Translation practice student coursebook by Cosmina Almasan

TRANSLATION PRACTICE STUDENT COURSEBOOK

COSMINA ALMASAN

SIBIU, 2016

TRANSLATION PRACTICE TABLE OF CONTENTS

Unit 1. INTRODUCTION TO TRANSLATION THEORY 1.1. LINGUISTIC EQUIVALENCE 1.2. EQUIVALENCE IN DIFFERENCE 1.3. FORMAL EQUIVALENCE VS DYNAMIC EQUIVALENCE 1.4. SHIFTS OF TRANSLATION 1.5. CULTURAL EQUIVALENCE

1 2 2 3 3 4

Unit 2. TRANSLATION PROCEDURES, STRATEGIES AND METHODS TRANSLATION BLUNDERS

6 8

Unit 3. TRANSLATION PRACTICE MAKES PERFECT 3.1. JUVENES TRANSLATORES A. Tourists can do their bit (2007) B. Uniunea Europeană și instituțiile sale – cu adevărat aproape de cetățeni (2009) 3.2. MAGAZINE ARTICLES A. Cum să te integrezi într-un grup nou B. Facebook launches new 'Places' feature, forever exposing just how boring our lives really are C. Praga - o capitală care îţi lărgeşte orizontul D. Speed Plating: The New Dine & Dash Dating 3.3. NEWSPAPER ARTICLES A. Russia will recognise outcome of Ukraine poll, says Vladimir Putin B.Un primar spaniol prezintă scuze după ce a fost acuzat de rasism de către imigranţi români C. Şeful Pentagonului soseşte în România

10 10 10 11

Unit 4. THE LANGUAGE OF PERSUASION 4.1. PUBLIC SPEAKING A. “The Gettysburg Address” – Abraham Lincoln B. “I Have a Dream” – Martin Luther King C. “Inima României” – Nicolae Titulescu 4.2. ADVERTISING

19 19 21 22 26 28

Unit 5. ESP – ENGLISH FOR SPECIFIC PURPOSES 5.1. ENGLISH FOR SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY A. Product Data Sheet SIKASIL WS 605-S B. Fişa Tehnică SIKASIL FS-665 5.2. ENGLISH FOR BUSINESS AND ECONOMICS A. Squaring the circle - Making sense of asset prices B. Romania s-ar putea confrunta cu o criză a finanţării în luna noiembrie C. Noi sancţiuni pentru statele europene care nu respectă disciplina fiscal 5.3. LEGAL ENGLISH A. Regulamentul nr 1512/2007 al Comisiei Europene B. Council Regulation 1560/2007 5.4. MEDICAL ENGLISH A. Gastritis B. Apendicita – cauze, simptome, tratament

34 34 37 39 41 43 45 45 46 49 50 51 52 54

Unit 6. LITERARY TRANSLATION 6.1. PROSE A. Farewell to Arms, Ernest Hemingway B. The Moor’s Last Sigh, Salman Rushdie

12 12 13 14 15 17 17 18 18

56 57 59 60

C. Maytrei, Mircea Eliade D. Viaţa ca o pradă, Marin Preda 6.2. POETRY A. The Road Not Taken, Robert Frost B. If I Can Stop One Heart from Breaking, Emily Dickinson C. Pastel, George Bacovia D. Îţi aduci aminte plaja, Ana Blandiana

61 62 63 64 65 65 66

Unit 7. TRANSLATING VS INTERPRETING

Unit 8. UNTRANSLATABILITY

Annex: Translation Resources

SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY

Unit 1. INTRODUCTION TO TRANSLATION THEORY “Without translation, we would be living in provinces bordering on silence.” (George Steiner)

The word translation comes from the Latin translation, which, in its turn, comes from transand fero, together meaning "to carry across" or "to bring across". It therefore refers to the transfer of meaning from one language into another. According to http://dictionary.reference.com “translation” is: 1. the rendering of something into another language or into one's own from another language 2. a version of such a rendering: e.g. a new translation of Plato 3. change or conversion to another form, appearance, etc.; transformation https://savampyrenews.wordpress.com/2012/04/23/internationaltranslation-effort-gains-momentum/

Translation is a process based on the theory that it is possible to abstract the meaning of a text from its forms and reproduce that meaning with the very different forms of a second language.

Translation theory shares a number of concerns with what is commonly called communication theory, as every act of communication has three dimensions: Speaker (or author), Message, and Audience. 1

Match the characteristics of an ideal translation with their explanation/definition: Accurate Communicative Natural

1.1.

expressing all aspects of the meaning in a way that is readily understandable to the intended audience using natural forms of the receptor language in a way that is appropriate to the kind of text being translated reproducing as exactly as possible the meaning of the source text

LINGUISTIC EQUIVALENCE

The most ardent question in the field of translation has always been to what extent texts are translatable into other languages. Equivalence is the central issue in translation, although many different theories of the concept of equivalence have been elaborated. The most widely accepted view is that translation equivalence is essentially a transfer of the message from the source culture (SC) to the target culture (TC). Translation is therefore a procedure which “replicates the same situation as in the original, whilst using completely different wording”, according to Vinay and Darbelnet. 1.2.

EQUIVALENCE IN DIFFERENCE

Roman Jakobson's study of equivalence introduced the notion of 'equivalence in difference'. He suggests three kinds of translation:   

Intralingual (within one language, i.e. rewording or paraphrasing) Interlingual (between two languages) Intersemiotic (between sign systems)

Jakobson claims that, in the case of interlingual translation, the translator makes use of synonyms in order to get the source text (ST) message across. This means that in interlingual translations there is no full equivalence between code units. According to his theory, “translation involves two equivalent messages in two different codes”. Jakobson claims that in cases where there is no literal equivalent for a particular ST word or sentence, then it is up to the translator to choose the most suitable way to render it in the TT (target text). His theory is that the translator has to decode the ST message first and then s/he has to transmit it into an equivalent message in the TL (target language). 2

FORMAL EQUIVALENCE VS DYNAMIC EQUIVALENCE According to the linguists Nida and Tabel 

Formal equivalence “focuses attention on the message itself, in both form and content”, using the closest TL equivalent of a SL word or phrase. The use of formal equivalents might at times have serious implications in the TT, since the translation will not be easily understood by the target audience. This type of translation distorts the grammar patterns of the TL and, therefore, distorts the message, causing misunderstanding. For example, Greek tends to have very long sentences; English, by contrast, is not so comfortable with long sentences. If anyone attempts to reproduce, in English, sentences of the same length as the Greek original, the audience will not be able to follow the translation.



Dynamic equivalence is defined as a translation principle according to which a translator seeks to translate the meaning of the original in such a way that the TL text will trigger the same impact on the TC audience as the original wording did upon the ST audience. Thus, the principle of ‘equivalent effect’ is applied here. There are problems, however, with dynamic equivalence translations. Since the translator is "freer", he or she might interpret the text too much and and not achieve an accurate translation, but an interpretation of the original text.

Which of the above methods of translstion do you consider to be more appropriate for a legal text and which for a literary text? Justify your answer.

1.3.

SHIFTS OF TRANSLATION

Catford's main contribution to the field of translation theory is the introduction of the concepts of ‘types’ and ‘shifts of translation’, defined as “departures from formal correspondence in the process of going from the SL to the TL”. Catford argues that there are two main types of translation shifts, namely level shifts - where the SL item at one linguistic level (e.g. grammar) has a TL equivalent a different level (e.g. lexis) category shifts - which are divided into four types: 3

1. Structure-shifts, which involve a grammatical change between the structure of the ST and

that of the TT (e.g. clause structure – questions, articles) 2. Class-shifts, when a SL item is translated with a TL item which belongs to a different grammatical class (e.g. a verb may be translated using a noun) 3. Unit-shifts, which involve changes in rank (e.g. a word translated as a phrase/clause or the other way round) 4. Intra-system shifts, which occur when “SL and TL possess systems which approximately correspond formally as to their constitution, but when translation involves selection of a non-corresponding term in the TL system” (e.g. when the SL singular becomes a TL plural)

Can you give one example for each of the above situations, based on your experience translating from Romanian into English or the other way round?

1.4.

CULTURAL EQUIVALENCE

Language is as part of culture and communication is conditioned by the constraints of the situation-in-culture. Translation has always been perceived as a form of cross-cultural communication. There is always a context in which translation takes place, always a history from which a text emerges and into which a text is transposed. Culture can be best defined as a complex ‘system of systems’ composed of various subsystems such as literature, science, and technology. An ideal translation is traditionally viewed as “a perfect integration of two different texts in two cultures”. A good translator must, therefore, be not only bilingual, but also bicultural.

Explain the following paragraph in your own words: Communication in translation is simultaneous decontexualization and recontextualization; hence it is productive, rather than reproductive. Translation as a product communicates more and at the same time less than the source text intended to.

A translator’s job is never easy, and the translator’s knowledge has to be vast in more than one area. Anyone who disregards these areas will end up creating substandard translations.  target language (TL) knowledge – the best translators translate into their own mother tongue!  text-type knowledge – literary, technical etc  source language (SL) knowledge  subject area (‘real world’) knowledge  contrastive knowledge - the differences between the two languages and cultures

Explain the following cartoon in your own words:

Unit 2. TRANSLATION PROCEDURES, STRATEGIES AND METHODS "Translation is that which transforms everything so that nothing changes." (Grass Günter) When attempting translation, a translator must undergo the following:   

an analysis of the source and target languages (SL ans TL) a thorough study of the SL text before making attempts translate it a judgment of the semantic and syntactic approximations

Newmark refers to the following methods of translation: http://depositphotos.com/29247293/stock-illustration-translation-concept-english-chinese-people.html    



Word-for-word translation: the SL word order is preserved and the words translated individually by their most common meanings, out of context Literal translation: the SL grammatical constructions are converted to their nearest TL equivalents, but the lexical words are again translated singly, out of context Faithful translation: attempts to produce the precise contextual meaning of the original within the constraints of the TL grammatical structures Adaptation: the freest form of translation, used mainly for literary texts; the themes, characters, plots are usually preserved, the SL culture is converted to the TL culture and the text is rewritten Free translation: produces the TL text without the style, form, or content of the original

Which type of method from the list above do you think ‘google translate’ uses? What are the consequences? Take as an example the following excerpt translated form English into Romanian using ‘google translate’:

In my younger and more vulnerable years my În anii mei mai tineri și mai vulnerabile, tatăl father gave me some advice that I’ve been meu a dat mi un sfat pe care le-am fost de cotitură peste în mintea mea de atunci. turning over in my mind ever since. "Ori de câte ori te simți ca critici nici unul", ‘Whenever you feel like criticizing any one,’ mi-a spus,"Doar amintiți-vă că toți oamenii din he told me, ‘just remember that all the people această lume nu au avutavantajele pe care le-ați in this world haven’t had the advantages that avut. " you’ve had.’ (The Great Gatsby, by F. Scott Fitzgerald)

In cases where translation cannot be so straightforward, Newmark also proposes the following translation procedures that can be seen as coping strategies, in that they solve a problem of translation by some sort of approximation:     

    

Adaptation / cultural equivalent - something specific to SL culture is expressed in a totally different way that is familiar or appropriate to the TL culture (advertising, measures, dates) Functional equivalent - the use of a culture-neutral word (‘flower’ instead of ‘daisy’) Descriptive equivalent/paraphrasing - the meaning of the source word is explained in several words Synonymy - it is a "near TL equivalent." Through-translation: it is the literal translation of common collocations, names of organizations and components of compounds. It can also be called: calque or loan translation Borrowing - taking words straight into another language; borrowed terms often pass into general usage Modulation - using a phrase that is different in the source and target languages to convey the same idea - “Take five.” “Te las.” Shifts or transpositions: it involves a change in the grammar from SL to TL (e.g. singular to plural, noun to verb etc) Compensation – when loss of meaning in one part of a sentence is compensated in another part (eg pronouns) Notes - additional explanatory information annexed to the translation (footnotes or endnotes) 7

TRANSLATION BLUNDERS When care in not taken to take into account all the nuances of the two languages (SL and TL) and of the two cultures (SC and TC), mistakes may occur that can have serious implications. Below are some such situations that have made the headlines: 

The Dairy Association's huge success with the campaign 'Got Milk?' prompted them to expand advertising to Mexico. It was soon brought to their attention the Spanish translation read "Are you lactating?“

 Scandinavian vacuum manufacturer Electrolux used the following in an American campaign: 'Nothing sucks like an Electrolux'.

http://www.worldwideinterweb.com/10663-worst-advertising-slogans-of-all-time-gallery/

 Sport shoe maker Umbro tried to use the German word for 'cyclone' as a name for some footwear. The German word 'Zyklon' is unfortunately synonymous with the gas used in Nazi concentration camps.  An American T-shirt maker in Miami printed shirts for the Spanish market which promoted the Pope's visit. Instead of 'I saw the Pope' (Vi al Papa), the shirts read 'I Saw the Potato' (Vi la papa).  The Coca-Cola name in China was first read as 'Kekoukela', meaning 'Bite the wax tadpole' or 'female horse stuffed with wax', depending on the dialect. Coke then researched 40,000 characters to find a phonetic equivalent 'kokou kole', translating into 'happiness in the mouth'.  Pepsi's 'Come Alive with the Pepsi Generation' translated into 'Pepsi brings your ancestors back from the dead' in Chinese.

 When General Motors introduced the Chevy Nova in South America, it was apparently unaware that "no va" means "it won't go.“  KFC's famous 'finger lickin' good' strapline went terribly wrong in the Chinese market. It was literally translated as 'eat your fingers off'.

For a bit of fun, try to understand the following texts translated into English from Chinese:

Notice in a Chinese hotel lounge:



Urban transportation warning:

Label on a bamboo cutting board:

Unit 3. TRANSLATION PRACTICE MAKES PERFECT "Translation is at best an echo." (George Borrow) 3.1. JUVENES TRANSLATORES Now try your hand at some general English/Romanian texts proposed as a translation task as part of the Juvenes Translatores Competition. Juvenes Translatores, launched in 2007, is a translation contest for secondary school pupils in the European Union (EU) organised by the European Commission's Directorate-General for Translation (DGT). The objectives of the Juvenes Translatores contest are to promote language learning, multilingualism as well as translation as a career. A. Tourists can do their bit (2007) Mass tourism is a modern phenomenon brought about by developments in transport technology and improved standards of living. From only 10 million tourists worldwide in 1950, it is estimated that by 2010 the figure will have reached one billion. Today millions of people travel the world to experience natural and man-made wonders. This interest in natural and cultural heritage is important for the economy, since tourism generates income from direct spending and supports jobs in a variety of industries. But not everything in the garden is rosy. If uncontrolled, tourism can cause irreversible physical and social damage, not only to tourist destinations but to the local communities living there. Many tourists are keen to travel to places known for their natural beauty, for example, yet some of the most beautiful holiday destinations have fragile environments and local communities that are coming under increasing pressure from the growth of tourism. This can range from a fish-and-chip wrapping thrown away in the street to a caravan site near a bird sanctuary. Fortunately, the impact which our travel has on the natural environment is now being recognised. The travel industry has begun to offer trips which allow tourists to make a positive contribution to conservation and to the economies of local communities while minimising the negative effects that tourism can have. This is known as "responsible tourism" or "eco-tourism". For example, local people may become genuinely involved in tourism projects and tour operators can be encouraged to put revenue back into local development. The European Union too funds programmes in the field of rural development which encourage young people to devote some of their holidays to activities that directly benefit rural areas. By doing so, they have the chance not only to improve their knowledge and skills but also to meet new people and discover new places, while at the same time they can really make a difference to preserving the countryside! 10

B. Uniunea Europeană și instituțiile sale – cu adevărat aproape de cetățeni (2009) Uniunea Europeană este o structură economică și politică unică, alcătuită din 27 de țări democratice din Europa. Țările membre ale UE rămân națiuni suverane independente, care au decis să împartă un destin comun, adoptând decizii la nivelul unor instituții special create, care formează așa-numitul „triunghi instituțional”. Parlamentul European, vocea cetățenilor, este ales direct de către aceștia. Consiliul Uniunii Europene, vocea statelor membre, reprezintă interesele naționale. Comisia Europeană, gardianul tratatelor, promovează interesele Uniunii ca tot unitar. Curtea de Justiție este arbitrul final în chestiunile legate de dreptul comunitar, iar Curtea de Conturi Europeană veghează la apărarea intereselor financiare ale Uniunii. Deciziile instituțiilor modelează permanent realitatea economică și socială europeană. UE a devenit o prezență firească în viața noastră de zi cu zi. Din multe puncte de vedere, Europa ne îmbunătățește nivelul de trai și ne oferă numeroase oportunități. Avem de traversat mai puține frontiere, putem vorbi la telefon, naviga pe internet și călători cu avionul la prețuri mai mici, iar moneda euro a înlocuit monedele naționale în 16 state membre ale Uniunii. În Europa de astăzi, Erasmus, Leonardo, Marie Curie au intrat în vocabularul curent, devenind nume emblematice pentru oportunitățile oferite tinerilor de a învăța în străinătate și de a se bucura de o experiență cu adevărat europeană, într-un mediu multicultural și multilingv. În același timp, conștientă că trebuie să acționeze acum ori niciodată, UE luptă active împotriva încălzirii globale, propunând obiective ambițioase de reducere a emisiilor de gaze cu efect de seră, nu numai la nivelul statelor sale membre, ci și pe plan mondial. Prin eforturile sale susținute de a impulsiona negocierile internaționale în domeniu, UE crește șansele cetățenilor săi de a trăi într-o lume mai puțin afectată de schimbările climatice. Punând cetățenii pe primul loc, UE își propune, prin politicile sale, să răspundă la chestiunile care ne afectează și ne preocupă, cum ar fi criza economică și financiară, siguranța locurilor de muncă, schimbările climatice sau calitatea vieții.

3.2.

