Annual Report 11-12 by CRC CARE

annual report 2011/2012 A safer, cleaner environmental future Established and supported under the Australian Governmentâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Cooperative Research Centres Programme

A safer, cleaner environmental future

CRC CARE is a partnership of organisations dedicated to developing new ways of dealing with and preventing contamination of soil, water and air including solid and liquid waste management. Our aim is to focus Australia’s foremost expertise and resources on this issue and to develop close links with research partners at the cutting edge in this field around the world.

Our goals • Solutions for industry To develop cost-effective and commercially sustainable solutions and technologies within regulatory and policy frameworks for the identification and remediation of contamination problems of key importance to Australia and the Asia-Pacific region • High quality research To deliver research quality that positions CRC CARE as a national centre of excellence with international standing and reputation, ensuring our outcomes are recognised and utilised globally • Develop the business To lead the development of a new export industry in environmental risk assessment and remediation through the delivery of solutions and technologies, and support their implementation with training programs that develop and improve the environmental management skills of the industry’s labour force • Deliver public benefits To ensure the effective adoption of our solutions and technologies, leading to health, environmental and economic benefits to the Australian public through reduced exposure to toxic contaminants and improved amenity of our cities as a result of cost-effective remediation/management of urban land • Capacity building Through university and short-term training, educate a generation of researchers and practitioners highly skilled at solving and preventing the problems of contamination, solid and liquid waste management and create employment opportunities in the industry for these specialists.

photo credits Cover and adjacent photos © Volker Birke: Professor Volker Birke, who works in environmental chemistry at the University of Ostfalia in Germany, has been actively involved with CRC CARE since 2008. His photos, such as those on the front cover (taken near Port Willunga, South Australia) and adjacent, highlight the beauty of natural environments that are increasingly threatened by contamination. page 51: Richard Gemec page 34: Michal Ochman (www.flickr.com/photos/michoch/4451407425)

ISSN 2201-1722

contents

Executive summary................................................................................................2 Chairman’s foreword............................................................................................2 Managing Director’s report..................................................................................3 1.1 Achievements.......................................................................................................3 1.2 Risks and impediments.......................................................................................5 1.3 End-user environment..........................................................................................5 1.4 Outcomes............................................................................................................5 1.5 Impacts................................................................................................................5 1.6 Conclusion...........................................................................................................6

02 Governance and management..........................................................................8 2.1. Governance – Board, committees and key staff.................................................8 2.1.1. The CRC CARE Board.............................................................................9 2.1.2. Board profiles........................................................................................11 2.1.3. Board committees.................................................................................14 2.1.4. Non-Board committees.........................................................................17 2.1.5. CRC staff................................................................................................18 2.2. Participants........................................................................................................19 2.3. Financial management......................................................................................20 2.4. Communications................................................................................................20 2.4.1. Industry and research stakeholders......................................................20 2.4.2. Communicating with the public.............................................................21 2.4.3. Policy communication............................................................................23 2.4.4. Internal communication.........................................................................23 2.5. Intellectual property management.....................................................................23 03 Performance against activities......................................................................26 3.1. Progress against the key challenges/outcomes...............................................26 3.2. Research............................................................................................................26 3.2.1. Research programs...............................................................................26 3.2.2. National Contaminated Sites Demonstration Program.........................32 3.3. Utilisation and commercialisation......................................................................38 3.3.1. CRC CARE patents................................................................................38 3.3.2. Knowledge and technology transfer.....................................................40 3.3.3. CRC CARE’s contribution to the public good.......................................40 3.4. Education and training.......................................................................................40 3.4.1. Education...............................................................................................40 3.4.2. Training (via ARIC).................................................................................44 3.5. Small-to-medium enterprise engagement.........................................................45 3.6. Collaboration......................................................................................................46 3.6.1. International links...................................................................................46 04 Other activities......................................................................................................48 05 Additional requirements....................................................................................50 06 Glossary of terms..................................................................................................52 07 Publications............................................................................................................54 08

Financial report.....................................................................................................68 Report of the Board of Directors..................................................................................69 Auditor’s Independence Declaration............................................................................71 Concise Audited Financial Statements 2010-11..........................................................72 Board of Directors’ Declaration....................................................................................77 Independent Auditor’s Report......................................................................................78

