes of craters and volcanoes. Geological features resembling those on Earth suggest that Mars was once a wet and hospitable planet. -Scientific Secrets: With its similarity to Earth, there is a strong possibility that bacterial life (or something more?) exists on the planet. Some people believe that Viking detected it way back in 1976. Others believe that we found it in a Martian meteorite.’ - Location: Mars is relatively close to the Earth. Mars sits between the asteroid belt and us, acting as a kind of stepasteroid belt and us, acting as a kind of stepping stone to what lies beyond. It remains close enough

fig 1.2: mining from the asteroid belt

to the sun to benefit from its heat (and light) but remains far enough away to be protected from any significant change in the sun’s heat output. (We still know little about the sun’s long-term heat cycles.)  - Economic Value: There is an abundance of rare metals on Mars such as platinum, gold, silver, and others. Shipping from Mars to Earth, is much easier than the other way around. Even more promising is the proximity of the asteroid belt to Mars. These asteroids could be mind near Mars and shipped from the planet for less cost.  -Backup Plan: Colonizing Mars is that it offers a backup plan for humanity. Every few million years, the Earth tends to be wiped clear of almost all life in a globally catastrophic event. An asteroid the size of Dactyl could wipe us off the face of the Earth. Who knows how close we’ve already come to blowing our-

chapter 2

THE BACKGROUND

2.3

MISSION REQUIREMENT: PHYSICS selves to smithereens.  - Extra Time: On Mars, you’ll get extra time in the day to do the things you want to do-like sleep in! Martian days are about half an hour longer than Earth days. Deep space). But with all these pros come some cons. Human beings are not used to living in the conditions presented by mars. Mars being an alien planet has dramatically different conditions of the Earth’s. • The atmosphere is so thin and low in oxygen, that it is not suitable for breathing; • Lack of moisture in the atmosphere would cause the skin to dry rapidly; • Lack of liquid water precludes straight forward drinking, washing and  Gardening water supply;  • Low temperatures and often rapid changes of temperature in a short time may cause drastic chilling of the body and lowering its stamina;  • Very tiny and harsh Martian dust in the atmosphere can penetrate lungs along with the air and cause scratches in the epithelium and damages of internal organs;

• Electrified dust particles rushing at great speed during dust storms may cause skin abrasions and unpleasant electrostatic unloading;  • Dwelling on the surface during solar storms may be life-threatening because of  A fatal dose of radiation and may cause radiation illness;  • Long-term cosmic radiation exposure on the surface of Mars (especially on high-level terrain) may cause radiation illness and increase danger of cancer. When we think about habitation on mars, recognizing and manipulating the physical aspects becomes of prime importance. 1. Gravity is a very important force. Every object in space exerts a gravitational pull on every other, and so gravity influence the paths taken by everything traveling through space. It is the glue that holds together entire galaxies. It keeps planets in orbit. It makes it possible to use human-made satellites and to go to and return from the Moon. It makes

fig 1.3: the act of gravity on other body

chapter 2

THE BACKGROUND

2.3

MISSION REQUIREMENT: PHYSICS planets habitable by trapping gasses and liquids in an atmosphere. It can also cause life-destroying asteroids to crash into planets (Gravity, n.d.). 2. On Earth, we weigh things to figure out how much mass there is. The more matter there is, the more something will weigh.

have almost no weight. It still has matter in it, though, so it still has mass. 4. An orbit is a regular, repeating path that an object in space takes around another one. An object in an orbit is called a satellite. A satellite can be natural, like the moon, or human.

3. The difference between mass and weight is that weight is determined by how much something is pulled by gravity. If we are comparing two different things to each other on Earth, they are pulling the same by gravity and so the one with more mass weighs more. But in space, where the pull of gravity is very small, something can

fig 1.6: different level of air pressure in atmosphere

fig 1.4: possibility of Mars lost its atmosphere

fig 1.5: satellites revolving around the Earth in LEO

fig 1.7: testing of body motion in space flight

fig 1.8: launching trajectory for Mars comes after 1.8 year

CHAPTER 3 HUMAN & COMMUNAL ASPECT

3.1

NEED FOR HABITABILITY ON LDM The relevance of habitability is given by the duration of the mission but also with the distance. This parameter needs to deal with the user’s autonomy, but also with the need of performance and habitability. There is a strong difference between being on a 56-million km journey to Mars and just orbiting in Low Earth Orbit (LEO) inside the ISS at 400 km from Earth. The distance from Earth strongly affects the habitability needs. Considering, for example, a mission to Mars, we will have to deal with extreme psychological and social-cultural factors that have only been encountered to a minor degree or even never before, like the “Earth out of view” phenomenon. With the 44-minute communication delay between the two planets, no familiar conversation will be possible, nor can there be ground -based psychological support sessions. As Kanas explains, moreover, those astro-

nauts “will not be able to receive surprise presents, like special cookies or favorite movies, which are often brought to the space station on supply shuttles when someone starts feeling homesick or maybe a little blue. Thus, decking out the Martian-bound craft with family photographs, special trinkets, books and even plants will be crucial for a mostly monotonous extraterrestrial road trip that will bring a whole new meaning to the “are we there yet?” question. If someone becomes sick – either physically or mentally – the crew has to be ready to cope with that, too. “If someone gets suicidal, you have to take care of it on board,” Kanas said. Mission Control might also have to make some tough calls, like whether to tell an astronaut about a death in his or her family or other tragedies back home” (Farrar, 2008). Indeed, one focal point of the distance variable is the autonomy and the reliability of the user.

fig 1.9: the search for habitable zone

chapter 3

HUMAN & COMMUNAL ASPECT

3.2

SURVIVAL PROBLEM

3.2.1 SOCIO-PSYCHOLOGICAL TThe addition of space must be studied in relation to the group, individual, private, and public needs, separating areas with zoning research. Environmental isolation and monotony: In space stations, isolation within natural human environments incorporates a normal earthly cycle with diurnal and nocturnal rhythms, the change of seasons, and seasonal weather such as rain and wind. This effect on humans amounts to “sensory deprivation” (quoting Jorgensen, 2010 p. 250) or maybe more appropriately “sensory monotony” (cf. Section 2.2.3, part Sensory Monotony and Variety). There has been ongoing research and one them is mars500. The experiment of mars 500 was designed to allow planning the methods and means of control and monitoring of the habitat during lengthy crew stays in confined and cramped

fig 2.1: illustration of a Martianaut being alone

PROBLEM

conditions. The experimental facility was located at the Institute of Biomedical Problems’ site in Moscow. The complex consisted of the isolation facility, the mission operations room and technical facilities. Psychological factors are the factors involving the astronauts’ mental health. Habitat and laboratories have been specially developed on Earth to shield against extreme environmental conditions. In such conditions, humans may experience psychological effects caused by life’s danger, high work load, social isolation, spatial confinement, temporal confinement, environmental isolation, and monotony (Kanas & Manzey, 2003) but also the effect on Earth is out of view. While each of the extreme environments may have one or more of these conditions, the space environment has them all. Some of the major factors are:

-Life danger and work load: In an environment where humans are not naturally at home, the danger of life is particularly high. Adding to the high cost is higher performance and work load expected of the astronauts so that the first factors of psychological stress are quite understandable (Kanas & Manzey, 2008). -Social isolation: So far, crews are composed of three to six members. Telephone and video transmissions with friends and family members are possible; however, in the case of a mission to Mars, the delay could be as much as 44 minutes. This kind of isolation has strong repercussions at the social level. Indeed, one particularly important task will be picking a team of astronauts who can both work and get along with each other on a trip lasting at least two years, spent mostly within the confines of a not-so-big spacecraft sailing through the dark (Farrar, 2008). - Spatial confinement: The area available in the spacecraft is limited. In the case of EVA, astronauts will be able to move around the station for a short period of time. The isolation facility consisted of five different modules.

fig 2.2: illustration of Martian feeling depressed

Three of the modules â&#x20AC;&#x201C; the habitat, utility, and medical modules â&#x20AC;&#x201C; simulated the main spacecraft. The fourth module simulated the Martian-lander ship and was connected to the main spacecraft. The fifth module was a simulator of the Martian surface, and is connected to the Martian-lander.

fig 2.3: fundamentals of Mars500 project

fig 2.4: Mars500 project testing area

fig 2.5: Mars500 interior exercise room

fig 2.6: hydroponics area in Mars500

chapter 3

HUMAN & COMMUNAL ASPECT

3.2 SURVIVAL PROBLEM 3.2.2 PHYSIOLOGICAL

PROBLEM

1. Past research has shown that spaceflight can have an effect on the human cardiovascular system. Even brief periods of exposure to reduced gravity environments can result in cardiovascular changes such as fluid shifts, changes in total blood volume, heartbeat and heart rhythm irregularities, and diminished aerobic capacity. When crewmembers return to Earth gravity, symptoms such as difficulty standing, low blood pressure, and even fainting have been observed. 2. Extended stays in reduced-gravity environments can cause a number of negative health impacts on the human body. Without effective countermeasures in place, crew members could lose up to 1 to 2% of their overall bone density per month, which is more than Twice the amount that the average adult

loses in an entire year. Besides bone loss, space travel can contribute to other bone-related health issues, such as increased risk of kidney stones, hip and spine problems, fractures and other injuries, and impaired healing capability. 3. After just a few days in space, reduced gravity begins to impact muscle density and function. During shuttle missions that last less than two weeks, it was not uncommon that crew members often experience a reduction of their muscle fiber mass. It is suggested that long-term stays in space could result in up to a 40% reduction in overall muscular function. 4. Just as space flight can exact a significant toll on the human body, it can also prove to be psychologically stressful. Factors ranging from sleep loss and anxiety to communication difficulties and productivity of crew members.

fig 2.7: physiological impact in Space and Earth

fig 2.8: some of the physiological issues human boday has to sustain while going to space

5. The sensorimotor system is a network that includes the sensory organs (eyes, ears, skin), parts of the nervous system, and the bodyâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s motor controls. It governs the human bodyâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s ability to perceive and respond to the external environment.

fig 2.9: body facing some issues in space

fig 3.1: two layers of clothing needed for Extra Vehicular Activity

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HUMAN & COMMUNAL ASPECT

3.2

SURVIVAL PROBLEM 3.2.3 SOCIO-CULTURAL

PROBLEM

Socio-cultural factors are those factors related to the human cultural component and its relational and communicational aspects (Edwards, 1972; cited after Università di Siena, 2001). There are some factors involved like: Cultural issues: The actual crews are formed from members with different specializations, hobbies, cultures, languages, and religions. The official languages are English and Russian. Cultural activities are considered only as free time. Cultural issues have a great relevance on long duration missions. The numbers of men and women, their ages and even their cultural upbringings must be carefully calculated to try to prevent what could be potentially devastating cosmic quarrels. “You can’t just take a walk and get away from somebody”, the space psychologist Kanas said (Farrar, 2008).

Interaction in isolation: The isolation of space missions also has other effects, such as on the interaction with reality, which can be classified into two types: direct and indirect. Of course, the crew cannot have direct access to the external unpressurized environment, it can be seen that even the crew and crew relations may be indirect because the noise problem interferes with communication and the crew may use the intercom tools even to communicate within the same area (Schlacht et al., 2008b). Social activities like sitting together and interacting as much as possible will play an important role to decrease the impact of this factor.

fig 3.2: the relationship of different actvities and interactions

chapter 3

HUMAN & COMMUNAL ASPECT

3.3

RESOURCES FOR LIFE SUPPORTING SYSTEM There are four kinds of resources needed to support life in the Martian habitat: storage, physic-chemical regeneration, bio regeneration and reprocessing local resources. Reserves: This is a source of resources crucial to support life,that have been practiced during Space missions. This is the easiest way to provide food, water and oxygen to the inhabitants of an outer-space base, because it does not require any sophisticated instruments, but storage rooms only. However, this solution is acceptable only for shortterm missions (Dry dale and others 2003). However, some of the reserves should be taken from Earth. Those are the things, that production on Mars would be impossible or very troublesome, e.g. clothes, pharmaceuticals, spare parts of LSS, tools, etc. Among the reserves there should be things of the highest quality, checked and proved on Earth. There are advantages of such a situation: people would take from Earth some specific things like their favorite food, that would help to over- come stressful situations. (Sweets, favorite food, spices, animal food [in case of lack of possibility raising animals on Mars]).

Physiochemical regeneration â&#x20AC;&#x201C; PC: Physiochemical regeneration in a Space that takes place with the help of different devices, which are sustaining air purification and oxidization, and regeneration of the atmosphere, food and water, with the use of waste. The production of such apparatus has started along with the first Space stations and to be provided for the Moon mission. Bio-regeneration: Bio-regeneration means of using alive organisms to recycle atmosphere, water and in food production, with exploitation waste products in LSS. BIO LSS is the only system that might be completely closed, because it ensures food production (it is independent from irreplaceable reserves). Without bio-regeneration a long term manned mission to Mars seems impossible. In-Situ Resources Utilization (ISRU): There are the same elements on Mars known on Earth, however, in different amounts, and chemical or mineral form. They might be exploited to support life in the habitat. ISRU LS is a collection of adapted to that kind of job devices. They serve the habitat with oxygen supplying to breathe, natural gas in the atmosphere inside, and with drinking, hygiene and economic water.

fig 3.3: Martianauts exploring the resources

CHAPTER 4 HABITATS IN EXTREME CONDITION

4.1

POLAR HABITAT 4.1.1 HALLEY

“The coldest regions on Earth are Arctic and Antarctica. The majority of those terrains is under domain of the eternal winter, some parts of them are continental glaciers. The flora there is exceptionally poor, there are no trees. The terrain is mostly flat and not sheltered. Because of that the winds there reach great speeds, up to 324 km/h. Antarctica is the most windy area on Earth. Because of the poor sunlight the temperatures there are very low, the minimal temperature noted there was -89.2 C). Most of the year the sky is cloudy, and for only about 100 days are sunny. Paradoxically, this is a very dry terrain, because the yearly precipitation is very low. The blizzards are connected with picking up the snow reclining on the surface “ (Wikipedia 2007). So, analogically to Mars, there is very cold, dry, lack of flora and poor sunlight. The first English Halley Station was built in 1967. There was a group of wooden cabins, that disintegrated quickly. The next habitable and laboratories buildings of Halley II were strengthen with metal roof trusses, but still it was not enough. Halley III Station was build from trapezoidal sheets of steel tubes.

fig 3.4: plan of the Halley VI

The streamlined shape conduced the snow to slide down from the surface. “Today the new station – Halley VI – is under construction. Its designers took care about connecting its usefulness as well as its attractive looks. Modern metal modules are propped up with retractable legs to separate the station from cumulating snow underneath. The legs are equipped with skis to move the whole station to the chosen place. The modern buildings assures human-friendly insides as well”. (BAS 2006) Looking at the architecture of polar stations there might be noticed two solutions of locating different functions, where each one might be helpful to plan them in the Martian habitat, depending on chosen building technologies. The first one is to locate different functions in separate buildings, constructed differently, the second one is to locate the functions in buildings constructed the same way. Each solution has its advantages and disadvantages. Locating different functions in separate buildings enable to adapt them better.

fig 3.5: sectional elevation of communal space

fig 3.6: modules connecting together

chapter 4

HABITATS IN EXTREME CONDITION

4.2

UNDERWATER HABITAT 4.2.1 AQUARIUS

“Deployed in 1993, 60 feet beneath the surface in the Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary, Aquarius is a globally significant asset that provides an unparalleled means to study the ocean, test and develop stateof-the-art undersea technology, train specialized divers and astronauts, and engage the world’s imagination. At Aquarius, scientists are at the cutting edge of research on coral reefs, ocean acidification, climate change, fisheries and the overall health of the oceans” (FIU, n.d). Aquarius is contemporary, the only one under-water laboratory to conduct research of the sea. There are three elements to it: a habitat, a buoy with the LSS system and a platform holding the habitat on the given,

fig 3.7: conceptual sectional elevation of Aquarius

specified depth. The habitat of 11m2 consists of the residential room and a laboratory. The under-water module was 82tons heavy, 14m long, and 3m in diameters. It built from welded together thick steel sheets shaped ovoid with the help of explosion materials. The module consists of two hermetic parts: the entrance and the main part. Before the main residence-working part there is a wet foyer. Next, there is a technical room with the life supporting system; there is also a toilet. Through this part a passage leads to the main deck. There is a mess and a small gathering part joined to “It assures the construction with stability. Thanks to it, there is no need for the time consuming decompression after the diving

and the work is more productive. The researches that would take 60 days, there takes 10 days only. After the mission ends, the pressure lowers inside for 17 hours to 1 atmosphere and at the end the aquanauts can swim out of it in their diving suits to the surface. The construction performs well as the pressure changes. The habitat was built in 1986 and has been exploited since thenâ&#x20AC;?. (NEEMO 2006). The modern way of shaping the residential places underwater, considering new technological solutions and the artistic inspirations may influence the vision of the Martian architecture. Water is a completely different environment than air. It is a comparatively thick liquid, where people cannot move as efficient as on the land. There are cases of a sudden weather change in the seas and oceans, that can cause a drastic change of conditions in just a few minutes. There is also darker under water, not much sunlight

can reach deep into the water. There is some oxygen in water, but it is not suitable for people to breath, because it is diluted in water. On Mars like as under the water, there is no possibility to move and breathe freely. There is cold in both kinds of environment. It is also better when the pressure in the air to breathe is similar to the one around, even if some discomfort goes along.

fig 3.8: underwater view of the habitat

fig 3.9: sectional elevation with zoning

fig 4.1: plan of Aquarius

chapter 4

HABITATS IN EXTREME CONDITION

4.3

MICRO ARCHITECTURE 4.3.1 DIOGENE

HOUSE

Storage units have been incorporated throughout the entire unit â&#x20AC;&#x201C; they are built into the walls, the floors and even the roof. Furthermore, each internal component has been ergonomically designed to occupy the minimum amount of space, and for easy usage.The Diogene home sits just above the ground, so it has very little impact on its sur-rounding environment and its total weight is just a few tons, thus allowing it to be transported easily, be it by helicopter or truck.

a self-sufficient hideaway that can be used as a workplace or as a weekend home. While itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s hard to imagine how a unit that measures 3 by 2.5 meters (9.8 by 8.2 ft) can be big enough to be called a home, the Diogene

Renzo Piano has become the latest high-profile architect to add a building to the Vitra Campus in Weil am Rhein, Germany, by completing a tiny wooden cabin with room for just a single inhabitant. The one-room hut is named Diogene, after a Greek philosopher who rejected luxury and chose to live in a barrel, and is intended as

fig 4.3: overall view of Diogene

fig 4.2: Axnometric view of the habitat

model provides the simplest of comforts for one person without leaving anything out. The micro home features a living area which comes equipped with a foldaway desk and chair, sofa bed and recessed storage boxes. A separated utilities space features a composting toilet, shower plate and a small kitchen unit with built-in sink and refrigerator.

tional, however, is the amount of storage space. Storage units have been incorporated throughout the entire unit â&#x20AC;&#x201C; they are built into the walls, the floors and even the roof. Furthermore, each internal component has been ergonomically designed to occupy the minimum amount of space, and for easy usageâ&#x20AC;? (Diogene, 2013).

â&#x20AC;&#x153;What really makes this tiny home func-

fig 4.4: sectional elevation of Diogene house

chapter 4

HABITATS IN EXTREME CONDITION

4.4

INFORMAL SETTLEMENT 4.4.1 DHARAVI

What really makes this tiny home functional, however, is the amount of storage space greenhouse gas emissions. For instance, energy use per building can be cut far more in terraces and apartments than in freestanding housing. Dense cities make high-quality public transport cheaper and, when well managed, encourage more walking and cycling.

planning and building regulations (unauthorized housing)”. (Informal Settlements, 2001) Dharavi in Mumbai is a popular place to live among low-income groups not because of its health advantages but because of the economic advantages which result from the large concentration of income-earning opportu-

The idea of self-governance is very important as the settlers are resolving many conflicts and they also don’t rely much on the external support. “Informal settlements are: 1. areas where groups of housing units have been constructed on land that the occupants have no legal claim to, or occupy illegally; 2. unplanned settlements and areas where housing is not in compliance with current

fig.5.2: exploded axonometric of one habitat

fig.5.3: overall impression of informal settlement

nities there. The pavement dwellers in Mumbai live where they live not for the health advantages but for the quick, easy and cheap access to income-earning opportunities. In large cities, most low-income groups do not want to move to the city periphery where land may be cheaper and more space available because it brings such high costs in time and money getting to and from work. Cities that work well have diverse accommodation possibilities for lower-income groups so they have a choice in regard to the tradeoff between good location, space and housing quality. â&#x20AC;&#x153;Dense cities also provide more possibilities of combining a high quality of life with lower greenhouse gas emissions. For instance, energy use per building can be cut far more in terraces and apartments than in freestanding housing. Dense cities make high-quality public transport cheaper and, when well-managed, encourage more walking and cyclingâ&#x20AC;? (Dense Cities, n.d).

fig 5.4: order between a chaos

fig 5.5: living modules of informal settlements

CHAPTER 5 HABITATS IN EXTREME CONDITION

5.1

EXPERIMENTAL HABITAT 5.1.1 MDRS

A world with a surface area the size of the combined continents of the Earth, the Red Planet contains all the elements needed to support life. Mars is the great challenge of our time. In order to help develop key knowledge needed to prepare for human Mars exploration, and to inspire the public by making sensuous the vision of human exploration of Mars, the Mars Society has initiated the Mars Analog Research Station (MARS) project. A global program of Mars exploration operations research, the MARS project will include four Mars base-like habitats located in deserts in the Canadian Arctic, the American southwest, the Australian outback, and Iceland. In these Mars-like environments, we will launch a program of extensive long-duration geology and biology field exploration operations conducted in the same style and

fig 4.5: MDRS with its context

under many of the same constraints as they would on the Red Planet. By doing so, we will start the process of learning how to explore on Mars. â&#x20AC;&#x153;The Mars Desert Research Station (MDRS) is the second of four planned simulated Mars surface exploration habitats (or Mars Analogue Research Stations) owned and operated by the Mars Society. Built in the western United States in the early 2000s, it is typically manned by small crews who visit the site for short periods of time to conduct scientific research. Besides a large building that serves as the center of activities, the complex includes a greenhouse, an observatory, and assorted open areasâ&#x20AC;? (Wikipedia, 2014).

fig 4.6: testing and moving around the habitat

fig 4.7: gound floor plan of the habitat

chapter 5

HABITATS IN EXTREME CONDITION

5.1

EXPERIMENTAL HABITAT 5.1.1 BIO

SPHERE 2

“Researches conducted on bioregeneration for the manned Space missions started in the 50s of the 20th century. Since that time BIO life supporting systems have been tested in different simulations. Every simulation has been slightly different characteristic, but the general idea of alive organisms exploitation for recycling in closed ecosystems has been common for all of them; to grow and reproduce plants to collect, to use carbon dioxide e haled by people, and to release oxygen to breathe” (Janek,2008). Waste water is used for watering plants, and during respiration and vapor process clean water is collected. At last, plants are the source of food, vitamins and mineral salts for the simulation’s participants. Some of the plants are perennial and produce edible fruit, other plants produce seeds to so in and produce next edible plants during following season.

fig 4.8: overall impression of Bio Sphere2

Constructed between 1987 and 1991, Bio Sphere 2 explored the web of interactions within life systems in a structure with five areas based on biomes, and an agricultural area and human living and working space to study the interactions between humans, farming and technology with the rest of nature. It also explored the use of closed biospheres in space colonization, and allowed the study and manipulation of a biosphere without harming Earth’s. “Biosphere 2 contained representative biomes: a 1,900 square meter rainforest, an 850 square meter ocean with a coral reef, a 450 square meter mangrove wetlands, a 1,300 square meter savannah grassland, a 1,400 square meter fog desert, a 2,500 square meter agricultural system, a human habitat, and a below-ground infrastructure. Heating and cooling water circulated through independent piping systems and passive solar input through the glass space frame pan-

fig 4.8: axonometric view of Bio Sphere 2

els covering most of the facility, and electrical power was supplied into Biosphere 2 from an on-site natural gas energy center. The main outcome of this project was that it calculated the area of vegetation for the survival of a single human being i.e. 200 square meter, but now the researchers realize that this number can be brought to 100 square meters with the advancement in technology. This research center has been closed down due to bad press and technical flaws, but now its a research center for the students of Arizona universityâ&#x20AC;?. (Wikipedia, 2014b)

fig 5.1: plan of Bio Sphere 2 with its zoning

CHAPTER 6 HABITAT IN SPACE

6.1

ORBITAL HABITAT 6.1.1 ISS

Environment

There are suitable conditions to live for a human being on Earth only. The Space is a strange environment, which a human being is not adapted to, although humans have left Earth and survived in the outer space in specifically adapted habitats. Here there are elaborated some Space habitats – orbital, on the Moon and prototypes of the Martian habitat. The Space is almost perfectly empty – its density is very low. Temperature is only about -270 C. There is no atmosphere, so no one can breathe there. There is no gravitation; there is nothing to push from to move around. There is nothing, apart the radiation. The Sun Rays are strong enough to heat the sunlit surface of the object floating in the Space to a very high temperature – even 200 C. The Cosmic Rays pace the Space in all possible directions, because it originates from different parts of the Galaxy. The Sun Rays that accompany the Sun storms also pace the Space without being stopped. There are sometimes meteors and micrometers. They

fig 5.7: ISS in space

are incredibly seldom, however, they gain so much speed that they can damage easily any object floating in the Space on their way. Contemporary, there is only one orbital station in use – International Space Station – ISS. This is a very sophisticated multi-modular construction that has been built since 1998 by 16 countries from all over the world cooperating. It consists of over 100 elements. One of them is a habitat called The Star (Russ. Zwiezda). It was made in Russia. It was assembled in the same place what initially produced habitats, that is why it is

fig 5.6: ISS axonometric view

of similar construction. However, the insides are completely different. The modern habitat was cleared out of most of the researchâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s equipment that was installed in separate modules of the station. Also, most of the laboratory spaces were moved out to the separate module. Thus, much more comfortable living space was created. The designers also took care of the interior design, painting the insides with warm, pastel colors. The private cabins are still small, but in general, the psychological comfort has increased significantly. .

fig 5.8: moving inside ISS through connector module

fig 5.9: working module of ISS

PART 3

MOVING UP

This chapter gives an insight on the Earth-Mars vehicles and that their technology can be used for future robotic and human missions.