MAGAZINE ARTICLES

A. Cum să te integrezi într-un grup nou Ţi-ai schimbat serviciul, oraşul, şcoala, poate chiar grupul de prieteni? Nu te simţi străin, îţi arătăm noi cum să devii un membru al comunităţii cât mai repede cu putinţă. De fiecare dată când mă găsesc într-un grup de oameni pe care nu-i cunosc, mă duc cu gândul la prima zi de liceu, când diriginta ne-a pus pe toţi să ne prezentăm în faţa clasei. Obrajii mi-au roşit, palmele mi-au transpirat, inima mi s-a pregătit de infarct, capul mi-a vâjâit, piciorul mi-a bâţăit pe podea, toate cele... Daca atunci aveam o scuză - "frăgezimea" minţii şi a spiritului -, azi nu mai am niciuna. Trebuie sămi iau inima în dinţi şi să fac tot ce se poate pentru a mă prezenta oamenilor şi a-i face să mă placă şi să mă considere "de-al lor", parte din comunitate. Iată paşii de urmat pentru a scăpa cât mai repede de stânjeneala de început: 1. Ia pulsul locului Înainte de a te repezi să dai mâna cu toată lumea, prezentându-te febril, rezervă-ţi câteva momente pentru a-i observa pe oamenii care te înconjoara. Aşa îţi vei face o idee despre gusturile şi personalităţile lor, şi-ţi vei putea mai apoi alege varianta potrivită pentru a-i aborda. Deschide bine urechile şi ascultă cu atenţie pe toată lumea, pentru a acumula cât mai multe informaţii despre fiecare. 2. Nu te grăbi cu concluziile Fiecare are prejudecăţile sale, iar atunci când nu cunoaştem mediul în care ne aflăm, avem tendinţa să ne lăsăm convinşi de primele impresii şi să emitem judecăţi de valoare mult prea repede. Evită să-ţi cataloghezi prea repede colegii. Poate contabilul cu ochelari nu e doar un "creier", ci şi un tip super de treabă, cu un bun simţ al umorului. Fii deschis şi nu critica pe nimeni în urma unor simple impresii. 3. Un surâs pentru sedus Chiar dacă faptul că eşti mai mult sau mai puţin în anonimat în noua comunitate nu prea te încântă, fii mereu cu zâmbetul pe buze! Un surâs discret îi va face pe oameni să se apropie de tine şi să vrea să te cunoască mai bine, pe când o faţă lungă şi o frunte pe care scrie DEPRIMARE te va îndepărta şi mai mult de grup. 4. Fii tu însuţi Lucrul cel mai important este să nu faci compromisuri doar de dragul de a fi pe placul celorlalţi. Rămâi natural, aşa cum eşti tu, pentru că dacă te prefaci, într-un final, adevarata ta fire va ieşi la iveală şi nu va fi prea plăcut. S-ar putea să pierzi tot ce ai obţinut până la momentul respectiv. http://www.cosmopolitan.ro/tu-cu-tine/doar-tu/cum-sa-te-integrezi-intr-un-grup-nou.html

B. Facebook launches new 'Places' feature, forever exposing just how boring our lives really are Those impressively young kids who run Facebook announced today a brand new “product” called Places, which essentially allows you to “check in” at whatever place you’re currently occupying, see which of your friends are at that same place (or nearby), post updates about that location to that location’s Facebook page, and/or get a sense of all the cool things currently going on around you. (While anyone can use the tagging features on Places, you can only check in via your iPhone or “advanced mobile device,” and only the iPhone version runs natively on the Facebook app. All other touch-screen, web-enabled phones will have to make do with the touch browser version of Places. And that’s about as geeky as this post will get.) Intriguingly, locationbased social networking sites Gowalla, Foursquare, Yelp, and Booyah were all on hand at Facebook’s Palo Alto offices as official partners, announcing how their respective sites would integrate their services with Places. A few things immediately struck me about this announcement: The sociological ramifications of a collective “memory” of a location being posted in real time online; the privacy issues of having friends be alerted when you’re nearby (or, as one questioner at tonight’s official announcement pointedly noted, having a friend create your private party as a semi-public “place,” and all you can do is “flag” that place and hope Facebook takes it down). But first and foremost, my life is suddenly going to seem very, very boring. As Places rolls out to Facebook users over the next few days, all of my hip and happening Facebook friends are going to see that “Adam is home with his boyfriend and dog,” “Adam is at the local Greek place for lunch,” and “Adam is at home, watching HGTV.” I actually don’t think that’s how Places will exactly work, but you get the idea: Us homebodies who spend inordinate amounts of time at home or at work updating our Facebook statuses are going to be called out as the joyless shut-ins we clearly are. What do you make of Facebook’s latest foray into creating an engine for people to live their lives online? Will you be avidly checking in via Places? Or will you make a beeline for the privacy settings and opt out of Places placing you in your, er, place? http://popwatch.ew.com/2010/08/18/facebook-launches-new-places-feature/

C. Praga - o capitală care îţi lărgeşte orizontul Praga este plină de farmec, frumoasă, boemă, minunată, cu o arhitectură superbă. Este unul din oraşele europene ce deţine un loc de top pe lista de destinaţii obligatorii. Praga fascinează, Praga te face să visezi, Praga este un oraş de care te îndrăgosteşti. Capitala Cehiei este un oraş numai bun de descoperit la pas. Pentru a te bucura pe îndelete de loc şi de atracţiile lui e recomandat să petreci cel puţin trei zile cu oraşul. În orice sezon. Aici nu există perioadă nepotrivită pentru vizită. Praga a suferit pierderi minime în Al Doilea Război Mondial şi din fericire minunatele sale clădiri, realizate în cele mai diverse stiluri - gotic, neogotic, renascentist, baroc, neoclasic, art nouveau şi ultramodern - sunt încă intacte. Principalele zone turistice ale capitalei sunt separate de râul Vlatva. Pe partea stângă a acestuia se află Castelul Praga şi Cartierul Mic. Jumătate din cartier o constituie Parcul Petri, o colină înaltă de 300 de metri pe care urci cu un mic trenuleţ care îţi oferă o privelişte superbă asupra întregului oraş. Pe partea dreaptă se află Oraşul Vechi, Cartierul Evreiesc şi Orasul Nou, loc dedicat în special cumpărăturilor, plin de bănci şi magazine, restaurante şi muzee. Oraşul vechi, numit în cehă Stare Mesto, reprezintă zona spre care se îndreaptă cei mai mulţi vizitatori. Aici, în partea sudică a fostei primării, se găseşte Ceasul Astronomic. Construit în Evul Mediu, orologiul conţine trei părţi principale: cadranul astronomic, care redă poziţiile soarelui şi ale lunii, dar indică şi alte evenimente cereşti, cadranul-calendar, cu medalioane care reprezintă lunile anului şi în sfârşit partea de sus unde se găsesc cocoşul de aur şi figurinele celor 12 apostoli. În jurul orei 12.00, mii de turişti se apropie de turnul care dă ora exactă încă de la 1410. 80 de ani mai târziu, legendarul meşter Hanus a reconstruit ceasul, iar legenda spune că mai-marii oraşului l-au orbit ca să nu mai poată crea vreodată un instrument mai măreţ decât Prazsky Orloj. Podul Carol este un alt obiectiv interesant nu numai pentru că cele 30 de statui formează o adevarată galerie de sculptură, dar şi pentru că aici poţi întâlni negustori de suveniruri, păpuşari, pictori şi muzicanţi. Un loc încărcat de mister este Vysegrad, Cetatea de Sus. Aici se spune că ar fi trăit legendara prinţesă Libuse, cea care a rostit faimoasa profeţie referitoare la Praga şi la viitorul naţiunii sale: "Văd un oraş întins a cărui glorie va ajunge la stele. [...] Un castel numit Praha va fi construit aici". Indiferent pe unde te poartă paşii, trebuie să ajungi să vezi şi Castelul Praga - cel mai mare complex medieval. Din cadrul complexului face parte şi Catedrala Sfântul Vitus, unul din cele mai bune exemple de arhitectură gotică. Dacă nu ai apucat să citeşti "Castelul" sau "Procesul" lui Kafka, profită de ocazie şi descoperă atmosfera în care scriitorul a creat şi şi-a căutat inspiraţia. Pentru câţiva euro, ghizii te duc pe 14

străduţele colindate odinioară de Kafka, iar apoi îţi recomandă restaurante, hoteluri şi cafenele marca Franz Kafka. Mersul pe jos face piciorul frumos însă dacă vrei să stai comod, transportul în comun din Praga este ieftin şi eficient, cu trei linii de metrou şi zeci de linii de tramvai. Metroul este apreciat ca unul din cele mai de calitate din Europa Centrală. În ore de varf, trenurile sosesc din două în două minute. Chiar dacă bucătăria cehă nu este reprezentată de cele mai sănătoase feluri de mâncare, cu siguranţă vei găsi în meniul local măcar un fel pe care să îl iubeşti. Carnea este baza mâncărurilor tradiţionale din Cehia. Îţi recomand să încerci papilele gustative fie cu şuncă fiartă cu sos de prune uscate, miez de nucă şi vin sau carne de vită în sos de smântână (svickova pecene na smetane). Cu toate că este apetisantă, mâncarea tradiţionala poate pica destul de greu aşa că cel mai indicat este să o dregi cu renumita bere cehă (pivo). Dacă mai este loc şi pentru desert neaparat cere ştrudel cu mere răsfăţat cu frişcă (jablkovy zavin). Pentru Praga trebuie să te pregăteşti. Să ai atenţia distributivă şi să ştii să distilezi esenţialul din masa de turişti care îi trec pragul. Să te plimbi prin Praga este ca şi cum te-ai plimba printr-o poveste cu detalii foarte reuşite. Aici poti explora zile întregi, luni sau chiar o viaţă de om. http://www.cosmopolitan.ro/cosmo-fun/travel/praga-o-capitala-care-iti-largeste-orizontul1764143 D. Speed Plating: The New Dine & Dash Dating Speed dating may be efficient, but those few moments of conversation with a blind date can get awkward before you rotate to the next person. Beyond "Hi, my name is...," what else are you supposed to talk about during that five-minute session? Enter celebrity chef Danny Boome and his new culinary twist on speed dating. At Speed Plating's world premiere on Aug. 17 in New York City, Boome had a goal in mind for his first batch of 36 awkward attendees: "Talk about the food that is in front of you." For $100, participants got a four-course meal at Tree, a quaint bistro in New York's East Village, with 20 minutes per course to wine and dine a potential love match. Meal choices had been filed online beforehand, eliminating the ordering onus. Still, the evening got off to a slow start. "You shouldn't be standing around in the corner," the 35-year-old Boome, who also hosts of the Food Network's Rescue Chef, said during a post-game analysis. Before the first course began, Boome relayed one cardinal rule of etiquette: "No cell phones on the table." I took my assigned seat across from an alluring Indian woman with big brown eyes and a wide smile. Once she politely ignored me tripping over a floor divider, we began sharing a plate of asparagus mated with artichoke hearts. The otherwise bland veggies took on an aphrodisiac edge with the infusion of saffron aioli and horseradish mayo, tilting the taste buds in a romantic 15

direction. But before we could blink, the 20 minutes were up. I had learned that she was born in Mumbai, on her way to a Ph.D. in African-American literature, and really disturbed by a former date who wore incredibly tight jeans. She learned that I was a clutz. For course No. 2, the organizers mixed things up a bit, handing each participant a new "card of destiny" directing them to their next table and distributing a pink Zorro-esque mask to each new couple. The menu mandate: feed your blindfolded date, then switch roles. My date for this mystery dish was the first to take the mask, so I spoon-fed her what we later discovered were spiced-wine pears, tequila-marinated lychees, pepper-crusted mozzarella and duck pate on a thin crisp. This course would have been more exciting for me, had I not known what Girl #2 looked like before I was blindfolded and started eating. But still, talking to a stranger for 10 minutes, without being able to see her face or your meal, left what? The two foci that most singles can't seem to snag together: a meal to savor and a voice to listen to. Gone was any anxiety about poor eye contact or stray food morsels. Along came deeper conversation, from our shared roots as New Yorkers, to the role of Judaism in our childhood. Neither of us had a bar or bat mitzvah, and we agreed that we didn't need it. Ding! Time to move on to the next round! The main course was less dramatic. Our food (lamb cutlets with grilled zest polenta and hot fig jus) was no mystery. Forks were dropped, the lamb became finger food, and Girl #3 dished about how her Boy #2 had curbed her enthusiasm by hastily handing her his business card. By the time dessert rolled around (lemon grass and ginger panna cotta, chili chocolate dipped strawberries, baked figs and creme fresh), the focus on the food had given way to unfinished business: making a match. Girl #4 was worldly and great to talk to, a PR account supervisor from Munich, but Girl #1 was great â&#x20AC;&#x201D; and off with another guy. How could I catch a moment alone with her? During the 30-minute post-meal cocktail session, lots of people were exchanging e-mails and phone numbers and making Facebook-friend requests. Three couples kept the verbal vibe going, continuing their conversations at the same tables where they started. Participants on the shy side could opt to join partner site SpeedDate.com and pick up the talk from there. All in all, Speed Plating struck me as a smart move. Boome plans to expand the concept to 12 restaurants by March, adding Chicago, Boston, Atlanta, Austin, San Francisco and Los Angeles to the company's map. Part of his motivation to press on comes from his own experience with his current mate. A night out with the girls during the summer of 2008 led Lauren Sohmer, now 31, to the Bull's Head Tavern in New York's Gramercy Park neighborhood. After three shots of JĂ¤germeister, she and Boome were a match. "I dated half of Manhattan and he dated the other half, and that's how we found each other," Sohmer said. "I'd like to hope that everyone here has some possibility of something because of this," she said as she gestured around the booze-filled room. : http://www.time.com/time/nation/article/0,8599,2011668,00.html#ixzz0x2l71PoG 16

3.3. NEWSPAPER ARTICLES Unlike magazine article language, the language used in newspapers is more formal and impersonal, hence the use of passive voice and complex sentence structure. Try translating the following text taken from online newspapers: A. Russia will recognise outcome of Ukraine poll, says Vladimir Putin Putin says Russia will 'respect the choice of Ukrainian people', but separatist authorities vow to disrupt weekend's presidential election Vladimir Putin has given the strongest indication yet that Russia is defusing its policy towards Ukraine, saying that Moscow will "respect the choice of the Ukrainian people" and work with the country's government after a new president is elected on Sunday. Previously, the Kremlin had not made it clear whether it would recognise the vote amid the continuing violence in the east of the country, where pro-Moscow separatists have declared two independent statelets after questionable referendums held earlier this month. The separatist authorities have said they will do everything possible to disrupt the elections, stating they do not plan to hold "the presidential elections of a neighbouring state" on their territory, and there has been a campaign of terror and intimidation against polling stations and election officials. Putin blamed the west for provoking the Ukraine crisis and said the country was now experiencing "full-blown civil war". However, he suggested on Friday that the Kremlin would recognise the vote. Since former president Viktor Yanukovych fled Ukraine in February, Moscow has referred to the interim government as a "junta" with no legitimacy. Russia has annexed the Crimea peninsula, and Kiev has accused it of stirring up an armed revolt in the east of the country as well. As Sunday's election approaches, violence in the east has continued, with Ukraine's defense ministry saying up to 500 insurgents attacked government troops in one clash in eastern Ukraine that left 20 insurgents dead. The ministry said in a statement the clash took place on Thursday as a convoy of Ukrainian troops was attacked outside the eastern village of Rubizhne. Up to 16 Ukrainian soldiers also died on Thursday in an assault on a checkpoint by separatists. On Friday, the Donbass paramilitary group, which operates with the tacit backing of Kiev, said it had been ambushed by separatist forces, with at least one dead, and many injured or taken hostage. Alexander Ivanov, of the Committee of Voters of Ukraine, a non-governmental group monitoring election preparation, expected up to one-third of polling stations to open in Donetsk region. The coordinating groups were meeting in secret, he said, and there were worries there could be attacks on polling stations, or that groups of separatists might try to seize the official result papers at the end of the day. Most of the election officials who have been kidnapped have been released shortly afterwards, but the intimidation has worked, said Ivanov, scaring off many others. Almost all the regional election 17

committees have been stormed by armed men, who in many cases have made away with voter lists and the official electoral stamps. Frontrunner Petro Poroshenko needs more than 50% to win the election in the first round, otherwise there will be a run-off three weeks later. Pro-Kiev authorities in the east are hoping for a first-round victory to avoid another period of political uncertainty. Poroshenko has said he would negotiate with political forces from the east of the country, but not with armed separatists responsible for attacks on official buildings and soldiers. http://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/may/23/russia-ukraine-vote-vladimir-putinpresident B.Un primar spaniol prezintă scuze după ce a fost acuzat de rasism de către imigranţi români Un primar spaniol a prezentat scuze după ce a fost acuzat de rasism de către imigranţi români ca urmare a unei tirade violente împotriva hoţilor, scrie thejakartapost.com. Primarul Jose Bergara a fost înregistrat într-o şedinţă de anul trecut lăudându-se că va avea grijă 'să nu mai vină gunoaie' în oraşul său, Sestao (Ţara Bascilor, nord). Cinci familii de români au depus o plângere împotriva sa în instanţă, acuzându-l că a refuzat în mod ilegal să le înregistreze ca rezidenţi în oraşul său. Pentru a-şi susţine cauza, românii au prezentat o înregistrare video cu declaraţiile sale drept dovadă a rasismului primarului, a afirmat organizaţia SOS Racismo, care a ajutat familiile. Bergara a prezentat scuze joi, după ce înregistrarea a fost difuzată de mass-media, care s-a ocupat de caz. (Agerpres) http://jurnalul.ro/stiri/externe/un-primar-spaniol-prezinta-scuze-dupa-ce-a-fost-acuzat-de-rasism-de-catre-imigrantiromani-668917.html#

C. Şeful Pentagonului soseşte în RomâniaŞeful Pentagonului, Chuck Hagel, va începe miercuri un turneu de 12 zile, urmând să se deplaseze în Singapore, Belgia, România şi Franţa, relatează AFP. Acest turneu va începe cu o scurtă deplasare la baza militară Elmendorf din Alaska, unde secretarul american al Apărării va evalua capacităţile de apărare antirachetă. În România, Hagel va vizita o navă americană, crucişătorul USS Vella Gulf, aflat în prezent în Marea Neagră, informează Antena3.ro. După această vizită, el va participa, pe 3 şi 4 iunie, la reuniunea miniştrilor Apărării din cadrul NATO, prima întâlnire de acest tip "după incursiunile Rusiei în Ucraina". http://jurnalul.ro/stiri/observator/seful-pentagonului-soseste-in-romania-668914.html#

Unit 4. THE LANGUAGE OF PERSUASION “The original is unfaithful to the translation.” ( Jorje Luis Borges) 4.1. PUBLIC SPEAKING Effective public speaking involves many things, including stage presence, articulation, eye contact, poise and volume. The content of the speech is also important, and the way to make the content memorable is to use effective language. Good public speakers use language correctly and with style, and the principle of ‘equivalent effect’ is the one that should be followed when translating speeches, as it is desirable that the persons who listen to or read the speech in translation should be touched by it in much the same way as the receiver of the speech in its original form. www.jewishexponent.com

Good speakers use simple language for two primary reasons. First, audiences can sense a fake. When elevating language simply for the sake of using big words when small words will do, audiences may perceive the speaker as insincere, and that perception might also transfer onto the message. Second, using a long word when a short one will do inhibits the ability to communicate clearly. A speaker’s message should be to be clear. Using language that makes it more difficult for the audience to understand the message can negatively impact their ability to get the message. Word choice is of outmost importance for the speaker and, therefore, for the translator as well. Speakers should use words with which they are comfortable. The most effective language is clear and easy to understand, because if the speaker doesn't know the word, the audience may not either. E. Michele Ramsey, Ph.D. and Penn State Berks, Reading, PA point to the following strategies that need to be mastered by the speaker and, consequently, by the translator: 

Repetition is common, especially in persuasive speaking. Repetition shouldn't be redundant or boring, but instead add a sense of importance to the repeated phrase, word, or idea. Dr. Martin Luther King's "I Have A Dream," speech repeats the rhetorical effect "I have a dream." President Obama also used repetition in his victory speech in November 2008. The line "but tonight, because of what we did on this day, in this election, at this defining moment, change has come to America" illustrates how repetition of a single word ("this") can work well in a speech.



