CORK STREET
Survey and Analysis
Middle School 2014/2015 School of Architecture University College Dublin This publication is the result of a survey and site investigation of Cork Street in Dublin which was undertaken by students of the Middle School in UCD School of Architecture. Site surveys were carried out through various media; including photography, sketches, video, map investigation and measurements recorded on site The information here in was compiled as a reference tool for students to use in their upcoming design project based on the site. November 2014
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CONTENTS CONTENTS City
Neighbourhood
Historical Development..................................7
Site A Survey................................................107
City Area Plan at 1:10,000............................23
Site A Model 1:200.....................................127
Urban Strategic Context................................33
Site B Survey................................................133
Character Study & Sense of Place..................49
Site B Model 1:200.....................................151
Infrastructure, Planning and Zoning.............55
Site C Survey...............................................157
Street Elevations at 1:500..............................61
Site C Model 1:200.....................................181
Neighbourhood Sections at 1:500.................75 Context Model at 1:1000..............................95
Seeing Cork Street.......................................187
City Quarter Relief Model at 1:2500...........101
Acknowledgements.....................................193
HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT Matthew Beck Aileen Crowley Emma Cooney Aoife-Marie Buckley Frank Devlin
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This page will not be a title page, the titles will always be on the page to the right, this page is a complementary page to the right hand side page. Please keep all text to the left and photos to the right
1610 John Spee 1610 John Speed Map
Origins Origins • Cork street was the ancient route way connecting Dublin to the west of Ireland. • The road was originally named “Slighe Dala” but later renamed Cork street in honour of the first Earl of Cork • The street lay outside the cities walls in an unprotected area known as “The Liberties” (because the dwellers did not pay tax to the king in return for protection) it acted as an important entry way to the city and its markets. • Originally farmland the area was settled by weavers and tanners. “Weavers Square”
Textiles
Textiles Textiles • Huguenots fleeing persecution in France from the “Sun King” Louis XIV settled in the area and began a prosperous Silk industry. • English wool weavers came to the area in the mid 1600s and created a powerful manufacturing centre. • The Wool industry was incredibly successful and in 1699 the British Government passed the “Woolen Act” banning the export of irish wool.
Architecture Architecture • The rapid expansion of the city in the late 1500s prompted the construction of a maso- nary gate Architecture outpost for protection and taxing. • Late seventeenth- and early eighteenth- century Dutch Billys (named after William III) were characteristic of the area. This Anglo-Dutch architecture is commonly attributed to Dutch and Flemish immigrants fleeing the revocation of the Edict of Nantes (1685, however building of these houses in Dublin predates 1685. • No Dutch Billys remain in the area today.
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1756
John Rocque Map The Tenter-Fields • Cork Street was a place of industry, namely woollen manufacture and silk weaving known as the “Tenterfields”. • Tenters are large wooden frames used in the process of making wool. • The material had to be dried carefully on tenters and left to dry outside. • The wet cloth was stretched on these wooden frames using tenterhooks. Entire fields of tenters became common in Cork Street due to the mass production of wool.
Dublin in the 18th Century • 1700 - Dublin had a population of 60,000. Conditions improve for middle and upper classes. Still a great deal of poverty present in the Liberities. • Early 18th Century - Dublin grew rapidly in this period. Many new streets, hospitals, libraries and other significant buildings were built. • 1740 - 1741 - Irish Famine • 1756 – John Rocque’s Map of Dublin • 1757 - Act passed by Irish government to widen the streets of Dublin. • 1759 - Guiness first brewed. • 1770 - The foundations of Meath Hospital were laid. Weaver’s Hall • 1775 - Revival of Industry - Importation of Spanish wool into Ireland - 1798 - Rebellion by the United Irishmen • 1801 - Act of Union - Ireland ruled from London.
Weaver’s Hall
Weaver’s Hall
• Cork Street was driven by wool manufacture and the silk weavng industry. • In 1682 a weaver’s hall was built by the Weaver’s Guild in the Lower Coombe Area. - From this headquarters, labourers carried out their craft. • In 1745 a new weaver’s hall was financed by a Huguenot, David Digges La Touche. • In 1965 the hall was demolished.
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1836 Baldwin& &Cradock CradockMa M 1836 Baldwin 1836 1836Baldwin Baldwin& &Cradock CradockMap Map c1836 c1836 1:50 c1836 c1836 1:500 Baldwin Cork Street Fever Hospital Cork Street Fever Hospital Cork Street Fever Hospital Cork Street Fever Hospital
1836 1:5000 1:5000
& Cradock Map
Cork Street Fever Hospital Opened in 1804 by the Quakers on a field on almost 3 acres • Built to care for the diseased neighborhood and to prevent further infection. • Large extension added in 1814, the hospital could then hold 240 beds • In 1815 the mortality rate in the hospital had declined to 1 in 20 (from 1 in 11 in 1804). - The hospital had to cope with Dublin’s six typhus epidemics in the 18th century • The hospital was extended in 1817–1819 to help cope with another national epidemic. • Another typhus epidemic hit Dublin in 1826. 10,000 people were treated for the infec- tion. It was so overcrowded tents were erected in the grounds. Dublin Tram that Lines • In 1832 there was another cholera epidemic the dead were buried nearby in Bully’s Acre - In 1953 the Cherry Orchard Hospital in Ballyfermot replaced the old Cork St. hospital, which was renamed Brú Chaoimhín and used as a nursing home • The Fever Hospital today is known as Brú Caoimhín, an old people’s home run by the Eastern Health Board
Dublin Tram Lines Dublin Tram Lines Dublin Tram Lines Dublin Tram Lines
Dublin Tram Lines
Dublin in and the mid lines 1800s • Both the Rialto Glasnevin passed through Dolphins Barn (lower cork street).