CHAPTER 7 MARS SPACE AGENT

7.1

EARTH MARS VEHICLE 7.1.1 NASA

NASA stands for National Aeronautics and Space Administration. NASA is a United States government agency that is responsible for science and technology related to air and space. The Space Age started in 1957 with the launch of the Soviet satellite Sputnik. NASA was created in 1958. The agency was created to oversee U.S. space exploration and aeronautics research (NASA, 2008) Many Americans may be aware of some of NASA’s major responsibilities. Astronauts in orbit conduct scientific research. Satellites help scientists learn more about Earth. Space probes study the solar system, and beyond. New developments improve air travel and other aspects of flight. NASA is also beginning a new program to send humans to the moon, Mars and beyond. “In addition to those major missions, NASA does many other things. The agency shares what it learns, so that its information can make life better for people all over the world. For example, companies can use NASA discoveries to create new “spinoff products”. NASA’S education office helps teachers to prepare the students who will

fig 6.1: impression of payload landing in Mars

be the engineers, scientists, astronauts and other NASA workers of the future. They will be the adventurers that will continue the exploration of the solar system and the universe in the years to come. NASA has a tradition of investing in programs and activities that inspire and engage students, educators, families and communities in the excitement and discovery of exploration. NASA offers training to help teachers learn new ways to teach science, technology, engineering and mathematics. The agency also involves students in NASA missions to help them get excited about learning”. (NASA 2008) In 2004 the President said, America must explore the space. Therefore, the Constellation program was established by NASA. Some goals of Constellation project: -Continuous human presence on the Moon -Preparation a flight to Mars with people Research on the solar system -In 2007 gave NASA announced in 2037 they would like to bring the first people to

Mars. A launch vehicle provides the velocity needed by a spacecraft to escape Earthâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s gravity and set it on its course for Mars. When mission planners are considering different launch vehicles, what they take into consideration is how much mass each launch vehicle can lift into space. Project Constellation included an Orion Mars Mission. United States President George W.

fig 6.2: futuristic missions list from NASA

chapter 7

MARS SPACE AGENT

7.1

EARTH MARS VEHICLE 7.1.1 NASA

Bush announced an initiative of manned space exploration on January 14, 2004, known as the Vision for Space Exploration. It included developing preliminary plans for a lunar outpost by 2012 and establishing an outpost by 2020. “The Ares V (formerly known as the Cargo Launch Vehicle or CaLV) was the planned cargo launch component of the Constellation program, which was to have replaced the Space Shuttle after its retirement in 2011. Ares V was also planned to carry supplies for a human presence on Mars.Ares V and the smaller Ares I was named after Ares, the Greek god of war, which is the equivalent to the Roman god Mars” (Ares,n.d.). “As of now, NASA says it has plans to test

fig 6.3: comparison between space rockets

out an unmanned Orion spacecraft later this year, with an expected journey of 3,600 miles, and fifteen times farther from Earth than the ISS. It will then return to Earth, where scientists expect the spacecraft could reach an incredible 4,000 miles-per-hour as it burns through the planet’s atmosphere” (Moving forward, 2014).

fig 6.4: operating system inside the rocket

fig 6.5: overall journey form Earth to Mars and back

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MARS SPACE AGENT

7.1

EARTH MARS VEHICLE 7.1.2 ESA

â&#x20AC;&#x153;In the 15th century, Europeans began to explore beyond their known frontiers, searching for wealth, trading routes and allies to expand their economic and political power. The encounters with new people, and the discovery of new countries, have had a lasting impact on Europe, and on her relations with the rest of the worldâ&#x20AC;?. (Europeans, 2014) Aims of Aurora Project: Europeans in space: allowing Europe to be a significant partner in exploration by assuring access to enabling technologies,

fig 6.6: rocket system from ESA

the presence of European culture in future space endeavors, the enhancement of European integration, and ambitious cooperative project; Habitability and life beyond Earth: increasing our knowledge of life, its evolution and its environment; Sustainable human life in space: the development of enabling technologies to support life and protect health, to access energy, manage environmental risks and exploit local resources; Sharing the space adventure and bene-

fits: communicating the excitement of human spaceflight and exploration, and sharing the benefits with the general public. The rocket system for going to Mars is known as Ariane 5. Ariane 5 is a European rocket, that is a part of the Ariane rocket family, an expendable launch system used to deliver payloads into geostationary transfer orbit (GTO) or low Earth orbit (LEO). The Ariane 5 ME (Mid-life Evolution) is currently in development and will replace Ariane 5 ECA and Ariane 5 ES. With first flight planned for 2018, it will become ESAâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s principle launcher until the arrival of the new Ariane 6 version. The approved Aurora Space Exploration Programme consists of two main elements: the Core Programme and Robotic Missions. The first is defining architectures and scenarios, and preparing for missions and their enabling technologies; the other is developing actual missions. CORE PROGRAM: The core program will enable Europe to determine its objectives, interests and priorities by identifying further missions and elements for realization; â&#x20AC;&#x201C; development

fig 6.7: Missions deveolped by ESA for Mars exploration

chapter 7

MARS SPACE AGENT

7.1

EARTH MARS VEHICLE 7.1.2.1 EXOMARS

ORBITOR

of enabling technologies for Mars Sample Return (MSR). The goal of bringing back the first sample of Martian soil is a major technological challenge. It has important implications for understanding the planets, studying the origin of the Solar System, and searching for life on Mars. MSR is also a major milestone for exploration because its mission profile is suitable for a subsequent human visit to Mars. ROBOTIC MISSIONS: “This component covers the development, launch and operation of selected exploration missions. The first proposed European mission is ExoMars. Slated for launch in 2011, it will provide valuable experience in the design and operation of new enabling technologies and capabilities: the entry, descent and

fig 6.8: Orbitor view from space

landing system, and the rover, drill and sample- acquisition systems “(Aurora, n.d.). THE EXOMARS PROGRAM: The programme is divided into two different missions. One consisting of an Orbiter plus an Entry, Descent and Landing Demonstrator Module, to be launched in 2016, and the other, featuring a rover, with a launch date of 2018. Both missions will be carried out in cooperation with Roscosmos. (Russian Space Agency). EXOMARS MISSION 2016: “The Orbiter and EDM will be launched together in January 2016 on a Proton rocket and will fly to Mars in an automated configuration. Three days before reaching the atmosphere of Mars, the EDM will be ejected from the

chapter 7

MARS SPACE AGENT

7.1

EARTH MARS VEHICLE 7.1.2.2 EXOMARS

ROVER

â&#x20AC;&#x153;Orbiter towards the Red Planet. The EDM capsule will then coast towards Mars. From its coasting to Mars till its landing, the EDM will communicate with the Orbiterâ&#x20AC;?. (ExoMars, 2014) The ExoMars Rover, developed by ESA, provides key mission capabilities: surface mobility, subsurface drilling and automatic sample collection, processing, and distribution of instruments. It hosts a suite of analytical instruments dedicated to exobiology and geochemistry research. Due to the infrequent communication opportunities, only 1 or 2 short sessions per sol (Martian day), the ExoMars Rover are highly autonomous. The locomotion is achieved through six wheels. Each wheel

pair is suspended on an independently pivoted bogie (the articulated assembly holding the wheel drives), and each wheel can be independently steered and driven. The Rover uses solar panels to generate the required electrical power, and is designed to survive the cold Martian nights with the help of novel batteries and heater units. The Rover subsurface sampling device will then autonomously drill to the required depth (maximum 2 m) while investigating the borehole wall mineralogy, and collect a small sample. This sample will be delivered to the analytical laboratory in the heart of the vehicle.

fig 6.9: robotic mission for EXO mars

chapter 7

MARS SPACE AGENT

7.1

EARTH MARS VEHICLE 7.1.3 SPACEX

“SpaceX designs, manufactures and launches advanced rockets and spacecraft. The company was founded in 2002 to revolutionize space technology, with the ultimate goal of enabling people to live on other planets.” (SpaceX, 2014) SpaceX, officially operating as the Space Exploration Technologies Corporation, is a private space transport company currently located in Hawthorne, California. The company, founded in 2002 by PayPal and Tesla Motors co-founder Elon Musk. VISION:1. SpaceX is revolutionizing access to space with a family of launch vehicles and spacecraft designed to increase the reliability and reduce the cost of both manned and unmanned space transportation, ultimately by a factor of ten. 2. Elon Musk has stated that his personal goal for SpaceX is to help humanity open the surface of Mars for exploration and settlement. His vision is to first send a small crew of about ten humans to Mars, utilizing reusable Falcon Heavy rockets. He plans on

fig 7.1: comparison between different rocket system

continuing to send more and more humans to settle on Mars with the hope that his first Martian colony has a population of about 80,000 people. 3. In June 20 13, Musk used the descriptor Mars Colonial Transporter to refer to the privately funded development project to design and build a spaceflight system of rocket engines, launch vehicles and space capsules to transport humans to Mars and return to Earth. FALCON 1: The Falcon 1 was a small rocket capable of placing several hundred kilograms into low earth orbit. FALCON HEAVY: “Falcon Heavy, the world’s most powerful rocket, represents SpaceX’s entry into the heavy lift launch vehicle category. With the ability to carry satellites or interplanetary spacecraft weighing over 53 metric tons (117,000 lb) to Low Earth Orbit (LEO), Falcon Heavy can lift nearly twice the payload of the next closest vehicle, the US Space Shuttle”. (Falcon, 2011)

fig 7.2: Mars Colonial Transporter concept

fig 7.3: Flacon Heavy shuttle concept for taking more payloads to Mars in future

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MARS SPACE AGENT

7.2

MARS EXPLORATION SCENARIO 7.2.1 MARS

ONE

Mars One is a non-profit organization based in the Netherlands that has put forward conceptual plans to establish a permanent human colony on Mars by 2025. The private spaceflight project is led by Dutch entrepreneur Bas Lansdorp, who announced plans for the Mars One mission in May 2012. Mars One’s current concepts include launching four carefully selected applicants in a Mars-bound spaceflight in 2024, to become the first residents of Mars, and that every step of the crew’s journey will be documented for a reality television program. “In 2018, a telecom orbiter would be sent, a rover in 2020, and after that the base components and its settlers. The base would be powered by 3,000 square meters of solar panels. The SpaceX Heavy rocket would

fig 7.4: Mars one colony approach

launch flight hardware. The first crew of 4 astronauts would land on Mars in 2025. Then, every two years, a new crew of 4 astronauts would arrive. Current plans specify that the entire mission is to be filmed and broadcast back to Earth as a media event, revenues from which would help fund the program” (Telecom Orbitor, n.d.). I”n 2013, Mars One selected a second-round pool of astronaut candidates of 1058 people—”586 men and 472 women from 107 countries”—from a larger number of some 200,000 who showed interest on the Mars” (Mars One, n.d.).

fig 7.4: Mars one module launching in Mars

fig 7.5: different interior concepts for Mars one habitat

chapter 7

MARS SPACE AGENT

7.2

MARS EXPLORATION SCENARIO 7.2.2 INSPIRATION

MARS

At the Inspiration Mars Foundation, we have designed the architecture for a mission carrying two astronauts to the far side of Mars and back. It would be a voyage around the sun of more than 808 million miles in 501 days. We propose to do this in collaboration with NASA, as a partner in a NASA mission, in the name of America, and for the good of humanity. “Every 15 years or so, there is a rare planetary alignment that makes a Mars journey relatively less complex, relying on the gravitational forces of Mars, the Sun, and Earth. An American spacecraft would have to be on its way in the first days of 2018. Otherwise, we’re looking at another 15 years before that perfect alignment occurs again” (Next, 2013).

“For Mars flight, a capsule, modified from NASA’s Orion spacecraft is mated to a habitat module derived from Orbital Sciences Corporation’s Cygnus pressurized cargo spacecraft. A service module docked to the front of the vehicle carries solar panels. The habitat is boosted into Earth orbit by NASA’s Space Launch System heavy-lift rocket. Or Mars flight, the capsule would have to be modified to support two astronauts for the 501-day round trip. An inflatable habitation module could be docked to the front of Dragon for additional living space and for carrying more supplies. The crew of two would probably consist of a middle-aged married couple. The danger of radiation damage during the flight would suggest that a man and a woman who are past reproductive age would be preferable”. (Human Mars, 2012)

fig 7.6: Overall strategy of Inspiration Mars which will revolve around Mars and return back

fig 7.7: different parts of Inspiration Mars

fig 7.8: conceptual illustration of Inspiration Mars

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MARS SPACE AGENT

7.3

MOVEMENT IN MARS 7.3.1 MARSCRUISER

ONE

Architectural choices made by Architecture + Vision, the team in charge of the project of designing the rover, are a good basis on which work will leverage future studies for the movement in extra terrestrial land could be made possible. “The Mars Cruiser One can also be deployed by a Saturn V rocket. More than just a vehicle for exploring the Moon or Mars. The multi-purpose living / research space was informed by studies of mobile homes, boats, and aircraft construction. And until space garages become commonplace, the Mars Cruiser One can conveniently dock with a Moon Base Two airlock. Alternately, it could stand alone and serve as the starting point for a new human settlement – like living in a trailer until your new home is finished” (Cruiser, 2009). MarsCruiserOne is a pressurized rover designed for human space exploration on the Moon and Mars. It is a mobile laboratory,

fig 7.9: conceptual diagram of Marscruiser one

which takes mankind into the unknown world of space exploration. The rover will be able to transport a crew of up to 3 astronauts for a 20 day mission before it needs to re-supply at the base station. The Ares rockets, part of the larger “Constellation” program, are on track for a 2015 launch, but the Obama administration wants to move the timeline forward a bit.

fig 8.1: conceptual idea for Marscruiser one

fig 8.2: overall impression of Marscruiser one in Mars

fig 8.3: elevation of Marscruiser one

chapter 7

MARS SPACE AGENT

7.3

MOVEMENT IN MARS 7.3.1 MARS

HOOPER

A UK team is developing its idea for a Mars “hopper” - a robot that can bound across the surface of the Red Planet. The research group is led from Leicester University and the Astrium space company. They propose the use of a vehicle powered by a radioisotope thermal rocket engine. At the moment, landing missions use wheels to move around, but their progress can be stalled by sand-traps, steep slopes and boulder fields. A hopper would simply leap across these obstacles to the next safest, flat surface. As outlined in fig8.4, the Mars hopper would

carry a small (16.5 kilogram, 36 pounds) science payload. The hopper would spend at least a week at each landing site, studying the area while reloading its fuel supply. The hopping power comes from a thruster that fires, carbon-dioxide gas collected from the atmosphere by an air pump through a bed of pebbles preheated by a radioisotope. “To date, wheeled rovers and static landers have been doing a great job. And if we do decide to go to another form of locomotion, there are plenty of competing ideas out there, including planes, balloons and even “tumbleweed” devices that would be blown

fig 8.4: the latest researching robots that will move in Martian atmosphere with ease

across the Martian landscape in the wind” (Hooper, 2014). “The advantage of this approach is that you have the ability to traverse more aggressive terrains but also that you have wider mobility - the possibility of traversing much greater distances than we have with even the very successful rovers,” says Hugo Williams, from Leicester’s Space Research Centre.

fig 8.5: Mars hooper from inside with its propulsion area at bottom

fig 8.6: overall impression of Mars hooper one fig 8.7: impression of Mars hooper one sitting in land

PART 4

SETTLING IN

This chapter explains the important factors that are required for making the first habitation in Mars. Furthermore, It also includes the design strategy with its optimal location and presents an overall image of the first habitation.

CHAPTER 8 MARS AREOGRAPHY

8.1

ENVIORNMENT CONDITION OF MARS 8.1.1 THE

OVERVIEW

“Mars in diameter is two to one in comparison with Earth – it is 6794 km. It is also ten times lighter in comparison to Earth and its average density is 3.9 g/cm. Because of that the gravitation on Mars is only 3.69 m/s2, so approximately 1/3 g”(ESA 2007). Martian atmosphere mainly consists of carbon dioxide and low oxygen concentration. Nitrogen, which is the most common element in the Earth’s atmosphere, here its percentage is low. Moroz (1998) gives the composition of Martian atmosphere: 95.72% CO2, 2.7% N2, 1.6% Ar, 0.2% O2. “Tiny and light Martian dust can stay in the atmosphere even with a help of a very light breeze. It colors the atmosphere pinkish”. (Williams 2006). Despite one cannot breath in the Martian atmosphere as its composition, it is important to notice that it is not as toxic as the Venusian is (high concentration of sulfur) or so dangerous as titanium is (methane, that creates its gas layer, explodes rapidly in

contact with oxygen). On the Moon, the atmosphere is only a very thin surface-near layer. “The Martian atmosphere is very thin and on the surface, its average density is 0.000015 g/cm3 that decreases exponentially along with the height”. (Lei and others 2004). The closer to the equator, the higher density of the atmosphere. Low density influences a very low atmospheric pressure. “The average pressure is 6.5 hPa (NASA Mars Fact Sheet) and is less than 1/100 of the Earth pressure (average 1013hPa). Due to the low pressure Martian atmosphere reacts rapidly for an energy bust, i.e. a change in temperature or a wind are easy to generate, which can lead to pressure fluctuations” (MGCMG 2006). Carbon dioxide in a state of gas drifts up and mix with the atmosphere, causing its higher density and higher pressure. The warmest day, the more carbon dioxide sublimate and the higher pressure.

fig 8.8: different images from Venus, Earth, Moon and Mars

fig 8.9: Mars analysis (its key information)

the martian year is almost 2 times of earth i.e 687days.

iron oxide surface

mars core solidfied i.e mantle, for so it has low magnetic field i.e. 39% of earth

summer

polar cap CO2 (seasonal ice) H2O (constant ice)

short mild winter with avg. temp. of -140C, long chill summer with avg temp. of -105C.

avg. year temperature -63C, difference during the day from -89C to -31C.

during summer temperature near equator can reach upto +20 degree Celcius

mons olympus 27 km height

1. after 1year &10months the launch window exist for moving to mars. 2. seasonal and daily winds cause huge dust storms. 3.color of the sky is yellow orange. 4. light day begins before sunrise, and goes long after sun set. 5. solar energy can be produced of 45% of that on Earth

winter

day

melting of temporary glaciers during summer can cause severe winds (10-40m/sec, sometimes upto 100m/sec)

last 37m

25.14 degree tilt

24h

polar cap CO2 (seasonal ice) H2O (constant ice)

rarefied atmosphere due to its sloght gravity structure: 95% CO2, 2.7% N2, 0.13% O2.

due to poor atmosphere (i.e. 0.09 of earth) and weak gravity allows solar wind and glactic cosmic rays to penetrate that evaporates any liquid available on the surface.

there are 4 seasons in Mars just like earth and are 2 times longers than on earth.

average wind speed 2-7 m/sec (summer) 5-10m/sec (autumn)

short mild winter with avg. temp. of -140C, long chill summer with avg temp. of -105C.

vallis marineris 2500m long, 125m wide, 600m depth. it is largest canyon range in solar system

volume -0.151 of earth weight -0.107 of earth area -0.283 of earth density -0.714 of earth

chapter 8

MARS AREOGRAPHY

8.1

ENVIORNMENT CONDITION OF MARS 8.1.1 THE

OVERVIEW

The surface of Mars is approximately equal to the Earth’s lands. There are different formations, some similar to those known on Earth and the land relief on Mars is very diversified, as on Earth. There is

no water barrier - ‘sea or river’ cuts. Martian landscape has been shaped for millions of years to look as it is now. The main factors that has shaped up the land are: operation of winds and water, volcanos erup-

fig 9.1: Map of Planet Mars showing its variation in temperature in regards to land relief (depth)

chapter 8

MARS AREOGRAPHY

8.1

ENVIORNMENT CONDITION OF MARS 8.1.1 THE

OVERVIEW

tions and meteor impact. Nowadays the surface of Mars has not changed much, only winds lift and move dust around, while forming and moving dunes. There is no seismic activity and volcanoes are assumed to be extinct. Much of water evaporated many years ago. The landscape might be considered as stable and there is rather a slight only possibility of its transformation. â&#x20AC;&#x153;The regolith is an outside layer of lithosphere made from loose surface rocks and groundâ&#x20AC;? (ASEB 2002). The surface of Mars is covered with a thick layer of a crumbled rock (Pic. 9.2), dust, soil, and other related materials. This is the effect of strong weathering, caused by large daily temperature fluctuations and the work of winds. Taylor says (2002) that most of Mars surface is

fig 9.2: formation of Land in Mars

covered with a very tiny, reddish dust. It settles in depressions or creates dunes pushed by winds. Its gauge may be large, even over several meters. Basalt is the most common rock in our Solar System, it can be found on Venus, Mercury, the Moon, and on some asteroids, too (Taylor 2002). Basalts are rocks of volcanic origin, their structure is very fine grained, and rock solid. After the recasting, they are very hard and hard wearing. A magma rock of porphyric structure and of gray, darkish, green or black color. It is not as hard as basalt is. It is exploited on Earth as a building and decorative material, and also as an acid-proof material. Land formations on Mars may be categorized by several main groups: volcanoes, plains, val-

fig 9.3: no more platonic motion in Mars due to its frozen core

fig 9.4: section of Planet Mars

chapter 8

MARS AREOGRAPHY

8.1

ENVIORNMENT CONDITION OF MARS 8.1.2 ANALOGY

TO EARTH

leys, slopes and craters. Some are listed as below: - Valles are (most probable) the result of water operating there on Mars. They may differ. Martian valleys the most similar to the Earthâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s river valleys of gentle slopes are called valles. Next are chasmata and fossae. Chasma is a very deep and extended - Chaos is more complicated, often cross-sectioning systems of valleys divided by hills or ramparts create chaos and labyrinths. Often their bottoms are covered with a thick layer of dust. On their slopes there might be landslides. Besides of this, the area consist lots of smaller valleys on Mars.

fig 9.5: similarity between Earth and Mars

- Craters cover most of the Martian land. Their most common on the south hemisphere and almost omnipresent. These rounded depressions, made by meteor drops, may be of different diameter â&#x20AC;&#x201C; from a very small (tracks of small meteors) to a huge one. - Chasma is the deepest type of valley. It can be found in the most often unassisted, and fossa lays often in parallel collections of depressions in the ground. Fossais are extended and rather shallow valley. Furthermore, the explanations are given with its adjacent illustrations to give an insight into its strengths and weaknesses

ters caused a revolution in our ideas about ater on Mars; huge river valleys were found many areas. Space craft cameras showed at floods of water broke through dams, arved deep valleys, grooves into bedchapter eroded 8 ock, and traveled thousands of kilometers. MARS AREOGRAPHY

gested that massive amounts of water were trapped under pressure beneath a thick cryosphere (layer of frozen ground), then the water was suddenly released, perhaps when the cryosphere was broken by a fault.