Metaphors are comparisons made by speaking of one thing in terms of another. Similes are similar to metaphors in how they function; however, similes make comparisons by using the word “like” or “as,” whereas metaphors do not. The power of a metaphor is in its ability to create an image that is linked to emotion in the mind of the audience. It is one thing to talk about racial injustice, it is quite another for the Reverend Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. to note that people have been “…battered by storms of persecution and staggered by the winds 19

of police brutality.” Throughout his “I Have a Dream” speech the Reverend Dr. King uses the metaphor of the checking account to make his point. He notes that the crowd has come to the March on Washington to “cash a check” and claims that America has “defaulted on this promissory note” by giving “the Negro people a bad check, a check that has come back “insufficient funds.” By using checking and bank account terms that most people are familiar with, the Reverend Dr. King is able to more clearly communicate what he believes has occurred. Similes also help make a message clearer by using ideas that are more concrete for the audience. For example, to give the audience an idea of what a winter day looked like it could be said that the “snow looked as solid as pearls.” To communicate sweltering heat one could say that “the tar on the road looked like satin.” 

Alliteration is the repetition of the initial sounds of words and is a useful tool for helping people remember the message, and it’s difficult to say, but very easy to remember. Tongue twisters such as “Sally sold seashells by the seashore” or “Peter Piper picked a peck of pickled peppers” are famous examples of alliteration, but the problem posed by alliteration for translators is huge if they want to retain the phonetic effect in the target text.

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Antithesis allows the use of contrasting statements in order to make a rhetorical point. Perhaps the most famous example of antithesis comes from the Inaugural Address of President John F. Kennedy when he stated, “And so, my fellow Americans, ask not what your country can do for you; ask what you can do for your country.”



Parallel structure is the balance of two or more similar phrases or clauses, and parallel wording is the balance of two or more similar words. The Reverend Dr. King’s “I Have a Dream” speech exemplifies both strategies in action. Indeed, the section where he repeats “I Have a Dream” over and over again is an example of the use of both parallel structure and language. The use of parallel structure and language helps the audience remember the message, without beating them over the head with repetition.



Personalized language refers to the use of language that directly connects the topic or argument to the audience, who are easier persuaded that the subject matter is serious and important to them if they are addressed directly. Using words like “us,” “you,” and “we” can be a subtle means of getting the audience to pay attention to the speech, as most people are most interested in things that they believe impact their lives directly. The translation of the pronoun ‘you’ poses a serious challenge, due to the various degrees of politeness expressed by different pronouns into most other languages.



Clichés are phrases or expressions that, because of overuse, have lost their rhetorical power. Examples include sayings such as “The early bird gets the worm” or “Making a mountain out of a molehill.” Phrases such as these were once powerful ways of communicating an idea, but because of overuse these phrases just don’t have the impact that they once had. Using clichés in speeches is not advisable, but if this strategy is used, then the cliché must be translated with a similar cliché if the effect is to stay the same. (http://www.publicspeakingproject.org/PDF%20Files/Language%20Web%201.pdf)

Here are two examples of famous American speeches to analyse and translate: A.

The Gettysburg Address (Abraham Lincoln)

The Gettysburg Address is a speech by U.S. President Abraham Lincoln, one of the bestknown in American history. It was delivered by Lincoln during the American Civil War, on the afternoon of Thursday, November 19, 1863, at the dedication of the Soldiers' National Cemetery in Gettysburg, Pennsylvania, four and a half months after the Union armies defeated those of the Confederacy at the Battle of Gettysburg. Lincoln's speech came to be regarded as one of the greatest speeches in American history. In just over two minutes, Lincoln reiterated the principles of human equality espoused by the Declaration of Independence and proclaimed the Civil War as a struggle for the preservation of the Union split apart by the secession crisis, with "a new birth of freedom, that would bring true equality to all of its citizensâ&#x20AC;?. According to http://www.abrahamlincolnonline.org/lincoln/speeches/gettysburg.htm, there are five known copies of the speech in Lincoln's handwriting, each with a slightly different text, and named for the people who first received them: Nicolay, Hay, Everett, Bancroft and Bliss. Two copies apparently were written before delivering the speech; the remaining ones were produced months later for soldier benefit events. Despite widely-circulated stories to the contrary, the president did not dash off a copy aboard a train to Gettysburg. Lincoln carefully prepared his major speeches in advance; his steady, even script in every manuscript is consistent with a firm writing surface, not the notoriously bumpy Civil War-era trains. Additional versions of the speech appeared in newspapers of the era, feeding modern-day confusion about the authoritative text. Ever since Lincoln wrote it in 1864, the Bliss version has been the most often reproduced, notably on the walls of the Lincoln Memorial in Washington. It is named after Colonel Alexander Bliss, stepson of historian George Bancroft. Bancroft asked President Lincoln for a copy to use as a fundraiser for soldiers. However, because Lincoln wrote on both sides of the paper, the speech could not be reprinted, so Lincoln made another copy at Bliss's request. It is the last known copy written by Lincoln and the only one signed and dated by him. Today it is on display at the Lincoln Room of the White House. www.federalobserver.com

Here is the full text of the speech: Fourscore and seven years ago our fathers brought forth on this continent a new nation, conceived in liberty and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal. Now we are engaged in a great civil war, testing whether that nation or any nation so conceived and so dedicated can long endure. We are met on a great battlefield of that war. We have come to dedicate a portion of that field as a final resting-place for those who here gave their lives that that nation might live. It is altogether fitting and proper that we should do this. But, in a larger sense, we cannot dedicate, we cannot consecrate, we cannot hallow this ground. The brave men, living and dead who struggled here have consecrated it far above our poor power to add or detract. The world will little note nor long remember what we say here, but it can never forget what they did here. It is for us the living rather to be dedicated here to the unfinished work which they who fought here have thus far so nobly advanced. It is rather for us to be here dedicated to the great task remaining before us -- that from these honored dead we take increased devotion to that cause for which they gave the last full measure of devotion -- that we here highly resolve that these dead shall not have died in vain, that this nation under God shall have a new birth of freedom, and that government of the people, by the people, for the people shall not perish from the earth. B.

“I Have a Dream” (Martin Luther King)

The Rev. Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., delivered this speech on August 28, 1963, on the steps of the Washington, D.C., Lincoln Memorial during the march on Washington for Jobs and Freedom. Delivered to over 250,000 civil rights supporters, the speech was a defining moment of the American Civil Rights Movement. It synthesized portions of his previous sermons and speeches, with selected statements by other prominent public figures. King had been drawing on material he used in the “I Have a Dream” speech in his other speeches and sermons for many years. In September 1960, King began giving speeches referring directly to the American Dream. In a speech given that month at a conference of the North Carolina branches of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, King referred to the unexecuted clauses of the preamble to the U.S. Constitution and spoke of America as “a dream yet unfulfilled”. King continued to give versions of this speech throughout 1961 and 1962, then calling it “The American Dream.” Two months before the March on Washington, King stood before a crowd of 150,000 people at Cobo Hall in Detroit to present the need for making “the American Dream a reality” . 22

As King and his advisors prepared his speech for the conclusion of the 1963 march, he solicited suggestions for the text. Clarence Jones offered a metaphor for the unfulfilled promise of constitutional rights for African Americans, which King incorporated into the final text: “America has defaulted on this promissory note insofar as her citizens of color are concerned”. King recalled that he did not finish the complete text of the speech until 3:30 A.M. on the morning of August 28. Later that day, King stood at the podium overlooking the gathering. Although a typescript version of the speech was made available to the press on the morning of the march, King did not merely read his prepared remarks. He later recalled: “I started out reading the speech, and I read it down to a point…the audience response was wonderful that day…. And all of a sudden this thing came to me that…I’d used many times before.... ‘I have a dream.’ And I just felt that I wanted to use it here…I used it, and at that point I just turned aside from the manuscript altogether. I didn’t come back to it” (King, 29 November 1963). The following day, in the New York Times James Reston wrote: “Dr. King touched all the themes of the day, only better than anybody else. He was full of the symbolism of Lincoln and Gandhi, and the cadences of the Bible. He was both militant and sad, and he sent the crowd away feeling that the long journey had been worthwhile”

(http://mlkkpp01.stanford.edu/index.php/encyclopedia/encyclopedia/enc_i_have_a_dream_2 8_august_1963/) Here is an excerpt from the speech: I am happy to join with you today in what will go down in history as the greatest demonstration for freedom in the history of our nation. Five score years ago, a great American, in whose symbolic shadow we stand today, signed the Emancipation Proclamation. This momentous decree came as a great beacon light of 23

hope to millions of Negro slaves who had been seared in the flames of withering injustice. It came as a joyous daybreak to end the long night of their captivity. But one hundred years later, the Negro still is not free. One hundred years later, the life of the Negro is still sadly crippled by the manacles of segregation and the chains of discrimination. One hundred years later, the Negro lives on a lonely island of poverty in the midst of a vast ocean of material prosperity. One hundred years later, the Negro is still languished in the corners of American society and finds himself an exile in his own land. And so we've come here today to dramatize a shameful condition. In a sense we've come to our nation's capital to cash a check. When the architects of our republic wrote the magnificent words of the Constitution and the Declaration of Independence, they were signing a promissory note to which every American was to fall heir. This note was a promise that all men, yes, black men as well as white men, would be guaranteed the "unalienable Rights" of "Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness." It is obvious today that America has defaulted on this promissory note, insofar as her citizens of color are concerned. Instead of honoring this sacred obligation, America has given the Negro people a bad check, a check which has come back marked "insufficient funds." But we refuse to believe that the bank of justice is bankrupt. We refuse to believe that there are insufficient funds in the great vaults of opportunity of this nation. And so, we've come to cash this check, a check that will give us upon demand the riches of freedom and the security of justice. We have also come to this hallowed spot to remind America of the fierce urgency of Now. This is no time to engage in the luxury of cooling off or to take the tranquilizing drug of gradualism. Now is the time to make real the promises of democracy. Now is the time to rise from the dark and desolate valley of segregation to the sunlit path of racial justice. Now is the time to lift our nation from the quicksands of racial injustice to the solid rock of brotherhood. Now is the time to make justice a reality for all of God's children. ……………………………………………………………………………………………… ……… Let us not wallow in the valley of despair, I say to you today, my friends. And so even though we face the difficulties of today and tomorrow, I still have a dream. It is a dream deeply rooted in the American dream. I have a dream that one day this nation will rise up and live out the true meaning of its creed: "We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal."

I have a dream that one day on the red hills of Georgia, the sons of former slaves and the sons of former slave owners will be able to sit down together at the table of brotherhood. I have a dream that one day even the state of Mississippi, a state sweltering with the heat of injustice, sweltering with the heat of oppression, will be transformed into an oasis of freedom and justice. I have a dream that my four little children will one day live in a nation where they will not be judged by the color of their skin but by the content of their character. I have a dream today! I have a dream that one day, down in Alabama, with its vicious racists, with its governor having his lips dripping with the words of "interposition" and "nullification" -- one day right there in Alabama little black boys and black girls will be able to join hands with little white boys and white girls as sisters and brothers. I have a dream today! I have a dream that one day every valley shall be exalted, and every hill and mountain shall be made low, the rough places will be made plain, and the crooked places will be made straight; "and the glory of the Lord shall be revealed and all flesh shall see it together." This is our hope, and this is the faith that I go back to the South with. With this faith, we will be able to hew out of the mountain of despair a stone of hope. With this faith, we will be able to transform the jangling discords of our nation into a beautiful symphony of brotherhood. With this faith, we will be able to work together, to pray together, to struggle together, to go to jail together, to stand up for freedom together, knowing that we will be free one day. And this will be the day -- this will be the day when all of God's children will be able to sing with new meaning: My country 'tis of thee, sweet land of liberty, of thee I sing. Land where my fathers died, land of the Pilgrim's pride, From every mountainside, let freedom ring! And if America is to be a great nation, this must become true. 25

And so let freedom ring from the prodigious hilltops of New Hampshire. Let freedom ring from the mighty mountains of New York. Let freedom ring from the heightening Alleghenies of Pennsylvania. Let freedom ring from the snow-capped Rockies of Colorado. Let freedom ring from the curvaceous slopes of California. But not only that: Let freedom ring from Stone Mountain of Georgia. Let freedom ring from Lookout Mountain of Tennessee. Let freedom ring from every hill and molehill of Mississippi. From every mountainside, let freedom ring. And when this happens, when we allow freedom ring, when we let it ring from every village and every hamlet, from every state and every city, we will be able to speed up that day when all of God's children, black men and white men, Jews and Gentiles, Protestants and Catholics, will be able to join hands and sing in the words of the old Negro spiritual: Free at last! Free at last! Thank God Almighty, we are free at last!

Inima RomĂ˘niei (Nicolae Titulescu)

This motivational speech was made on 1 May 3rd, 915, during a national march in PloieĹ&#x;ti. Titulescu makes a plea for the Romanian spirit seen as a national matrix which must and can ensure us a leading position among world nations. cutiacuvechituri.wordpress.com

Here is an excerpt: Iubiţi cetăţeni, Se apropie anul de când, brusc, fără pregătire, tragic, România a fost pusă în faţa clipei, care trebuia să decidă de toate străduinţele trecutului ei întunecat şi vitreg şi de toate făgăduielile viitorului ei luminos şi falnic: clipă supremă, pe care am întrezărit-o cu toţii în visurile noastre de mărire, clipă pe care nu îndrăznea să spere a o vedea sosind generaţiunea chemată s-o trăiască! Ce s-a întâmplat atunci, cum a fost împiedicată făptuirea păcatului monstruos şi inept de a ne vărsa sângele pentru apărarea graniţelor vrăjmaşilor noştri, a acelor graniţe, care de veacuri ne sufoca, a acelor graniţe, care sunt ca nişte tăieturi adânci şi dureroase în corpul viu al naţiunii, a acelor graniţe, care dacă nu vom reuşi să le spulberăm, ne vor încătuşa ca zidurile unei temniţe, la umbra cărora viaţa se ofileşte şi se stinge, ce s-a întâmplat atunci o ştim cu toţii! Cum am fost feriţi atunci să nu ajungem nenorociţi şi mici, nedreptăţiţi şi nedemni, asupriţi şi totuşi dispreţuiţi, aceasta va fi o veşnică glorie pentru acei care au avut menirea să o îndeplinească! Instinctul neamului, prin aleşii lui, a vorbit la timp! Instinctul nu se poate însă opri aici, instinctul nu poate să adoarmă, atunci când a trezit sufletul! Şi sufletul românesc, răscolit de amintirile istorice, răscolit de destinul lui măreţ, pe care de-a pururea l-a întrevăzut în zare răscolit de puterea momentului prin care trece, sufletul românesc, mai treaz şi mai sus azi ca oricând, ordonă ca acţiunea să nu întârzie! Problemul care se pune azi României e înfricoşător, dar simplu: sau România pricepe datoria pe care i-au creat-o evenimentele în curs, şi atunci istoria ei abia începe, iar viitorul ei va fi o răzbunare prelungită şi măreaţă a umilinţelor ei seculare; sau România, mioapa la tot ce e „mâine“, cu ochii mari deschişi la tot ce e „azi“ nu pricepe şi înlemnită stă pe loc, şi atunci istoria ei va înfăţişa pentru vecie exemplul, unic şi mizerabil, al unei sinucideri vieţuite! Din împrejurările de azi, România trebuie să iasă

întreagă şi mare! România nu poate fi întreagă fără Ardeal; România nu poate fi mare fără jertfă! Ardealul e leagănul care i-a ocrotit copilăria, e şcoala care i-a făurit neamul, e farmecul care i-a susţinut viaţa. Ardealul e scânteia care aprinde energia, e mutilarea care striga răzbunare, e făţărnicia care cheamă pedeapsa, e sugrumarea care cere libertatea! Ardealul e românismul în restrişte, e întărirea care depărtează vrăjmaşul, e viaţa care cheamă viaţa! Ne trebuie Ardealul! Nu putem fără el! Vom şti să-l luăm şi, mai ales, săl merităm! Pentru Ardeal nu-i viaţă care să nu se stingă cu plăcere; pentru Ardeal nu-i sforţare care să nu se ofere de la sine; pentru Ardeal totul se schimbă, totul se înfrumuseţează, până şi moartea se schimbă: încetează de a fi hidoasă, devine atrăgătoare! (….) 4.2. ADVERTISING The advertising text is a special type of discourse for several reasons. The content of the text is conditioned by the medium through which it is transmitted and by the purpose which it serves, but there are also some stylistic features that are specific to advertising texts. In an advertising discourse words are not chosen only for their meaning, but they must also bring the desired effect, thus making the linguistic choice much more difficult.  Length of text www.slideshare.net

Advertising texts have to be short and snappy and will therefore have to use the space they have at their disposal wisely. The translator’s job is not to interfere too much in the aspect of the text length. For this reason, paraphrasing and explaining as translation strategies will be ruled out from the start, leaving the translator with the option of inventing/creating texts that have the same effect on the translated text receiver as on the original text receiver.  Rhyme The best way to ensure that the slogan stays in the mind of the potential buyer is to get him or her to remember it easily and rhyme is the sure path. A very good strategy, which is also the most 28

challenging to the translator, is to include the brand name in the sequence of rhyming words. Examples of such imaginative slogans are: Haig Scotch - “Don’t be vague. Ask for Haig”, “Beanz Meanz Heinz”, “The flavour of a Quaver is never known to waver” (Quavers crisps), “Maybe she’s born with it. Maybe it’s Maybelline” (Maybelline make-up brand), “J’adore”-Dior, “Relax, it’s Fed Ex”, “Today, tomorrow, Toyota”. These types of slogans are particularly effective since they are highly individualized and the special rhyming will be the identity of the slogan.  Alliteration, assonance, consonanace Alliteration is one of the main prosodic structures that the slogans draw on. It is fun to say and enjoyable to read and can help slogans achieve the strong beating rhythm needed to make it a repeatable sentence, easily remembered by the audience, while also achieving an emphatic effect of the meaning. It is defined as representing the repetition of initial sounds in neighboring words, especially in stressed ones. Assonance is the repetition of vowel sounds, while consonance is the repetition of consonant sounds. Some illustrative examples are “Greyhound going great”, “Allied Irish Bank: Britain’s Best Business Bank”, “Top people take the Times”, “You'll never put a better bit of butter on your knife” (Country Life), “The Passionate Pursuit of Perfection” (Lexus).  Repetition It is not only the sounds that are repeated in slogans. Following the proverb “Repetition is the mother of all learning”, slogan writers often resort to word repetition in order to emphasize the message and to force the prospective consumer into remembering it. It is a well known fact that pattern depends upon repetition, not only of sounds, but also of words and structures. This is how a break is identified with the product in “Have a break. Have a Kit Kat”. Sometimes a part of the brand name is repeated in the slogan like in “Double your pleasure. Double your fun. Doublemint gum”. Other words that might be repeated creating parallel structures may be determiners like in “Her kiss. Her body. Her perfume.” (Chanel N◦5)  Pronouns The first and second person pronouns are generally used in order to create a relationship between the advertiser and the target audience. Examples of slogans such as “Fed ex; We live to deliver”, “We never stop working for you” (Verizon Wireless), “We really move our tail for you” (Continental Airlines) speak for themselves. A translation into Romanian will not make explicit use of the pronoun as the subject need not be expressed in our language, since it can be inferred from the form of the verb. The most pressing problem that arises with the translation of pronouns into Romanian is that the Romanian language has a different system of reference as concerns the second pronoun. It is difficult to translate the English ‘you’ without serious consideration of the situation, as the choice is at least between ‘tu’, ‘voi’ and ‘dumneavoastră’, each pronoun expressing a different degree of familiarity and politeness.