• The Rialto line opened in 1876 and the Glasnevin line in 1905. • The Rialto line was electrified in 1899 • Both lines were then closed in 1939 after Dublins tram services rapidly decreased in popularity.
Dublin in the mid 1800s Dublin in in thethe midmid 1800s Dublin 1800s Dublin in the mid 1800s
• In 1851 the population of Dublin was 740,590. • The Great Famine majority of country people in 1845, population of Ireland Dublin in affected the the mid 1800s dropped from 8,196,597 in 1841 to 6,574,278 in 18 • The first sewers of Dublin began to be laid
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Tenter
1876 Ordnance Survey Map 1:5000 1876 1876Ordnance Ordnance Survey 1876 Survey MapMap Ordnance Survey Map House 1:5000 1:5000
Tenter House Tenter House Tenter House • Erected in 1815 on Cork Street. • It’s purpose was to provid shelter for poor weavers in the area. Many of whom were Hugenots, skilled weavers that had fled prosecution in France • The house served as a place for weavers to stretch their material in bad weather. • The weaving industry flourished in the area wight he aid of the house. • The success in Dublin was disastorous for English cotton and woolen industries, so the English issued new laws and taxes which evntually caused the weaving industry in Dublin to decline. • The Tenter House was directly affected as the weving trade left the area. The house was vacant soon after. • In 1861 a Carmelite priest bought the Tenter House and reopened it as a refuge for the homeless. • He ran the hostel for 10 years until 1871 when the Sisters of Mercy came to Dublin and took over ownership of the hostel. • The Sisters of Mercy were a religious group of Catholic women who helped people who suffered from poverty and sickness, particularly women and young children. • In 1873 they built a convent and a primary school on the site of the old Tenter House. • The school closed down in 1989.
Dublin ininthethe late 1800’s Dublin late 1800’s 1867 - IIrish Republicans attempted an insurrection aimed at the ending of British rule in Ireland. However, however the rebellion failed to get off the ground. 1872 - Dublin operating under the Dublin United Tramways Company but had Dublin in tramways the began late 1800’s closed by 1949 due to the introduction and popularity of buses. Dublin in the 1800’s 1876 - the population of the citylate was 349,583 and steadily increasing. 1877 - National Museum of Ireland opened in Dublin 1882 - Pheonix Park murders, fatal stabbings by the Irish National Invincibles.
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1925
Dublin Civic Survey Map Composition • Even though Cork Street was largely built up at this time a large quantity of green space remained at the south end of Cork street near Dolphins Barn. • Race horses were trained in this open space. • Gradually these green spaces depleted due to the necessity for new housing to replace the crumbling tennements i.e. St Teresa’s Gardens. • New developments were essential for improving sanitary conditions in the area whos denizens often suffered from Typhus and Cholera.
The James Weir Home For Nurses • The Fever Hospital in Cork Street had been operating over a hundred years when it was decided to introduce The James Weir Home for Nurses opposite the building in 1903. • The huge red brick building was used as nurse lodgings for those who worked in the Fever Hospital up until the 1970s and could accommodate up to 50 nurses. • During the 50s Cherry Orchard Fever Hospital opened to replace Cork Street Fever Hospital which became Brú Chaoimhín –a community nursing unit, and The James Weir House too became a nursing home for men.
Industry and Business • Although the area was in industrial decline a number of factories operated on the street. • Local Vera Bell (87) recalls how mothers used to send their children to the pork process- ing factory to buy pigs tails. • Textiles were produced at a number of locations on the street in the vicinity of Brick- feld lane.
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014 Ordnance Survey Map
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2014
Ordnance Survey Map Street Widening • Planning for the widening of cork street was in the pipeline for 50 years. • In 1998 Dublin City Council implemented a compulsory purchase of 145 properties for the scheme. • In 2002 the road was complete consisting of two bus, cycle and automobile lanes. • It is widely claimed by residents that the road widening scheme destroyed the sense of community in the area and “killed” the street.