8.1

ome valles on Mars (Mangala Vallis, Ath-

ENVIORNMENT CONDITION OF MARS 8.1.2.1 VALLES

SECTION

fig 9.6: dried valles in Mars PROS · Easy to set up. Minimum excavations needed. · Easy access to other Martian destinations. . Open for further expansion CONS ALPINE VALLEY · Exposed to radiation (GCR&SW) and micrometeoroid impacts.

fig 9.7: section of martian vallis

fig 9.8: impression in Rhine valley on Earth

76 Student: Jorge , Jasim 4

tude and 27° need water to form, so the area may once os is a major have contained large amounts of water. d area. Large re believed to Dallol, Ethpoia: Centered on a collapsed discharges of volcano, the hottest inhabited place on chapter 8 Earth is an area of brutal beauty. Burnt hannels begin MARS AREOGRAPHY e ground has orange mineral crusts, vivid yellow sulphur 8.1 lapsed section, deposits and lime green acid lakes merge

Latin for trough) region is character tems of ‘grabens’ running mainly no south-east. Claritas Fossae is a grou in the Phoenicis Lacus and Thaum rangles of Mars, located at 31.5 S a Long narrow depressions on Mars fossae. This term is derived from L fore fossa is singular and fossa

ENVIORNMENT CONDITION OF MARS 8.1.2.2 AUREUM

CHAOS

fig 9.9: Aureum chaos in Mars PROS · Protected against radiation sources (GCR&SW) and micrometeoroid impacts. . Easy to use existing hills. . Proximity to exploration . Minimum volume of mining needed. . On ground and under ground structures can be build up. AureaCONS Cherso on Mars Section of Aurea Cherso · Difficult to set up.

on Mars

Dallol on Earth

fig 10.0: section of Aureum chaos

fig 10.1: impression chaos valley in Earth (Dalol)

3000 feet thick. here may once near the source

rock. The object that excavated the crater was a nickel–iron meteorite about 50 meters (55 yards) across. Modeling initially suggested that

Solar System. Olympus Mons three times as tall as Mount E above sea level. Because of th

Section Crater Gusev on Mars

chapter 8

MARS AREOGRAPHY

8.1

ENVIORNMENT CONDITION OF MARS 8.1.2.3 GUSEV

CRATER

Barringer Cretar on Earth

fig 10.2: site view of Gusev Crater

PROS · Partially protected against radiation sources. Base level below horizon. · Easy to set up. Minimum excavations needed (for foundations only). CONS · Difficult access to other Martian destinations. Crater exit structures needed. · Possible poor quality of ground due to crater’s meteoroid impact origin.

Crater Gusev on Mars

Barringer Cretar on Earth

fig 10.3: section of crater

fig 10.4: impression of Barringer crater on Earth

the Mariner 9 Mars orbiter of ch discovered it) is a system ineris system starts in the west with Noctis hat runs along the Martian sur- Labyrinthus; proceeding to the east are Tithothe Tharsis region. At more nium and Ius chasmata, then Melas, Candor m (2,500 mi) long, 200 km (120 and Ophir chasmata, then Coprates Chasma, then Ganges, Capri and Eos chasmata. up to 7 km (23,000 chapter 8 ft) deep,[1] Marineris riftMARS system is one of AREOGRAPHY nyons of the Solar 8.1 System, surby the rift valleys of Earth and ly) by Baltis Vallis on Venus.

steep-sided canyon ca River in the United St izona. The Grand Can km) long, up to 18 m attains a depth of ove 1,800 meters).[1] Nea Earth’s geological hist as the Colorado River their channels throug rock while the Colorad

ENVIORNMENT CONDITION OF MARS 8.1.2.4 CAPRI

CHASMA

SECTION

fig 10.5: Vallis Marineris on Mars PROS . Near to exploration sites. · Partially protected against radiation sources (GCR&SW) and micrometeoroid impacts. At least one side open to atmosphere. CONS · Difficult to set up. Large volume of excavation needed. · Rigid scheme for future growing ATION IN MARS GREAT CANYON

fig 10.6: section of Vallis Merineris

fig 10.7: Grand canyon on Earth

chapter 8

MARS AREOGRAPHY 2 1

8.2

CRATER

AUREUM CAOS

ENVIORNMENT CONDITION OF MARS LANDSCAPE

8.2.1 DESIGN

OPPORTUNITES

Task 1.5.2

graphy II: TERRAIN / LANDSCAPE But the first colony sets the precedent for future settlements on the red planet. For instance,

Aureum Chaos:

igate a ship for landing.

Fossae:

n of settlements life-support systems, raw material processing

But the first colony sets the precedent for future igate a ship for landing. Another factor when choosing site, 3 - Possible independent chambers setparated - Terraces spaces 1 2 the landing the im-redbyplanet. For instance, 1 be thesettlements factories, and even architecture will be dupliwould availability of wateron and other rock formations - Different heights and views form every hab2 landing site, life-support systems, raw material processing Another choosing the It’s theThemost of Marcated. altitudeimportant of Colony I willpart become portant resources. - Protection from sand storms. itat. factor when 1 2 factories, and even architecture bechambers. dupliwould be the form availability of water somewhat A of amisplaced guideline for future cities,or andsettle- Carved spaceswill between - Protection solar radiation in carvedand other imnization. city 3 a center for all terraforming thereafter. spaces. 2 3 Land formations building structures cated.as The altitude of Colony I will become portant resources. d mean disaster for efforts all who live there. Canyon: - Visual conection between every space. somewhat of a guideline for future cities, and colony’s location is vitally important When choosing a landing site, we will have to Crater: 2 building structures a center for all3terraforming efforts thereafter. elopment of the Martian community. Land formations as 1 take into account everything that is to be ac- Protection form solar radiation. nycomplished settlements, lower elevation sites in Colony I. Geologists in particular - Contained flat aera, protected by perimeter. - Canyon viwe form all the habitats.. 3 When choosing a landing site, with we“bubbles” will have to entually frombuiltthe air Crater: would like benefit to see the colony in a higher region - Protection - Protection is not necessary. from2sand storms. take into account everything that is to be acbut bevalley, swallowed up by suchcould as a crater, or other land-cut. Un- rising - Huge amount of craters in the planet Areography TERRAIN / LANDSCAPE 3on Vallis fortunatley theseother are the hardest areas nav-II: are complished in Colony I. Geologists in particular els. On the hand, if to cities FOSSAE - Contained flat aera, protected by perimeter. CANYON fig 10.8: Design strategy would like to see the colony built in a region ar above the datum, terraforming will - Protection from sand storms. Student: Jorge , Jasim such as a crater, valley, or other land-cut. Unaffect on them. - Huge amount of craters in the 5planet fortunatleyBut these are the sets hardest areasfortofuture nav- igate a ship for landing. the first colony the precedent Aureum Chaos: Location of settlements Location. It’s the most important part of Martian colonization. A misplaced city or settlement could mean disaster for all who live there. The first colony’s location is vitally important to the development of the Martian community. As with any settlements, lower elevation sites would eventually benefit from the higher air pressure, but could be swallowed up by rising water levels. On the other hand, if cities are 2 built too far above1the datum, terraforming will have little affect on them.

settlements on the red planet. For instance, life-support systems, raw material processing 1 and even architecture will be duplifactories, cated. The altitude of Colony I will become 2 of a guideline for future cities, and somewhat a center for all terraforming efforts thereafter.

Crater:

Canyon:

- Protection form so - Canyon viwe form - Protection with “bu

- Contained flat aera, protected by perimeter. - Protection from sand storms. - Huge amount of craters in the planet

AUREUM CAOS

Possible indepen by rock formations - Protection from sa - Carved spaces be

Land formations as building structures

When choosing a landing site, we will have to take into account everything that is to be1accomplished in Colony I. Geologists in particular 3 would like to see the colony built in a region such as a crater, valley, or other land-cut. Unfortunatley these are the hardest areas to nav-

figCRATER 10.9: Design strategy on Chaos

Another factor when choosing the landing site, would be the availability of water and other important resources.

1 CRATER

CRATER

CANYON

1 fig 11.1: Design strategy on Crater 2 1

AUREUM CAO

2 3

2 1

FOSSAE

Student: Jorge , Jasim

2 fig 11.2: Design strategy on Canyon 3

1 2

2 3

CANYON

1 2 CANYON

1 2

FOSSAE

chapter 8

MARS AREOGRAPHY

8.2

ENVIORNMENT CONDITION OF MARS 8.2.2 PREFERABLE

SITE

A connection between the terrain,the landing of space vehicle and availability of resources makes an exact choice for selection on the Mars. The selected site for this project is Aureum Chaos which consists of small hills. This area also consists of nickel deposits which can be mined out. This site is selected on the basis of its potential for

availability water resource. The preference is given due to the easy landing/launch of space vehicles since it is near to Mars equator. Furthermore, the temperature will stay optimized and movement within for future exploration will be at ease due to its proximity to potential land reliefs.

CLIMATE

EASE OF LAUNCH

MOVEMENT WITHIN

LANDSCAPE INTEREST

PROTECTION

WATER POTENTIAL

PROXIMITIY TO EXPLORATION

fig 11.3: impression of Vallis

fig 11.4: impression of Chaos

fig 11.5: impression of Crater

fig 11.6: impresssion of Canyon

chapter 8

MARS AREOGRAPHY

8.3

MARTIAN CLIMATE 8.3.1 THE

RADIATION

Due to the low density of the Martian atmosphere, a significant amount of radiation reaches the surface of the Mar. There are two main types of harmful radiations which can have a dangerous impact on Martianauts: the Sun’s and the cosmic radiation. “The most dangerous radiation is the solar radiation. This is a stream of highly charged particles, mostly protons and alpha particles, which moves with enormous speed of the Sun to the external surface of our Solar System” (PWN 2006). Even a short time exposure to its oper-

ation might be fatal or cause a strong case of radiation sickness. Human being and its body are not prepared in any way to get such big amounts of highly energetic radiation. “The cosmic radiation, similar to the solar radiation, consists of highly energized ions. Its intensity is much lower” (PWN 2006). However, it is still very dangerous, because it constantly bombards the surface of Mars. Cosmic radiation is not so strongly directed as solar one is, because it originate from all the stars in Our Galaxy.

fig 11.7: map about radiation in Mars

chapter 8

MARS AREOGRAPHY

8.4

MARTIAN RESOURCES 8.4.1 SOLAR

“NASA first used photovoltaic power systems on the Vanguard satellite in 1958. More recent technologies have begun to develop very thin film cells with the inherent advantages of high radiation tolerance, high specific power (W/kg) and flexibility, increasing the potential applications for solar cells, however, thin film cells currently have lower efficiencies” (Hender, 2010). Temperature also affects the performance of solar power panels. “The optimum

temperature for solar power production is –120ºC to –70ºC” (Haberle, 1993), which is within the surface temperature range of Mars of –130ºC to +30ºC. Large scale solar power stations are currently in use in Earth also solar panels are commonly used in space stations and have potential on Mars. It is therefore considered that solar technology is viable for the habitat colony, its use is subject to the selection of appropriate energy storage technology.

fig 11.8: PV solar collecter for energy production

fig 11.9: Himawari on roof in Earth

fig 12.1: Himawari systems and its features

chapter 8

MARS AREOGRAPHY

8.4

MARTIAN RESOURCES 8.4.2 WIND

The Martian atmosphere is very thin and light. In spite of this, winds occur on the Red Planet, sometimes reaching an enormous speed and strong enough to sweep up the surface dust very high.“The key reason of creating winds on Mars are sublimation and condensation of carbon dioxide that follow the changes in the temperature” (Tillman 1998b). The winds depend on the shape of its surface. There are no water reservoirs on the planet that could stop strong wind blows, as it takes place on Earth. The weather becomes predictable because of small wind fluctuations. “The next consequence of this is that very strong winds may rush

enormous distances practically unstoppable and starting dust storms encompassing even the whole planet. Consequently, this might take several or more months before such a dust storm settles down” (Mars Climate NASA 2006). The average speed of Martian winds is 36km/h. They are usually of moderate strength, and their speed does not exceed 100km/h. Only during large dust storms Martian winds can reach the speed of 100 to 160 km/h. Because Martian atmosphere is extraordinarily thin and less gravity, the pressure of even very strong winds would be felt exceedingly weaker than on Earth.

fig 12.2: generating energy from wind mills / turbines

chapter 8

MARS AREOGRAPHY

8.4

MARTIAN RESOURCES 8.4.3 WATER

There is no liquid water on Mars – it is unsustainable. Under the conditions of pressure and temperature there, water can occur only in a state of gas or ice. Those conditions change only on some underground level. “The observations of different forms of terrain can lead to conclusion of appearance of water streaming down on the surface in the history of the planet. There are nets of smaller and larger channels; grooves in the hills might have been created

by ice crystals moving down and now they are probably formed by ice crystals moving right under the surface, when its temperature rises” (NASA 2003a). There is thick water and carbon dioxide ice covers on Mars, mainly on the poles, in a form of ice caps, and also in a form of a glacier on the bottoms of craters (Pic. 12.4). Ice on Mars is usually firm because of constant low temperatures, especially in the overshadowed places. Also water vapors can be produced through evaporation.

fig 12.3: total proportion of water on Mars if melted down

fig 12.4: frozen layer of CO2 ice on polar caps, 2004

chapter 8

MARS AREOGRAPHY

8.4

MARTIAN RESOURCES 8.4.4 INSITU

RESOURCES UTILIZATION (ISRU)

There are the same elements on Mars known on Earth, however, in different amounts, and chemical or mineral form. They might be exploited to support life in the habitat. IRSU instruments may be multi-functional. For example, IRSU responsible for collecting underground water could at the same time serve to excavate underground habitats, to mine regolith to build a base safe from the Space radiation (Cosmic Rays) barriers, and to exploit mineral sources. Sanders (2005) lists different technologies of utilization of local resources, that may cooperate with each other during different tasks. He also notes that one device might exploit several different technologies, that would cause lowering costs of sending machines to Mars.

complete atmosphere in the habitat is the survival problem. The longer the mission, the larger amount of gas should be taken. However, there should not be too much of anything not to overload the spacecraft. Devices for utilization, local sources to complete the life supporting system might be sent before people could go to Mars and start collecting resources in advanceâ&#x20AC;? (Zubrin and Wagner 1997). Such a solution lowers the risk of mission failure and allows taking smaller amounts of LSS reserves from Earth. The instruments sent once may serve any mission to Mars. ISRU exploitation expands self-sufficiency of a base and its independence from supplies from Earth.

â&#x20AC;&#x153;The amount of taken compressed gas to

fig 12.5: sketch about utlizing the reosurces available in Mars

chapter 8

MARS AREOGRAPHY

8.4

MARTIAN RESOURCES 8.4.2 XERISCAPING

“Xeriscaping has become widely popular in some areas because of its environmental and financial benefits. The most important environmental aspect of xeriscaping is choosing vegetation that is appropriate for the climate. Vegetation that thrives with little added irrigation is called drought-tolerant vegetation”. (Xeriscaping, 2014) “Xeriscaping (less commonly known as xeroscape) is landscaping and gardening that reduces or eliminates the need for supplemental water from irrigation. It is promoted in regions that do not have easily accessible, plentiful, or reliable supplies of fresh water, and is gaining acceptance in other areas as water becomes more limiting”. (Xeriscaping, n.d.)

longed droughts have led water to be regarded as a limited and expensive resource. Xeriscaping often means replacing grassy lawns with soil, rocks, mulch, and drought-tolerant native plant species. Trees such as myrtles and flowers such as daffodils are drought-tolerant plants. The possibility of xeriscaping can be used to Terraform the Martian atmosphere and transform its environment.

Xeriscaping has been embraced in dry regions of the western United States. Pro-

fig 12.6: testing of grwing plants on desert like areas / iron oxide soil

chapter 8

MARS AREOGRAPHY

8.5

MARTIAN LIVABILITY 8.5.1 HYDROPONICS

The word hydroponics technically means working water, stemming from the Latin words “hydro” meaning water, and “ponos” meaning labor. Many different civilizations from the beginning of time have relied on hydroponics for growing plants, such as the early Mexican and Egyptian civilizations. “Basic advantages of hydroponic controlled

environment agriculture (CEA) include high-density maximum crop yield, crop production where no suitable soil exists, a virtual indifference to ambient temperature and seasonality, more efficient use of water and fertilizers, minimal use of land area, and suitability for mechanization, disease and pest control”. (Hydroponics, n.d.)

fig 12.7: conceptual about utilizing the food production from hydroponics

chapter 8

MARS AREOGRAPHY

8.5

MARTIAN LIVABILITY 8.5.2 AQUACULTURE

The utilization of water on Mars is critical to any habitat. It will be used for drinking and wash water as a feedstock for propellant production, as well as having uses in countless industrial processes (Hender, 2010). Recycling of oxygen, water, wastes, and the minerals, plants need to grow is a major challenge. In Biosphere 2, some recycling was done by having an artificial wetland — plants growing in fresh water, which on Earth do a very good job of cleaning up sewage, taking up and storing nitrogen and phosphorus in forms that plants can use.

be helpful where the this small scale farming will not only clean the water but will also provide food for the Martianauts. Additional food sources can be introduced through the use of aquaculture to grow fish and crustaceans . “Aquaculture, utilizing human waste as fertilizer, operates commercially on Earth, producing shrimp and fish. Fish varieties, such as Tilapia, can grow rapidly in dense concentrations and various crustaceans have been suggested for aquaculture systems” (Hender, 2010).

Also the terminology of “Aquaculture known as aqua-farming, is the farming of aquatic organisms such as fish, crustaceans, molluscs and aquatic plants”. (Aqua, 2014). This concept of providing some spaces can

fig 12.8: aqua culture tank with hydroponics

fig 12.9: aqua culture trays connected

chapter 8

MARS AREOGRAPHY

8.5

MARTIAN LIVABILITY 8.5.3 PRODUCING

OXYGEN

The oxygen in Mars will be produced through the electrolysis method. For this chemical reaction hydrogen will be required to react with the carbon dioxide that is present in abundance in the Martian atmosphere. As it is illustrated in fig 13.1 this method will not only produce the oxygen for the inhabitants, but will also produce methane as a

source of energy / fuel for the rocket system. Through this method, water can also be produced. As it has also been suggested that the food production area will act as carbon dioxide sinkers and will produce enough oxygen through the plants, i.e. from algae, etc. If this life cycle can be developed then it is easy to say that the Martianaunts can also produce oxygen in Mars.

fig 13.1: production of oxygen and methane through electrolysis

fig 13.2: life cycle for oxygen consumption

chapter 8

MARS AREOGRAPHY

8.6

LIFE SUPPORT SYSTEM 8.6.1 WATER

& WASTE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM

The tasks of the subsystem (Dursap and Poughon 2001, Henniger and others 1996): drinking water supply, hygiene, water supply, food preparation, water supply and economic water supply (recycling sewer, water and chemical production of water); sustaining sufficient humidity in the atmosphere; monitoring of quality, quantity and chemical composition of supplying water and completing water storage. Mars or Bust teams say (2003, p. 70) that the main task of Water Managing Subsystem is to supply drinking water and economic water for the members of the crew during the whole mission. It is assumed that a six person crew needs 4 liters of drinking water and 23,5 liters of economic water per day.

Poughon 2001, Henniger and others 1996): collection and storage of solid waste; collection and recycling of urine; not-recyclable water collection and storage; segregation and recycling. Waste Managing Subsystem is responsible for the efficient collection, storage and recycling solid, liquid and gas waste; i.e. it collects food remains, used packagings, used filters, gas collected by the Atmosphere Managing Subsystem, urine, feces, used hygiene and drinking water, dust and others. â&#x20AC;&#x153;The management of different waste may be diversified: waste not available for recycling should be stored differently from those, that might be recycled. The subsystem should also channel waste to other devices or places to recycle itâ&#x20AC;?. (Dursap and Poughon 2001).

Tasks of the subsystem (Dursap and

fig 13.3: sectional elevation of ISS with different needs

chapter 8

MARS AREOGRAPHY

8.6

LIFE SUPPORT SYSTEM 8.6.2 FOOD

PRODUCTION SYSTEM

Even though the task of space agriculture is not limited to the production of food, but includes the revitalization of air and water. The choice of farming species is the start of designing agriculture on Mars. The species should be selected on the basis of the nutritional content that will meet human requirements for a healthy life. Secondly, crop efficiency should be considered. Since the area of the habitation will be small therefore the consideration of effectively using the space becomes the bigger criteria as shown in fig 13.5.

a suitable lighting system. The system is also responsible for food preparation, i.e. it should be also equipped with devices like a kitchen robot, a microwave oven, a kettle etc.agricultural system, a human habitat, and a below-ground. The main producers are photosynthetic plants, which convert solar energy to a chemical form of energy fixed in their biomass. Plants in space agriculture also act as water distillers.

“Food Managing Subsystem tasks are to store food properly – e.g. in dehydrated food or frozen food. If the system is ready to acquire food it is equipped with many elements to cultivate plants or inbreeding and raise animals. It may occupy even several chambers” (Dursap and Poughon 2001) . It would be equipped with farming machines, cultivation or acre containers, cans with plant seeds, harvest containers, and

fig 13.4: food production system

fig 13.5: hydroponics lab view

chapter 8

MARS AREOGRAPHY

8.6

MARTIAN LIVABILITY 8.6.3 AIR

AND THERMAL SYSTEM

Another task of a subsystem (Dursap and Poughon 2001, Henniger and others 1996): disposal of carbon dioxide and supplying oxygen - revitalization of the atmosphere; the chemical control of the atmosphere; the pressure control of the atmosphere; the temperature control; constant monitoring of the atmospheric quality (searching for fungi and bacteria, and pollution control) and smoke monitoring. The Earthâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s ecosystem realizes most of these tasks that regulate the atmosphere behavior as a unit in specific parts. On the whole the Earthâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s atmosphere supply people with oxygen, removes metabolic products (gas in vestigial quantity and carbon dioxide) and regulates temperature, pressure and humidity by physical and biological processes. Exactly the same operations must take place in enclosed ecosystems, although in a smaller scale.

fig 13.6: air control unit

Mars and Bust team says (2003, p. 60) the main objective of the atmosphere, the managing subsystem job is maintaining an atmosphere acceptable for a human being. The temperature control system takes care of sustaining humidity between 25-75% (50% is optimal), and temperature between 18-26.7C. Oxygen supply is around 1 kg per person for one day in the atmosphere to breathe, considering possible additional loss (oxidization in the environment around).

fig 13.7: oxygen pumping machine

chapter 8

MARS AREOGRAPHY

8.6

MARTIAN LIVABILITY 8.6.4 OVERALL

SYSTEM

LSS is an abbreviation of a name Life Support System, what implies a combination of different instruments to support all life functions of a human being. “The system is used in a hermetically enclosed place, cut off from the extreme conditions of the surrounding environment. Thus, it is crucial in every kind of Space habitats, including a Martian base. LSS artificially imitates mechanisms that take place in the Earth’s ecosystem which a human being organism is used to” (Janek, 2008). Every subsystem consists of different cooperating instruments to maintain the main objective, that is the imperative of said subsystem. The subsystems cooperate with each other and depends on one another because they all manage to create the adequate life environment in a habitat.

fig 13.8: connection between different units

fig 13.9: overall cycle for LSS

CHAPTER 9 SETTLING IN MARS

9.1

CONSIDERATION FOR MARTIAN BASE 9.1 THE

FRAMEWORK

Before designing the Martian habitat colony, it is imperative to make a narrative proposal that can suggest what Martianauts will do on Mars; how they will tackle to the disaster, and what technologies they will require. In fig 14.0, the general timeline has been drawn out for the missions and their strateROBOT mission

New rockets BIG payload / people

MANNED Sci. mission

ROBOT SEARCH HABITAT / ROVER technology development Location research / Data analysis

gy which will start over from robots and then afterwards manned mission to Mars will follow. To think about the future, this suggested timeline also represents the missions that will be accomplished in due time after taking considerations of NASA and ESA available technologies.

is an international program, held by the strongest space agencies, in which all c / MINI HUMAN in EXPLORATION programs will merge to a single one, taking advantage of the most advancedHARVESTING technologies a The ﬁnal goal is to establish a permanent human settlement on Mars. Human settlement in Mars is Short-term Hab. / Labs 1st Permanent settlement / Short - term stays 1st Martian leap for humankind and we think that exploring the solar system as a united humanity will bring u gether. will aid our understanding the origins of the solar system, the origins of life/ 4th group 5th group LocationThe Def. program 1st group 2nd group 3rdofgroup in the universe and our new hope.

nano technology soil testing through the robots

materials 3d Printing tech. for making a base nano tube construction, bi The Program will be implication dividedofinsmart 4 Stages: ROBO, FIX, TERRA and STABLE MARS. Each stage ha dateS and speciﬁc goals, leading the program to its ﬁnal goal: to build an optimum habitable set Mars.