 Adverbs A constant feature of advertising discourse is the use of adverbs such as ‘always’, ‘every’, ‘all’ meant to indicate the universal application of the product (“Forever sport – Adidas”, “Live from everywhere” – CNN International), to include as many potential customers as possible ( “For all walks of life – Allen-Edmonds shoes ” ), to emphasize the product’s utility (“Trusted everywhere” – Duracell Batteries) or the company’s commitment (“Always Coca-Cola”).  Polysemy and puns A word is judged to be polysemous if it has two senses whose meanings are related. Homonyms are spelled the same, but have different meanings from totally separate etymologies. A pun, also known as paronomasia, is a figure of speech which consists of a deliberate confusion of similar words within a phrase or phrases, for rhetorical effect. Puns rely on an assumed equivalent of similar words (homonyms), of different shades of meaning of one word (polysemy), or of a literal meaning with a metaphor. Translating puns is one of the most challenging aspects, as it requires high linguistic skills, sharp decision making, creativity to attempt some sort of rewriting and broad cultural knowledge. Puns are generally considered to be untranslatable. Extremely imaginative pun slogans may be based on homophony “I think, therefore IBM”, “Scent to bed” (French Connection) or polysemy “Just plane smart” (Southwest Airlines), “Sole Survivor” (shoes) or just unexpected word associations: “Fly with US” (US Airlines), “Time to RTire” (Fisk tires).  Idioms and collocations Idioms and collocations are so language-specific that they are, after puns, the most difficult part of text to translate. The danger is that where there is no awareness that an expression is metaphorical or idiomatic, a translator may give a literal version and, in so doing, create a completely different meaning. The attempt to make sense of an idiomatic expression is often met with failure as the overall meaning will not be derived from the sum of the parts. When idioms also contain the name of the brand the task of the translator becomes very difficult like is the case with the slogan “A whole lot can happen, out of the Blue” (Labatt Blue – Canadian beer brand) or with “Easy as Dell” (Dell Computers), that is a parody for “easy as hell”.  Portmanteau words New words are sometimes created to fit special contexts. Portmanteau words are created by fusing two or more words or parts of words to give a combined meaning. Typically, portmanteau words become neologisms, which makes them difficult to translate. A good example is “Burton 30

Menswear: Everywear”, where a new word was formed by the juxtaposition of two words that become a homonym of an already existing word, which is what ensures comprehension. Another fusion is easily noticeable in Air Deccan’s slogan “Simplifly”.  Parallelism Sentences that are part of a slogan can have parallel structures like in “The future’s bright. The future’s Orange”. The parallel structure can be preserved even where there are no full sentences, by the repetition of a determiner in front of different nouns; ‘Her kiss. Her body. Her perfume” (Chanel N◦5). Sometimes parallelism is achieved by opposition as in the slogans “You Watch, We Listen” (British Satellite Broadcasting), “It it’s on, it’s in” (Radio Times, MCBD) or “Tough on grease. Soft on hands.” (Palmolive).  Rhetorical questions In advertising questions are often used to attract attention by mentioning the matter that concerns the prospective buyers the most. They entice the customer to read on to find the solution to the presented problem. This is why FedEx ask the addressee “Why wait when you don’t have to?” and Ford want to know “Have you driven a Ford…lately?”, while Calvin Klein also give an answer to their question: “Know what comes between me and my Calvins? Nothing” (Calvin Klein).  Spelling Since English is not a phonetic language, words can be misspelled in English without hindering their understanding. Such a strategy of deviant spelling will aim at drawing the target public’s attention to the slogan. The form of the slogan thus becomes an integral part of the message and a valuable element for the marketing strategy. Problems occur when trying to translate such slogans, for not all the original features can be preserved in translation. If we are to discuss Heinz’s slogan “Beanz Meanz Heinz” we will notice the deliberate transformation of the indicative for the plural form –s and of the indicative for the third person singular verb –s into –z to match the final consonant of the company brand name. What we are dealing with here is, however, a situation of visual rhyme, difficult, if not impossible to render in another language without losing the graphic and phonetic effect.

Now get in groups of four and try creating an equivalent slogan in Romanian that would best transmit the message of the original slogan: 

Allied Irish Bank: Britain’s Best Business Bank



Top people take the Times (The Times)



For all walks of life (Allen-Edmonds shoes)



It it’s on, it’s in (Radio Times, MCBD)



Today, Tomorrow, Toyota (Toyota)



Beanz Meanz Heinz (Heinz)



I think, therefore IBM (IBM)



Connecting people ( Nokia)



You'll never put a better bit of butter on your knife (Country Life)



The Passionate Pursuit of Perfection (Lexus)



Just plane smart (Southwest Airlines)



Spend a night, not a fortune (Econo Lodge)



Have a break. Have a Kit Kat (Kit Kat)



Double your pleasure. Double your fun. Doublemint gum



Sole Survivor (shoes)



Before you make up your mind, open it (Irish Independent)



Maybe she’s born with it. Maybe it’s Maybelline (Maybelline)



Tuborg. BEer YOURSELF (Tuborg)



Born to perform (Jaguar)



Think small (Volkswagen Beetle)



If anyone can, Canon can. (Canon)



The flavour of a Quaver is never known to waver (Quaver chips)



Just do it (Nike)



The ultimate driving machine (BMW)



Don’t be vague, ask for Haig. (Haig beer)



Jaguar.Grace, Space, Pace (Jaguar)



Get the London look (Rimmel)



Have it your way (Burger King)

Unit 5. ESP – ENGLISH FOR SPECIFIC PURPOSES “When I think of this profession, I think of priestly, tireless dedication to getting it right.” (Emma Donoghue)

English for Specific Purposes (ESP) is a branch of English as a Foreign Language (EFL) that has gained ground constantly since the 1960s. ESP is generally described as the teaching of English for any purpose that could be specified. Evan Frendo defines ESP as “a term often used to describe language that is inaccessible to people who are not members of a particular language community”.

The area of English for Academic and Occupational Purposes includes subtypes such as: 

English for Science and Technology



English for Business and Economics



Legal English



English for Medical Purposes



Vocational English (e.g. English for tourism, nursing, aviation, bricklaying, etc.).

The answer to the legitimate question 'What is the difference between the ESP and General English approach?' is given by Hutchinson in brief : "in theory nothing, in practice a great deal".

5.1. ENGLISH FOR SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

'Scientific English' is simply 'English used by scientists or for the purposes of those engaged in science'. It has the same grammar, pronunciation and spelling as are found in all kinds of English; it includes much of the general vocabulary of English, though with a large number of specialized items or of familiar words used in specialized ways; it also carries an array of linked symbols and visual symbolizations which nevertheless can be verbalised by those who know the rules for doing so.

What is special about 'scientific English' is the particular mixture of grammatical and vocabulary items. There is basically a high proportion of items of specialised vocabulary. Some words may be used in both EST and basic English, but their meaning is indeed completely different. Therefore, the actual meaning of words should be determined according to the context. Some characteristics are highlighted by Jianfeng Wei and Qingdong Wang, Shibo Xing in their paper “Analysis of Linguistic Features of English for Science and Technology”: 

Greek and Latin Morphemes - most EST glossary are derived from Greek and Latin. Especially the affixes of Greek and Latin play a very important role in engineering English, such as thermo-, hydro-, multi-, trans-, -wise, -able, -tude, - ator, de-, anti-, etc.



Compound Words - to briefly and accurately describe concepts of the object, such as characteristic, size, quantity, or extent, compound words are often used in EST



Noun Groups - modify a noun with one or more words. Apparently, the last word in the group is the core of a noun group. It tends to increase in scientific and technological literature because science and technology workers pursue accurate and brief expression. For example, it is common to say ‘high precision instrument’, not ‘the instrument of high precision’, ‘heat recovery system’, not ‘the system of recovering the heat’, ‘transfer mode’, ‘nuclear power plants’, etc



Formal style - basic English structures have their more formal EST correspondent, as in the examples below: - to put into/ to insert - to use up / to consume - to send / to transmit - to get / to obtain - enough / sufficient - better / superior - a lot of / appreciable



Contraction Words - many contraction words have been used in some science and technology fields, such as, cit., e.g., i.e., vs., etc.. whereas, a large quantity of them are only used in special range, such as COP (Coefficient of Performance), dB (decibel), CAD (Computer-Aided Design), CAM (Computer-Aided Manufacture), R&D (Research and Development), SI unit (Standard International unit), etc.. If the contraction words are not used in a special field, they must be explained. For example, HPFH（High-Pressure Feedwater Heater）



Basic Tenses - because the contents of scientific and technological articles do not have special time relations, the verb tense mainly consists of three kinds: the present tense, the past tense and the perfect tense.



Passive Voice – EST needs to be objective, to describe objective things and carry through logic meaning. In many occasions the passive voice is more concise, as the most important information is placed at the head of a sentence. So, the passive voice is widely used in narrate formula, principle, processes, technological report, etc.



Gerund, Participle, Infinitive – tese structures also express meaning in a concise manner, replacing full subordinate clauses, such as in the examples below:



- After introducing the above hypothesis, the governing idea … - The research being carried out in power system, simulation is meaningful. - We keep micrometers in the boxes to protect them from dust. Stating Sentences – in science and technology in documents describing experiments, explaining phenomena, clear-cuting definitions, theorems, laws and principles the stating sentence are more used, question sentence and interjection sentences being almost not used



Complex Sentences - there are two kinds of complex sentences, one expresses coordinate relations, the other primary and secondary relations. The former is joined by coordinate conjunctions (and, not only…but also…, therefore, nevertheless, etc. ) , the latter is composed of one main clause and one or more subordinate clauses introduced by linkers such as which, that, since, if, as long as, etc.



“It be + adj. ( gerund ) + that……” structures - in order to balance sentence structure and strengthen sentence objectivity, ‘it’ is always used as subject. For example, “It may be concluded that the behavior of a fluid flowing pipe is affected by many factors, including the viscosity of the fluid and the velocity at which it is pumped.”



Sentences introduced by “As” –‘As stated above’, ‘As shown in Fig. 2’, ‘As the discussion shows’, ‘As follows’, etc..

( http://www.computer.org/csdl/proceedings/kese/2009/3916/00/3916a098.pdf)

Now try your hand at translating some Technical English texts: 36

Product Data Sheet Version 2 (07 / 2014) Sikasil® WS-605 S High performance weatherproofing sealant Technical Product Data Chemical base

1-C silicone

Color (CQP1 001-1) Cure mechanism Cure type Density (uncured) (CQP 006-4) Non-sag properties (CQP 061-4 / ISO 7390) Application temperature

Various colors available2 Moisture-curing Neutral transparent / aluminum color 1.03 kg/l approx. all other colors 1.49 kg/l approx. < 2 mm approx. 5 - 40 °C (40 - 105 °F)

Skin time3 (CQP 019-2) Tack-free time3 (CQP 019-1) Curing speed (CQP 049-1) Shore A-hardness (CQP 023-1 / ISO 868)

25 min approx. 120 min approx. See diagram 1 20 approx.

Tensile strength (CQP 036-1 / ISO 37) Elongation at break (CQP 036-1 / ISO 37) Tear propagation resistance (CQP 045-1 / ISO 34)

1.0 N/mm2 approx. 800 % approx. 4.0 N/mm approx. 0.3 N/mm2 approx.  50 % 180 °C (355 °F) approx. 4 hours 200 °C (390 °F) approx. 1 hour 220 °C (430 °F) approx. -40 - 150 °C (-40 - 300 °F) 12 months

100% modulus (CQP 036-1 / ISO 37) Movement accommodation capability (ASTM C 719) Thermal resistance (CQP 513-1) Short term Service temperature Shelf life (storage below 25 °C) (CQP 016-1) 1)

CQP = Corporate Quality Procedure

Description

Sikasil® WS-605 S is a durable, neutral-curing silicone sealant with a high movement capability and excellent adhesion to a wide range of substrates. Sikasil® WS-605 S is manufactured in accordance with ISO 9001 / 14001 quality assurance system and the responsible care program

See “Specification Guide” for more details

Product Benefits

23 °C (73 °F) / 50 % r.h.

Areas of Application

- Meets requirements of ISO 11600 25 LM F & G, ASTM C 920 (class 50), ASTM C 1248, TTS00230C, TT-S001543A, DIN 18540, DIN 18545 (group E) - Outstanding UV and weathering resistance - Does not stain areas adjacent to the joint - Adheres well to glass, metals, coated / painted metals, plastics and wood - Provided with CE-mark according to EN 156511:2012, F EXT-INT CC 25LM, (F EXT-INT 25LM for transparent), EN 15651-2:2012, G CC 25LM, certified by Control Body 1119

Sikasil® WS-605 S can be used for weatherproofing and sealing applications where durability under severe conditions is required. It is particularly suited as a weather seal for structural glazing, curtain walling and windows.

This product is suitable for professional experienced users only. Tests with actual substrates and conditions have to be performed to ensure adhesion and material compatibility

Cure Mechanism Sikasil® WS-605 S cures by reaction with atmospheric moisture. The reaction thus starts at the surface and proceeds to the core of the joint. The curing speed depends on the relative humidity and the temperature (see diagram 1 below). Heating above 50 °C to speed-up the vulcanization is not advisable as it may lead to bubble formation. At low temperatures the water content of the air is lower and the curing reaction proceeds more slowly.

Method of Application Surface preparation Surfaces must be clean, dry and free from oil, grease and dust. Advice on specific applications and surface pretreatment methods is available from the Technical Department of Sika Industry. Application After suitable joint and

For

optimum

perfor-

Curin spe g ed

[m m]

mance the joint width needs to be 10 50°C designed according to the move35°C 23°C ment capability of the sealant 8 based on the actual expected 8°C 6 movement. The minimum joint depth is 6 mm and a width / depth 4 50°C / 95% r.h. ratio of 2:1 must be respected. For 35°C / 90% r.h. 2 backfilling it is recommended to 23°C / 50% r.h. 8°C / 30% r.h. use closed cell, sealant compatible 00 2 4 6 8 10 foam backer rods e.g. high resilTime [days] ience polyethylene foam rod. If Diagram 1: Curing speed 1C-Sikasil ® joints are too shallow for backing material to be employed, we Application Limits recommend using a polyethylene Most Sikasil® WS, FS, SG, IG, WT, tape. This acts as a release film AS and other engineering silicone (bond breaker), allowing the joint to sealants manufactured by Sika are move and the silicone to stretch compatible with each other and freely. with SikaGlaze® IG sealants. For For more information please conspecific information regarding tact the Technical Department of compatibility between various Sika Industry. Sikasil® and SikaGlaze® products please contact the Technical Tooling and finishing Department of Sika Industry. All Tooling and finishing must be other sealants have to be ap- carried out within the skin time of proved by Sika before using them the adhesive. in combination with Sikasil® WS- When tooling freshly applied ® 605 S. Where two or more different Sikasil WS-605 S press the adhereactive sealants are used, allow sive to the joint flanks to get a the first to cure completely before good wet ability of the bonding applying the next. surface. Do not use Sikasil ® WS-605 S on Removal pre-stressed polyacrylate and Uncured Sikasil® WS-605 S may polycarbonate elements as it may be removed from tools and equipcause environmental stress crackment with Sika® Remover-208 or ing (crazing). another suitable solvent. Once The compatibility of gaskets, cured, the material can only be backer rods and other accessory materials with Sikasil® WS-605 S removed mechanically. must be tested in advance. Joints deeper than 15 mm have to be avoided. The above information is offered for general guidance only. Advice on specific applications will be given on request.

Further Information Copies of the following publications are available on request: - Safety Data Sheet

substrate Packaging Information

preparation, Sikasil ® WS-605 S is gunned into place. Joints must be properly dimensioned as changes are no longer possible after construction.

Overpainting Sikasil® WS-605 S cannot be overpainted.

Cartridge 300 ml Unipack 600 ml Pail trans / other 18 / 26 kg Drum trans / other 195 / 280 kg Value Bases All technical data stated in this Product Data Sheet are based on laboratory tests. Actual measured data may vary due to circumstances beyond our control. Health and Safety Information For information and advice regarding transportation, handling, storage and disposal of chemical products, users shall refer to the actual Safety Data Sheets containing physical, ecological, toxicological and other safetyrelated data. Legal Notes

The information, and, in particular, the recommendations relating to the application and end-use of Sika products, are given in good faith based on Sika's current knowledge and experience of the products when properly stored, handled and applied under normal conditions in accordance with Sika's recommendations. In practice, the differences in materials, substrates and actual site conditions are such that no warranty in respect of merchantability or of fitness for a particular purpose, nor any liability arising out of any legal relationship whatsoever, can be inferred either from this information, or from any written recommendations, or from any other advice offered. The user of the product must test the product’s suitability for the intended application and purpose. Sika reserves the right to change the properties of its products. Hands and exposed skin should be The proprietary rights of third parties ® washed immediately using Sika must be observed. All orders are acHandclean towels or a suitable cepted subject to our current terms of industrial hand cleaner and water. sale and delivery. Users must always Do not use solvents! refer to the most recent issue of the local Product Data Sheet for the product concerned, copies of which will be supplied on request.

Fisa Tehnica Versiunea nr. 11 / 2006 Sikasil® FS-665 Sigilant cu clasificare la foc Informatii tehnice

Tip de intarire Densitate (neintarit) (CQP 006-4) Stabilitate mecanica (CQP 061-4 / ISO 7390) Temperatura de aplicare

Silicon monocomponent Gri, Negru La umiditatea armosferica Neutru 1,47 kg/l aprox. < 2 mm aprox. 5 - 40°C (41 - 104°F)

Timp de lucru2 (CQP 019-2) Timp de peliculizare2 (CQP 019-1) Viteza de intarire (CQP 049-1) Duritate Shore A (CQP 023-1 / ISO 868)

15 min aprox. 120 min aprox. Vezi fig. nr. 1 25 aprox.