CRC CARE partners...............................................................................................................80

annual report 2011/2012

executive 01 summary Chairman’s foreword As the Cooperative Research Centre for Contamination Assessment and Remediation of the Environment (CRC CARE) progresses into its second term, it has been pleasing to observe the steady flow of scientific and technical advances, fruitful industry partnerships and sound advice that is helping to reshape the national remediation landscape. Despite some difficulties in securing the necessary funding from both public and private sources, described herein, it is gratifying to note that the CRC remains on track to meet all of its milestones. In so doing it is contributing materially to a more sustainable, more prosperous and safer Australia. In addition to a wide range of impressive scientific and technical advances, I wish to draw attention to the notable record of the Centre in respect of its relations with industry in the past year: • the National Contaminated Sites Demonstration Program continues to be an excellent vehicle in Australia for demonstrating and translating science into a real-world industry setting • partnerships with other countries such as China, Germany, USA, Italy, India, South Korea and Bangladesh continue to flourish and to achieve global advances in remediation • the Australian Remediation Industry Cluster, along with the Centre’s publications and media work, is establishing a sound channel for the transmission of new science and technology to industry

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• besides training future scientists, the Centre’s education program each year trains hundreds of contamination experts in industry, helping to build and disseminate professional skills in this field across Australia • CRC CARE continues to host CleanUp – the premier global conference for industry and science on contamination and remediation issues. On behalf of the Board I can report that the CRC is operating within its budget and that its governance arrangements are working well. The Board would like to express its appreciation to Managing Director Professor Ravi Naidu and his dynamic and committed team of scientists, managers, partners and staff for their accomplishments to date. We wish them well for the challenging work that lies ahead in a world where contamination issues multiply by the year.

Russell Caplan Chairman, CRC CARE

Managing Director’s report In 2010, CRC CARE’s funding was extended by the Commonwealth Government for a further nine years. The new Centre, CRC CARE II, began operations on 1 July of this financial year, effecting a smooth transition from the old CRC. Its central focus is on developing a national framework and harmonising regulations for environmental assessment and remediation, as well as developing and delivering new remediation and prevention technologies to industry. With 25 partners, the new CRC reflects the growing awareness of the significance of contamination to industry, to our environment, to human health and to the planet generally – and of the very considerable opportunities now emerging for Australia to act as a world scientific leader in overcoming it.

1.1 Achievements Our scientific and technical achievements for the year 2011–12 included the following: • Improved – and world-leading – technology for remediating aqueous film-forming foams (AFFF) used universally in fire fighting, and diffusion of this technology to Department of defence (DoD) sites. • A new biotechnology for remediating hydrocarboncontaminated sites. • Developed, and filed for a patent for, our advanced multi-sensor probe for the detection and measurement of contamination. • A novel ‘hanging drop’ air toxics exposure system for measuring the effects of inhalation exposure to contaminants.

• New and innovative acid sulfate soils remediation technology implemented at East Trinity, Queensland, has diminished acidity by more than 90%, for just 3% of the estimated cost of using conventional means. • Several new technologies for cleaning up contaminated groundwater in partnership with DoD. • A new technique for capping and cleansing old urban landfill sites and mine dumps was successfully trialled in South Australia (SA). • CRC CARE’s recommendations on Health Screening Levels (HSLs) for petroleum hydrocarbon contamination have been delivered to the National Environment Protection Council for inclusion in revised national policy measures. • A novel bioslurry remediation technology has been successfully developed in partnership with BHP Billiton Iron Ore Pty Ltd (BHPBIO). • A new CARE tool (rankCARETM) for ranking and prioritising contaminated sites according to risk potential has been delivered to a commercial partner for trials. • Progress along the path to a nationally harmonised remediation framework to complement the National Environment Protection (Assessment of Site Contamination) Measure (NEPM), which delivers guidance for assessment of site contamination. • Novel microbes and microalgae isolated and characterised for cleansing contaminated wastes and wastewaters, and developed and demonstrated a laboratory-scale microbial fuel cell technology for remediating groundwater contaminated with petroleum hydrocarbons. • Developed a new technique to convert solid industrial wastes into a porous adsorbent material for removal of heavy-metal contaminants from wastewater streams, and progressed activated carbon and hydrous ferric oxide filter media techniques to remove dissolved organic carbon and turbidity from stormwaters.