2020

2030

EARTH YEAR

fig 14.0: timeline for Mars mission

2020 - 2030

SCALE

Robots I are exploring and testing the ground composition for the future settlement. Finding optimal location, DURATION 2020 - 2030 water and other minerals is very important for the setbots are exploring and testing the ground composition for the future tlement’s construction. The ttlement. Finding optimal location, water and other minerals is very data obtained by the robots, portant for the settlement’s construction. MISSION is analized in earth, by the e data obtained by the robots, is analized in earth, by the mars proScientists, am Scientists, while developingmars constructionprogram techniques and technoloes for the future human habitatswhile and rovers. developing construction techniques and technolaining programs for the “marsonauts” are taken place during this ogiesfor for future human age. The trainieeship eill be conducted at leastthe one year. habitats and rovers.

2030 - 2045

2040

EARTH YEAR

10 ROBOTS

ROBOTS

LOCATION

LAND EXPLORER AIR EXPLORER UNDERGROUND EXP.

10 YEARS

FINDING OPTIMAL LOCATION TO START HABITAT COLONY

EXPLORE / SEARCH

Training programs for the “marsonauts” are taken place during this stage. The trainieeship eill be conductSCALE ed for at least one year.

st manned mission will be taken place in this stage. Rockets with first tlers, rovers and provisional settlements will be sent to Mars.

e first marsonauts are trained and prepared Scientists. There will be no

2020 - 2030

2020 - 2030 EARTH

LUNAR BASE

T SETTLERS AGE : 40 - 50 10 - 15 PEOPLE

DOCTOR TECHNICIAN ARCHITECT GEOLOGIST MINER

10 - 15 YEARS

RESEARCH CENTER HABITATS SOCIAL AREA LSS PERSONAL CARE CENTER

DURATION

BIOLOGIST CHEMIST

PROGRAM

SETTLEMENT

RO mis

is an international program, held by the strongest space agencies, in which all current martian programs will merge in to a single one, taking advantage of the most advanced technologies and knowledge. The ﬁnal goal is to establish a permanent human settlement on Mars. Human settlement in Mars is the next giant leap for humankind and we think that exploring the solar system as a united humanity will bring us all closer together. The program will aid our understanding of the origins of the solar system, the origins of life and our place in the universe and our new hope.

The Program will be divided in 4 Stages: ROBO, FIX, TERRA and STABLE MARS. Each stage has a mission, dateS and speciﬁc goals, leading the program to its ﬁnal goal: to build an optimum habitable settlement in Mars.

2020

EARTH YEA

Incoming Permanent Settlelers

ROBOT es, in which all current martian mission HARVESTING and / MINING technologies knowledge.

New rockets BIG payload / MANNED TERRAFORMING people Sci. mission

2020 - 2030

MANNED ROBOT Sci. mission mission experiment : ATMOSPHERES

ement in Mars is the next giant 1st Martian born anity will bring us all closer tothe origins of 5th lifegroup and our place ROBOT SEARCH / permanent

2020 - 2030

Nº growing

1st Tourists / Normal People EARTH

MARS

HUMAN EXPLORATION

1st Permanent settlement / Short - term stays TRAVEL PLAN I Short-term Hab. / Labs

Short-term Hab. / Labs

HABITAT / ROVER technology development nanostage tube construction, bionic plants lab . Each has a mission, um habitable Locationsettlement research / Datainanalysis

Robots are exploring and testing t settlement. Finding optimal locatio important for the settlement’s cons

Nº growing

LUNAR BASEx2

Population Growth x1 HUMAN EXPLORATION ROBOT SEARCH

2020 - 2030

ROVER technology development nanoHABITAT vent skin,/ solar skin, programmable matter, claytonics,.. . . . Location Def.

nano technology soil testing through the robots 2050

1stresearch group / Data analysis 2nd group Location

3rd group Def. Location

3d Printing tech. forimplication making a base nano tube construction,3d bio of smart materials

EARTH YEAR

2020

2030 2020

EARTH YEAR

1st Martian 1st Permanent settle

Training programs for the “marso 5theill group 2nd group 3rd stage. The trainieeship begroup cond/

∞

nano technology soil of testing the robots implication smartthrough materials 2060

EARTH YEAR

4th group 1st group

The data obtained by the/ robots, HARVESTING MINIi gram Scientists, while developing c gies for the future human habitats

2040 2030

EARTH EARTH YEAR YEAR

EARTHEARTH YEAR YEAR

2020 - 2030

SCALE

10 ROBOTS EARTH

ROBOTSSCALE

2030 - 2045

LOCATION 10 ROBOTS

2020 - 2030

LAND EXPLORER AIR EXPLORER LUNAR UNDERGROUND EXP.

ROBOTS

First manned mission will be taken LAND EXPLORER settlers, rovers and provisional sett

AIR EXPLORER The first marsonauts UNDERGROUND EXP. are trained and

MARS

BASE

DURATION

030

2020 - 2030

nd testing the ground composition for the future timal location, water and other minerals is very ment’s construction. MARS

DURATION 2030- 2045

10 YEARS

10 YEARS TRAVEL PLAN II FINDING OPTIMAL LOCATION TO START HABITAT COLONY

Robots are exploring and testing the ground composition for the future settlement. Finding optimal location, water and other minerals is very important for the settlement’s construction.

MISSION

MISSION / SEARCH

he robots, is analized in earth, by the mars prodeveloping construction techniques and technoloan habitats and rovers.

The data obtained by the robots, is analized in earth, by the mars proEXPLORE gram Scientists, while developing construction techniques and technologies for the future human habitats and rovers.

the “marsonauts” are taken place during this eill be conducted for at least one year.

Training programs for the “marsonauts” are taken place during this stage. The trainieeship eill be conducted for at least one year.

TRAVEL PLAN I

place for mistakes or unprepared p 2.8 years is the return missions to

EXOMARS ORBITOR

Their mission is to explore and exp from the previous stage. Exper extraction and materials for const labs. First permanent settlement worker.

EXPLORE / SEARCH

2020 - 2030

2045- 2060

SETTLERS AGE : 40 - 50 SCALE

SCALE

2020 - 2030

10 - 15EARTH PEOPLE

DOCTOR TECHNICIAN LUNAR ARCHITECT BASE

BIOLOGIST CHEMIST

2045 -AGE 2060 SETTLERS : 40 - 50 SETTLEMENTDOCTOR The first stage ofBIOLOGIST the permanent se

10 - 15 PEOPLE MARS

spacecrafts will take bigger payload TECHNICIAN CHEMIST group will stay permanent

The first 2nd orbitor ARCHITECT

EARTH

2020 - 2030

EARTH

LUNAR BASE LUNAR BASE

2030 - 2045

First manned mission will be taken place in this stage. Rockets with first settlers, rovers and provisional settlements will be sent to Mars The first marsonauts are trained and prepared Scientists. There will be no place for mistakes or unprepared people. The stage is divided in 4 parts, 2.8 years is the return missions to earth.

2020 - 2030 2020 - 2030 2020 - 2030

Their mission is to explore and experiment with the roverâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s information from the previous stage. Experiments about plant growth, water extraction and materials for construction will take place in provisional labs. First permanent settlement is being built with the contruction worker.

EARTH EARTH

2020 - 2030 LUNAR BASE LUNAR BASE 2030- 2045 2030- 2045

EXOMAR ORBITOR EXOMAR ORBITOR

2045 - 2060

The first stage of the permanent settlement is finished. Bigger and faster spacecrafts will take bigger payloads and more people to the red planet. The first group will stay permanently at this stage. Couples are giving birth to the first Martian borns. The settlement is now prepared for a bigger community with more green spaces. Development of green houses for harvesting, and water extraction facilities are being tested and developed by this stage.

2020 - 2030 2020 - 2030 2045- 2060 2020 - 2030 EARTH EARTH

2045- 2060

2020 - 2030 LUNAR BASE LUNAR BASE

2030- 2045 2030- 2045

EXOMAR ORBITOR EXOMAR ORBITOR

2060 - â&#x2C6;&#x17E;

The settlement now hosts around 80 people and more are coming in the next years. Life quality is increasing and people are beginning to feel like more home. Green spaces reminds of earth, but martian identity is growing. First tourist and non-scientific people are visiting the planet for the first time. Plans of buiding new settlements in other location are being taken into discussion. First Terraform Experiments will take place in controlled enviroments, hoping for a more habitable planet in the future.

2020 - 2030 2020 - 2030 2045- 2060 2045- 2060 EARTH EARTH

LUNAR BASE LUNAR BASE 2040 2040

EXOMA ORBITO EXOMA ORBITO

optimal location, other minerals is very ptimal location, water and other minerals isconstruction. very ROBOT SEARCH HUMAN EXPLORATION ge stage has has aimportant mission, awater mission, forand the settlement’s ttlement’s construction. Robots are exploring and testing the ground composition for theis settlement. Finding location, water other very settlement. Finding optimal optimal location, water and and other minerals minerals isfuture very MARS MISSION MARS ttlement’s construction. MISSION ment’s construction. DURATION settlement. Finding optimal location, water and other minerals is very bitable le settlement settlement in in important for the settlement’s construction. MISSION MISSION Location Location Def. Def. 1st group 1st group EXPLORE 2nd group 2nd group 3rd group 3rd group Location Location research research / Data / analysis Data analysis important for the settlement’s construction. The data The obtained by the robots, is analized in earth, by the mars prodata obtained by by the robots, is proanalized in earth, by the mars proSEARCH MISSION EXPLORE SEARCH MISSION data obtained by by thethe robots, analized in earth, mars by the robots,The is analized in earth, marsisproimportant for the settlement’s construction. Short-term Hab. / Labs 1st Permanent settlement // Short -/term stays HABITAT /while ROVER technology development MARS EXPLORE / SEARCH EXPLORE / SEARCH MISSION gram Scientists, developing construction techniques and technoloMARS 10 YEARS gram Scientists, while developing construction techniques and technoloMISSION by the robots, is analized in earth, by the mars prothe robots, is analized in earth, by the mars proEXPLORE / SEARCH Scientists, while construction techniques and technoloile developinggram construction techniques and technoloMARSdeveloping FINDING OPTIMAL LOCATION / SEARCH EXPLORE / SEARCH The data obtained by the robots, is analized in earth, by the mars proMISSION The data obtained by the robots, is analized in earth, by the mars progies for the future human habitats and rovers. EXPLORE Robots are exploring and testing the ground composition for the future gies for the future human habitats and rovers. ile developing construction techniques and technoloEXPLORE / SEARCH developing construction and technoloPLAN I human gies thetechniques future and research rovers. umanTRAVEL habitats andfor rovers. The data by the robots, is analized intechniques earth, by the proTRAVEL PLAN I habitats gram Scientists, developing construction and technoloTOsmart START HABITAT COLONY 3d 4th group Location Def. 1st group 2nd group group Location /obtained Data analysis nano nano technology technology soil testing soil testing through through themars robots the robots EXPLORE / SEARCH gram Scientists, while developing construction techniques and technoloimplication implication of3rd smart of materials materials Printing 3d Printing tech. AN Ihabitats ettlement. Finding optimal location, water and other minerals is verywhile uman rovers. man habitats andand rovers. gram Scientists, while developing construction techniques and technologies for the future human habitats and rovers. gies for the future human habitats and rovers. Training programs for the “marsonauts” are taken place during this mportant for the settlement’s construction. Training programs for the “marsonauts” are taken place during this TRAVEL PLAN II this gies TRAVEL PLAN Training programs the “marsonauts” arefortaken placehuman duringhabitats this and rovers. for the “marsonauts” are takenforplace during the future stage. Thestage. eill be conducted for at least year.one year. TRAVEL PLAN Itrainieeship eill be conducted forone at least for the taken place thisThe MISSION theeill “marsonauts” are taken place during this stage. The trainieeship eill beduring conducted fortrainieeship at least one year. hip be“marsonauts” conducted forare at least one year. Training programs the nano technology soil testing through the robots are 3d Printing tech. for making a base programs for the “marsonauts” “marsonauts” are taken taken place place during during this this implication of smart materials The data obtained by for the isyear. analized by the mars pro- for hip conducted atrobots, least year. in earth, Training eill eill be be conducted for at least oneone EXPLORE / SEARCH

2020 - 2030

+ +

+ ++

Training programs for eill thebe takenone place stage. trainieeship conducted at year. stage. The trainieeship eill be“marsonauts” conducted for forare at least least one year.during this gram Scientists, while developing construction techniques andThe technolostage. The trainieeship eill be conducted for at least one year. gies for the future human habitats and rovers.

2020 2020

EARTHEARTH YEAR YEAR

Training programs for the “marsonauts” are taken place during this tage. The trainieeship eill be conducted for at least one year.

2020

EARTH YEAR

ch which all current all current martian martian nologies gies and and knowledge. knowledge. nt Mars in Mars is the is next the next giantgiant bring will bring us all uscloser all closer to- tosigins of life ofand life and our place our place

+ +

2030 2030

EARTHEARTH YEAR YEAR

EAR

2030

2040

EARTH YEAR

SETTLERS AGE : AGE 40 - 50 SCALE : 40 - 50 New SCALE AGE : 40 -SETTLERS AGE : 40 SETTLERS - 50 SETTLERS 50 SETTLERS AGE : 40 50 MANNED MANNED BIG SETTLERS AGE : 40 50 DOCTOR BIOLOGISTBIOLOGIST DOCTOR SETTLERS AGE -- 50 SETTLEMENT SETTLEMENT SCALE 15 PEOPLE 10 - 15 PEOPLE SETTLERS AGE :: 40 40LOC 50 SCALE BIOLOGIST DOCTOR BIOLOGIST10 -DOCTOR ROBOTS ROBOTS SETTLEMENT 10 - SCALE 15 PEOPLE 10 - 15 PEOPLE SCALE TECHNICIAN CHEMIST CHEMIST SETTLEMENT TECHNICIAN SETTLERS AGE : 40 - 50 SCALE DOCTOR BIOLOGIST Sci. Sci. mission mission 10 ROBOTS 10 ROBOTS DOCTOR BIOLOGIST TECHNICIAN CHEMIST TECHNICIAN CHEMIST - 15 PEOPLE DOCTOR BIOLOGIST 1010 - 15 PEOPLE ARCHITECT DOCTOR BIOLOGIST ARCHITECT 10 - 15 PEOPLE SCALE

SCALE ROBOT SCALEROBOT SCALE

mission mission

TECHNICIAN TECHNICIAN ARCHITECT

CHEMIST CHEMIST

ARCHITECT

LAND LAND EXPLORER EXPLORER 10 - 15 PEOPLE DOCTOR TECHNICIAN GEOLOGIST TECHNICIAN 10 - 15 PEOPLE GEOLOGIST

BIOLOGIST CHEMIST CHEMIST

ARCHITECT ARCHITECT GEOLOGIST GEOLOGIST AIR EXPLORER AIR EXPLORER LOCATION CHEMIST SCALE ROBOTS TECHNICIAN MINER ARCHITECT MINER ARCHITECT GEOLOGIST GEOLOGIST 10 ROBOTS MINER MINER UNDERGROUND EXP. EXP. ARCHITECT GEOLOGIST SETTLERS AGE : 40 - 50 UNDERGROUND SCALE GEOLOGIST MINER MINER LAND EXPLORER GEOLOGIST MINER ROBOT ROBOT SEARCH SEARCH MINER HUMAN HUMAN EXPLORATION EXPLORATION SETTLEMENT DURATION PROGRAM DURATION PROGRAM DOCTOR AIR EXPLORER BIOLOGIST DURATION 10DURATION PROGRAM DURATION PROGRAM MINER - 15DURATION PEOPLE DURATION PROGRAM TECHNICIAN CHEMIST DURATION PROGRAM RESEARCH CENTER UNDERGROUND EXP. CENTER DURATION 10 -RESEARCH 15 YEARS First manned mission will be taken be place inHABITAT this Rockets with first 10 -CENTER 15Hab. YEARS Firstfirst manned mission taken place in /this stage. Rockets with development first RESEARCH PROGRAM Short-term /Hab. Labs / LabsRESEARCH 1stPROGRAM Permanent 1st Permanent settlement settlement / Sho HABITAT / stage. ROVER ROVER technology technology development ARCHITECT Short-term 10 CENTER - DURATION 15 YEARS 10 - 15 YEARS Firstplace manned be taken place in this stage.will Rockets with first n will be taken in thismission stage. will Rockets with HABITATS HABITATS PROGRAM DURATION 10 YEARS 10 YEARS RESEARCH CENTER settlers, rovers provisional settlements will be sent tobeMars. settlers, rovers andsent provisional settlements will10 to YEARS Mars. HABITATS hwill ge has asettlers, mission, ain this mission, RESEARCH CENTER 10 - 15 n stage will be taken place inwill this stage. Rockets -sent 15 YEARS behas taken place stage. Rockets withwith firstfirstand GEOLOGIST HABITATS SOCIAL AREA FINDING FINDI OP RESEARCH SOCIAL AREA rovers and provisional settlements will be to Mars. provisional settlements be sent toRobots Mars. 10 15 YEARS First manned mission will be taken place in this stage. Rockets with first RESEARCH CENTER CENTER HABITATS Robots are exploring are exploring and testing and testing the ground the ground composition composition for the for future the future 10 15 YEARS SOCIAL AREA SOCIAL AREA HABITATS First manned mission will be taken place in this stage. Rockets with first DURATION LSS 2nd LSS provisional settlements will to Mars. HABITATS MINER ble bitable settlement settlement in insent visional settlements be be sent to Mars. RESEARCH MARS will Location Location Def. Def. LSS1st group 1st group group 2nd group 3rd group 3rd group TO START TO STH Location research research / Data / be analysis Data analysis 10 - 15 YEARS HABITATS CENTER First manned mission willLocation bewater taken place inwill this Rockets first MARS SOCIAL AREA settlers, rovers and provisional settlements to LSS SOCIAL AREA settlement. settlement. Finding Finding optimal optimal location, water and other and minerals other minerals issent very is very with settlers, rovers andlocation, provisional settlements will bestage. sent to Mars. Mars. PERSONAL CARE CENTER

2030 - 2045 2030 - 2045 2045 2045 045 2030 - 2045 - 2045 2020 2020 -2030 2030 - 2030 2030 - 2045 2020 - 2030 The first marsonauts are trained prepared Scientists.Scientists. There willThere be nowill be no LSS The first marsonauts areand trained andbeprepared PERSONAL CARE CENTER PERSONAL CENTER Theprepared first marsonauts areThere trained and Scientists. There will nosettlements will be s are trained and Scientists. will be no settlers, roversconstruction. and provisional sent to Mars. LSS10 YEARSCARE important important forprepared the for settlement’s the settlement’s construction. place forwill mistakes or unprepared people. The stageThe is divided individed 4 parts,in 4 parts, PERSONAL place for mistakes or unprepared people. stage is PERSONAL CARE CENTER ser are trained and prepared Scientists. There be no DURATION PROGRAM CARE CENTER trained and prepared Scientists. There will be no 2030 2045 place mistakes or unprepared people. Thefirst stage is for divided in 4trained parts, and prepared Scientists. There will be unprepared people. The stage is testing dividedthe in 4ground parts, The marsonauts are no Robots are for exploring and composition the future The first marsonauts aretotrained will be no 2.8 years isparts, the return missions to earth. MISSION MISSION years is the return missions earth. and prepared Scientists. There r unprepared people. The stage is divided in 42.8 EXOMARS EXOMARS MARS MARS

AREA PERSONALSOCIAL CARE CENTER HABITATS SOCIAL AREA LSS SOCIAL AREA LSS OPTIMAL FINDING LOCATION PERSONAL LSS PERSONAL CARE CARE CENTER CENTER TO START HABITAT PERSONAL CARE CENTER EXPERIMENT / DEVELOP implication implication of smart of smart materials materials 3d Printing 3d Printing tech EXPERIMENT /COLONY DEVELOP

MARS MARS MARS

nprepared people. The stage divided in 4 parts, ORBITOR nano technology soil testing soil testing through through the the 2.8earth. years is the is return missions towater earth. urn missions to ORBITOR The first are and Scientists. There will be norobots MISSION place for mistakes or unprepared people. stage is divided in 44robots parts, MISSION settlement. Finding location, other minerals very Theindata The obtained data and obtained by themarsonauts by robots, the isnano istrained analized in technology earth, inprepared earth, by The the by mars the proproRESEARCH CENTER place for mistakes orisanalized unprepared people. The stage ismars divided in parts, 10 - 15 YEARS irstmissions manned mission will be optimal taken place this stage. Rockets with firstrobots, MISSION EXPERIMENT /EXPLORE DEVELOP EXPLORE / SEARCH / SEARCH MISSION EXPERIMENT / DEVELOP urn to earth. missions to earth. EXOMARS place for mistakes or unprepared The stage divided in EXPERIMENT 4 parts, EXOMARS HABITATS 2.8 years is the return missions to earth. important for the settlement’s construction. MISSION EXPERIMENT / DEVELOP grammission Scientists, gram Scientists, while developing while developing construction construction techniques techniques and technoloandisinformation technolo2.8 years isexplore the return missions topeople. earth. MISSION / DEVELOP Their is to explore and experiment with the rover’s information ettlers, rovers and provisional settlements will be sent to Mars. ORBITOR Their mission is to and experiment with the rover’s EXOMARS MISSION EXPERIMENT // DEVEL ORBITOR SOCIAL AREA TRAVEL PLAN II Their mission to explore and experiment with the rover’s information explore and experiment withisPLAN the rover’s information 2.8 years is the return missions to earth. MISSION EXPERIMENT DEVEL TRAVEL II giesinformation for gies the for future the future human habitats habitats and rovers. and rovers. MISSION ORBITOR from the previous stage.human Experiments about plant water water AN IITRAVEL from previous stage. Experiments aboutgrowth, plant growth, MISSION EXPERIMENT / DEVEL explore and experiment with the rover’s LSS plore and experiment with the rover’s information TRAVEL PLAN PLAN I growth, from the previous stage. Experiments about plant growth, water stage. Experiments about plant waterthein Their mission to explore and experiment with the rover’s information The data obtained by Ithe robots, is analized earth, by theis mars proTheir mission is to explore and experiment with the rover’s information extraction and materials for construction will take place in provisional PERSONAL CARE CENTER he first marsonauts are trained and prepared Scientists. There will be no EXPLORE / SEARCH extraction and materials for construction will take place in provisional TRAVEL PLAN II stage. Experiments about plant growth, water Their tage. Experiments about plant growth, water TRAVEL PLAN IIprograms extraction and materials for construction will take place inexplore provisional erials for construction will take place in construction provisional is to and experiment with the rover’s from the stage. Experiments about plant growth, water gram Scientists, while developing techniques and technoloTraining Training programs formission the4forprevious “marsonauts” the taken are taken place place during during this thisinformation from the previous stage.are Experiments about growth, water labs. First settlement is“marsonauts” being withbuilt the with contruction laceforfor mistakes or will unprepared people. stage isFirst divided in parts, TRAVEL IIpermanent labs. permanent settlement isbuilt being theplant contruction erials for construction will take place inThe provisional als construction take place inPLAN provisional labs. First permanent settlement isThe being built with the contruction ent settlement is being built with the contruction from the previous stage. Experiments about plant growth, water extraction and materials for construction will take place in gies for the future human habitats and rovers. stage. stage. The trainieeship trainieeship eill be eill conducted be conducted for at least for at one least year. one year. extraction and materials for construction will take place in provisional provisional worker. years is the return missions to the earth. worker. ent settlement is being built with the contruction I.8settlement is being built with contruction worker. extraction and materials for construction takewith placethe provisional labs. permanent settlement is MISSION EXPERIMENT EARTH YEAR YEAR EARTHEARTH YEAR YEAR/ DEVELOP EA labs. First FirstEARTH permanent settlement is being beingwillbuilt built with thein contruction contruction labs. permanent settlement is being built with the contruction worker. Training for experiment the “marsonauts” takenFirst place during this worker. heir mission is toprograms explore and with theare rover’s information The trainieeship eill be conducted atworker. least one year. rom thestage. previous stage. Experiments about for plant growth, water xtraction and materials for construction will take place in provisional abs. First permanent settlement is being built with the contruction worker. SCALE SETTLERS AGE : AGE 25 - 40 SCALE SETTLERS : 25 - 40