Rezistenta la intindere (CQP 036-1 / ISO 37) Elongatia la rupere (CQP 036-1 / ISO 37) Rezistenta la forfecare (CQP 045-1 / ISO 34)

1,2 N/mm2 aprox. 700% aprox. 4 N/mm aprox.

Modul de elasticitate la 100% (CQP 036-1 / ISO 37) Capacitatea de deplasare a rostului (ASTM C 719) Rezistenta la temperatura (CQP 513-1) Termen scurt

0,4 N/mm2 aprox.  25% 180°C (356°F) aprox. 200°C (392°F) aprox. 220°C (428°F) aprox. -40 - 150°C aprox. (-40 - 302°F) 12 luni

Compozitie chimica Culoare (CQP1 001-1) Mecanism de intarire

termen lung 4 ore 1 ora

Temperatura de lucru Termen de garantie (depozitare la sub 25°C) (CQP 016-1) 1)

CQP = Procedura de Calitate Corporatista

Descriere Sikasil® FS-665 este un sigilant siliconic cu clasificare la foc, neutru, cu modul de elasticitate scazut, avand adeziune excelenta pe o diversitate de materiale poroase sau neporoase. Sikasil® FS-665 este fabricat in conformitatea cu standardele de calitate ISO 9001 si cu programul de responsabilitate sociala

23°C (73°F) / 50% u.r.

Beneficii - Clasificare la foc conform: EN 11925-2 / DIN 4102-B1; pana la 4 ore izolarea si intergritatea produsului (BS 476, partea 20) ISO - Indeplineste standardele 11600 25 LM F & G, ASTM C 920 (clasa 25), TT-S00230C, TTS001543A - Rezistenta deosebita la la intemperii si la radiatia UV.

Domenii de aplicare Sikasil® FS-665 este ideal pentru protejarea impotriva intemperiilor, a peretilor cortina si fatadelor unde este necesara protectia la foc. Se recomanda indeosebi pentru sigilarea rosturilor de expansiune, traselor de cablu si conducte la constructii cu specificatii pentru utilizarea sigilantilor cu clasificare la foc. Acest produs se recomanda a fi utilizat de pentru a se asigura o adeziune corespunzatoare si o compatibilitate intre materiale este necesara efectuarea de teste preliminare.

Mecanism de intarire Sikasil® FS-665 se intareste prin reactie cu umiditatea atmosferica. Reactia incepe de la suprafata catre interiorul cordonului de adeziv. Viteza de intarire depinde de umiditatea atmosferica si de temperatura (vezi graficul de mai jos). Temperatura de peste 50°C,

Metoda de aplicare Pregatirea suprafetelor Suprafetele trebuiesc curatate, uscate, fara urme de ulei, grasime sau praf. Recomandari cu privire la pretratarea substratului vor fi oferite de Departamentul Tehnic al Sika Industry.

care va accelera foarte mult viteza

Aplicare

de intarire a adezivului, nu este

Dupa

recomandata intrucat duce la formarea de goluri de aer in cordonul de adeziv. La temperaturi mai joase continutul de apa din aer este mai scazut si de aceea, reactia de intarire este mai lenta.

300 ml pregatirea substratului se va Cartus ® introduce Sikasil FS-665 intr-un Unipac 600 ml pistol de aplicare. Rosturile trebuiesc dimensionate corect Valori oferite Toate datele tehnice continute in intrucat nu pot fi facute modificari

dimensionarea

ulterioare

Vitez d a e intarire [mm]

50°C

35°C

obtiner ea

23°C

8 8°C

6 4

50°C / 95% r.h. 35°C / 90% r.h. 23°C / 50% r.h . 8°C / 30% r.h.

2 0 0

Timp[zile] Fig 1:Viteza de intarire a sigilantilor Sikasil®

monocomponenti

Limite de aplicare

Toti adezivii Sikasil® WS, FS, SG,

IG, WT precum si alti sigilanti si adezivi siliconici sunt compatibili unii cu altii. Sigilantii Sikasil® WS si FS sunt compatibili cu sigilantii SikaGlaze

IG. Orice alt sigilanti

trebuie sa fie testati de Sika inainte®

de a-i utiliza impreuna cu Sikasil FS-665. In situatia in care sunt utilizati doi sau mai multi sigilanti, permiteti primului sigilant sa se intareasca complet inainte de a-l aplica pe cel de-al doilea.

Nu utilizati adezivul Sikasil®FS-665

pe materiale din poliacrilat si policarbonat pre-tensionat deoarece pot aparea fisuri. Compatibilitatea garniturilor, fundului de rost si a altor accesorii care intra in contact cu Sikasil® FS-665 trebuie testata. Nu se recomanda realizarea de rosturi mai adanci de 15 mm.

rostului

constructiei.

Supravopsirea Sikasil® FS-665 supravopsit.

poate

Informatii suplimentare Urmatoarele documente sunt disponibile la cerere: - Fisa tehnica a produslui - Fisa de siguranta a produsului

si Ambalare

Pentru aceasta

fisa

tehnica

sunt

performantelor recomanda te in urm a testelor de

superioare rostul trebuie dimensionat avand in vedere deplasarea acestuia. Dimensiunea minima a rostului de 6 mm trebuie respectata, precum si raportul latime/adancime de 2:1. Clasificarea la foc se face in functie de dimensiunea rostului. Toate materialele auxiliare care vor fi utilizate pentru rost: cordoane de fund de rost cu celule inchise,cum ar fi spuma de polietilena, benzi ceramice sau vata minerala trebuie testate inainte de utilizare. Pentru mai multe informatii va rugam sa contactatii Departmentul Sika Industry. Aplicarea si Finisarea Finisarea trebuie facuta inainte ca adezivul sa peliculizeze. Atunci cand finisati Sikasil® FS-665 S presati adezivul pe marginea rostului pentru o mai buna adeziune pe suprafetele utile. Indepartarea resturilor de silicon

Sigilantul Sikasil® FS-665 neintarit

laborator. Valorile pot varia in functie de diversele circumstante. Transportul si manipularea Pentru informatii suplimentare cu privire la transportul si manipularea acestor produse chimice, va rugam

sa consultati cea mai recenta fisa de siguranta a produsului care contine datele fizice, toxice si ecologice, precum si alte date de siguranta.

Retineti: Datele care apar in aceasta fisa tehnica se bazeaza pe cunostintele si pe experientele noastre actuale. Acestea insa nu il absolva pe utilizator de propriile verificari si experimente datorita multitudinii de posibile influente in timpul utilizarii si aplicarii produselor noastre, ele reprezentand doar linii directoare generale. O asigurare obligatorie legala a anumitor proprietati sau aprobarea pentru un anumit scop practic nu poate fi exclusa. Eventuale drepturi de protectie ca si legile si hotararile in vigoare trebuiesc respectate de catre utilizator pe propria

poate fi indepartat de pe echipament cu Sika® Remover-208 raspundere. sau alta solutie pe baza de solvent corespunzatoare. Odata intarit, resturile de sigilant pot fi indepartate numai mecanic. Mainile si pielea care au intrat in contact cu sigilantul trebuie Sika® curatate cu n servetele

3.2. ENGLISH FOR BUSINESS AND ECONOMICS Business English is a variety of language very close to general English, but with a marked practical style. Business English expressions are highly targeted, thus requiring a very formal English style, a rigorous and concise language, without deliberately seeking expressions of artictic beauty. Compared with narrative texts, business documents do not use many modifiers, the key being to transmit the information effectively and clearly.

servicio.mercadolibre.com.do

Business English is used in a variety of international business communication situations, and it is imperative that good relations of cooperation are maintained, therefore it is necessary to ensure that the terms used are appropriate, being not be too colloquial, too informal. Thus, overly simplistic, colloquial prepositions and adverbs, such as because, about, if, like, for, such as will be replaced by prepositional phrases, such as on the grounds that, with reference to, in the event / case of, in the nature of, for the purpose of and so on. Here are some characteristics of Business English language: ď&#x201A;ˇ use of abbreviations, such as - A / C = Account (account) - Reps = sales reps (sales representative) - B2 = business to business (business to business ecommerce) - B / L = bill of landing (bill of lading) - L / C = Letter of credit (LC) - FAQ = fair average quality (good average quality) - Mt = metrication (tones)



 



CIF = cost, insurance & freight (price terms, refers to the price of the premium c ost plus transportation) - ETA = estimated time of arrival (pre-arrival period), and so on. precise, concise language characteristics,with particular attention to data accuracy and rigorous terms – limited to no use of rhetorical devices, which might lead to misunderstandings emphasis on the predicate, expressed by verbs in the active voice, so that the information is retained directly and correctly, facilitating a clear response terms of politeness. In oral communication, the interlocutors need to be aware of the other party’s cultural practices/background and address each other with deference. In the case of exchange of letters, polite terms are used as part of specific formulae, such as - “We shall appreciate your ... ... if ... we will be very grateful”, - “Please accept my sincere appreciation for ...”, - “Thank you in advance for ..”, - “We tender you our apologies for/ hereby apologize for …” business jargon/specialized vocabulary for example, the dynamic performance of macroeconomic terms includes "Gross National P roduct" (GNP gross national product), "GDP" (GDP gross domestic product)

Clearly, the Business English translator should understand well not only the source language and target language, but also have cultural knowledge of the customs of the nation, so as not to cause offense in any way. This is particularly relevant in the case of interpreting oral interaction, as the interpreter must have good knowledge of the country’s culture and customs, laws and regulations as well as of the various cultural expressions in order to establish a good ground for international relations. The translator must fully understand the specific business context, because the same commercial terms in different business contexts may have different meanings. The text must be translated accurately, or else the consequences might be damaging. Special care must be taken in the case of the translation of business contracts, although that is a grey area between Business English and Legal English.

Here is your chance to practice Business English translation: A. Squaring the circle - Making sense of asset prices GAMBLERS dream of achieving a trifecta: picking the first three horses, in the right order, in a given race. The payout is huge but so are the odds against success. The same could be said, in financial markets, of a strategy that backed equities, gold and government bonds. The three asset classes do not tend to perform well at the same time. Both gold and equities can be classed as inflation hedges but government bonds are hard hit by higher consumer prices. Both gold and government bonds could be bracketed as havens for risk-averse investors but equities are definitely classed as risky assets. The bet has paid off this year, however. According to Dhaval Joshi of RAB Capital, a fundmanagement firm, the three asset classes have all produced double-digit returns over the past three months. That has occurred only twice before in the past 50 years. So what can explain this odd combination? One possibility could be that investor opinion is divided, with those who fear deflation buying government bonds and those who fear inflation buying gold. But while opinion has veered away from believing in efficient markets, can they really be that inefficient? After all, the inflation camp should not just be buying gold, it should be shorting government bonds (ie, betting on a falling price). Either the deflationists or the inflationists should win the argument and force the other asset class into line. A more plausible version of this theory is that bond yields are being held down by central banks, which are buying their own governments' debt as part of quantitative-easing programmes. In other words the market is being distorted and yields do not reflect the views of private-sector investors. An alternative explanation is based on tolerance for risk. Last year stockmarkets fell and the dollar rose as risk-averse (often dollar-based) investors moved out of paper assets and into cash. Now investors realise the Depression will not be repeated. They are buying equities and selling the dollar again. Since gold is seen as an alternative currency, it tends to rise when the greenback falls. All this fundamental analysis may, however, be missing the point. The real reason why all three asset classes have been rising is simply down to liquidity. Low interest rates are driving investors out of cash and into anything that offers either the prospect of capital gain 43

or a yield that is higher than zero. Investors used to talk about a "Greenspan put" that supported the stockmarket. This time there is a "Bernanke put" supporting all asset prices. How long can this last? The authorities are inflating the value of "financial wealth" relative to "real wealth"â&#x20AC;&#x201D;goods, services and the businesses that produce them. Real wealth has undoubtedly taken a hit. Industrial production in most OECD countries is still showing a double-digit percentage decline year on year. A policy of bolstering asset prices can work for a while but eventually it leads to tensions and distortions. The problem could show up in the currency markets, where America has been getting a free ride, running a big fiscal deficit with zero interest rates and a depreciating currency. Other countries are feeling the pressure. Brazil is imposing a 2% tax on portfolio inflows in an effort to slow the real's rise. An adviser to the French president describes a rate of $1.50 to the euro as a "disaster". Another possibility is that the authorities see the market rally as evidence of success and withdraw their fiscal-stimulus packages too quickly. The shift is already under way in Europe. If the trifecta does break down, then the consensus favours government bonds as the asset class to suffer. But is that the right call? After all, 20 years into their crisis, and with gross government debt heading for 200% of GDP, Japanese bonds yield just 1.3%. Perhaps tenyear Treasury bond yields of 3.4% are reasonable after all. Headline inflation is still negative, so in real terms yields are strongly positive. In addition bond yields can be seen as the weighted average expectation for the future level of short rates. Since the Federal Reserve has made it clear that short rates will be kept low for a considerable period, that drags bond yields down. Market expectations for bond yields in five years' time are around 4.5%, within the range in which bonds traded for much of this decade. The only other times the three-way bet worked were back in the early 1980s. On each occasion when it broke down, the casualties were equities and the gold price as the economy slipped into a double-dip recession. It could happen again. (The Economist) http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-210239189.html)

B. Romania s-ar putea confrunta cu o criză a finanţării în luna noiembrie Din cauză că guvernul refuză să vândă titluri de stat la randamente mai mari de 7%, Romania s-ar putea confrunta cu o criză a finanţării în noiembrie, reiese dintr-o analiză a Reuters. Totuşi, ţara noastră nu va avea probleme în a gasi fondurile necesare în acest an, atât timp cât rămâne în relatii bune cu FMI, chiar dacă ar putea ajunge să plătească semnificativ mai mult. Romania trebuie să rostogolească datorii în valoare de şapte miliarde de lei, în moneda locala şi euro, în luna noiembrie, dar şi să acopere un deficit bugetar lunar de trei miliarde de lei. Dacă Ministerul Finanţelor continuă să se concentreze asupra emisiunilor cu maturităţi de până la şase luni, ar putea ajunge într-o situaţie financiară chiar mai dificilă, necesarul lunar de fonduri putând ajunge la opt miliarde de lei lunar la începutul lui 2011, de la 4-5 miliarde de lei în prezent, a afirmat Lars Christensen, analist la Danske Bank. (http://www.financiarul.com/articol_50787/romania-poate-ajunge-la-o-criza-a-finantarii-in-noiembrie.html)

C. Noi sancţiuni pentru statele europene care nu respectă disciplina fiscală Dupa 11 ore de negocieri, miniştrii de finanţe ai UE au ajuns la un acord privind cea mai ambiţioasă reformă a Pactului de stabilitate şi de creştere de la crearea monedei unice, în 1999. Concomitent, practic, Germania şi Franţa au gasit un compromis în privinţa sancţiunilor care vor fi aplicate în caz de indisciplină bugetară, astfel încât preşedintele Consiliului european, Herman Van Rompuy, să poată finaliza raportul său asupra guvernanţei economice. (http://www.financiarul.com/articol_52194/ministrii-de-finante-ai-ue-au-convenit-pachetul-de-sanctiunipentru-statele-care-nu-respecta-disciplina-fiscala.html)

5.3. LEGAL ENGLISH Legal language is a distinct language easy to some extent to those familiar with it, but extremely difficult for those who are unfamiliar with it, as it is characterised by specific terminology.  Terms of Latin and French origin: www.itpro.co.uk

One of many noticeable features of English legal lexicon is the existence of Latinisms (Latin terms) in its terminology. This is due to the incredible power of the Roman law, which was a coherent written system, and had strength of an institution over a considerable area of Europe. Here are some Latin phrases and words in common use: - Bona fide (good faith or in good faith) - Res judicata (an issue adjucated) - Bes nova ( a new thing; an undecided question of law) - Actus reus (guilty act) - Alibi (elsewhere; the fact or state of having been elsewhere when an offence was committed) Like in the case of Latinisms, the existence of legal French terms within English legal language is also apparent. After the Norman Conquest in 1066, the language of the invaders gained an undeniable position in the legal sphere of England, bringing with it a wealth of legal French terminology. As a case of illustration, the following terms are originally French: contract, proposal, schedule, terms, conditions, policy, alias, quash and so on.  Archaic terms Legal English lexicon is considerably made of archaic legal terms, as it has a high degree of formality. Some lawyers prefer to use antique terms instead of new ones. For example, they use ‘inquire’ rather than ‘ask’, ‘peruse’ instead of ‘read’, ‘forthwith’ as a substitution of ‘right away’ or ‘at once’ and so on. It is generally considered that the more conservative legal terms are, the safer a legal document will be. There exist also some archaic adverbs, they are actually a mixture of deictic elements: ‘here’ ‘there’ and ‘where’ with certain prepositions: of, after, by, under, as exemplified in the following contexts: - The parties hereto agree as follow. - Hereinafter referred to as wife. - The total rent for the term hereof is the sum of________.

Certain outdated terms and constructions are truly a handicap for better understanding, as they make legal language inaccessible for public readers. So, it is essential for translators to seek advice from lawyers when attempting to translate legal texts and to become familiar with legal texts in the Target Language.  Unusual use of the words ‘the same’, ‘such’ and ‘said’: Using such words in legal language is quite different from using them in ordinary one. The word ‘the same’ usually implies comparison to a similar object or person, but in legal use it refers to sameness of reference. For example: - The tenant shall pay all the taxes regularly levied and assessed against Premises and keep the same in repair. In this example, ‘the same’ refers to the word ‘Premises’. Also, the word ‘such’ means normally ‘that sort’ or ‘this sort’. Now, observe its use in a legal context: - We conclude that the trial court’s order constituted an abuse of discretion in the procedural posture of this case which compels us to set aside such order. Apparently, the phrase ‘such order’ signifies ‘this order’. So, here, such acts in the same way as the demonstrative pronoun ‘this’. Concerning the function of the word said in legal drafting, it is used as an article or a demonstrative pronoun, as in the following example: Lessee promises to pay a deposit. Said deposit shall accrue interest at a rate of five percent per annum. Here, the word ‘said’ could be substituted by the article ‘the’ or the demonstrative pronoun ‘this’ with no loss of meaning.  Frequent use of doublets There is common use of collocations in which synonyms or near - synonyms are combined in pair “doublets”. Such words can be either nouns, verbs, adjectives or even prepositions. For example: -

made and enter by and between lying and situated terms and conditions covenants and obligations 47

null and void in good order and repair represents and warrants any and all

 technical terminology A technical term is an unshared term used exclusively by a specific trade or profession. Alcaraz & Brian present a classification of technical vocabulary: purely technical terms and semi-technical terms. -

Purely technical terms: are those that are only applicable in the legal sphere and nowhere else. For example, decree, mortgage, sub-letting, deem, tenant, lease, hereinafter Semi-technical terms: words and phrases of this group belong to everyday lexicon but have gained extra-meaning in the legal context. Terms of this type are polysemic, their meaning depending highly on the context in which they occur. The following examples are terms of this type: assignment, maintenance, consideration, title.