Development and Dereliction • In the later half of the 1900s Cork street underwent a period of degeneration to a state of dereliction and decay. An accumulation of factors contributed to the disintegration of the street most notably the industrial decline and dislocation of factories in the area. This in turn caused a haemorrhage of unemployment in the vicinity of the street. • Many of the extensive derelict and unutilised sites were owned by the City Council and briefs for the sale of these sites were prepared stressing issues such as a need for spacious apartments, mixed use buildings and a ban on street level apartments • Dublin City Council’s development plan for the area specifies a need for Z4 and Z9 zoning i.e. housing and open green space. • The Chamber Street Flats were council flats located on the intersection of Chamber Street and Cork Street since their demolition in 2008 the site has remained as an enclosed undeveloped brownfield site. • Through local campaigning the site is now in the planning process for development as a public park.
The Timber Yard • O’Donnell + Tuomey Architects designed social housing known as “the Timber Yard” to widespread critical acclaim. Situated on Cork street and Brabazon street in an old tim- ber yard. The development sought to heal the wounds caused by the road engineering operation by creating public space and a street scape.
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A.Irene Devereux Owner of Ziggy’s Hairdressers Are you a resident of Cork Street or the surrounding area? No, I live in Leopardstown. I am in the area to work in Ziggy’s Salon which I have owned for the past 30 years. My daughter also works with me.
What is your favourite aspect of the area? I do not have a favourite aspect of the current area, but I feel that there is great potential for future development. The buildings of the current streetscape have been built too high and this has blocked a lot of sunlight from the street and destroys the village atmosphere. For example, Earls Court is far too high and blocks sunlight from my salon. I think what the area needs is a regulation on building four storeys high maximum. There should also be more colour introduced and street lamps would be nice like those on O’Connell Street. I believe that there needs to be a rejuvenation of the entire surrounding area, such as South Circular Road, in conjunction with Cork Street.
CITY AREA PLAN 1:10000 Tadhg Charles Johnathon Roberts Stephen Gotting Anthony McGinn Ali McMahon Aisling Deng Holly Tepper
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FIGURE GROUND Scale 1:10,000
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REVERSE FIGURE GROUND Scale 1:10,000
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PUBLIC PRIVATE SPACES Scale 1:10,000
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B. Kevin (7 years old) Are you a resident of Cork Street or the surrounding area? Yes, I live here with my family for my whole life.
What is your favourite aspect of the area? My favourite aspect of this area is livving close to all my friends and playing in the park.
URBAN STRATEGIC CONTEXT Zoe Flynn Laura Doyle Cian McKenna Chloe Snell Megan Quirey
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NEIGHBOURHOODS OF DUBLIN Scale 1:25,000
Neighbourhoods Stoneybatter Smithfield Henry St. area O’Connell St. area North Georgian City Docklands South Georgian City Trinity Grafton St. area Templebar Old City Portobello Liberties Dolphins Barn Kilmainham Rialto Inchicor
W2/3
Neighbourhoods of Dublin
12366636- Chloe Snell
1:25000
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COMMUNITY SPACES AND PARKS Scale 1:25,000
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DEMOGRAPHICS Scale 1:25,000
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INFRASTRUCTURE Scale 1:25,000
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TRANSPORT ASESSMENT Scale 1:25,000
Access Diagram Bus Stops Parking Spaces Routes To Luas (White)
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WATER COURSES Scale 1:25,000
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C. Patrick (58 years old) Are you a resident of Cork Street or the surrounding area? Yes. I have lived here for my entire life.
What is your favourite aspect of the area? My favourite aspect is the new people you meet. I also like to go the Gate pub.
CHARACTER STUDY + SENSE OF PLACE Cameron Folens Sadhbh Hynes Thomas McEntee Larissa Martins Kamil Switzusak
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PEOPLE AS THE FABRIC Scattered throughout this book are interviews which attempt to give a comprehensive insight into the people who make up the fabric of Cork Street The two questions asked were: H
1. Are
you a resident of Cork Street or the surrounding area?
I G
F E
D
A C
B
2. What
area?
is your favourite aspect of the
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D. Belinda McEvoy (54 years old) Are you a resident of Cork Street or the surrounding area? Yes, I live in the Maryland Housing Estate. I have lived in the area since I was 12 years old.
What is your favourite aspect of the area? My favourite aspect is the way it has a village-like atmosphere and this is very unique so close to the city centre. There are lots of smaller communities and areas just off the main road. Furthermore, the public transport system here is excellent as we are on the bus and LUAS lines.
INFRASTRUCTURE PLANNING + ZONING Aoife Ni Eochagain Conor Hyland Dawn Clinton Christine Kjolhede
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Citybike Stations Existing Libraries Public Spaces Public Parks Private Parks Existing Luas Red l. Proposed Luas F l. Grand Canal Bike Lanes Bus Connections Free Parking Pay Parking Underground Parking
INFRASTRUCTURE Planning and Zoning
Upper left: Bicycle lane Upper right: Historical map showing changing routes Lower left: Primary, 2nd, and 3rd range roads Lower right: height diagram Future plans concerning transport: Widening footpaths New citybike stations New luas F line New underground dart, St. Stephen’s Green to Christ Church
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