+ ++

2020 2020

SCALE

SCALE SCALE SCALE

+ ++ ++ + + + + + + + 2030 +2030 + +

++ ++ + + +

+ ++

30 - 60 PEOPLE - 60 PEOPLE 3030 - 60 PEOPLE

AGE : 25 - 40 SETTLERS AGE : 25SETTLERS - 40 LO SCALE SCALE ROBOTS ROBOTS DOCTOR DOCTOR SETTLEMENT SETTLERS AGE : 10 2540 -ROBOTS 40 SETTLEMENT AGRONOMIST AGRONOMIST SETTLERS AGE : 25 10 ROBOTS SCALE DOCTOR SETTLERS 30--DOCTOR 60 PEOPLE TECHNICIAN AGRONOMIST AGRONOMIST 30 60 PEOPLE TECHNICIAN SCALE SETTLEMENT SETTLERS SETTLERS AGE AGE : 40COUPLES -: 50 40AGE - 50 :: 25 SCALE SCALE SETTLERS AGE 25 -SETTLEMENT COUPLES 60 PEOPLE TECHNICIAN TECHNICIAN DOCTOR30 - SCALE ARCHITECT DOCTOR AGRONOMIST ARCHITECT LAND LAND EXPLORER EXPLORER COUPLES COUPLES SETTLERS AGE : 25 AGRONOMIST DOCTOR AGRONOMIST ARCHITECT ARCHITECT TECHNICIAN TECHNICIAN GEOLOGIST ARCHITECT ARCHITECT BIOLOGIST GEOLOGIST GEOLOGIST CHEMIST BIOLOGIST BIOLOGIST CRAFTMEN CHEMIST CHEMIST CRAFTMEN CRAFTMEN

SCALE SCALE DURATION DURATION DURATION DURATION

GEOLOGIST GEOLOGIST DOCTOR

DOCTOR DOCTOR BIOLOGIST BIOLOGIST 30 TECHNICIAN AIR EXPLORER AIR EXPLORER DOCTOR 30 -- 60 60 PEOPLE PEOPLE TECHNICIAN BIOLOGIST 10 GEOLOGIST - 15 10PEOPLE - 15 PEOPLE BIOLOGIST ARCHITECT BIOLOGIST 30 - 60 PEOPLE TECHNICIAN CHEMIST CHEMIST ARCHITECT CHEMIST CHEMIST TECHNICIAN UNDERGROUND UNDERGROUND EXP. EXP. GEOLOGIST SETTLERS AGE : 40 - 50TECHNICIAN CHEMIST ARCHITECT GEOLOGIST CRAFTMEN

COUPLES COUPLES

CRAFTMEN BIOLOGIST ARCHITECT ARCHITECT

AGRONOMIST COUPLES AGRONOMIST COUPLES COUPLES

CRAFTMEN GEOLOGIST BIOLOGIST SETTLEMENT SETTLERS AGE BIOLOGIST : 25 - 40 GEOLOGIST GEOLOGISTCHEMIST BIOLOGIST DOCTOR CHEMIST DURATION 10 - 15 PEOPLE DURATION SETTLEMENT CRAFTMEN DURATION DURATION CHEMIST CRAFTMEN DOCTOR TECHNICIAN AGRONOMIST MINER MINER CHEMIST PROGRAM PROGRAM CRAFTMEN 30 - 60 PROGRAM PEOPLE TECHNICIAN PROGRAM COUPLES DURATION 10 1510 YEARS 10YEARS - 15 YEARS ARCHITECT ARCHITECT 10-YEARS PROGRAM 10 - DURATION 15 YEARS 10 - 15 YEARS PROGRAM RESEARCH CENTER GREEN HOUSES RESEARCH CENTER GEOLOGIST GEOLOGIST DURATION DURATION DURATION PROGRAM PROGRAM FIND O GREEN HOUSESFINDING PROGRAM PROGRAM - 15 RESEARCH CENTER RobotsRobots are exploring are exploring and testing and testing the ground the ground composition composition for theYEARS for future the future GREEN HOUSES GREEN HOUSESRESEARCH CENTER 1010 - 15 YEARS HABITATS HABITATS BIOLOGIST COMMUNITY CENTER CENTER 10 YEARS COMMUNITY MINER PROGRAM HABITATS HABITATS RESEARCH CENTER TO START TO S 10 -- 15 15COMMUNITY YEARS GREEN HOUSES SOCIAL AREACENTER CENTER COMMUNITY CENTER GREEN HOUSES SOCIAL AREA CHEMIST Thesettlement. first stage of the Finding permanent settlement is finished. Bigger andminerals faster settlement. Finding optimaloptimal location, location, water water and other and minerals other is veryis very RESEARCH

2020 2020 - 2030 - 2030 2045 2060 2045 -2045 2060 2030 2030 2045 2045 - 2060 2060 2060 060 The first stage of the permanent is finished. Bigger and faster 2045 -be2060 MARKET CENTER RESEARCH RESEARCH CENTERCENTER GREEN MARKET CENTER 10 - 15MARKET YEARS 10CENTER - 15 10YEARS - 15 YEARS First manned First manned mission will bewill taken place taken in place this in stage. this stage. Rockets Rockets with first with first The first stage of the permanent settlement ismission finished. Bigger andsettlement faster e permanent settlement is finished. Bigger and faster GREEN HOUSES HOUSES COMMUNITY CENTER MARKET CENTER COMMUNITY CENTER spacecrafts will take bigger payloads and moreand people topeople the redtoplanet. 2045 -tosettlements 2060 HABITATS HABITATS COMMUNITY CEN important important for rovers the for settlement’s the settlement’s construction. construction. spacecrafts will take bigger payloads more the red planet. GREEN HOUSES permanent settlement iswill finished. Bigger and faster COMMUNITY CEN settlement finished. and faster MARKET CENTER settlers, rovers and provisional and provisional settlements will be will sentbeto sent Mars. tofinished. Mars. MARKET CENTER spacecrafts takeBigger bigger payloads and more people the red planet. eeermanent bigger payloads andismore people tosettlers, the red planet. DURATION PROGRAM 2030 2045 The first stage of the permanent settlement is Bigger and faster SOCIAL SOCIAL AREA AREA MARKET CENTER MISSION COMMUNITY CEN The first stage of the permanent settlement is finished. Bigger and faster The first group will stay permanently at this stage. MISSION The first group will stay permanently at this stage. MARKET CENTER DURATION egger bigger payloads more people to the planet. MISSION MISSION payloads andand more people to the redred planet. MISSION MISSION SOCIAL AREA HABITATS HABITATS

MARS

CRAFTMEN

SOCIAL AREA

LSS

RESEARCH RESEARCH CENTER CENTER HABITATS

LSS LSS SOCIAL RESEARCH HABITATS PERSONAL CARE CENTERCARE MARS SOCIAL AREAAREA PERSONAL CENTERCENTER SOCIAL PERSONAL CARE CENTER CARE CENTER LSS HABITATS SOCIAL AREA AREA LSS PERSONAL 2nd orbitor 2nd orbitor MARS MARS LSS PERSONAL CARE CENTER SOCIAL AREA LSS PERSONAL CARE CENTER The first group will stay permanently at this stage. stay at this stage. The first stage of the permanent settlement is finished. Bigger and faster 2nd permanently orbitor LSS LSS spacecrafts will take bigger payloads more people to red MARS MARKET CENTER PERSONAL CENTER MARS MARS spacecrafts will take bigger payloads and more people to the the red planet. planet. MARS The data LSS PROGRAM The obtained data obtained by the by robots, the robots, isprepared analized isprepared analized in earth, inand earth, by theby mars the promars proPERSONAL CARE CENTER MISSION RESEARCH CENTER stay permanently at this stage.will EXOMARS MISSION 10 15 YEARS FirstEXOMARS manned mission be taken place in this stage. Rockets with first y permanently at this stage. EXPLORE EXPLORE / SEARCH /CARE SEARCH PERSONAL PERSONAL CARE CENTER CARE CENTER The first The marsonauts first marsonauts are trained are trained and and Scientists. Scientists. There will There be will no be no APPLY spacecrafts will take bigger payloads and more people to the red planet. MISSION MARS APPLY The first group will stay permanently at this stage. PERSONAL CARE CENTER 2nd orbitor 10 15 YEARS MISSION HABITATS The first group will stay permanently at this stage. Couples are giving birth to the first Martian borns. The settlement is now ORBITOR ORBITOR 2ndScientists, orbitor Scientists, APPLY APPLY gram gram while developing while developing construction construction techniques techniques and technoloand technoloCouples are giving birth to the first Martian borns. The settlement is now settlers, rovers and provisional settlements will be sent to Mars. place for place mistakes for mistakes or unprepared or unprepared people. people. The stage The is stage divided is divided in 4 parts, in 4 parts, MISSION Couples givingThe birth to the2ndfirst The settlement is now birth to the first Martianareborns. settlement is Martian now Theborns. RESEARCH CENTER first group will stay permanently at this stage. orbitor SOCIAL AREA GREEN HOUSES APPLY APPLY EXOMARS prepared for afor bigger community with more green spaces. gies is for gies the future the future human human habitats and and rovers. EXOMARS EXOMARS prepared for a return bigger community with more green spaces. birth to the first Martian borns. The settlement iswith now HABITATS EXOMARS APPLY h tocommunity the first Martian borns. settlement now 2.8 2.8 isyears the return is the missions missions tohabitats earth. torovers. earth. COMMUNITY CENTER APPLY prepared for a The bigger community more green spaces. er with more green LSS TRAVEL TRAVEL PLAN PLAN Ispaces. I years Couples are giving birth to is now ORBITOR EXOMARS ORBITOR ORBITOR SOCIAL AREA Couples areThere giving birth to the the first first Martian Martian borns. borns. The The settlement settlement isMISSION now ORBITOR first stage ofTRAVEL themore permanent settlement isprepared finished. Scientists. Bigger and faster MISSION EXPERIMENT / DEVELOP / DEVELOP APPLY TRAVEL PLAN III erhecommunity with green spaces. PLAN III PERSONAL CAREMARKET CENTERCENTER EXPERIMENT The first marsonauts are trained and will be no community with more green spaces. LSS Couples are birth to the firstwith Martian settlement is now ORBITOR AN III prepared for giving a bigger community moreborns. green The spaces.

2045 - 2060

+ ++

+ + ++ + + + + + + APPLY ++ EXPERIMENT + + ++ / DEVELOP

+ ++

prepared for ahouses bigger community with more green spaces. Development of green houses harvesting, and extraction facilipacecrafts willfortake biggerorpayloads and more people to the red planet. Training Training programs programs the forfor “marsonauts” the are water taken arerover’s taken place place during during this facilithis ofisto green for harvesting, and extraction place mistakes people. The divided inand 4“marsonauts” parts, Their mission Their mission is stage to explore isfor explore experiment experiment with the with thewater rover’s information information of unprepared green houses forDevelopment harvesting, and water extraction facilien houses forDevelopment harvesting, and extraction faciliprepared forand a bigger community with more green spaces. TRAVEL PLAN III TRAVEL PLAN PLAN IIwater II MISSION ties areearth. being tested and developed. he houses firstTRAVEL group will isstay permanently at this stage. TRAVEL PLAN III stage. stage. The trainieeship The trainieeship eill stage. be eill conducted beExperiments conducted for at least for atone least year. one growth, year. ties are being tested and developed. for harvesting, and water extraction facili2.8 years return missions to houses for harvesting, and water extraction facilifrom from the previous the previous stage. Experiments about about plant plant growth, water water ties arethe being tested and developed. den and developed. TRAVEL PLAN III Development Development of harvesting, of green green houses houses for for harvesting, and and water water extraction extraction facilifaciliMISSION dndand developed. developed. extraction extraction and materials andare materials for construction for construction will take place take place in provisional provisional Development oftested green houses forwill harvesting, andinwater extraction facilities being tested and developed. ties arerover’s being and developed. Couples Their are giving birthistotothe first Martian borns. The settlement is now mission explore and experiment with the information labs. First labs. permanent First permanent settlement settlement is being is being built with built the with contruction the contruction ties are being tested and developed. II reparedfrom for a bigger community with Experiments more green the previous stage. about plant growth, water worker. worker.spaces. extraction and materials for construction will take place in provisional Development green houses forsettlement harvesting,isand water extraction facililabs. ofFirst permanent being built with the contruction es are being tested and developed. worker.

+ + + +

SCALE SCALE SCALE

PERSONAL CARE CENTER

SCALE SCALE SETTLERS AGE : AGE 0 - 80: 0 - 80 SETTLERS AGE : 0SETTLERS - 80 AGEAGE SETTLERS AGE : 0 -SETTLERS 80 SETTLERS : 40 -: 50 40 - 50 SCALE SCALE TOURISTS TOURISTS DOCTOR SETTLERS AGE : 0 80 DOCTOR SCALE SETTLERS AGE : 0 80 SCALE TOURISTS TOURISTS DOCTOR SETTLEMENT SETTLEMENT DOCTOR SETTLERS AGE SCALE SCALE TECHNICIAN SETTLERS SETTLERS AGE AGE : 25 : 25 - 40:: 0 NEW-BORNS TECHNICIAN SETTLERS AGE 0 -- 8 8 NEW-BORNS DOCTOR DOCTOR BIOLOGIST BIOLOGIST40 SCALE TOURISTS SETTLEMENT TECHNICIAN TECHNICIAN DOCTOR NEW-BORNS 10 - 15 - 15 PEOPLE ARCHITECT NEW-BORNS TOURISTS SETTLEMENT DOCTOR AGE :0-8 ARCHITECT SETTLERS 120 -10 ∞PEOPLE PEOPLE SCHOLARS TOURISTS DOCTOR SCHOLARS DOCTOR DOCTOR ARCHITECT120 - ∞ PEOPLE ARCHITECT TECHNICIAN TECHNICIAN TECHNICIAN CHEMIST CHEMIST TOURISTS

SCALE

AGRONOMIST AGRONOMIST NEW-BORNS GEOLOGIST 120 - ∞ NEW-BORNS PEOPLE SCHOLARSGEOLOGIST DOCTOR SCHOLARS 30 GEOLOGIST - 60 30PEOPLE - 60 PEOPLE BIOLOGIST NEW-BORNS TECHNICIAN TECHNICIAN TECHNICIAN TOURISTS TECHNICIAN NEW-BORNS COUPLES COUPLES SCHOLARS BIOLOGIST DOCTOR ARCHITECT ARCHITECT SCHOLARS ARCHITECT ARCHITECT ARCHITECT BIOLOGIST 120 -- :CHEMIST ∞ PEOPLE TECHNICIAN SCHOLARS ARCHITECT NEW-BORNS CHEMIST GEOLOGIST 120 ∞ PEOPLE SCHOLARS SETTLERS AGE 25 40 GEOLOGIST GEOLOGIST GEOLOGIST GEOLOGIST CHEMIST ARCHITECT AGRONOMIST 120 ∞ PEOPLE AGRONOMISTGEOLOGIST SCHOLARS SETTLEMENT BIOLOGIST BIOLOGIST BIOLOGIST COUPLES MINERBIOLOGIST MINER DOCTORAGRONOMIST COUPLES GEOLOGIST AGRONOMIST SETTLERS AGE : 0 80 CHEMIST CHEMIST CHEMIST COUPLES BIOLOGIST CHEMIST CRAFTMEN 30 60 PEOPLE TECHNICIAN CRAFTMEN DURATION COUPLES CRAFTMEN AGRONOMIST DURATION CRAFTMEN

120 - ∞ PEOPLE - ∞PEOPLE PEOPLE 120120 -∞

SCALE SCALE

TECHNICIAN GEOLOGIST ARCHITECT ARCHITECT BIOLOGIST GEOLOGIST GEOLOGIST CHEMIST BIOLOGIST BIOLOGIST AGRONOMIST CHEMIST CHEMIST COUPLES AGRONOMIST AGRONOMIST CRAFTMEN COUPLES COUPLES CRAFTMEN CRAFTMEN

TOURISTS SETTLEMENT DURATION DURATION DURATION PROGRAM PROGRAM 2030 2030 - 2045 -DURATION 2045 PROGRAM NEW-BORNS PROGRAM DURATION DURATION PROGRAM PROGRAM DURATION DURATION DURATION 120 ∞ PEOPLE DURATION SCHOLARS 2060 HOTEL ∞will- be∞ PROGRAM 2060 HOTEL ∞- 151010YEARS DURATION PROGRAM PROGRAM RESEARCH RESEARCH CENTERCENTER ∞ 2060 - ∞ HOTEL 10 PROGRAM YEARS - 15 YEARS HOTEL ∞ First manned First manned missionmission will taken be place taken in place this in stage. this stage. Rockets Rockets with first with first PROGRAM MUSEUM MUSEUM PROGRAM ∞ ∞ 15 YEARS HABITATS HABITATS PROGRAM HOTEL 10 - 15 ∞ aroundThe The settlement now hosts around 80 people and more are coming in the MUSEUM MUSEUM HOTEL The settlement now hosts around 80 people and more are coming in the ∞hosts ∞ SCHOOL / INSTITUTE settlers, settlers, rovers rovers and provisional and provisional settlements settlements sentbeto sent Mars. to Mars. 2060 HOTEL SCHOOL / INSTITUTE ∞ ∞ around 80 people and more are coming inwill thebewill 80 settlement people andnow morehosts are2045 coming in the 2045 2060 2060 GREEN HOUSES HOTEL SOCIAL/ SOCIAL AREA AREA GREEN HOUSES MUSEUM/ INSTITUTE ∞ SCHOOL INSTITUTE SCHOOL MUSEUM next years. Lifethe quality increasing and people areDURATION beginning to feel liketo feel like years. Lifeis quality isincreasing and are beginning GYM hosts around 80 people and more coming in MUSEUM GYM 2060 HOTEL ∞ sts 80next people and more areare the COMMUNITY COMMUNITY CENTERCENTER MUSEUM years. Life quality iscoming increasing and people are beginning to feelaround likepeople lity isaround increasing and people are beginning toinnext feel like LSS LSS SCHOOL / INSTITUTE GYM GYM ∞ The settlement now hosts 80 people and more are coming in the SCHOOL / INSTITUTE HOSPITAL The settlement now hosts around 80 people and more are coming in the more home. Green spaces reminds of earth, but martian identity iswill growSCHOOL PROGRAM HOSPITAL The first The stage first of stage the permanent ofare thetrained permanent settlement settlement is finished. is finished. Bigger Bigger and faster and faster MUSEUM more home. Green spaces reminds of earth, but martian identity is growlity is increasing and people are beginning to feel like MARKET MARKET CENTER CENTER SCHOOL // INST INST PERSONAL PERSONAL CARE CENTER CARE CENTER GYM is increasing and people are beginning to feel like The first The marsonauts first marsonauts are trained and prepared and prepared Scientists. Scientists. There There be will no be no HOSPITAL GYMHOSPITAL more home.but Green spaces reminds of earth, but martian identity isDURATION growspaces reminds of earth, martian identity is growThe settlement now hosts around 80 people and more are coming in the next years. Life quality is increasing and people are beginning to feel like RELIGIOUS CENTER 10 15 YEARS GYM RELIGIOUS CENTER / INST SCHOOL next years. Life quality ispeople. increasing and people are beginning to feel like ing. spacecrafts will will takeorbigger payloads payloads and more andstage people more people to the to red planet. red GYM ing. HOSPITAL CENTER spaces reminds of earth, martian identity is growRELIGIOUS CENTER RELIGIOUS HOSPITAL ces reminds of earth, martian identity isspacecrafts growplace for place mistakes for take mistakes orbigger unprepared unprepared people. The Theof is stage divided is but divided inthe 4 parts, in planet. 4 identity parts,MISSION 2045 -butbut2060 ing. GOVERNANCE CENTERHOSPITAL next years. Life quality is increasing and people are beginning to feel like GREEN HOUSES GOVERNANCE CENTER MISSION PROGRAM more home. Green spaces reminds earth, martian is growGYM HOSPITAL RELIGIOUS CENTER more home. spaces reminds of earth, but martian identity is growMISSION MISSION RELIGIOUS GOVERNANCE GOVERNANCE CENTER MISSION MISSION CENTER The The group first group will permanently stayGreen permanently at this at stage. this stage. 2.8first years 2.8 isyears the return is stay thewill return missions missions to earth. to earth. COMMUNITY CENTER CENTER RELIGIOUS HOSPITAL more home. Green spaces reminds of earth, but martian identity is growing. RELIGIOUS CEN CEN GOVERNANCE CENTER HOTEL MISSION 2060 ∞of and GOVERNANCE CENTER MISSION ing.and MISSION MISSION EXPERIMENT EXPERIMENT / DEVELOP / DEVELOP First settlement tourist andisnon-scientific people visiting the planet for the first The first-stage the permanent finished. Bigger and are faster First MARKET TERRAFORM CENTER GOVERNANCE MISSION TERRAFORM RELIGIOUS CENC GOVERNANCE C MISSION First tourist non-scientific areing. visitingnon-scientific the planet forpeople the firstare visiting the planet for the first∞ n-scientific people are visiting the planet for people the firsttourist MUSEUM