So, it is recommended for translators to consult specialized dictionaries whenever something in the context alerts them to a usage distinct from standard or everyday usage. (http://www.translationdirectory.com/articles/article1763.php) Try translating the following sentences first: 1. Curtea de Justiţie rezolvă cazuri litigioase în Europa. 2. Dreptul european devine din ce în ce mai operant datorită acestei Curţi de Justiţie. 3. Toţi membri CEE respectă judecăţile curţii începând din 1957. 4. În timp ce Anglia prelungea momentul aplicării deciziei Curţii cu privire la importurile de lapte, francezii se impacientau din ce în ce mai tare. 5. În timp ce Franţa încerca să urmeze politica protecţionistă cu privire la importurile de carne de oaie din Marea Britanie, mulţi detractori considerau că – Curtea ar fi trebuit să impună sancţiuni. 6. Tribunalul Primei Instanţe, care va trata cazurile minore, nu există decât de câteva luni. 7. Guvernele verifică deja legislaţia europeană şi sunt suspicioase cu privire la modul de scrutin. 8. La începutul anilor 80 Curtea îşi exagera puterile dar devenea mai prudentă sub preşedinţia unui judecător scoţian între 1984 şi 1988. 9. Parlamentul va vota luna viitoare amendamentele la Actul din 1987. 10. Până în anul 2000 Curtea de Justiţie va trata cea mai mare parte a cazurilor litigioase importante din Europa. Now try your hand at a full document: 48

5.4. MEDICAL ENGLISH Without a doubt, over the last decades English has become the language par excellence of the medical science, displacing other languages, such as French or German. Medical language is a special language used by experts. One of its characteristics is writing research papers in English. The writing, therefore, has to be clear, precise, exact and objective. One problem is the use of specific expressions for introducing a research, presenting results and methods used, developing discussion and stating conclusions. Here are some features of Medical English, as highlighted by Lucía Ruiz Rosendo: www.profmed.ro  Acronyms Medical language is no exception to specialized languages as to the abusive use of acronyms. They are most difficult to translate, especially in those cases when the original meaning of the acronym has been forgotten, as in laser, which comes from the term light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation. The phenomena of linguistic economy are more used in some medicine branches, especially in endocrinology, immunology or virology. Some examples are: - ADP (adenosi diphosphate) - ECG (electrocardiogram) - VD (respiratory dead space) - DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) - ACD (absolute cardiac dullness) - WBC (white blood count) One problem with translating acronyms is that an acronym can be interpreted in a different way depending on the doctor’s speciality or the lack of international equivalence. One example is ME, which may have a multitude of meanings in different medical branches, ranging from Macular Edema, Meningoencephalitis to Myalgic encephalomyelitis and many others.  Passive Voice As in most ESP variants, Medical English uses Passive Voice structures a lot in order to emphasise the action over the doer, especially when reporting results of research or study: The samples obtained from 16 randomly selected patients, monitored for up to 5 years, were studied by qualitative and semiquantitative rt-pcr-nah and by real-time rt-pc r to detect the hcv rna positive strand  Gerund forms . Evidence supporting a possible role for BKV in human cancer has accumulated slowly in recent years The incidence and risk factors of malignancy were studied in 187 consecutive liver transplant recipients surviving more than 3 months 51

ď&#x201A;ˇ Compound nouns There is a clear preference in Medical English for the union by hyphens of affixes and nouns in order to create compounds, in examples such as: - Anti-endothelial, Anti-inflammatory - Colorectal cancer - Radioresistance - Cephalgia (from the affix cefal, which means head) - Osteoarticular system (from the affix ost, which means bones) - Nephrologist (from the affix nephr,which means kidney). English has a peculiarity in that for a great deal of terms it has an erudite Greco-Latin term and a more popular name which is more common. The origin of term-coupling can be found in English medical language history. Popular medical languages have always existed in the oral tradition in the regions absorbed by the Roman Empire. When it fell, Latin continued to be the only language for scientific communication all over Western Europe, which was exclusive in religious schools, but doctors communicated with people through vernacular English. Consequently, English has two terms for a concept: the erudite word (from a Greek or Latin root) and the vernacular one. See coagulation (erudite) cicatrization (erudite) lordosis (erudite), myopia (erudite),

clotting (popular) scarring (popular hollow back, saddle back (popular) shortsightedness (popular)

ď&#x201A;ˇ Foreign words, borrowings and calques There is an infinite list of Anglicisms in most other languages in terms of Medical jargon, which are commonly used because of their concision and brevity: test, shock, stress, screening are a few examples of words widely adopted in many other languages instead of being translated. (http://www.trans.uma.es/pdf/Trans_12/t12_231-246_LRuiz.pdf)

Now try translating some medical texts: A. Gastritis Gastritis is an inflammation of the lining of the stomach, and has many possible causes. The main acute causes are excessive alcohol consumption or prolonged use of nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (also known as NSAIDs) such as aspirin or ibuprofen. Sometimes gastritis develops after major surgery, traumatic injury, burns, or severe infections. Gastritis may also occur in those who have had weight loss surgery resulting in the banding or reconstruction of the digestive tract. Chronic causes are infection with bacteria, primarily Helicobacter pylori. Certain 52

diseases, such as pernicious anemia, chronic bile reflux, stress and certain autoimmune disorders can cause gastritis as well. The most common symptom is abdominal upset or pain. Other symptoms are indigestion, abdominal bloating, nausea, and vomiting. Some may have a feeling of fullness or burning in the upper abdomen. A gastroscopy, blood test, complete blood count test, or a stool test may be used to diagnose gastritis. Treatment includes taking antacids or other medicines, such as proton pump inhibitors or antibiotics, and avoiding hot or spicy foods. For those with pernicious anemia, B12 injections are given. Symptoms Many people with gastritis experience no symptoms at all. However, upper central abdominal pain is the most common symptom; the pain may be dull, vague, burning, aching, gnawing, sore, or sharp. Pain is usually located in the upper central portion of the abdomen, but it may occur anywhere from the upper left portion of the abdomen around to the back. Other signs and symptoms may include:       

Nausea Vomiting (if present, may be clear, green or yellow, blood-streaked, or completely bloody, depending on the severity of the stomach inflammation) Belching (if present, usually does not relieve the pain much) Bloating Feeling full after only a few bites of food Loss of appetite Unexplained weight loss

Diagnosis Often, a diagnosis can be made based on the patient's description of his or her symptoms, but other methods may be used to verify: 

   

Blood tests: o Blood cell count o Presence of H. pylori o Pregnancy o Liver, kidney, gallbladder, or pancreas functions Urinalysis Stool sample, to look for blood in the stool X-rays ECGs 53

 

Endoscopy, to check for stomach lining inflammation and mucous erosion Stomach biopsy, to test for gastritis and other conditions

Treatment Over-the-counter antacids in liquid or tablet form are a common treatment for mild gastritis. Antacids neutralize stomach acid and can provide fast pain relief. When antacids don't provide enough relief, medications such as cimetidine, ranitidine, nizatidine or famotidine that help reduce the amount of acid the stomach produces are often prescribed. An even more effective way to limit stomach acid production is to shut down the acid "pumps" within acid-secreting stomach cells. Proton pump inhibitors reduce acid by blocking the action of these small pumps. This class of medications includes omeprazole, lansoprazole, rabeprazole, and esomeprazole. Proton pump inhibitors also appear to inhibit H. pylori activity. Cytoprotective agents are designed to help protect the tissues that line the stomach and small intestine. They include the medications sucralfate and misoprostol. If NSAIDs are being taken regularly, one of these medications to protect the stomach may also be taken. Another cytoprotective agent is bismuth subsalicylate. In addition to protecting the lining of stomach and intestines, bismuth preparations appear to inhibit H. pylori activity as well. Several regimens are used to treat H. pylori infection. Most use a combination of two antibiotics and a proton pump inhibitor. Sometimes bismuth is also added to the regimen. The antibiotic aids in destroying the bacteria, and the acid blocker or proton pump inhibitor relieves pain and nausea, heals inflammation, and may increase the antibiotic's effectiveness. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gastritis) B. Apendicita – cauze, simptome, tratament Apendicita este cea mai frecventă urgenţă chirurgicală abdominală, şi constă în inflamaţia apendicelui. Această afecţiune apare frecvent la vârste cuprinse între 10 şi 30 de ani, dar poate fi posibilă la orice vârstă, fiind cunoscute şi cazuri cu manifestări particulare la bolnavii vârstnici. Odata pornit procesul inflamator al apendicelui, acesta nu poate fi stopat medicamentos, tratamentul acestei afecţiuni fiind de natură chirurgicală. Cu cât se intervine mai rapede, cu atât suferinta pacientului este mai redusă şi intervenţia mai usor de realizat, cu complicaţii cât mai reduse. Cauza acestei afecţiuni poate fi, în multe dintre situaţii, obstrucţia cavităţii organului din cauza unei proliferări limfatice stimulate bacterian sau din cauza unui mic corp străin (sâmburi, seminţe). Aceasta provoacă o creştere a presiunii din interiorul organului, o tulburare a circulaţiei sângelui

din pereţii organului şi inflamaţia acestuia ce poate evolua în lipsa tratamentului corespunzător până la perforaţie (peritonita). Simptomele clasice includ: - durere surdă aproape de centrul sau partea superioara a abdomenului ce devine mai apoi ascuţită şi se deplasează spre partea din dreapta jos a abdomenului. Acesta este, de obicei, primul semn; - pierderea apetitului; - greaţă şi/sau vărsături imediat după ce încep durerile abdominale; - umflarea abdomenului; - febră nu foarte ridicată; - durere surdă sau ascuţită oriunde în partea superioara sau inferioară a abdomenului, spatelui sau în zona rectului; - urinări dureroase; - crampe severe; - constipaţie sau diaree. Tratamentul standard al apendicitei este chirurgical şi constă în operaţia numită apendicectomie. Înaintea operaţiei sunt administrate antibiotice care ajută organismul să lupte împotriva peritonitei. În general, se face anestezie generală, iar apendicele este eliminat printr-o incizie de câţiva centimetri sau prin laparoscopie. În termen de 12 ore de la intervenţie pacientul se poate ridica şi deplasa. De obicei, revine la activităţile normale după doua sau trei săptămâni. În cazul în care intervenţia se face cu ajutorul laparoscopiei, incizia este mai mică, iar timpul de recupereare mai scurt. (http://www.csid.ro/health/sanatate/apendicita-cauze-simptome-tratament-3825721/)

Unit 6. LITERARY TRANSLATION “Writers make national literature, while translators make universal literature.” (José Saramago) Literary translation is an art involving the transposing and interpreting of creative works such as novels, short prose, poetry, drama, comic strips, and film scripts from one language and culture into another. It bridges the delicate emotional connections between cultures and languages and furthers the understanding of human beings across national borders. In the act of literary translation the soul of another culture becomes transparent, and the translator recreates the refined sensibilities of foreign countries and their people through the linguistic, musical, rhythmic, and visual possibilities of the new language. Without literary translation, human thought and art would be devoid of the souls of great minds.

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Read the list of tips on How to Translate Literary Works by Jacob De Camillis et al and fill in the blanks with the words given below:

research perfect intimate practice

risks avid education master

1. Become an ________ and ________ reader in each of your languages. Translating creative works requires the ability to read between the lines. You have to love reading in the genre(s) you're translating and be both intimate with the writer and the nuances of language, culture, thought, and message. If, for instance, you translate prose you have to read as many prose poems as possible, in both the SL and the TL to grasp the styles, the subtleties, the contexts, and soul of prose poetry. 56

2. ________ your writing skills in your mother tongue. Most literary translators translate exclusively into their mother tongue, the language within which they best express themselves. To translate a book, you have to write a book, and this is a skill that has to be developed and perfected. 3. Get an ________. Academic institutions worldwide offer courses in literary and academic translation. Literary translation specifically is often offered through creative writing programs. 4. ________ the writer and work you are translating. In order to interpret what youâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;re reading, you have to know everything about the person behind the words. 5. Know the ________ behind what youâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;re translating. The translation of books has sparked revolutions and wars. Know your audience and choose your texts carefully. 6. Remember that no translation is ________. The minute you begin to render your first sentence, the original is already lost in translation. It is your job not to find an equivalent, but rather reconstruct the original, as though it was written in the target language. Cultural concepts, shades of meaning and even history can and will be lost. 7. ________, ________, ________ (same word repeated). Find yourself a comfortable place and know that you can only get better by working hard and maintaining a regular schedule. (http://www.wikihow.com/Translate-Literary-Works) 6.1. Prose Many people think that the translation of literary works is one of the highest forms of rendition because it is more than simply the translation of text. A literary translator must also be skilled enough to translate feelings, cultural nuances, humour and other delicate elements of a piece of work. In fact, the translators do not translate meanings, but the messages. That is why the text must be considered in its totality. jessicasthing.wordpress.com

Translation is a challenging activity and there are few difficulties that emerge throughout the translation process since every language portrays the world in diverse way and has its own grammar structure, grammar rules and syntax variance. For example, Greek has separate words for ‘light blue’ and ‘dark blue’, while other languages, such as Welsh and Japanese, have words that can denote ‘blue’ or ‘green’, or something in between. The narrative style is particularly important, as it it this style that distinguishes authors from one another, and missing this element in translation might be detrimental. Figures of style pose the biggest problem, because they do not have clear equivalents in the TL, and therefore require recreation. According to Md. Ziaul Haque, a translator must adhere to the following principles: 1. a great understanding of the language, written and verbal, from which he is translating i.e. the source language; 2. an excellent control of the language into which he is translating i.e. the target language; 3. awareness of the subject matter of the book being translated; 4. a deep knowledge of the etymological and idiomatic correlates between the two languages; 5. a delicate common sense of when to metaphrase or ‘translate literally’ and when to paraphrase, in order to guarantee exact rather than fake equivalents between the source- and target-language texts. The relationship between the original text and the re-created text (aka the translation) is best illustrated in the figure made by Md. Ziaul Haque, with reference to how the original text is deconstructed in order to be re-constructed.

(http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ijel.v2n6p97) 58

Explain the chart above in your own words.

Read the six rules for the translation of prose put forth by Hillaire Belloc (1930) and then rewrite each of them in your own words in the form of a short TO DO list: 1. The translator should avoid translating his work word by word or sentence by sentence, but should instead tackle the work as an overall unit and keep in mind the whole sense of the work when carrying out his translation. 2. The translator should translate the S.L. idiom by an equivalent T.L. idiom which will naturally differ in form e.g.: The Greek exclamation 'By the dog' if translated literally into English would seem comic, and should therefore be translated as ' By God'. S.L grammatical systems should also be rendered by their equivalent T.L. grammatical systems. (e.g. English Present Perfect will be translated as Perfect Compus or Prezent into Romanian 3. An S.L. intention should be rendered into an equivalent T.L. intention; and as the weight that a given S.L. expression may have is often different from the weight of its counterpart in the T.L. ( stronger or weaker) if translated literally, the translator might find it necessary to add words to make up for the difference. 4. The translator should avoid the pitfall of similar words in different languages (false friends â&#x20AC;&#x201C; see eventually, accommodation etc) 5. The translator should not be slavish to the S.L. text since languages differ in form; he should bring about such changes that he thinks to be necessary for the reproduction of the equivalent effect in the T.L. 6. The translator should not add elements that are not in the S.L. )faculty.ksu.edu.sa/.../Literary%20Translation/.../The%20Translation%20)

Now try your hand at translating some excerpts from celebrated Romanian and English novels: A. A Farewell to Arms, Ernest Hemingway Ernest Miller Hemingway (1899 â&#x20AC;&#x201C;1961) was an American author and journalist. His economical and understated style had a strong influence on 20th-century fiction, while his life of adventure and his public image influenced later generations. Hemingway won the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1954 and many of his works are considered classics of American literature. A Farewell to Arms is a novel written by Ernest Hemingway set during the Italian campaign of World War I. The book, published in 1929, is a first-person account of American Frederic Henry, serving as a Lieutenant in the ambulance corps of the Italian Army and his love affair with a nurse, set against the backdrop 59

of the First World War, cynical soldiers, fighting and the displacement of populations. The book became his first best-seller, and is described by biographer Michael Reynolds as "the premier American war novel from that debacle World War I.â&#x20AC;?

Here is an excerpt for you to translate: In the late summer of that year we lived in a house in a village that looked across the river and the plain to the mountains. In the bed of the river there were pebbles and boulders, dry and white in the sun, and the water was clear and swiftly moving and blue in the channels. Troops went by the house and down the road and the dust they raised powdered the leaves of the trees. Thetrunks of the trees too were dusty and the leaves fell early that year and we saw the troops marching along the road and the dust rising and leaves, stirred by the breeze, falling and the soldiers marching and afterward the road bare and white except for the leaves. The plain was rich with crops; there were many orchards of fruit trees and beyond the plain the mountains were brown and bare. There was fighting in the mountains and at night we could see the flashes from the artillery. In the dark it was like summer lightning, but the nights were cool and there was not the feeling of a storm coming. Sometimes in the dark we heard the troops marching under the window and guns going past pulled by motortractors. There was much traffic at night and many mules on the roads with boxes of ammunition on each side of their pack-saddles and gray motor-trucks that carried men, and other trucks with loads covered with canvas that moved slower in the traffic. There were big guns too that passed in the day drawn by tractors, the long barrels of the guns covered with green branches and green leafy branches and vines laid over the tractors. To the north we could look across a valley and see a forest of chestnut trees and behind it another mountain on this side of the river. There was fighting for that mountain too, but it was not successful, and in the fall when the rains came the leaves all fell from the chestnut trees and the branches were bare and the trunks black with rain. The vineyards were thin and barebranched too and all the country wet and brown and dead with the autumn. There were mists over the river and clouds on the mountain and the trucks splashed mud on the road and the troops were muddy and wet in their capes; their rifles were wet and under their capes the two leather cartridge-boxes on the front of the belts, gray leather boxes heavy with the packs of clips of thin, long 6.5 mm. cartridges, bulged forward under the capes so that the men, passing on the road, marched as though they were six months gone with child. B. The Moorâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Last Sigh, Salman Rushdie Sir Ahmed Salman Rushdie (born 1947) is a British novelist and essayist. Much of his fiction is set on the Indian subcontinent. He is said to combine magical realism with historical fiction; his work is concerned with the many connections, 60

disruptions and migrations between East and West. In June 2007 Queen Elizabeth II knighted him for his services to literature. In 2008, The Times ranked him 13th on its list of the fifty greatest British writers since 1945. The Moor's Last Sigh is the fifth novel by Salman Rushdie, published in 1995. It is set in the Indian cities of Bombay and Cochin. The title is taken from the story of Boabdil (Abu Abdullah Muhammed), the last Moorish king of Granada. The Moor's Last Sigh traces four generations of the narrator's family and the ultimate effects upon the narrator.