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• Laser-radar (lidar) technology used to examine dust concentration levels and plume behaviour under a range of meteorological conditions at Port Hedland, Australia’s largest iron ore export port, and has also been deployed to help develop the world’s largest wind farm at Lake Turkana, Kenya. Among the Centre’s noteworthy professional achievements in 2011–12 were: • CRC CARE scientists contributed to advancing human knowledge in the field of contamination and remediation by publishing more than 90 journal articles during the year. • Thirty new research projects were approved and almost all have now commenced, and 39 doctoral researchers have been recruited to work in them. • Ten PhDs were completed at the CRC in 2011–12. CRC CARE now has 36 PhD graduates with a further 19 expected in the next 18 months. • More than 500 delegates from around the world and across Australia attended a highly successful CleanUp 2011 conference hosted by the CRC in Adelaide in September. This comprised the 6th International Workshop on Chemical Bioavailability in the Terrestrial Environment and the 4th International Contaminated Site Remediation Conference. • The CRC trained more than 750 environmental managers from industry at short courses conducted during the year. • Dr Shaobin Wang of the CRC and Curtin University was a recipient of one of the prestigious 2012 Thomson Reuters Citation & Innovation Awards for his work in environmental applications of nanotechnology. • Professor Nanthi Bolan was elected a Fellow of the Soil Science Society of America.

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Our noteworthy activities in the field of governance, staff and other matters included: • Mr Russell Caplan, former Chair of Shell Australia, took over as the new Chairman of the CRC CARE Board of Directors. • The new Board is slightly smaller, with 9 members (down from 10) chosen on the basis of their skills, and including increased financial expertise. • Seth Laurenson (University of South Australia) received a PhD Excellence Award in the category of Environmental Science as part of the SA Government’s Science Excellence Awards. • The CRC received extensive worldwide and national media publicity for its work with HLM Asia Ltd and Huazhong University of Science and Technology into novel ways to produce clean energy, fertiliser and other by-products from the contaminated waste stream of China’s 700 million pigs. • An international communiqué was issued at the conclusion of CleanUp 2011, with scientists of world stature calling for international action to tackle the growing risks that toxic contamination poses to human health and the environment around the planet. • During 2011–12, the CRC issued a total of 19 media releases as part of its planned public outreach to build public awareness of contamination issues, and speed the adoption by industry and government of the new science and technology it develops.

1.2 Risks and impediments The main risks and impediments that the CRC encountered in 2011–12 concern the security of funding and in-kind support from both public and private partner organisations during a period of global economic uncertainty and belt-tightening. The level of funding originally sought from the Commonwealth for the CRC’s second term was reduced by $10.8 million, with serious implications for our ability to deliver on all the milestones set out in the original bid. Given the continuing global financial crisis, efforts to raise additional funds to enable CRC CARE to deliver all its milestones have been challenging. Both the Board and the Managing Director are looking at sourcing additional funds by establishing collaboration with remediation industry sector. At the end of its first year of operation, CRC CARE II was faced with numerous challenges with regard to milestones, which are being addressed with support from its partner organisations. A major challenge has been the significant inflexibility of industry funding during the global financial crisis. For example, a major Participant has instructed the Centre to delay scale-up of products from bench to the field due to a significant reduction in its cash flow. This is likely to be the scenario for the next two years.

1.3 End-user environment The end-user environment is uncertain and prone to reduced investment by CRC partners, public and private, while the global financial crisis lasts. Even relatively prosperous sectors, such as minerals and energy, reflect the general uncertainty by being slow to make their contributions to research in general. As of the end of 2011–12 this had not yet obliged CRC CARE to reconsider its milestones, impact assessment or business activity, though we remain alert to the potential need to do so should the global or national economic situation call for it.

On the positive side, there are clear signs of strengthening interest and commitment to combatting contamination in economies such as China in particular and Asia in general, where economic growth remains relatively strong and awareness of health issues is growing. CRC CARE sees substantial future opportunities in collaborating on new clean-up approaches with Asian companies and research centres, and is well positioned through its network of alliances with numerous countries (e.g. China, India, South Korea and Bangladesh) to grow this side of the business as a part of our planned strategic development.