CRAFTMEN CHEMIST AGRONOMIST DOCTOR ARCHITECT COUPLES AGRONOMIST COUPLES TECHNICIANGEOLOGIST CRAFTMEN COUPLES CRAFTMEN ARCHITECT BIOLOGIST RESEARCH CENTER CRAFTMEN RESEARCH CENTER CHEMIST GEOLOGIST RESEARCH CENTER RESEARCH CENTER HABITATS HABITATS CRAFTMEN BIOLOGIST HABITATS HABITATS RESEARCH CENTER SOCIAL AREA SOCIAL AREA RESEARCH CENTER CHEMIST RESEARCH 2060 - N 2060 - N SOCIAL AREA SOCIAL AREA HABITATS RESEARCH RESEARCH CENTER CENTER RESEARCH CENTER CENTER LSS HABITATS LSS AGRONOMIST 2060 - N HABITATS LSS LSS SOCIAL RESEARCH CENTER HABITATSCARE HABITATS HABITATS PERSONAL CENTERCARE SOCIAL AREAAREA PERSONAL CENTER COUPLES SOCIAL AREA MARS MARS PERSONAL CARE CENTER PERSONAL CARE CENTER LSS SOCIAL AREA SOCIAL AREA SOCIAL COMMUNITY CENTER LSS COMMUNITY HABITATS CENTERAREA MARS 2060 N CRAFTMEN MARS LSS 2060 - N COMMUNITY CENTER COMMUNITY CENTER PERSONAL CENTER SOCIAL AREA LSS HOUSES LSS LSS GREEN PERSONAL CARECARE CENTER GREEN HOUSES PERSONAL 2060 - N MARS MARS GREEN HOUSES GREEN HOUSES COMMUNITY CENTER LSS PERSONAL PERSONAL CARE CENTER CARE CENTER CARE PERSONAL CARE CENTER CENTER MARKET CENTER COMMUNITY CENTER MARKET CENTER solar reflector RESEARCH CENTER solar reflector COMMUNITY CENTER MARS MARKET CENTER MARKET CENTER GREEN HOUSES PERSONAL CENTER COMMUNITYCARE CENTER solarEXOMARS reflectorEXOMARS GREEN HOUSES MARS HABITATS 2nd orbitor 2nd orbitor GREEN HOUSES EXOMARS EXOMARS MARKET CENTER COMMUNITY CENTER GREEN HOUSES MARKET CENTER MARS RESEARCH CENTER ORBITORORBITOR SOCIAL AREA MARKET CENTER ORBITOR solar GREEN ORBITOR MARKETHOUSES CENTER EXOMARS EXOMARS HABITATS LSS solar reflector reflector MARKET CENTER time. Plans ofmore buiding new settlements inexperiment other location are being taken spacecrafts will take bigger payloads and more people to the red planet. The settlement now hosts around 80 people and are coming innew the solar reflector EXOMARS SOCIAL AREAPERSONAL CARE CENTER Couples Couples are giving are giving birth to the to first the Martian first Martian borns. The settlement The settlement is being now is taken now time. Plans ofexplore settlements in borns. other location are ORBITOR ORBITOR n-scientific people visiting the planet for the first cientific people areare visiting planet for the first Their mission Their mission isFirst to isbuiding tobirth explore and experiment and with the with rover’s the rover’s information information SCHOOL / INSTITUTE time. Plans ofthe buiding new settlements in other location are being taken ng new settlements inEXOMARS other location are being taken tourist and non-scientific people are visiting the planet for LSS First tourist and non-scientific people arespaces. visiting thewater planet for the the first first EXOMARS into discussion. TheLife firstquality group will stay permanently at this stage. next years. is increasing and people are to feel like rbitor prepared prepared for abeginning bigger for a bigger community community withExperiments more with green more green spaces. ORBITOR into discussion. ng new settlements inORBITOR other location are being taken GYM new settlements other location are being taken from from the previous the previous stage. stage. Experiments about about plant plant growth, growth, water PERSONAL CARE CENTER into indiscussion. First tourist andbuiding non-scientific people are the planet thetaken first time. Plans of new in other location are being ORBITOR time. Plans buiding new settlements settlements in visiting other location are for being taken HOSPITAL more home. Green spaces reminds of earth, but martian identity is growCOMMUNITY CENTER extraction extraction and materials and materials forof for construction will take willplace take place in provisional in provisional time. Plans of construction buiding new settlements in other location are being taken into discussion. GREEN HOUSES RELIGIOUS CENTER intopermanent discussion. First Terraform Experiments arehouses taking place in and controlled enviroments, Couples are giving birth to the first Martian borns. settlement isis now ng. Development Development of green ofThe green houses for harvesting, for harvesting, water and extraction water extraction facilifaciliFirst Terraform Experiments are taking place in controlled enviroments, labs. First labs. permanent First settlement settlement being is being built with built the with contruction the contruction MARKET CENTER First Terraform Experiments are taking place controlled enviroments, eriments are taking place in controlled enviroments, into in discussion. GOVERNANCE CENTER

APPLY TERRAFORM APPLY TERRAFORM GOVERNANCE C MISSION TERRAFORM TERRAFORM TERRAFORM TRAVEL TRAVEL PLAN PLAN II II MISSION TERRAFORM TRAVEL PLAN PLAN IV TRAVEL IV TERRAFORM LAN IV TRAVEL TRAVEL PLAN PLAN III III APPLY TRAVEL TRAVEL PLAN PLAN IV IV MISSION TRAVEL PLAN hoping aIV more habitable planet in planet the future. forplace a inbigger community with more green spaces. ties arefor ties being are tested being tested and developed. and developed. hoping a more habitable in the future. eriments are taking inmore controlled enviroments, ments areprepared taking enviroments, worker. worker. hoping acontrolled habitable planet in thefor future. abitable planet inplace thefor future. First Terraform Experiments are First Terraform Experiments are taking taking place place in in controlled controlled enviroments, enviroments, irst tourist and non-scientific people are visiting the planet for the first III abitable planet in the future. TERRAFORM table planet in the future. First Terraform Experiments taking place in controlled enviroments, hoping for a more habitable are planet in the future.

+ ++

hoping forextraction ataken more habitable Development of green houses for harvesting, facili- planet in the future. me. Plans of buiding new settlements in other locationand arewater being hoping for a more habitable planet in the future. ties are being tested and developed. nto discussion.

irst Terraform Experiments are taking place in controlled enviroments, hoping for a more habitable planet in the future.

+ +++ + + + ++ +++ + + + + + +

+ SCALE SCALE SCALE SCALE

SETTLERS SETTLERS AGEAGE : 25 -: 40 25 - 40 DOCTORSETTLERS DOCTOR AGRONOMIST AGRONOMIST SETTLERS AGE AGE : 0 : 80 0 - 80 30 - 60 30PEOPLE - 60 PEOPLE TECHNICIAN TECHNICIAN COUPLES COUPLES ARCHITECT ARCHITECT DOCTOR DOCTOR

TOURISTS TOURISTS

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9.2

CONSIDERATION FOR MARTIAN BASE 9.2 SITE

SELECTION

â&#x20AC;&#x153;The average Martian temperature is only -60C. Yearly fluctuations near the surface of the planet are large: during the coldest winter night the temperature can drop to minus 140 C, and during the warmest summer day the temperature can rise to plus 27 Câ&#x20AC;? (ESA 2007). Chaos terrain, especially labyrinths, creates an illusion of an urban area A net of valleys crisscrossed a kind of a small plateau, as if there were small

cracks in it. Narrow canyons are easy to caulk, and on steep, not withered slopes there might be build many chambers with lots of windows. Chaotic terrains and labyrinths provide the best wind protection. Their additional advantage is that chaos and labyrinths are mostly found near the equator, where there is a warmer climate. However, the supply of machines to a building site may become more complicated.

elevation is okay

highest mountain in solar system

viking 1

PATHFINDER thorium

silicon

iron land relief

methane sulphate

too m du

too much dust

dark streak largest canyon in solar system

fig 14.1: opportunities in Mars

+ low radiation + clay minerals + water approx. +optimum gravity + thermal approx.

selected site HYDRAOTES CHAOS

magnesium

opporunity

The other important aspects is the mineral resource that can be found in abundance in the nearby areas. This can be also seen from the fig 14.1, where the robotic explorers are currently finding the evidence of life and all the future ambitions / explorations are to be done in this central area. The fig 14.2 suggests the philosophy of science study that this site of Aureum Chaos was formed due to the abundance of water and when the water started to evaporate due to high exposure, the whole site crumbled and left with a hill like structures. fig 14.2 elevation too low and difficult to land

viking 2

too much dust

DER thorium

wind direction

acceptable latitude region for high sunlight

iron

methane

site TES S

sulphate

too much dust

spirit

curiosity

opporunity

elevation too high

PAST EXPLORATION SITE through ROVERS CURRENT EXPLORATION SITE through ROVERS FUTURE EXOMARS EXPLORATION SITE

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“Martian ground is a mixture of very tine particles of dust and particles of a size of sand grains, originating from weathering processes of volcanic rocks. The researches on Martian dust in the atmosphere show that those grains are rather shaped like flattened tiles, like a sticky clay, and not in a form of identical dimensions, like spheres of river sand” (Markiewicz and others 1999). “There are being discovered areas rich in clay layers in the ground. They have probably been created because of water operation” (MRO NASA 2006).

“The chaos terrain on Mars is distinctive; nothing on Earth compares to it. Chaos terrain generally consists of irregular groups of large blocks, some tens of kilometers across and a hundred or more meters high. The greatest concentrations of chaotic terrain are in the same locations as giant, ancient river valleys. Because so many large channels seem to originate from chaotic terrain, it is widely believed that chaos terrain is caused by water coming out the ground in the form of massive floods. Scientists think

+1000

-1600

1:50 000m 0

fig 14.3: selected site view

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20km

it is made of distinct layers created by the evaporation of fluids or by hydrothermal activityâ&#x20AC;? (Chaos, n.d.) Many different theories have been argued upon about how floods of water came into existence with the formation of chaotic terrain. Evidence for the involvement of water has been foundâ&#x20AC;&#x201D;minerals associated with water, such as gray, crystalline hematite and phyllosilicates, are present in chaos reigns. Hereby in fig 14.4, the site at 1:5000m shows the hill side topography which can be used for further expansion by mining out of the hills at underground. The illustration in fig 14.6 and fig 14.7 shows the conceptual collage for the first habitation in which it shows the entrance being merged into a hillside and in another one the use of technology becomes an important part in designing the first habitation.

fig 14.4: selected site impression through working model

fig 14.5: aerial view of the Aureum Chaos

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fig 14.6: collage showing the entrance of the habitation with tower like structure on top

fig 14.7: collage of the exterior wall that will incorporate nano-technologyto lit up the habitation

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COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT 9.3.1 THE

OVERVIEW

The community development and sufficiency are based on the production of food. Food production is a basic necessity for human life and the nature of the Martian environment dictates that food production spaces will occur indoors. Whist a completely closed ecosystem is not necessary due to the possibility of the resupply of elements from local resources, an essentially closed agricultural system is possible.

ronment on the Martian surface, the development of radiation resistant strains of crop may be desirable (or the use of UV filters” (Cockell, 2001a) or artificial lighting). Plants used for breeding must be protected from the effects of harmful radiation to ensure the genetic integrity and future viability of the crop, however, this degree of protection is not necessary for crops being planted for consumption” (Hender, 2010).

“Ideally, greenhouses would be stocked with plants comparatively well suited to the harsh conditions of Mars” (Hender, 2010). This would include UV tolerance to maximize the amount of natural light that may be used and, thus, minimize power consumption. “Alternatively, due to the radiation envi-

Greenhouses are capable of supplying food to the colonists. Within closed loop greenhouses will tend to work as a byproduct of photosynthetic reactions, the plants will provide a bio-regenerative supply of oxygen and will remove carbon dioxide from the LSS.

fig 14.8: food production as an integral part of the habitat colony

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COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT 9.3.1.1

LINEAR CITY DEVELOPMENT

A city is not only “a fact in nature”, but also “a conscious work of art” (Mumford, 1938). The concept of a linear city is old. Linear form of human settlements is widespread in history of urbanization. An ordinary village along a road, known from ancient times, symbolizes the linear urban form. “The road is the village backbone along which habitation, manufacture, storage and trade are located. As well, a town beside a river frequently has linear form. Previous two examples (village, town) indicate that linear urban development is often a spontaneous response to local building conditions (road, river). We can learn a lot from these old examples to make a habitation colony for Mars.” (Furundzic, 2014)

expanded along the main axis. It also has its problems, particularly with respect to traffic and congestion, and travel distances from the extremities to central points. In a linear city, unlike a traditional city, not only a city center and suburbs are merged, but also a city expansion is along a line without taking up more space than is necessary.Linear urban form, well known in urban history, was founded theoretically by the end of the nineteenth century, the time when modern Urbanism has appeared as the art and science. The essential characteristic of a linear city and a corridor is: a line. Regardless of linear form strict conditions and certain contradictions, linear concept demonstrates adaptability.

A linear configuration credited first to Arturo Soria in his partial plan for Madrid, which is still evident today and also studied by LeCorbusier. The plan has its benefits, a logical compact linear design and is easily

“The chief characteristic of linear concept is a rapid and efficient movement of people and goods. The idea of linearity, being utopian and without significant realizations in the past, become promising and applica-

fig 14.9: proposed by Arturo Soria’s project for the Ciudad Lineal of Madrid

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ble to modern infrastructure corridors. Analogous to linear city, infrastructure corridor is a spine of elongated urban formation – which can expand without growing wider” (Furundzic, 2014). PROS · Allows access to every building from the interior and the exterior. · Minimizes length of the connecting corridors. CONS · Large extension. · As it continues to grow makes impossible shortcuts fig 15.1: idea for the growth of colony in Mars

fig 15.2: linear pattern of connecting with exisiting area

fig 15.3: lot division in linear expansion

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COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT 9.3.2 POLYCENTRIC

CITY DEVELOPMENT

The second approach to making a habitation on Mars could be making multiple individual centers to cater very specific needs. Poly means “many” and centric means “center” so in a literal sense, the term ‘polycentric’ indicates that a spatial entity consists of multiple centres. The term does not, however clarify what kinds of controls (centers of a transport axis, for housing, certain economic activities such as retail, industries etc.,). “This concept was introduced in urban geography by Harris and Ullman in 1945, representing an evolution of multi-center city in multi-center city region or polycentric city region. The process of sub-urbanization associated to a large city originated numerous settlements located in its surroundings”. (Botequilha-Leitão, 2010) The form and degree of city function, its specialization has interesting implications

fig 15.4: conceptual diagram of polycentric cities

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for urban relationships at regional scales. Central place theory is based on the hierarchical principle, where specialization relates to city size, with large settlements providing all the services of smaller centres. Centres of the same size provide identical services and thus there is no demand for horizontal interaction. The food production area could act the centers in the Martian land while marking the importance of it. These areas can have communal spaces with different functions. The centers could be made with different sizes and materials, while giving freedom for designing. PROS · Independent buildings from the circular axes provide more freedom both in shape and size. · Large ranges of technologies available as

buildings are independent one, of the other. · Separation between building up to 5 meters to allow reparation and regeneration. CONS · An eclectic look. · Connections between buildings are extensive.

fig 15.5: food production field at the center

fig 15.6: different examplles of city approach

fig 15.7: Emscher Landscape Park - Landscape of structural change

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COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT 9.3.3 GRID

CITY DEVELOPMENT

““The grid plan, grid street plan or gridiron plan is a type of city planning in which streets run at right angles to each other, forming a grid. In the context of the culture of Ancient Rome, the grid plan method of land measurement was called Centuriation” (Grid plan, 2014). “Grid systems represented an ideal way of implementing urban plans, but were also widely used in situations of rapid growth in contrast to radial growth around and away from a center which tended to be the way in which cities grow naturally or organically” (Kostof, 1991). A key characteristic of the grid pattern is that any and all streets are equally accessible to traffic (non-hierarchical) and could be chosen at will as alternative routes to a destination. In fig 15.8, the plan of Manhattan shows the clear division of multiple access

fig 15.8: city plan of Manhattan district

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points. This principle of redundancy can become very important to the Martian habitat colony as well. “Broadacre City was an urban or suburban development concept proposed by Frank Lloyd Wright throughout most of his lifetime. Broadacre City was the antithesis of a city of the newly born suburbia, shaped through Wright’s particular vision. It was both a planning statement and a social-political scheme by which each U.S. family would be given a one acre (4,000 m²) plot of land from the federal lands reserves, and a Wright-conceived community would be built anew from this. In a sense it was the exact opposite of transit-oriented development. There is a train station and a few office and apartment buildings in Broadacre City, but the apartment dwellers are expected to be a small minority”. (Broadacre City, 2014). All important transport is done by automobile and the

pedestrian can exist safely only within the confines of the one acre plot where most of the population dwells. This approach of city making can also be thought about where there is an abundance of land esp. on Mars. PROS · Maximal densification. · Allows multiple routes from one point to the other. CONS · Wheeled access for regeneration to the inner fabric depends on both axes being accessible by building machinery. · Increments the “corridor” surface.

fig 16.0: divisions in a Grid city planning

fig 15.9: conceptual layout for grid city expansion

fig 16.1: broadacre city map by Frank Llyod Wright

fig 16.2: 18th century layout plan for Manhattan district

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CHAPTER 10 EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES

10.1

NANO TECHNOLOGY 10.1.1 SMART

MATERIAL

“Nanotechnology, a DISRUPTIVE innovation, the ability to manipulate matter at the scale of less than one billionth of a meter, has the potential to transform the built environment in ways almost unimaginable today. On the near horizon, it may take building enclosure materials (coatings, panels and insulation) to dramatic new levels of performance in terms of energy, light, security and intelligence” (carbon, 2009).

hardness, or size.

Interactive smart materials are those that respond to a change in the environment, such as temperature, pressure, UV radiation, magnetic field, energetic impact or moisture. In each case, and for each example, the material’s response can be different: the material could change color, translucency,

We can also consider solar coatings as it is a paint that generates energy, materials that can withstand exceptionally powerful forces. A transparent and ﬂexible electrode based on a precision fabric with metal and polymer ﬁbers woven into a mesh can generate energy in the Martian atmosphere.

“Particularly interesting are the materials which generate energy from the differing environmental conditions. Examples are piezoelectric cells, which operate under pressure, or thermo-active materials, which are based on temperature differences. Smart materials are not new. They are already being used.” (Smart, 2003)

fig 16.3: applying the nano technology on exterior and structural system

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fig 16.4: size of nano unit in comparison to body tissue

fig 16.5: properties of a material

fig 16.6: temperature regulation: PHASE CHANGE MATERIALS

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NANO TECHNOLOGY 10.1.2 NANO

VENT SKIN

NVS is not trying to reinvent or reshape nature. It’s just acting as a merger of different means and approaches into energy absorption and transformation, which will never happen in nature. Square meter agricultural system, a human habitat, and a below-ground. “Designer Agustin Otegui has invented a living building skin called the Nano Vent Skin employing several of these emerging technologies being described. It features micro-turbines that generate wind power, an exterior photovoltaic skin that generates solar power, and an interior skin of microorganisms that filter CO² from the atmosphere and produce oxygen”. (Vent, 2008) The outer skin of the structure absorbs sun-

light through an organic photovoltaic skin and transfers it to the nano-fibers inside the nano-wires which then is sent to storage units at the end of each panel. Each turbine on the panel generates energy by chemical reactions on each end where it makes contact with the structure. Polarized organisms are responsible for this process on every turbine’s turn. “The inner skin of each turbine works as a filter absorbing CO2 from the environment as wind passes through it. These micro organisms have not been genetically altered; they work as a trained colony where each member has a specific task in this symbiotic process. For example, an ant or a bee colony, where the queen knows what has to be

fig 16.7: conceptual Nano Vent tower by Agustin Otegui

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done and distributes the tasks between the members. The fact of using nano-bioengineering and nano-manufacturing as means of production is to achieve an efficient zero emission material which uses the right kind and amount of material where needed. The Nano VentSkin is another external skin system that can be applied to virtually any surfaceâ&#x20AC;? (Vent, 2008).

fig 16.8: nano scale vents to produce electricity and purify air

fig 16.9: nano solar fiber to become part of fabric

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NANO TECHNOLOGY 10.1.3 CARBON

NANO TUBE

“Carbon nanotubes are the strongest and stiffest materials yet discovered in terms of tensile strength and elastic modulus respectively. With their extraordinary strength and fascinating knack for conducting electricity and heat, nanotubes are finding applications in everything from cancer treatments to hydrogen cars”(Tube, 2009).

nanotube diameter is about 10,000 times smaller than a human hair—but their impact on science and technology has been enormous.

These structures of carbon may be tiny—a

“A mid horizon, the development of carbon nanotubes and other breakthrough materials could radically alter building design and performance. The entire distinction between structure and skin, for example, could disappear as ultralight, super-strong materials

fig 17.1: mechanism for space elevator

fig 17.2: detail outlook on space elevator

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functionalities as both structural skeleton and enclosing skin are developed”(carbon, 2009). “It is expected that a new substance, known as diamond and constructed of all carbon nanotubes made of the highest molecular density and bonding power, will be fifty times the strength of steel and lighter in weight” (NanoArchitecture, 2011) They are at least 100 times stronger than steel, but only one-sixth as heavy – so nanotube fibers could strengthen any material. Also, nanotubes can conduct heat and electricity far better than copper, and are already being used in polymers to control or enhance conductivity.

fig 17.3:nano carbon tube structure

fig 17.4: illustration of space elevator

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10.2

3D PRINTING TECHNOLOGY Setting up a lunar base could be made much simpler by using a 3D printer to build it from local materials. Industrial partners, including renowned architects Foster + Partners have joined with ESA to test the feasibility of 3D printing using lunar soil. “The multi - dome base being constructed Multi-dome lunar base being constructed, based on the 3D printing concept. Once assembled, the inflated domes are covered with a layer of 3D-printed lunar regolith by robots to help protect the occupants against space radiation and micrometeorites.“3D “printouts” are built up layer by layer. A mobile printing array of nozzles on a 6 m frame sprays a binding solution onto a sand-like building material. First, the simulated lunar material is mixed with magnesium oxide to turn it into ‘paper’ to print with. Then for the structural ‘ink’ a binding salt is applied to convert the material to a stone-like solid”. Currently 3D printers are built at a rate of

around 2 m per hour, while next-gen designs should attain 3.5 m per hour, completing an entire building in a week.” (Lunarbase, 2013) The company more typically uses its printer to create sculptures and is working on artificial coral reefs to help preserve beaches from energetic sea waves. Foster + Partners devised a weight-bearing ‘catenary’ dome design with a cellular structured wall to shield against micrometeorites and space radiation, incorporating a pressurized inflatable to shelter astronauts. “A hollow closedcell structure – reminiscent of bird bones – provides a good combination of strength and weight” (ESAc, n.d.).

fig 17.5: Lunar habitat made from 3D printer technology

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fig 17.6: testing lab in Italy

fig 17.7: covering the habittat from celluose fibre from regolith

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HYPO-BARRIC MARTIAN CLOTHING 10.3.1 BIO

SUIT

The Bio-Suit System stands to revolutionize human space exploration by providing enhanced astronaut extravehicular activity (EVA) locomotion and life support based on the concept of providing a ‘second skin’ capability for astronaut performance. “The novel design concept is realized through symbiotic relationships in the areas of wearable technologies; information systems and evolutionary space systems design; and biomedical breakthroughs in skin replacement and materials. By working at the intersection of engineering; design; medicine; and operations, new emergent capabilities could be achieved” (Flexible, 2012). The Bio-Suit System would provide life support through mechanical counter-pressure where pressure is applied to the entire body through a tight-fitting suit with a helmet for

the head. Wearable technologies will be embedded in the Bio-Suit layers and the outer layer might be recyclable. Hence, images of ‘spraying on’ the inner layer of the Bio-Suit System emerge, which offers design advantages for extreme, dusty, planetary environments. “Flexible space system design methods are slated to enable adaptation of Bio-Suit hardware and software elements in the context of changing mission requirements. Reliability can be assured through the dependence of Bio-Suit layers acting on local needs and conditions through self-repair at localized sites while preserving overall system integrity. The Bio-Suit System is relevant to NASA’s strategic plan and stated visionary challenges in the Human Exploration and Development of Space, AeroSpace Technology, and Space Science” (Flexible, 2012)

fig 17.8: illustration of Matrianaut wearing Bio Suit for EVA

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fig 17.9: different concepts for the Bio Suit

fig 18.1: astranauts suits change over time to skin fit Bio suit

SOn the left, an astronaut on Mars is depicted donning the comfortable elastic Bio-Suit layer â&#x20AC;&#x153;(1). The hard torso shell (4) is donned next and seals with couplings at the hips and portable life support system, (5) attaches mechanically to the hard torso shell, and provides gas counter pressure. Gas pressure flows freely into the helmet (2) and down tubes on the elastic bio-suit layer to the gloves and boots (3). The Bio-suit layer is lightweight and easy to don and doff. It is custom fitted to each astronaut using a laser scanning/electrospinlacing process (Natick Soldier Center). Remaining suit elements are simple, functional, interchangeable and easy to maintain and repairâ&#x20AC;?. (BIO, n.d)

fig 18.2: different parts of Bio Suit

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HABITAT STRUCTURE 11.1.1 RIGID

HABITAT

One-element modules are the classic example of previously built Space habitats. These kind of module is a prepared and finished element. It is also completely fixed and rigid. That is why their cubature is limited by the cargo space of amounting rockets. In case of NASA they are 8m in diameter and of similar length, and in case of the Russian Space Agency â&#x20AC;&#x201C; about 4m in diameter and a dozen or so meters in length. Those types of construction offer only limited residential space. Metal constructions are very resistant and trustworthy, because they proved useful many times in different Space shuttles.