Here is an excerpt for you to translate: 'Your art-shart, Francisco,' she told her husband venomously, 'it will blindofy me with ugliness.' But he was immune to her poisons. 'Old beauty is not enough,' he told her. 'Old palaces, old behaviour, old gods. These days the world is full of questions, and there are new ways to be beautiful.' Francisco was hero material from the day he was born, destined for questions and quests, as ill-at-ease with domesticity as Quixote. He was handsome as sin but twice as virtuous, and on the coir-matting cricket-pitches of the time he proved, when young, a devilish slow left arm tweaker and elegant number four bat. At college he was the most brilliant student physicist of his year, but was orphaned early and chose, after much reflection, to forgo the academic life, do his duty, and enter the family business. He grew up, becoming an adept of the age-old da Gama art turning spice and nuts into gold. He could smell money on the wind, could sniff the weather and tell you if it was bringing in profit or loss; but he was also a philanthropist, funding orphanages, opening free health clinics, building schools for the villages lining the back-waterways, setting up institutes researching coco-palm blight, initiating elephant conservation schemes in the mountains beyond his spice-fields, and sponsoring annual contests at the time of the Onam flower festival to find and crown the finest oral storytellers in the region: so free with his philanthropy, in fact, that Epifania was driven to wailing (uselessly): 'And then, when funds are frittered, and children are cap-in-hand? Then can we eatofy your thisthing, your anthropology?’

C. Maitreyi, Mircea Eliade Am avut o noapte sălbatecă. De cum am rămas singur (umblasem mult pe străzi, fumând în neştire şi căutând tot mahalalele indigene, a căror larmă şi forfot, şi limbă îmi aminteau de zilele mele cu Maitreyi) şi m-am dezbrăcat, chinul, pe care oboseala îl 61

adormise oarecum, mă năvăli iar, de data aceasta fără să-i mai pot întâmpina nici o rezistenţă. Zadarnic muşcam perna, zadarnic mă loveam să nu ţip. Spuneam într-una: "Maitreyi, Maitreyi, Mai-treyi"... până ce nu mai înţelegeam nimic din acest nume de fată, sunetele lui nu-mi mai evocau nimic şi rămâneam năuc, cu faţa între perne, fără să ştiu ce s-a întâmplat cu mine, ce s-a rupt înlăuntrul meu, ce se petrece. Gândurile îmi alergau de la un fapt la altul fără nici o legătură, revedeam Tamlukul, Sadyia, alte nenumărate locuri, pe care le cunoscusem, fără să înţeleg nimic. Îmi era numai spaimă să mă gândesc la orice îmi putea evoca figura Maitreyiei în seara despărţirii sau glasul d-lui Sen spunându-mi: "Good-bye, Allan!, sau privirile d-nei Sen stăruind: "Ia-ţi ceaiul!"'... De câte ori scenele acestea încercau să reînvie în minte, mă zbăteam. Îl auzeam pe Harold cum sforăie, din odaia cealaltă, auzeam la răstimpuri ceasul de la biserica protestantă cum numără în noapte. Ca să mă liniştesc, mă gândeam la moarte. Să mă înec în Gange şi să afle Sen cât de curat o iubeam pe Maitreyi. A doua zi, ziarele ar fi vorbit de acest tânăr european, sinucis fără motiv, prins în marginea oraşului de barcagiii care se întorc scara. Maitreyi ar fi leşinat auzind, d-na Sen s-ar fi căit, căci ar fi înţeles şi ea atunci cât de sincer, de total, o iubisem pe Maitreyi. Gândul morţii era singura alinare. Intârziam cu voluptate asupra fiecărei imagini, asupra fiecărui gest: cum scriu scrisoarea d-lui Sen, cum mă îndrept spre pod şi acolo plâng puţin, dar numai puţin, câteva lacrimi, şi apoi, pe balustradă, privesc în jos cum curg apele galbene, cu mâl mult, ameţesc şi gata...Reluam filmul, mereu de la început. Aşa am adormit în zori. D. Viaţa ca o pradă, Marin Preda Aventura conştiinţei mele a început într-o zi de iarnă când o anumită întâmplare m-a făcut să înţeleg deodată că exist. Era multă lume în casă, fiinţe mari, aşezate în cerc pe scaune mici şi care se uitau la mine cu priviri de recunoaştere, dar parcă îmi spuneau cu ostilitate, te vedem, eşti de-al nostru, dar ce faci? Atunci am auzit o voce: "Lăsaţi-l în pace! Na, mă, şi pe-asta!" Şi cel ce rostise aceste cuvinte a luat de undeva de pe sobă o pâine mare şi rotundă şi mi-a întins-o. Atunci mi-am dat seama că ţineam strâns ceva în braţe, tot o pâine, şi că asta era cauza privirilor rele îndreptate asupra mea. Pusesem mâna pe pâinea de pe masă care era a tuturor şi nu mai vroiam să dau la nimeni din ea. Iar acel om, 62

de care ascultau toţi, în loc să mi-o ia cu forţa, cum furioşi se pare că vroiau ceilalţi, făcându-mă să scot răcnete, îmi mai dăduse una: "Ia-o, mă, şi pe-asta!" Parcă m-am trezit dintr-un somn. M-am uitat la toţi liniştit şi am pus cuminte pâinea din braţe pe masă. Nimeni nu mai m-a luat după aceea în seamă, au început să rupă din ea şi să mănânce. Din această întâmplare ar reieşi că instinctele de acaparare m-au dus departe de viaţă, ceea ce nu s-a dovedit. Totuşi aventurile vieţii noastre sunt ale conştiinţei, deşi viaţa ei adevărată nu e niciodată liberă de instincte şi nu o data e neputincioasă în faţa lor, în rău, dar şi în bine. N-aş putea să spun cui datorez faptul că deşi am fost dat la şcoală la opt ani, cu scopul mărturisit de tatăl meu să învăţ doar sa mă iscălesc şi pe urmă, asemeni fraţilor mei mai mari, să ar pământul şi să cresc vite, totuşi întreaga familie a renunţat mai pe urmă la această idee. Fiindcă în primul an abia am trecut clasa, deşi m-am trezit cu uimire citind. 6.2. Poetry The difficulty of translating poetry is twofold: the words and the meaning on the one hand, the flow and rhythm (or rhyme) on the other. If many translations are rather bad, that is because the translator knows his or her own language too poorly. According to the definition of Robert Frost, “Poetry is what gets lost in translation.” This statement could be considered as a truthful one to a certain extent because there is no one-to-one equivalent when comparing two languages. Even if the translators obtain a profound knowledge in the source language (SL) they would not be able to create a replica of the original text. What should be preserved when translating poetry are the emotions, the invisible message of the poet, the uniqueness of the style in order to obtain the same effect in the target language as it is in the source. Poetry by its very nature is untranslatable. Ideas can be translated from language to language, but poetry is the idea touched with the magic of phrase and incantatory music. The words and meaning embody certain issues related to the images, similes, metaphors, culturespecific words, phrasal verbs, idioms, punned expressions, enjambment and grammar of both the TL text and the SL text. According to Ezra Pound, “an ‘image’ is that which presents an intellectual and emotional complex in an instant of time.” This is a great challenge for a translator, as s/he has to put the same sensory effect in the translated form as well.

Another problem in translating poems is regarding the figures of style, which create analogies between things or ideas. Some such figures of style (metaphors, similes, puns) are highly-culture bound, and when the cultures are very different, it is often difficult to find equivalent lexical items. Flow and rhythm cause another problem in translation. As the rhyme, rhythm, alliteration, assonance, consonance, etc, produce musicality in any poem, hence their existence becomes important. But most of the time it is observed that these musical elements, that are the beauty of the poems, are somewhat lost in translation. The translator should balance where the beauty of a poem really lies. If the beauty lies more in the sounds rather than in the meaning (semantic), the translator cannot ignore the sound factor. Words or expressions that contain culturally bound word(s) create certain problems. The translator may find the cultural equivalent word of the SL or, if s/he cannot find one, neutralize or generalize the SL word to result in â&#x20AC;&#x153;functional equivalentsâ&#x20AC;?. Sometimes a translator provides a generic or super ordinate term for a TL word and the result in the TL is called classifier. And when the translator just supplies the near TL equivalent for the SL word, s/he uses synonymy. (http://www.academia.edu/1496072/Problems_in_Translating_Poetry_Some_Structural_Textural_and_Cultural_Issue#) A. The Road Not Taken, Robert Frost Two roads diverged in a yellow wood, And sorry I could not travel both And be one traveler, long I stood And looked down one as far as I could To where it bent in the undergrowth; Then took the other, as just as fair, And having perhaps the better claim, Because it was grassy and wanted wear; Though as for that the passing there Had worn them really about the same, And both that morning equally lay In leaves no step had trodden black. Oh, I kept the first for another day! Yet knowing how way leads on to way, I doubted if I should ever come back. www.kongress-weiterbildung.de

I shall be telling this with a sigh Somewhere ages and ages hence: Two roads diverged in a wood, and I— I took the one less traveled by, And that has made all the difference. B. If I Can Stop One Heart from Breaking, Emily Dickinson If I can stop one heart from breaking, I shall not live in vain; If I can ease one life the aching, Or cool one pain, Or help one fainting robin Unto his nest again, I shall not live in vain.

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C. Pastel, George Bacovia - Adio, pică frunza Şi-i galbenă ca tine, Adio, nu mai plânge, Şi uită-mă pe mine. Şi s-a pornit iubita Şi s-a pierdut în zare Iar eu în golul toamnei Chemam în aiurare... -Mai stai de mă alintă Cu mâna ta cea mică, Şi spune-mi de ce-i toamnă Şi frunza de ce pïcă...

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D. Îţi aduci aminte plaja, Ana Blandiana Îţi aduci aminte plaja Acoperită cu cioburi amare Pe care Nu puteam merge desculţi? Felul în care Te uitai la mare Şi spuneai că m-asculţi? Îţi aminteşti Pescăruşii isterici Rotindu-se-n dangătul Clopotelor unor nevăzute biserici Cu hramuri de peşti, Felul în care Te îndepărtai alergând Înspre mare Şi-mi strigai că ai nevoie De depărtare Ca să mă priveşti? Ninsoarea Se stingea Amestecată cu păsări În apă, Cu o aproape bucuroasă disperare Priveam Urmele tălpilor tale pe mare Şi marea Se-nchidea ca o pleoapă Peste ochiul în care-aşteptam.

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Unit 7. TRANSLATING VS INTERPRETING "All meanings, we know, depend on the key of interpretation" (George Eliot) The key difference between translation and interpretation lies within the choice of communication channel. Simply put, translation deals with written communication, while interpreting is all about the spoken word.

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Translators work on written documents, including books, essays, legal documents, medical records, websites, instruction manuals, subtitles for film or TV, or any other form of information in written form. Interpreters, on the other hand, are involved in projects that require live translation; for example conferences and business meetings, medical appointments and legal proceedings Both translators and interpreters have a deep linguistic and cultural knowledge of their working languages, as well as the ability to communicate clearly and succinctly. It is, however, important to highlight the distinctive features of these two professions. Translators generally work from their home computers, and tend to specialize in a particular field. Good translators have excellent writing skills and are usually perfectionists by nature, paying particular attention to the style of the source documents, as well as to the accuracy and significance of the terms used within their translations. The key skill of a good translator is the ability to write well and express oneself clearly in the target language. That is why professional translators almost always work in only one direction, translating only into their native language. Even bilingual individuals rarely can express themselves in a given subject equally well in two languages, and many excellent translators are far from being bilingual. The key skills of the translator are the ability to understand the source language and the culture of the country where the text originated, and, using a good library of dictionaries and reference materials, render that material into the target language. Unlike translators, interpreters do not provide a word-for-word translation; instead, they transpose spoken messages from one language into another, instantly and accurately. Interpreters work in real-time situations, in direct contact with both the speaker and the audience. They rely primarily on their linguistic expertise acquired through training and experience - a sentence in one language may be rendered an entirely different way in another. Good interpreters are endowed with very quick 67

reflexes, as well as a good memory and speaking voice. An interpreter is often more than an ondemand translator, however - they also act as a facilitator between speaker and listener, both linguistically and diplomatically. An interpreter has to be able to translate in both directions, without the use of any dictionaries, on the spot. (http://www.translationcentral.com/translation_vs_interpretation.php)

In spite of the vast differences in the skills of translators and interpreters, besides deep knowledge of both languages, it is crucial that they also understand the subject matter of the text or speech they are translating. Translation and interpretation are not a matter of substituting words in one language for words in another. It is a matter of understanding the thought expressed in one language and then explaining it using the resources and cultural nuances of another language. (http://www.notatranslators.org/whatsthedifference.aspx)

Using the information above, try to sum up the specific skills and responsibilities of the translator and interpreter: The translator

The interpreter

How Interpretation Works Itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s not uncommon for people to think that interpretation is a word-for-word translation of spoken words. However, if this were the case, the end result would be an unintelligible mess of words to the target audience. www.movetocatch.nl

Interpreters must rephrase as needed to properly convey the concepts a speaker presents to the listening audience. Even if you only speak English, you can better understand how challenging interpretation is by trying this: paraphrase someoneâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s speech, with a half-sentence delay, while making sure you also understand and can paraphrase the next sentence. There are five types of interpretation: 1. Simultaneous: The interpreter sits in a booth, listens to the spoken content through headphones, and speaks the translated words into a microphone. As soon as the interpreter understands the general meaning of the sentence, he or she begins the interpretation. In simultaneous interpreting, the interpreter can't start interpreting until s/he understands the general europenow.gr meaning of the sentence. Depending on where the subject and the verb are located in the sentence, the interpreter may not be able to utter a single word until s/he heard the very end of the sentence in the source language. This should make it evident how hard the task of the interpreter really is: s/he needs to translate the sentence into the target language while simultaneously listening to and comprehending the next sentence. The task is so demanding that interpreters work in pairs and must switch off every 20 minutes or so to prevent mental fatigue 2. Consecutive: The speaker stops frequently, typically every one to five minutes, to allow the interpreter to render what was said into the target language. The speakerâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s pauses come at the end of a paragraph or topic. While waiting, the interpreter sits or stands beside the speaker, listening and taking notes as the speaker progresses through the message. www.adverbia.cl 3. Whispered: The interpreter sits or stands next to a small target-language in bia.cl audience and whispers a simultaneous interpretation. This method is generally used only when a few audience members do not speak the source language. 4. Relay: A source-language interpreter expresses the message to a group of interpreters who have a language in common and each speaks another language as well. In turn, these interpreters convey the message to their respective target interpreting.info audiences. For example, a German speech is first interpreted n bia.cl 69

English to a group of interpreters, and is then interpreted by each into French, Japanese, Spanish, and Italian. 5. Liaison: An interpreter translates into and out of the source and target languages as a conversation takes place. This is typically used for small, informal situations such as meetings. Here is a list of the qualities of an effective interpreter: - Familiar with the general subject of the spoken language that is to be interpreted. - Intimately familiar with the cultures of both the original language and the target language. - Extensive vocabulary in the original language and the target language. - Expresses thoughts clearly and accurately in the target language. Excellent note-taking skills (when consecutive interpreting). Quick decision making skills (generally there is no time to assess which variant is best).

www.danavalencia.com bia.cl

To conclude, it must be stressed that translators and interpreters are not interchangeable, as the skills and tasks required are different for the two jobs. Interpretation is used at live, in-person events, such as in courtrooms, police stations, hospitals, and government forums, while translation typically only involves a translator and a computer. www.expertrans.com bia.cl

(http://blog.lionbridge.com/travelhospitality/files/2012/07/Lionbridge-FAQ-Interp-vs-Translation.pdf)

Unit 8. UNTRANSLATABILITY "Translation

is one of the few human activities in which the impossible occurs by principle.” (Mariano Antolín Rato)

The notion of equivalence is closely connected to another aspect that has puzzled theoreticians and linguists for a long time: that of untranslatability. Von Humboldt's words exemplify this concept: “All translation seems to me simply an attempt to solve an impossible task. Every translator is doomed to be done in by one of two stumbling blocks: he will either stay too close to the original, at the cost of taste and the language of his nation, or he will adhere too closely to the characteristics peculiar to his nation, at the cost of the original. The medium between the two is not only difficult, but downright impossible”. This hypothesis was elaborated, through the 1930's and 1940's, into a theory according to which the fact that each linguistic community has its own perception of the world, which differs from that of other linguistic communities, implies the existence of different worlds determined by language. However, seen from a more moderate point of view, the hypothesis helps explain the existence of certain “gaps” between languages which may seem to make translation impossible at times. Catford distinguished between two types of untranslatability:  Linguistic untranslatability: failure to find a TL equivalent is due entirely to differences between the source language and the target language. Some examples of this type of untranslatability would be ambiguity, plays on words, etc.  Cultural untranslatability arises when a situational feature, functionally relevant for the SL text, is completely absent from the culture of which the TL is a part (for instance, the names of some institutions, clothes, foods and abstract concepts, amongst others) What seems undeniable is that some texts are more easily translatable than others. In general, it can be asserted that a text with an aesthetic function will contain elements which will make its reproduction in a different language difficult, whereas a text with a merely informative function will be easier to translate. A practical approach to translation must accept that, since not everything that appears in the source text can be reproduced in the target text, an evaluation of potential losses has to be carried out in order to be able to make an informed and responsible decision. And since translation is a 71

communicative event involving the use of verbal signs, the chance of untranslatability in practical translating tasks may be minimized if the communicative situation is taken into account. Huffington Post have narrowed down a list of untranslatable vocabulary items to just a handful, illustrating 11 of those wonderful, untranslatable, if slightly elusive, words. 1 | German: Waldeinsamkeit A feeling of solitude, being alone in the woods and a connectedness to nature. Ralph Waldo Emerson even wrote a whole poem about it.

2 | Italian: Culaccino The mark left on a table by a cold glass. Who knew condensation could sound so poetic?

3 | Inuit: Iktsuarpok The feeling of anticipation that leads you to go outside and check if anyone is coming, and probably also indicates an element of impatience.

4 | Japanese: Komorebi This is the word the Japanese have for when sunlight filters through the trees -- the interplay between the light and the leaves.

5 | Russian: Pochemuchka Someone who asks a lot of questions. In fact, probably too many questions. We all know a few of these.

6 | Spanish: Sobremesa Spaniards tend to be a sociable bunch, and this word describes the period of time after a meal when you have food-induced conversations with the people you have shared the meal with.

7 | Indonesian: Jayus Their slang for someone who tells a joke so badly, that is so unfunny you cannot help but laugh out loud.