These habitat structures have some advantages as well and they are stated as below: - One-element modules could work as containers to transport other elements, assembling constructions, amounting to Mars. Those modules might be also connected together to build a larger complex. - Fixed constructions in a form a horizontal cylinder or a sphere need to be stabilized, e.g. in a form of legs on their sides not to let them to roll. - The assembly of unfolded modules should be automated. - The skeletal structures may imitate their Earthâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s prototypes. There are many different sources of inspiration. However, an ob-

fig 18.3: rigid habitat to be carried in a pay load from Earth

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long form is highly recommended. - Metal constructions might be painted optionally. Also, plastics are easy to color or to cover with colored foil. A well planned color would enhance the aesthetics of the habitat significantly.

fig 18.4: illustration of Rigid habitat on Mars

fig 18.5: experimenatal Rigid habitat

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HABITAT STRUCTURE 11.1.2 HYPERBARRIC

HABITAT

The inflatable structures are exceptionally light and easy to transport. However, to mount them it requires heavy inflating vehicles. To minimize the mass of the amounted load of cargo, there could be planned a ballasting tube filled with the Martian regolith in situ with the use of inflatable anchorage. There could be small membrane elements put into the drilled holes in the ground, inflated in situ. The inside atmosphere of the Martian habitat is kept at higher pressure than the outside

fig 18.6: inflatable habitat module for Mars

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one so that Martianauts can breathe comfortably. In the Earthâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s inflatable architecture structures, the foil is not very often used, because it is expensive and less resistant to damage than covered fabrics. The most often in use are air-bags with ETFE. They are transparent, considerably resistant, and they are characterized with a low building energy. (Janek, 2008).

fig 18.7: conceptual illutration for inflatable habitat

For inflatable constructions on Earth, these structure are made up of FEP foil. In the astronautics, now the most popular material is PI (polymide).

fig 18.8: connection of different modules at Lunar surface

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HABITAT STRUCTURE 11.1.3 BRICK

VAULT HABITAT

“The optimum on-site material to use for construction of structures on Mars is brick the biggest advantage of brick is that it is very simple to make. The raw material for bricks can be found nearly everywhere on the Martian surface in the form of iron-rich clay-like dust, fibers that have been brought along could also be added to create a stronger brick. According to a test done at Martin Marietta the Martin soil can be turned into ‘Duricrete’ that is half as strong as normal concrete” (Thomas, 2001). The surface material of Mars also contains gypsum, which when added to mortar creates the Portland cement; this will greatly improve the tensile strength. As brick has large compression strength, it is a good idea to build vaults, in this way an entire structure can be built using compression forces and

only a minimum of tensile forces will occur. Some useful tips for constructing this kind of habitats are as stated: - With the Martian regolith and stones available on the planet in huge quantities can be made of various types of construction i.e. gabions, vaults etc. - Using a variety of building materials influences the diversity base design. - To reduce the amount of equipment needed can be reduced multifunction machine and assign them to different tasks, such as excavator can collect loose soil on Mars. - The biggest drawback of the structure of the Martian regolith and rocks is their poor strength. Consequently, it is necessary to

fig 18.9: testing brick vault structure made from Martian regolith (iron oxide)

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use special methods of performing ceilings. - Vaults and domes are the best solution.

fig 19.1: conceptual section of the underground habitat

fig 19.2: conceptual illustration of underground habitat made out of brick vault structure

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HABITAT STRUCTURE 11.1.4 UNDERGROUND

HABITAT

Hollow structures in the mining industry are called pits. There are two basic types of excavation: surface and underground. Excavation cast (outcrop) is the surface exposure of the rock mass. Underground excavation is empty space surrounded by a hollow space in the ground around the rocks. Underground excavation may take the form of: a tunnel, shaft or chamber. On Mars, the removal of regolith and use the excavated material should be digging . In this type of construction work can be used simply equipment manual or excavator. Hereby in fig 19.3, the underground habitation of mole one thing is very important in their structure is the multiple pathways; whereas habitat area exist in the bottom.

fig 19.3: Mole underground habitat structure

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The other two examples fig 19.4 and fig 19.5 resembles the habitation with mole structure, where the connection of multiple pathway is vital. In human underground habitation, the need of light and air circulation becomes more important, therefore the vertical shaft system has been deployed. PROS 路 Protection against winds, dust, storms and whirlwinds, frost, Cosmic and Sun Rays. 路 Possibility of liquid in deep underground Martian shell. 路 Natural structures are more durable and stable, so the base will be intact for ages to come. 路 A resistant temperature stability, what benefits in energy savings while heating

such a structure. Âˇ Easy to expand once started. CONS Âˇ Limited view of landscape

fig 19.4: underground city in Derinkyu, Turkey

fig 19.5: underground city of Kayamakli

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HABITAT STRUCTURE 11.1.5 FRACTAL

GROWTH

Living cities have intrinsically fractal properties, in common with all living systems. The word fractal in dictionary.com is defined as “a geometrical or physical structure having an irregular or fragmented shape at all scales of measurement between a greatest and smallest scale such that certain mathematical or physical properties of the structure”. “A city’s life comes from its connectivity (Dupuy, 1991). All the geometry does is to facilitate in the support for human interactions can occur. Each connection takes place in order to carry out an information exchange between two nodes (Castells, 1989; Meier,

1962). Hereby the fractal growth from nature / biomimcry can give us direction to work out for the expansion of the city”. (Salingaros, n.d) The idea for this first habitation is to develop a system from which the habitation can be replicated and could be divided into parts. The accessibility for this growth will become important and will direct the path for future expansion.

fig 19.6: fractal growth in leaves in comparison to street heirarchy

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COPING WITH DISASTER 11.2.1 THE

BACKUP STRATEGY

Safety is of vital importance to the viability and sustainability of a habitat in the harsh conditions on Mars. “Marc Cohen (1995) discusses the safety philosophy for the first Mars outpost in reference to Rockwell International Space Station Crew Safety Alternatives Study (Peercy et al, 1985). Cohens selected philosophy for the first Mars outpost is to „Cause no damage to the First Mars Outpost or injury to the crew that will result in a suspension of operations” (Hender, 2010). This is also applicable to a Martian habitat and essentially states that all critical operations must continue during an incident (or a backup must take over in place of the

other), including habitat atmospheric containment, life support systems, etc. It allows for an injured individual, or group, to recover in an operational and safe environment. This philosophy implies the need for redundancy on all life critical systems, including redundancy in the habitat structure itself, to allow for repairs to take place. “The cost of including a high level of safety into the habitat design is, as Cohen points out, not significantly more than the cost of an unsafe habitat; the expense associated with safety comes about when it is incorporated into the design during the final design stages, or during construction” (Hender, 2010).

fig 19.7: different types of habitat structure

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12.1

THE TIMELINE: BASIC The first man made mission will take place in the year 2030, after which robotic exploration will suggest a suitable site for the first Martian habitation. The first habitation will consist of six people who will be multi-professionals like architect + miners, biologist + miner etc. They will start off with mining processes and out of which the site will be used for for future habitations. The target of this group would be to construct a safe underground habitation within 5 years of timeline starting from 2030-2035 for twelve people or more. Another part of this colony will be to construct an industrial área for the production of steel that can be easily produced from the dig up regolith of Mars. The reason for going underground is that the Martian atmosphere is very harsh to the human body due to different radiation levels, i.e. solar or galactic and the pressure of its atmosphere is very less that is only about 1%. Therefore, the need for expansion in underground surface looks much viable and efficient as the Martian surface will hold the hyperbaric habitation inside and will provide the anchorage as well. The whole underground mining system will be done through robots and the dig up ground (iron oxide) will be used for production of the steel that will be used in the construction of first habitation. The whole habitation will be lighter in weight as the horizontal structure (platforms) will be built up with steel and then will be protected through the Martian regolith. As it is visible in fig. 19.8 that some goals have been set up for each stage. The focus of this project designing has been set on stage F1 where mining, construction and extraction will start to happen. Afterwards it will start to grow and develop the habitation colony system in later years to come. The selected site of Aureum chaos is known

131

2030 - 2045 DURATION 15 YEARS

AGE GRO

F1 2030 - 2035 SCALE 6 PEOPLE “3 MINER,1 ARCHITECT,1GEOLOGIST, 1 BIOLOGIST”

SCAL

GENDER

GEND

6 MALE

underground mining

FOCUS: mining & construction GOAL

1. to lay out a foundation for permanent Martian base by digging the ground with proper spray insulation technique. 2. to extract water and areothermal from Mars base. 3. to construct a launch facility for 2 rockets.

FOC

GOA

1. to m 2. to co 3. to ex 4. to de 5. to in

NEEDS

NEE

1. A temporary base send from Earth with Wroking, Living & Social area. 2. Construction of launching system. 3. Mobile working and living unit. 4. Basic LSS system. 5. Technical systems equipped with robots. 6. Energy production. 7. Workshop. 8. Steel-making Industry

1. Tran researc 2. Mob 3. CLSS 4. Stora 5. Hydr 6. Work 7. Proc 8. Ener 9. Laun 10. Ste

for its availability of minerals like nickel and clay, and it has been suggested as well that this site might have consisted water, since clay minerals are formed due to water. These habitation colonies will also start to extract the water from on a surface by heating up the land with the evaporation process. The important aspect of this habitation will be to produce energy and this will be done with the wind, solar and areothermal. Since the habitation will be made underground therefore, it will be easier to extract the thermal heat from the Martian land. Overall, the stages hereby defined will become the basis of designing the habitation colony in years to come and the focus of this narrative would be to extract the minerals from the Martian land and build a new habitation for miners. In later on years, these minerals could send back to Earth and Matrian land will act as a backup resource point.

2030 - 2045

F2 2036 - 2044

F3 2045 onwards SCALE 30 PEOPLE “12 MINER, 3 ARCHITECT, 3 GEOLOGIST, 5 BIOLO-

GENDER

7 MALE AND 5 FEMALE

underground mining

SCALE 18 PEOPLE “9 MINER,2 ARCHITECT,2 GEOLOGIST, 3 BIOLOGIST 2 CHEMIST+ DOCTOR”

STAY PERIOD 2 YEARS & replaced with incoming Martian people

AGE GROUP 40-50

GIST, 1 BIOLOGIST”

GIST 4 CHEMIS, 2 DOCTOR, 1 TECHNICIAN”

7 MALE AND 5 FEMALE

underground + on surface mining

on surface + underground mining

FOCUS: mining, construction & extraction GOAL

FOCUS: mining, construction, extraction & transporting GOAL

1. to mine out and start to extract the minerals. 2. to continue with making underground habitat. 3. to extract water and areothermal from Mars. 4. to develop a industrial unit for construction and packing the material. 5. to construct a second launch facility for 2 rockets. 6. Use smart material. 7. to extend the energy unit.

by digging the ground

1. to mine out and start to extract the minerals. 2. to continue with making foundation for permanent Martian base. 3. to extract water and areothermal from Mars. 4. to develop a energy Unit. 5. to inhabit the first Martian base.

NEEDS

ving & Social area.

1. Transition from temporary base to permanent. i.e living, social, working, research & health center. 2. Mobile living & working unit. 3. CLSS system. 4. Storage place. 5. Hydroponic system. 6. Workshop. 7. Processing Unit. 8. Energy production. 9. Launch Facilty. 10. Steel-making Industry

1. Permanent base underground with living, working, social, research health & religious center. 2. Mobile living & working unit. 3. CLSS system. 4. Storage place. 5. Hydroponic & Aquaponic system. 6. Workshop. 7. Processing Unit. 8. Energy production. 9. Second Launch Facility 10.launching pad 11. Steel-making Industry

fig 19.8: overall narrative for underground mine out city

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2030-2250*: SETTLEMENT SYSTEM 12.2.1 2030-2036

STAGE 1

For F1 stage, a module of 6 meters will be launched from a payload of a rocket. This habitat module will be carried from Earth and will have all the necessities required to make the habitation in Mars. After landing on the cardinal points set up by the previous robotic mission, this habitation will start to expand by mining out the Martian surface. Starting in the first year, this habitation will construct a new LSS, hydroponics area, ingress and egress facility for moving into the

fig 19.9: habitat growth in plan view from 2030-2035

133

rovers and outside. In this first stage, a steel manufacturing industry will also be set up so that the resources of the dig out ground could be utilized for the underground habitation. There are 2 stages of each habitation i.e. one is the digging of Martian soil to make customized light weight steel that will be used for designing the interior of habitation and when the habitation will be completed then the other stage will be started. An-

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2030-2250*: SETTLEMENT SYSTEM 12.2.2 2036-2060

STAGE 2

other stage is about making a connection establish a link as well as a new communal area between habitation through the underground mining techniques. The first habitation will be completed in the year 2035 and further extension will start to

happen in the next phase of F2 stage in later years of 2036. This extension would be connected to the first habitation with a communal space while making a link between the other habitations. As it can be seen, the area marked in red dotted lines show the habita-

fig 20.1: habitat growth in plan view from 2030-2110

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2030-2250*: SETTLEMENT SYSTEM 12.2.3 2060-2110*

STAGE 3

tion will be constructed in a later years. The green areas marked as the communal zone in the plan view and will integrate different functions like food production, institute, museum, etc. These programs will not only make these habitation work better but will

have a positive impact on the psychology of the Martianauts, while making them more secured in extra terrestrial environment. These spaces will be interlinked with all the other habitations and will act as a back up strategy for future of habitation.

fig 20.2: habitat growth in plan view from 2030-infinity

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2030-2250*: SETTLEMENT SYSTEM 12.3.1 ZONE

PLAN 1

All three options illustrated below have the basic habitation system that will grow over time, one after the other. This system is designed as to be flexible for the number of years to come. The first settlement will act as a base area from which the growth will start to happen from plain underground surfaces to the inside of hills. The idea for making the residential sector

closer to each other gives a sense of security and neighborhood. Therefore, the yellow zone being marked becomes a center for residential area, whereas the communal spaces surround it. These communal areas also act as a buffer zone and the industrial area loops around the communal area from which the energy will be generated. The zoning plan 1 is a basic configuration of the first Martian settlement for approximately

1st habitation

fig 20.3: Zoned plan 1

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2030-2250*: SETTLEMENT SYSTEM 12.3.2 ZONE

PLAN 2

900 people and gives a sense of easy connection with a clear division. The strategy of this overall organization has been taken from the gridiron pattern whereas, it also gives a sense of making boulevard acting as main connectors while avenues as the intermediate ones with street as the basic ones. In zoning plan 2 and 3, the the underground connections between the habitations and short linkages becomes important. It is easy

1st HABITATION

fig 20.4: Zoned plan 2

137

to say if the habitations remain the same, then the overall organization can be changed according to the new requirements set up by the Martian community. The roundabouts seen in all three different zoning plans suggest the tower like structure will be built up and this also marks the identity for these habitations. Each habitation in this system will have multiple emergency exit points as well.

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PRIVATE

12.3

row houses (2 storey deep)

2030-2250*: SETTLEMENT SYSTEM 12.3.3 ZONE

WORKING retail office industrial area

PLAN 3 PRIVATE

PUBLIC workshop tower (multipurpose) power production hospital cemetaries lss open space vegetation space place for worship educational

row houses (2 storey deep) WORKING retail office industrial area PUBLIC workshop tower (multipurpose) power production hospital cemetaries lss open space vegetation space place for worship educational

1st HABITATION

160

320

fig 20.5: Zoned plan 3

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CHAPTER 13 MARTIAN HABITAT DESIGN

13.1

SETTLEMENT PLAN The grid plan dates from antiquity and originated in multiple cultures; some of the earliest planned cities were built using grid plans. “By 2600 BC, Mohenjo-daro and Harappa, major cities of the Indus Valley Civili-

zation, were built with blocks divided by a grid of straight streets, running north-south and east-west. Each block was subdivided by small lanes. A workers’ village at Giza, Egypt (2570-2500 BC) housed a rotating labor force and was laid out in blocks of long galleries separated by streets in a formal

HABITATION FOR 780 INHABITANTS

STEEL & SILCON CHIP PRODUCTION

LAUNCH PAD FOR INCOMINGS.

LAUNCH PAD FOR OUTGOINGS.

fig 20.6: overall planned view with the context in Martian land

139

NTER ENTER ENTER

NING

C AREA

grid. Many pyramid-cult cities used a common orientation: a north-south axis from the royal palace east-west axis from the temple meeting at a central plaza where King and God merged and crossedâ&#x20AC;?. (Grid plan, 2014) The strong essence of making a place becomes important for the first habitation in Mars that will mark its identity. The whole urban plan is divided into portions and the connectivity between the habitation gives an importance both from on-surface and underground levels. This habitation system is flexible enough to design on further habitation; once a portion starts and could be changed in later on stages. The urban plan grows inside the flat land surrounded by the hills. It will connect to the surrounded hills so that these hills could become a part of habitation in future stages. Also, it provides enough space for further changes, if implemented and will start to grow as organic colony inside these hills. This overall scheme will act as a major base point from where the other settlements will start to grow and will develop up its own Martian identity. There will be two launching pads that will be developed over time, one for arrival and another one for departure. The habitation system will start to grow in a very systematic manner so that energy is used efficiently.. The organization diagrams here suggest the different ideas that have been taken into consideration in making this overall urban scheme successful. The first idea was to build the CENTER ORIENTATION CIRCULATION

ORIENTATION ORIENTATION ORIENTATION

CIRCULATION CIRCULATION CIRCULATION

DIVIS DIVIS DIVI

ZONING ZONING ZONING

PRIVA

PRIVATE; PUBLIC AREA PRIVATE; PUBLIC AREA PRIVATE; PUBLIC AREA

BOULEVARD; AVE BOULEVARD; AV BOULEVARD; AVEN

UNDERGROUND CONNECTION TO THE PUBLIC SPACES

DIVISION UNDERGROUND CONNECTION TO UNDERGROUND CONNECTION TO UNDERGROUND CONNECTION TO THE PUBLIC SPACES THE PUBLIC SPACES THE PUBLIC SPACES

BOULEVARD; AVENUE; STREET INDUSTRIAL INDUSTRIAL INDUSTRIAL AREA AREA AREA

fig 20.7: organization diagrams for habitat growth

140

OVERALL STRATEGY FOR CIRCUL OVERALL OVERALLSTRATEGY STRATEGYFOR FORCIRCULATION CIRCULATION

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SETTLEMENT PLAN from solar panels and wind mills / turbines. The rovers / robots will be attached to the individual emergency exit modules for each habitation.

scheme from center with cardinal axis. The Centre will mark the identity of the Martian habitation. This idea has been translated into further developments of making more access points and act as dividers with multiple ingress/ egress points. The division of this scheme is connected to the idea of making these habitations united and will work together as a community since it can be seen from these diagrams below. The system will grow in a linear way and this

ZONING expansion will be doneDIVISION in a loop. Habitation numbers will be tailored to the grid. The divisions are made through calculating the exact number of inhabitants (12 in each) who will live inside these habitation structures. As bigger communal spaces are meant to accommodate 48 people and it will provide all the amenities needed for Martianauts to survive in it.

LINEAR EXPANSION

As it is shown in fig 21.1, the on ground surBOULEVARD; AVENUE;the STREET face will be used to generate energy

PRIVATE; PUBLIC AREA

COMMUNAL ZONE WITH LSS

+ + INDUSTRIAL AREA

fig 20.8: strategy applied from the grid city planning

141

IRCULATION

+ +

INDUSTRIAL AREA

OVERALL STRATEGY FOR CIRCULATION

fig 20.9: conceptual diagram for connecting each habitat through underground communal corridors

fig 21.1: plan view for habitation

142

fig 21.2: rovers attached to emergency exit module on surface

fig 21.3: overall view of the habitation

fig 21.4: clear paths for EVA on surface

143

fig 21.4: working area on surface with PV cell and wind mills to generate energy

fig 21.5: tower like structures made from carbon nano tube

fig 21.6: overall view of habitation

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SETTLEMENT PLAN YEAR 2036 The proposed habitat design becomes a modular approach as to allow the expansion. It provides redundancy of critical systems and compartmentalization

in the event of decompression, fire or other event in one of the modules. Hereby, the proposed plan is the part of the larger urban plan and it works

fig 21.7: proposed plan view from top of year 2035

egress/ingress with air lock system

energy production area

PLAN AT -1.3

fig 21.8: proposed plan view at -1.3

145

for 12 people who can stay in it. As explained earlier that the plan will be done in different phases, but this plan illustrated below is made for the first settlers who will go to live on Mars. The above ground surface is utilized for energy production and whole habitat is being built underground to provide shelter from cosmic and solar radiations. The Himarvari technology is used to provide the sunlight inside the habitation that can be used and fixed easily since it collects the light onto the lens and then transform it through fiber optics. One side of these habitation is used as entrance and at the other extreme end, an underground connection hub is provided to link it up with the other habitations. The size for one habitation that will consist 12 people is about 14m x 28m. The size plays an important role in determining the efficiency to these habitat structures. The ramp takes the Martianauts down to the habitation where the air lock system is provided. This airlock is attached to a workshop area to facilitate the rovers and adjacent to it is the power control area. This power generating room will work individually for each habitat and in urban

to be build in 2036, a social space that is underground connected to the other habitat

emergency exist and connection to the rover and habitat module

emergency exist and connected to the rover

uction

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SETTLEMENT PLAN context the power generating areas that are allocated on the periphery will act as a backup option to provide enough power. Research indicates that the majority of power used by a Martian habitat is consumed by ISRU processes, with some estimates

suggesting that this could be as high as 80 of the total energy produced. It is suggested at this early stage, a power supply of approximately 50kW per person be provided. This equates to 60kW of active power generation per person, or 10 times the average Earth

fig 21.9: proposed plan view at -5.3

aerothermal power production area

fig 22.1: proposed plan view at -8.3

147

consumption. Detailed power draw calculations must be undertaken on the equipment contained. The green house / hydroponics area has been provided at the beginning of the habitat. Living space and greenhouse areas are separated to facilitate the tailoring of atmospheric conditions to individual greenhouses and also allow the monitoring of its effectiveness in the life support (atmosphere regeneration) processes. The greenhouse will be separated from other habitat areas to assess and monitor their contribution to the life support system and allow their individual environmental conditions to be tailored for its suitability to the particular crop. Greenhouse lighting will be designed to simulate the Earths UV environment and illuminated with LED lights (for energy efficiency) to varying levels and wavelengths to benefit the yield of the particular plant/crop. The crops will be grown in a treated Martian soil (washed of salts, nutrients added, etc.) subject to further investigations or, were found to be impractical, will be hydroponically grown. In addition to crop growth in greenhouses, food within the habitat may include fish, honey (from bees that will also pollinate crops), chicken, algae, strawberry, potato, etc. providing variety and contingency in the event of specific disease. The food production area has been linked with the service area that is in the center and to be build in 2036, a social space twith passage way

aerothermal power production area

module in detail

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SETTLEMENT DIAGRAM consists of air control, power control, water management, storges and hygienic area. As it has been suggested in the experimental project of Bio Sphere2 that 1 person requires almost 200 square meters of food production areas, but in the future, it is assumed that this will reduce to 100 square meters per person. Furthermore, this area can be divided through the hydroponic system where the plants can be

grown on the shelves at different levels. The tower in these habitations will act as vertical gardening tower. The whole plan is also divided through the programs that will occur in day or night shift. The usage of these areas becomes important to make the plan successful in terms of its efficiency. Communication with Earth and other surface areas of Mars will need to be maintained at all times. The time lag for commu-

SPACE FARMING recycle system

â&#x20AC;&#x153;Supply of food to space stations and proposed interplanetary spaceships is staggeringly expensive. The existence of a space farm would aid the creation of a sustainable environment, as plants can be used to recycle wastewater, purify air and recycle faeces on the space station or spaceshipâ&#x20AC;?.

LINEAR AND VERTICAL GROWTH dividing in to shelfs to get maximum efficiency

fig 22.2: overall strategy used in the habitation for food production

149

SLEEP 9h scheculed

HYGIENE

1h (on showerdays) SLEEP 9h scheculed FUNCTIONS OVERLAP, BUT CAN BE TEMPORARILY SEPARATED

WORK 9h

VISUALLY CONNECTED TO INSIDE

HYGIENE 1h (on showerdays) FUNCTIONS OVERLAP, BUT CAN BE TEMPORARILY SEPARATED

WORK 9h

VISUALLY CONNECTED TO INSIDE

SLEEP

EVA’S

FOOD 3h WORK

SLEEP

EVA’S

FOOD 3h WORK

LSS SYSTEM

LEISURE

LSS SYSTEM

LEISURE

FOOD

HYGIENE HYGIENE

LEISURE 2.5h

FOOD TOTAL

TOTAL 24h37min 24h37min fig 22.3: plan with different timely activities

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SETTLEMENT DIAGRAM nications between Earth and Mars (up to 20 minutes each way) must be considered and cannot be reduced, as it is constrained due to the speed of light. This delay varies depending on the distance between Earth and Mars. Furthermore, communication between Earth and Mars becomes impossible, without the use of interplanetary relay satellites. â&#x20AC;&#x153;When the Sun-Earth-Mars angle becomes sufficiently small (i.e. the planets are in, or near, opposition) when the sun blocks or interferes with straight line communication.â&#x20AC;? (Thangavelu, 1999). Communication room in the service zone will send and receive the messages through this interplanetary satellite that will be orbiting

storage airlock

air

ther.

water

food

ctrl

around Mars. The habitation is divided in two levels, one level is meant for food production and other one is meant for living and working as mentioned in fig 22.7. The towerlike structure will also act as a watching tower, light catching and food production tower. It will be made up from steel that will be extracted from the Martian surface. Also in the early stages the rocket container will be recycled to make these towers.

food

hydoponics

waste

control

aquaculture outside connection

store

store ctrl

exit

ctrl

thermal

waste

store

air

social

kitchen

ctrl

thermal area

working lab

view

living unit

living unit view

fig 22.4: general layout for plan

151

living unit

toilet

view

workshop area

view

living unit view

toilet

RATEGY TRATEGY

vegetation vegetationzone zone

service servicezone zone living living++working workingzone zone fig 22.5

8m 28 m =390 390sq. sq.m m q.q.m m TANTS ==12 BITANTS 12(i.e (i.e1200 1200sq.m) sq.m) eople= 1480sq. people= 1480sq.m m fig 22.6: inside view of the habitation made with light weight steel structure food

ctrl

food

hydoponics

food

water ther.

store

kitchen

hygene

food

exit

communal area

living unit

living unit view

view

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SETTLEMENT SECTION The living and working is being proposed much deeper to provide protection from solar and cosmic rays. Beyond the living and working space, a habitat must provide airlocks to, access to and egress from, the native Martian habitation. Facilities required in the habitat include all those necessary for living, recreation and working. Living facilities include life support

LSS ZONE

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systems, sleeping environments, meal preparation and ablution facilities with other such areas. Recreational facilities include lounge and reading areas, entertainment facilities which will become part of this habitat in 2036. Working facilities will include laboratories, office space, industrial areas (power generation, etc.), workshops, food and other program related areas.

VIEWING TOWER VERTICAL FOOD PRODUCTION OPTICAL FIBERS TO TRANSMIT LIGHT IN TO THE HABITAT AND FOOD PRODUCTION AREA

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fig 22.7: cross section of the proposal

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SETTLEMENT SECTION In fig 22.8, the longitudinal section shows the extent of the habitation in the area needed to be dug out. The entire structure is made up with steel and load bearing columns are being made up of Martian regolith which will be sprayed. To make it more stable a celluouse spray will be used on the vertical load bearing structure so that it also remains air tight. Due to the less gravity in the Mars, the Martianauts can easily move up and down. Therefore, the staircase has been designed with large risers. Life support is, of course, a critical consideration. Significant research has been undertaken in this field, both for earth orbit

and planetary expeditions. Numerous full scale experiment of closed life support systems has been undertaken on Earth, all providing encouraging results. One vital aspect of any life support system is redundancy and compartmentalization, such that any individual failure, or series of failures, does not disable the entire system. Ideally, any life support system on Mars should be a largely closed system such that the need to resupply resources is minimized. Contamination and toxicity control also hold a careful consideration.

WIND MILLS WITH TURBINE

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FOOD PRODU TO LSS SYSTEM

fig 22.8: longitudinal section of the proposal

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MODULE DESIGN â&#x20AC;&#x153;Besides reduction in cost (due to lesser customization, and less learning time), and flexibility in design, modularity offers other benefits such as augmentation (adding new solution by merely plugging in a new module), and exclusionâ&#x20AC;?. (Baldwin and Clark, 2000) The module design here is a part of the above habitation and is utilized as the working and living space. The module has been designed for 2 people who can work, sleep, exercise, prepare food and have a common vanity. The width of this module is 2m whereas it consists of the flexible furniture system. These flexible furniture can be easily accommodated and fixed in the small room where it can become table, chair, bed. The floor has been made up with the

fig 23.1: module in 3D view

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steel structure, whereas the rest of the module is being carved out of Martian regolith and then protected. The ducts supply the sufficient air into the room, while light plays a pivotal room in this small module. The light is being carried through the Himawari technology and these optical wires can be moved easily. The personlisation of these small modules would be important to be worked at, as to make them more like an Earthly home and comfortable while affecting the psychology of Martianauts. There are some decorating elements introduced into a common space, created by the crew members. However, such decorations or rearranging of the public space should be under control of one person living inside.

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fig 23.3: illustrative sectional view of the module STORAGE / TREADMILL

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â&#x20AC;&#x153;I often hear that our space program is all about doing science. It is about much more than that. It is about opening up a new frontierâ&#x20AC;? Astronaut Ed Lu (2003).

PART 5

THE OUTCOME

This chapter gives a short conclusion of what I have learned through the process of this project and in the end how this proposal can help us to sustain life on our home planet.

chapter 14

THE OUTCOME

14.1

CONCLUSION 14.1 PROJECT

REFLECTION

The project is based on the narrative and the research done. In the year 2030, the lander will be descending down on the Martian land and it will start to make an underground habitat colony. The planet Mars will be start terraform in the later years. This Martian Habitat Colony Framework seeks to provide guidance in an unfamiliar setting. The project has been developed over the narration that makes the different stages of development in the underground habitation system. The most important thing in designing these habitat colonies in the extra - terrestrial land is its interaction between communities, using the resources efficiently, making a backup option and designing from the bottom up principle. The intention of this project is to provide a design solution that can be used to enhance our knowledge and develop an urban scheme for the first habitation in Mars. The whole community works as a hub for further expansion that will grow in an organic way afterwards. This project has lots of interesting scenarios from mining to the utilization of resources efficiently for a fixed number of people. There has been a lot of development in the technological sector and this will become an integral part for our future expansion. This project also touches upon some of the new technologies that can revolutionize the space industry. The question arises of what can be the best / optimal solution for our future growth? The research work done here in the earlier chapters can become a guideline for making a habitation on Mars, but this will also change in the near future due to advancement in the technology sector. The problem like transporting the resources is the key for making this habitation successful and this is possible by making large

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payload areas in the recyclable rockets that can also use the fuel more efficiently and will bring costs down. The nano has the potential to become the flagship of the new millennium‘s building methods and architectural style in the new Martian land. It will certainly not replace all other technologies used in architecture, but will coexist with and borrow the technological inventions of the past. This can become a vital area, where we can develop and explore new technologies while changing the architecture thinking in future missions. In extra-terrestrial habitats, living and working means being potentially vulnerable to very harsh environmental, social, and psychological conditions. Different from machines, “human requirements are not secured constants; instead they are a product of our society and the experience made in it by individuals within a certain time and specific environment”. (Häuplik-Meusburger, 2005 p. 1). This project shows that the factor time, and thus unpredictability, must be taken into account while making the first draft and onwards. For this reason, it is essential to apply in the project all the dynamics that are currently part of architecture process. If one of the main goals of human space exploration is the furthering of knowledge, creating the best and safest habitability conditions to facilitate such a quest for knowledge must be at the forefront of space research. As demonstrated in this project, this can be supported by integrating the discipline of human factors into the design of long duration space missions through the application of technology and making it more efficient.

chapter 14

THE OUTCOME

14.2

CONCLUSION 14.2

PERSONAL REFLECTION

Mars contains all of the essential elements for sustaining life, since it has been demonstrated by numerous observations and investigations. There is a lot of research still needed to establish a habitat on Mars and some of which are discussed in this report. Future missions to Mars will refine our knowledge of the mineralogy of the Martian crust, constituents of the atmosphere and the specifics of the Martian environment in general. Earth based research will further develop and test materials, structures, systems and other aspects necessary for the establishment of a habitat on Mars. This research based project made me aware about new things related to technical and personal issues needed for designing a habitat in a new place. The realization of this project is based on the narrative that becomes instrumental while designing the colony. While researching the examples made me aware of how to make a self-sufficient habitat; it has not only broadened my knowledge, but also made me realize about the space utilization and psychological aspects that we miss in our designing. To make a self-sufficient design, we need to understand the basics well and it can only be done through a thorough step by step research while implementing it on to the design. After doing this project, I think I can apply these issues while designing the habitat and regard LSS as the core of the habitat units. This project was a difficult to design as I found lots of limitations like the examples were not accessible or even they were not archived well or some of them were not tested at all in an extra-terrestrial land, so everything was based on assumptions and research. To design this kind of project, I

had to be patient since the design was changed and transformed after weekly discussions. This method of coming back and moving forth made me aware of new aspects in design and technology. In the end, the limitation of time in this project had been an issue, as I think I am now in a better position to redesign this scheme since I have learned many issues regarding extra-terrestrial land. The chapters mentioned in this book took me through the journey of different levels of understanding the integrity about space missions and to realize this kind of a project. As this project is meant to see the independent, efficient module on one hand where people can interact and live in a form of community while proposing an urban plan in the end. The study of reality based case studies and the needs for making the colony in Martian land also gave me a new perspective that I personally think I cannot achieve in the professional projects and this kind of experimentation opened up my mind to think in to the future and make strategy for every step I had to take. Before doing this project, I didnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t know much about the space habitation, but after doing this project now I feel more confident and feel less experienced in this kind of space industry. I am also astonished at the achievements of our worldâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s famous space agencies since they are opening new horizons for our future habitation and searching more resources to benefit our Earth and people.

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CONCLUSION 14.3 CRITICS

REFLECTION

Habitation in Mars requires a lot of effort and research before we may start a habitation there. Most concerning thing for making the habitation on Mars is about the energy requirements and its supply. The effort to dig up the ground and making an habitation will require lots of energy so it is very important to make an accurate assumption while making some energy demand calculations. The expectations for this kind of project was very high and some people wanted to see something futuristic or new in terms of designing. I think the expectations were right, but this project is just a basic one from which we can further develop / refine our proposals The back up system for the community is very important while creating a scenario for that purpose is imperative. The strategy used here in the underground mining colony works as a back up for the other habitation. If something goes wrong, then the developing colony design can accommodate the Martianauts for some time, so the exact size of these spaces with LSS calculation might become helpful The technology sector is very important for making a habitation in extra-terrestrial land. To live and survive, we will need all the basic technology. The images for the habitation on Mars could have become more elaborate with the technological research. The information about this project seemed to be impressive since many people didnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t know much about the space industry and got surprised.

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CONCLUSION 14.4 SUSTAINING

LIFE ON EARTH? LEARNINGS

The resources in our Planet Earth are deplating, so it is worth to say that our first mission should be made for minning and finding the useful resources which could be afterwards, transported back to planet Earth. As it has been mentioned by NASA and ESA that no Martian mission will start until 2025 therefore it is imperative to research in different fields so that it enable the Martianauts about the unfamiliar and unknown issues that they will face in their hyperbaric habitations in the planet Mars. This project has also enabled me to think how it can help to sustain life on Earth. Some of the basic solutions that can be applied and they are mentioned as below: - Using the LSS for future: “Sustainability is the ability to maintain a certain status or process in existing systems”. The most frequent use of the term “sustainability” is connected to biological or human systems in the context of ecology. LSS is a terminology that has been explained earlier, but to make our Earth sustainable we have to think about LSS as integral part that can help us to achieve sustainability. In future architecture, planning, I think LSS can become an important element in designing while changing our mindset. If we need to make Earth sustainable then the LSS should be utilized for a whole community rather than employing on the individual blocks.

After doing this project, I think the utilization of resources and their efficiency can be achieved through responsible mining techniques. We also need to think about alternatives that becomes a back up plan for future. A lot of energy is required in the extraction of those resources (both underground and on the surface) and once these resources are taken out the land is left as abundant. Therefore, it is important to understand the amount of extraction needed and how to reshape the exploited landscape. - Space Efficiency: Space Utilization is an important issue in architecture and for space designing as well. This project helped me to better understand the physical needs of a person in a small unit. Physical needs are important to human being and their dimensions become important for designing such a module while keeping human factors in mind. The need of these modules can be applied for making such spaces more efficient rather than utilizing a large number of lots.

- Responsible Mining: “Of all of the objects in the solar system, other than Earth, Mars is unique in that all the materials necessary to support life are available on the surface in some accessible form… Mars is the best candidate for the establishment of the first self-sufficient human settlement off Earth,” (Meyer and McKay, 1989).

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PART 5

APPENDIX

This chapter gives a projection on the supplementary material and the progressional sketches that are a part of this proposal.

APPENDIX

A1.1

STUDIO DESCRIPTION

Master of Science in Architecture; Studio Project SS 2014 Professor Peter Droege

SPACE DESIGN: STUDIO MARS

Still from Gravity, 2013 (Warner Bros. Entertainment, image from kulton.hu)

Studio description In the MARS STUDIO architecture and urban design students will engage the social, psychological, biological and systems design challenges of a growing Mars colony, expanding from a single accommodation to one thousand community members. Explored will be the space flight, planetary exploration, geo‐engineering, food production and broad community resilience issues encountered in a long‐term settlement growth scenario. We will tackle the design of micro‐living spaces, autonomous architecture systems and bio‐generative technologies to sustain human life without resorting to non‐renewable systems. The learning objectives include elementary biological, systems design, morphological and psychological dimensions of long‐term colonisation scenarios, where relocation takes place from a dense, human‐life supporting atmosphere of a mean +15 degrees Celsius and very little CO 2, to a much thinner one at ‐63 degrees, and composed almost entirely of CO2, among other significant differences. The wider aim is to engage in a research‐by‐design‐studio, seeking to ultimately apply the lessons of Mars habitability to the design performance of individual architectural structures, urban areas and regenerative regional development programs on Earth, to perform as vital life support for a planet and its inhabitants under increasing environmental stress. The students will be accompanied and guided by Professor Droege (http://www.uni.li/peter.droege) and other spatial design research and teaching experts. A set of selected inputs from physics, biology, socio‐psychology, morphology, semiotics and industrial design are programmed to support the guided studio sessions.

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STUDIO DESCRIPTION Peter Droege DI MAAS MCPIA Professor for Sustainable Development Institute for Architecture und Planning Anis Radzi MUD BArch Urban Design Tutor

SPACE DESIGN: STUDIO MARS

Summer Semester 2014 Master of Science in Architecture Concentration Sustainable Urban Design

Task 1.1 Read this Studio Description The M ARS STUDIO is part of Project H .O.M.E. (Habilitability of M ars and Earth) at the Chair of Sustainable Spatial D evelopment, extending across both SS 2014 and W S 2014/15. The two studios are separate, but form part of our unwavering commitment to deliver the best M aster level urban design studios anywhere. The focus of this special 2014 Summer Semester studio is the exploration of design challenges in space. It pursues a n umber of aims, particularly that of learning for sustainable life on Earth. The related EARTH STUDIO is planned to take place in the W inter Semester 2014/15. Special M ARS STUDIO opportunities include excursions, especially a visit to the European Space Research and Technology Centre at the European Space Agency (ESTEC-‐ESA) on 17. M arch 2014, as part of a w eek-‐long, space geared journey. H ere w e w ill have an opportunity to learn m ore about the challenges of space architecture and colony design -‐ but also explore future human space exploration scenarios. Besides ESA w e w ill visit a number of important urban and architectural design innovations across the Netherlands. Background and context: long-‐term human space exploration In the M ARS STUDIO architecture and urban design students w ill engage the social, psychological, biological and systems design challenges of a growing M ars colony, expanding from a single accommodation to one thousand community m embers. Explored w ill be the space flight, planetary exploration, geo-‐engineering, food production and broad community resilience issues encountered in a long-‐term settlement growth scenario. Opportunities for design learning and research We w ill engage in the design exploration of m icro-‐living spaces, m an-‐machine environmental interfaces, autonomous architectures and systems, including sustainable energy and biogenerative www.urbanscape.org

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APPENDIX

A1.1

STUDIO DESCRIPTION Peter Droege DI MAAS MCPIA Professor for Sustainable Development Institute for Architecture und Planning Anis Radzi MUD BArch Urban Design Tutor

SPACE DESIGN: STUDIO MARS

Summer Semester 2014 Master of Science in Architecture Concentration Sustainable Urban Design

technologies to sustain human life w ithout resorting to non-‐renewable systems. The learning objectives include elementary biological, systems design, m orphological and psychological dimensions of long-‐term colonisation scenarios, w here civilisational relocation tales place from a dense, human-‐life supporting atmosphere of a m ean +15 degrees Celsius and very little CO2, to a much thinner one at -‐63 degrees, and composed almost entirely of CO2, among other significant differences. Learning for design research on sustainable terrestrial living The w ider aim is to engage in research-‐by-‐design-‐studio, seeking to ultimately apply the lessons of Mars habitability to developing design performance criteria for individual architectural structures, urban areas and regenerative regional development on Earth, to perform as life support for a planet and its inhabitants under increasing environmental stress. Student participants The m aster-‐level M ARS STUDIO is suitable and open to all architecture and urban design backgrounds and interests, particularly those w ith a focus on urban design and sustainable spatial development. The final student group w ill be selected at the start of the Summer Semester 2014. Expert support The students w ill be accompanied and guided by Professor Droege, expert urban designer Anis Radzi and other spatial design research and teaching experts. A set of selected imputs from physics, biology, socio-‐psychology, m orphology, semiotics and industrial design are programmed to support the guided student sessions. Evaluation Your participation, creativity, energy, commitment, discipline and team spirit form a core value to be taken into account. Professional aptitude, academic performance, timely delivery and excellence in all submissions and presentations are key to obtaining an excellent mark. Personal, social, academic and professional skills are equally furthered, and are key aims of the studio. Conequently, these are equally strongly evaluated. If you are not clear about your standing at any stage, or feel you do not receive sufficient feedback please speak to us.

www.urbanscape.org

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PROJECT SKETCHES

rigid habitat conceptual sketch

conceptual sketch for underground habitat

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exploration for the growth of colony

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exploration for the growth of colony in stages

designing of a module

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exploration for the growth of colony in stages

exploration for the growth of colony

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exploration for making the design according to the site

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exploration for the growth of colony

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first attempt for the habitation colony

module study for the first habitation

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exploration for the growth of colony with green as food production and blue as egress module

overall structure of underground colony

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exploration sketch

working with the contour of Martian land

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habitation growth in different phases

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overall illustration of futuristic colony

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exploration of a livable module

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APPENDIX

A1.3

ACRONYMNS AND ABBREVIATIONS

CEF-Concurrent Engineering Facility CLSS- Collective Life Support System EDM: ExoMars Demenstrator Module ESA-European Space Agency EVA-Extra Vehicular Activity FEP- Fluorinated Ethylene Propylene FFD-Final Frontier Design HAB-Deep Space Habitat Module ICE- Isolated and Confined Environment IVA- Intra Vehicular Activity LDM- Long-term Duration Mission LSS- Life Support System MDRS- Mars Desert Research Station NASA- National Aeronautic Space Administration NVS- Nano Vent Skin S.E.E.D.S- Surface Extreme Environment Dwelling System SPACEX- Space Exploration Technologies Corporation TGO- Trace Gas Orbitor

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fig 17.2 retrieved from http://www.kurzweilai.net/space-elevator-by-2050-planned-to-include-space-solar-power fig 17.3 retrieved from http://education.mrsec.wisc.edu/nanoquest/carbon/images/3nanotubes.gif fig 17.4 retrieved from http://www.space.com/14656-japanese-space-elevator-2050-proposal.html fig 17.5 retrieved from http://www.wired.com/2013/02/3-d-printing-on-the-moon/ fig 17.6 retrieved from http://www.kurzweilai.net/building-a-lunar-base-with-3d-printing fig 17.7 retrieved from http://solidsmack.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/07/MoonProjectESA.jpg fig 17.8 retrieved from http://media.tumblr.com/67d2c388da0c5190a3eae5e2ffd9dce1/tumblr_inline_mjhdygsdfA1qz4rgp.jpg fig 17.9 retrieved from http://mvl.mit.edu/EVA/biosuit/ fig 18.1 retrieved from http://files.g4tv.com/images/blog/2007/07/17/633202773317353164. jpg fig 18.2 retrieved from http://mvl.mit.edu/EVA/biosuit/ fig 18.3 retrieved from http://forum.nasaspaceflight.com/index.php?topic=30103.1185 fig 18.4 retrieved from http://www.astrobio.net/images/galleryimages_images/Gallery_Image_1204.jpg fig 18.5 retrieved from http://www.nasa.gov/images/content/170069main_influnarhab01-330.jpg fig 18.6 retrieved from http://www.moonsociety.org/publications/mmm_papers/habitatmoonmars_5.htm fig 18.7 retrieved from http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-oGvbCEv_AYU/Ums2VaFCsNI/ AAAAAAAAAaU/qkOHFppXN_4/s1600/HABITAT.png fig 18.8 retrieved from http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-aUap2h_zXMI/UPdZHjSUYtI/AAAAAAAAJfQ/QwiHJRx0esQ/s1600/Bigelow%2Blunar.jpg fig 18.9 retrieved from www.marshome.org fig 19.1 retrieved from http://journalofcosmology.com/Mars153.html

199

LIST OF FIGURES

fig 19.2 retrieved from http://journalofcosmology.com/Mars153.html fig 19.3 retrieved from http://photos.the-scientist.com/legacyArticleImages/2012/06/06_12_ Digging_side.jpg fig 19.4 retrieved from http://www.exohuman.com/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2012/02/ derinkuyu_map.jpg fig 19.5 retrieved from http://johnsnotes.com/archives/images/KaymakliDiagram.jpg fig 19.6 retrieved from http://www.nelsonelson.com/fractal-street-lengths-as-a-startingpoint-for-an-urban-district-infill fig 19.7 retrieved from http://www.wired.com/images_blogs/wiredscience/2013/04/marsdirect1-660x380.jpg

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iii.

AFFIDAVIT I hereby declare that this master thesis has been written only by the undersigned and without any assistance from third parties. Furthermore, I confirm that no sources have been used in the preparation of this thesis other than those indicated in the thesis itself. Vaduz, 2014-07-05

JASIM AZHAR, -------------------------------------Name Signature

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