8 | Hawaiian: Pana Poʻo You know when you forget where you've put the keys, and you scratch your head because it somehow seems to help your remember? This is the word for it.

9 | French: Dépaysement The feeling that comes from not being in one's home country -of being a foreigner, or an immigrant, of being somewhat displaced from your origin.

10 | Urdu: Goya Urdu is the national language of Pakistan, but is also an official language in 5 of the Indian states. This particular Urdu word conveys a contemplative 'as-if' that nonetheless feels like reality, and describes the suspension of disbelief that can occur, often through good storytelling. 11 | Swedish: Mångata The word for the glimmering, roadlike reflection that the moon creates on water. (http://www.huffingtonpost.com/ella-frances-sanders/11-untranslatable-wordsf_b_3817711.html)

Here are 10 English words that are hard to translate: 1. PIMP – the transitive verb which roughly means ‘to decorate’ or ‘to gussy up’. This verb was made popular by TV shows like “Pimp My Ride’. Although this term wants to pay homage to hip-hop culture and its connection to street culture, it has now entered common and even mainstream commercial use. 2. AUTO-TUNED – this adjective describes a ‘singer’ whose off-key inaccuracies and out-oftune mistakes have been digitally disguised so that it appears to perform perfectly. 3. TRADE-OFF – this term describes a situation in which one must lose some quality in exchange for another quality. It involves a decision in which a person fully understands the advantages and disadvantages of each choice. 4. SPAM – the use of electronic messaging systems to send unsolicited bulk messages indiscriminately. No other language has a single, non-derivative word for this concept. In fact, the word spam itself is in common use in most languages as a loanword. Spam is, of course, also a term for canned meat. 5. BROMANCE - here is a retro-term that is no longer in common use. Coined in the 90’s, this term describes a very intimate but non-sexual relationship between two (or more) men. In many cultures, including American, bromance is mistaken for homosexuality and therefore no other culture has coined a term to describe this unusual relationship. Although the word can be described in most languages, no language other than English has a word for it. 6. FACEPALM – this popular term decribes nteh gesture of slapping the palm of one’s hand to the face, in a show of exasperation. The term is commonly used in the English language but, surprisingly, no other language seems to have an original term for this fairly common act. 7. KITSCH – kitsch defines any art that is considered an inferior copy of an existing style. The term is also used in a more free manner when referring to any art that is pretentious, outdated or in bad taste. With the single exception of German (from where it comes to English), the term is untranslatable in any language. 74

8. GOBBLEDYGOOK – the word is defines as any text containing jargon, or especially convoluted English, that results in it being excessively hard to understand, or even incomprehensible. The term was coined in 1944, by former US Representative Maury Maverick. 9. SERENDIPITY – serendipity is any discovery that is unexpected, yet unfortunate. You can also call it lucky find, coincidence or accident. The word has been voted as one of the 10 English words that were hardest to translate in June 2004, by a British translation company. However, due to its sociological use, the word has been exported into many other languages. 10. GOOGLY - a googly (a term in the game of cricket) is a type of delivery bowled by a right-arm leg spin bowler. The googly is a major weapon in the arsenal of a leg spin bowler, and can be one of the bowler’s most effective wicket-taking balls. It is used infrequently, because its effectiveness comes mostly from its surprise value. The term is so exclusive to the English language that the Wikipedia article about it is not available in any other language. If it were to be translated into a language like, perhaps, Spanish, the word would come out like “tiro de cricket curvado hecho por un tirador con la derecha”, or curved cricket shot made by a bowler with its right hand. (http://listverse.com/2011/07/13/10-hard-to-translate-english-words/) Did you know?  Finnish has over 40 different words for snow  there is no specific verb that means “to have” in Hewbrew, Arabic, Finnish or Irish  Chinese has no tenses per se, only three "aspects“  concepts like brother, sister, grandmother and grandfather don't really exist in Chinese, where they are always more specific: the words for brother and sister always specify whether it is the older or younger sibling, and the words for a specific grandparent specify whether it is the paternal or maternal one  in Pormpuraaw, a remote Aboriginal community in Australia, the indigenous languages don't use terms like "left" and "right." Instead, everything is talked about in terms of absolute cardinal directions (north, south, east, west), which means you say things like, "There's an ant on your southwest leg." To say hello in Pormpuraaw, one asks, "Where are you going?", and an appropriate response might be, "A long way to the south-southwest. How about you?" If you don't know which way is which, you literally can't get past hello  languages also shape how we understand causality. For example, English likes to describe events in terms of agents doing things. English speakers tend to say things like "John broke 75

the vase" even for accidents. Speakers of Spanish or Japanese would be more likely to say "the vase broke itself." One special category of text that might be hard to translate due to the cultural implications are proverbs. Here is a list of English proverbs. Read through it and tick the ones that have a clear correspondent in Romanian. Then try to find the Romanian correspondent for the ones which cannot be translated so easily:                          

 

A bird in the hand is worth two in the bush A dog is a man's best friend A drowning man will clutch at a straw A fish always rots from the head down A friend in need is a friend indeed A leopard cannot change its spots A miss is as good as a mile A penny saved is a penny earned A picture paints a thousand words A place for everything and everything in its place A rolling stone gathers no moss A stitch in time saves nine A woman's work is never done Absence makes the heart grow fonder All that glisters is not gold All's well that ends well An apple a day keeps the doctor away An eye for an eye, a tooth for a tooth As you make your bed, so you must lie upon it As you sow so shall you reap Beauty is in the eye of the beholder Beggars should not be choosers Better late than never Better safe than sorry Beware of Greeks bearing gifts Birds of a feather flock together

               



Blood is thicker than water Do unto others as you would have them do to you Don't bite the hand that feeds you Don't count your chickens before they are hatched Don't put all your eggs in one basket Don't put the cart before the horse Don't put new wine into old bottles Don't throw the baby out with the bathwater Early to bed and early to rise, makes a man healthy, wealthy and wise Every cloud has a silver lining First come, first served Fish always stink from the head down Forewarned is forearmed Give a man a fish and you will feed him for a day... Give a man enough rope and he will hang himself Haste makes waste He who pays the piper calls the tune If the mountain won't come to Mohammed, then Mohammed must go to the mountain If you can't stand the heat get out of the kitchen

                          

  

If you lie down with dogs, you will get up with fleas In the kingdom of the blind the one eyed man is king It never rains but it pours It's no use crying over spilt milk It's the early bird that catches the worm Let sleeping dogs lie Look before you leap Love of money is the root of all evil Love is blind Love makes the world go round Make hay while the sun shines Many hands make light work Never judge a book by its cover Never look a gift horse in the mouth No man is an island Once bitten, twice shy One hand washes the other One swallow does not make a summer Out of sight, out of mind Penny wise and pound foolish People who live in glass houses shouldn't throw stones Practice makes perfect Seek and ye shall find Set a thief to catch a thief Still waters run deep Strike while the iron is hot Talk of the Devil, and he is bound to appear

                 

The apple never falls far from the tree The customer is always right The darkest hour is just before the dawn The grass is always greener on the other side of the fence The more the merrier The pen is mightier than sword The proof of the pudding is in the eating The road to hell is paved with good intentions The shoemaker's son always goes barefoot The squeaking wheel gets the grease There are none so blind as those, that will not see There's no smoke without fire Time and tide wait for no man To every thing there is a season To the victor go the spoils Too many cooks spoil the broth Two heads are better than one When the cat's away the mice will play When the going gets tough, the tough get going You can lead a horse to water, but you can't make it drink You can't have your cake and eat it

Here’s a useful set of links for resources any translator could/should use: Bilingual General Dictionaries     

http://www.ro-en.ro/ http://www.ectaco.co.uk/Romanian-English-Dictionary/ http://www.dictionare.com/english/dictionaries.htm http://www.dictionarromanenglez.ro http://hallo.ro/

Bilingual Specific Dictionaries    

http://www.dictionaronline.ro/dictionar_tehnic_roman_englez.aspx http://dictionar.netflash.ro/roman-englez/ http://www.scribd.com/doc/4628423/English-Romanian-technical-dictionary http://www.scribd.com/doc/26181189/Dictionar-Economic-Roman-Englez-Roman

English Dictionaries - General and specific      

http://www.wordsmyth.net/ http://www.thefreedictionary.com/ http://www.translegal.com/legal-english-dictionary http://www.techterms.com/technical.php http://www.investorwords.com/ http://www.investopedia.com/

Thesaurus   

http://thesaurus.com/ http://dictionary.reference.com/ http://www.visualthesaurus.com/

One last look at a translatorâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s job:

http://www.proz.com/ 79

SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY Bouharaoui, Adil (2008) “Some lexical features of English legal language”. Translation Directory. Retrieved June 20, 2015 from <http://www.translationdirectory.com/articles/article1763.php> Brooks, Chad (updated 2013) “Lost in Translation: 8 International Marketing Fails”. Business News Daily. Retrieved June 20, 2015 from <http://www.businessnewsdaily.com/5241international-marketing-fails.html> Catford, John C. (1965) A Linguistic Theory of Translation: an Essay on Applied Linguistics, London: Oxford University Press. De Camillis, Jacob et al. “How to Translate Literary Works”. Wikihow. Retrieved June 20, 2015 from <http://www.wikihow.com/Translate-Literary-Works> Frendo, Evan. (2005) How to Teach Business English. Edinburgh: Pearson Education Limited. Jakobson, Roman (1959) “On Linguistic Aspects of Translation”, in R. A. Brower (ed.) On Translation, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, pp. 232-39. Larson, Mildred L. (1998). Meaning-based translation: A guide to cross-language equivalence. Lanham, MD: University Press of America and Summer Institute of Linguistics. Martinez, Kevin (2011) “Ten Hard to Translate English Words” Listverse. Retrieved June 20, 2015 from <http://listverse.com/2011/07/13/10-hard-to-translate-english-words/> Newmark, Peter (1995) A Textbook of Translation. Hertfordshire: Phoenix Nida, Eugene A. and Taber C.R. (1969 / 1982) The Theory and Practice of Translation, Leiden: E. J. Brill. Ramsey, E. Michele “Using Language Well”. Public Speaking Project. Retrieved June 20, 2015 from <http://www.publicspeakingproject.org/PDF%20Files/Language%20Web%201.pdf> Rosendo, Lucía Ruiz (2008) “English and Spanish Medical Languages: A Comparative Study from a Translation Point of View”. Trans. Revista de traductología 12, 2008. Retrieved June 20, 2015 from <http://www.trans.uma.es/pdf/Trans_12/t12_231-246_LRuiz.pdf> Sanders, Ella Frances (2013) “11 Untranslatable Words from Other Cultures”. Huffpost Arts&Culture. Retrieved June 20, 2015 from http://www.huffingtonpost.com/ellafrances-sanders/11-untranslatable-wordsf_b_3817711.html Singh, Varsha. “Problems in Translation Poetry: Some Structural, Textural and Cultural Issue”. Academia.edu. retrieved June 20, 2015 from <http://www.academia.edu/1496072/Problems_in_Translating_Poetry_Some_Structural_ Textural_and_Cultural_Issue#> Tianmin, Jiang (2006) “Translation in Context”. Translation Journal, 10 (2). Retrieved June 20, 2015 from <http://translationjournal.net/journal/36context.htm > Vinay, J.P. and Darbelnet J. (1995) Comparative Stylistics of French and English: a Methodology for Translation, translated by J. C. Sager and M. J. Hamel, Amsterdam / Philadelphia: John Benjamins

Wei, Jianfeng and Qingdong Wang, Shibo Xing (2009) “Analysis of Linguistic Features of English for Science and Technology” KESE, 2009, Pacific-Asia Conference on Knowledge Engineering and Software Engineering. Retrieved June 20, 2015 from <http://www.computer.org/csdl/proceedings/kese/2009/3916/00/3916a098.pdf> Haque, Ziaul (2012) “Translating Literary Prose: Problems and Solutions”. International Journal of English Linguistics Vol2, No 60 (2012). Retrieved June 20, 2015 from <http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ijel.v2n6p97> Belloc, Hillaire (1930))faculty.ksu.edu.sa/.../Literary%20Translation/.../The%20Translation%20) *** “Translation vs. Interpretation”. Translation Central. Retrieved June 20, 2015 from <http://www.translationcentral.com/translation_vs_interpretation.php> *** “The Difference Between Interpreting and Translation”. Northeast Ohio Translator's Association. Retrieved June 20, 2015 from <http://www.notatranslators.org/whatsthedifference.aspx> *** “What’s the Difference Between Interpretation and Translation?” Lionbridge 2012. Retrieved June 20, 2015 from <http://blog.lionbridge.com/travelhospitality/files/2012/07/Lionbridge-FAQ-Interp-vsTranslation.pdf>

SOURCES FOR TEXTS TO TRANSLATE “Juvenes Translatores” Competition texts “Tourists can do their bit”. Juvenes Translatores Archive 2007. Retrieved June 20, 2015 from < http://ec.europa.eu/translatores/archive/2007_files/en_english.pdf> “Uniunea Europeană și instituțiile sale – cu adevărat aproape de cetățeni”. Juvenes Translatores Archive 2007. Retrieved June 20, 2015 <http://ec.europa.eu/translatores/archive/2009_files/ro_romanian.pdf>

The media *** “Cum să te integrezi într-un grup nou”. Cosmopolitan. 12 aprilie 2010. Retrieved June 20, 2015 from < http://www.cosmopolitan.ro/tu-cu-tine/cum-sa-te-integrezi-intr-un-grup-nou1762665> Vary, Adam B “Facebook 'Places': Forever exposing just how boring our lives really are”. Entertainment Weekly. August18, 2010. Retrieved June 20, 2015 from <http://popwatch.ew.com/2010/08/18/facebook-launches-new-places-feature/> *** “Praga – o capital care îţi lărgeşte orizontul”. Cosmopolitan. 18 august 2010. Retrieved June 20, 2015 from http://www.cosmopolitan.ro/cosmo-fun/praga-o-capitala-care-iti-largesteorizontul-1764143 81

Gentilviso, Chris “Speed Plating – the New Dine-and-Dash Dating”. Time. August 18, 2010. Retrieved June 20, 2015 from <http://www.time.com/time/nation/article/0,8599,2011668,00.html#ixzz0x2l71PoG> Walker, Shaun “Russia will recognise outcome of Ukraine poll, says Vladimir Putin”. The Guardian. 23 May 2014. Retrieved June 20, 2015 from <http://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/may/23/russia-ukraine-vote-vladimir-putinpresident> *** “Un primar spaniol prezintă scuze după ce a fost acuzat de rasism de către imigranţi români”. Jurnalul.ro. 24 mai 2014. Retrieved June 20, 2015 from http://jurnalul.ro/stiri/externe/un-primar-spaniol-prezinta-scuze-dupa-ce-a-fost-acuzatde-rasism-de-catre-imigrantiromani- 668917.html# *** “Seful Pentagonului soseşte în România”. Jurnalul.ro. 24 mai 2014. Retrieved June 20, 2015 from <http://jurnalul.ro/stiri/observator/seful-pentagonului-soseste-in-romania668914.html#> Speeches “The Gettysburg Address” Abraham Lincoln Online 2015. Retrieved June 20, 2015 from <http://www.abrahamlincolnonline.org/lincoln/speeches/gettysburg.htm> King, Martin Luther Jr. “I Have a Dream”. American Rhetoric. Retrieved June 20, 2015 from < http://www.americanrhetoric.com/speeches/mlkihaveadream.htm> *** “Inima României – discurs din 1915 al lui Nicolae Titulescu”.Cutia cu vechituri a lu’ Potra. 24 ianuarie 2012. Retrieved June 20, 2015 from <https://cutiacuvechituri.wordpress.com/2012/01/24/inima-romaniei-discurs-din-1915-allui-nicolae-titulescu/>

Slogans *** “Advertising Slogan Hall of Fame”. Adslogans. Retrieved June 20, 2015 from <http://www.adslogans.co.uk/> *** “Advertising Slogans”. Wikiquote. Retrieved June 20, 2015 from < https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Advertising_slogans> *** “Advertising Slogans”. Wikiquote. Retrieved June 20, 2015 from <http://www.tvacres.com/advertising_slogans.htm> ESP texts *** Sikasil® WS-605 S High performance weatherproofing sealant Product Data Sheet Version 2 (07 / 2014). Retrieved June 5, 2015 from <ses.sika.com/dms/getdocument.get/.../pds_Sikasil_WS-605_S_e.pdf> *** Sikasil® FS-665 Sigilant cu clasificare la foc Fisa Tehnica Versiunea nr. 11 / 2006. Retrieved June 5, 2015 from <rou.sika.com/.../FT%20Sikasil%20FS%20665.pdf> *** “Squaring the Circle; Buttonwood”. Highbean Research. October 24, 2009. Retrieved June 20, 2015 from <http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-210239189.html> 82

*** “Regulamentul (CE) nr 1512/2007 al Comisiei din 19 decembrie 2007”. Lege5.ro. Retrieved June 20, 2015 from http://lege5.ro/Gratuit/gi3tmnruhe/regulamentul-nr-1512-2007privind-eliberarea-de-licente-de-import-pentru-cererile-depuse-in-cursul-primelor-saptezile-ale-lunii-decembrie-2007-in-cadrul-contingentului-tarifar-deschis-prin-regulament *** “Council Regulation (EC) No 1560/2007 of 17 December 2007”. Eur-lex. Retrieved June 20, 2007 from < http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=celex:32007R1560> “Gastritis”. wikipedia. Retrieved June 20, 2015 from <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gastritis> “Apendicita. Cauze, simptome, tratament”. csid.ro. Retrieved June 20, 2015 from <http://www.csid.ro/health/sanatate/apendicita-cauze-simptome-tratament-3825721/> Literary texts Hemingway, Ernest (1929) A Farewell to Arms. New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons. Retrieved June 20, 2015 from https://archive.org/stream/farewelltoarms01hemi/farewelltoarms01hemi_djvu.txt Rushdie, Salman (1997) The Moor’s Last Sigh. New York: Penguin Random House Eliade, Mircea. Maitrey. Retrieved June 20, 2015 from < http://cartevorbita.ro/carti/mirceaeliade-maytrei.pdf> Preda, Marin. Viaţa ca o pradă. Retrieved June 20, 2015 from < http://carti-onlinegratuite.blogspot.ro/2013/06/viata-ca-o-prada-de-marin-preda.html> Frost, Robert. “The Road Not Taken”. Poetry foundation. Retrieved June 20, 2015 from < http://www.poetryfoundation.org/poem/173536> Dickinson, Emily (1924) Complete Poems. Bartelby.com. Retrieved June 20, 2015 from http://www.bartleby.com/113/1006.html Bacovia, George. Pastel. Retrieved June 20, 2015 from http://www.poezie.ro/index.php/poetry/158532/Pastel Blandiana, Ana. Iţi aduci aminte plaja. Retrieved June 20, 2015 from < http://poeziisiversuri.com/ana-blandiana/iti-aduci-aminte-plaja/>

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