1.4 Outcomes Following the extension of CRC CARE, it is now considered a round 13 CRC; hence there is no reporting requirement for section 1.4, which is applicable to round 9 and 10 CRCs only.

1.5 Impacts As this is the first year of CRC CARE’s second term, mindful of the qualifications applying to the circumstances outlined above, there have been no material changes in the expected outputs or impact of the CRC, as outlined in the impact tool. There is at this stage no need for action to address any issues, and we will update our impacts if the situation changes. Program 1 Benefits are primarily for public good, but we expect to achieve government efficiencies and industry savings of $1.022 billion (net present value, NPV) and a benefit–cost ratio of 5. This reflects the extremely high spillover benefits of taking a national approach. Impacts include: minimum national benchmarks; enhancing cost-effectiveness of remediation; enhancing land-use values; green jobs and urban renewal; and improved community safety and

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community acceptability. Improved skills of the industry workforce are expected to be significant, but a monetary value for these is difficult to assess. Program 2 We expect a benefit of $398.4 million (NPV) and a benefit窶田ost ratio of 8.98. This reflects the extremely high spillover benefits of taking a national approach. A major output is a decision support system which alone should deliver an expected $347 million (NPV). Increased dollar returns on investments in online instrumentation, geophysical site assessment tools and adoption by industry of remote online reporting at contaminated sites. Benefits are also directed to Programs 3 and 4. Improved skills of the industry workforce are expected to be significant, but a monetary value for these is difficult to assess.

1.6 Conclusion After the first year of CRC CARE窶冱 second term, on behalf of our 25 partners in industry and government and our stakeholders in the wider Australian community, I am pleased to report encouraging progress and sustained scientific, technical and policy achievement in all facets of our activity. In particular I wish to thank our new Chairman, Russell Caplan, for his wise guidance and encouragement. I also wish to thank every member of our committed, enthusiastic and highly capable team, who are motivated by a shared belief that, through our work, Australia can realise a safer, cleaner environmental and industrial future.

Program 3 We expect a benefit of $949 million (NPV) and benefit窶田ost ratio of 36.63. The risk-compliance model alone delivers an expected benefit of $919 million (NPV) based on industry assessment. This model together with information generated from the exposure output is likely to reduce the need for remediation by minimising uncertainty in risk assessments. Further, improved community safety and improved industry workforce skills are expected to be significant (though a monetary value is difficult to assess). Program 4 We expect a benefit of $335.9 million (NPV) and benefit窶田ost ratio of 6.52. Benefits include minimum national benchmarks, enhanced cost-effectiveness of remediation and enhanced land-use values. The expected benefit reported in Program 1 captures usages from this program. The NPV estimated is a highly conservative estimate of 5%, although benefits reported by industries ranged from 5 to 99%.

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Professor Ravi Naidu Managing Director, CRC CARE

â&#x20AC;&#x153;There are clear signs of strengthening interest and commitment to combatting contamination in Asia, where economic growth remains relatively strong and awareness of health issues is growing.â&#x20AC;?

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Governance & 02 management CRC CARE is a research and development organisation providing new knowledge and technology in assessing, preventing and remediating contamination of soil, water and air. With over 160,000 potentially contaminated land sites estimated to exist in Australia alone, the challenges being tackled by CRC CARE are substantial and widespread. Established under the Australian Government’s CRC Program in 2005, CRC CARE represents Australia’s foremost expertise in the development, utilisation and extension of advanced technologies and methods for: • assessing contamination risks in land, groundwater and air • managing and remediating contamination • developing safe options for land use and the reuse of wastes on land • developing solutions that are acceptable to regulatory agencies and the public • capacity building. Originally funded for a 7-year term, in 2010 CRC CARE applied for and received an additional 9 years of funding through the CRC Program. Having commenced on 1 July 2011, CRC CARE’s second term will continue through to 2020. World-class researchers at CRC CARE work with industry on global contamination issues, engaging with major end-users such as the mining and petroleum industries, environmental regulators, government organisations, small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) and consultants to provide tangible guidance and solutions to large-scale issues. Collaboration with leading environmental research groups around the world keeps the CRC actively engaged in the latest international scientific developments regarding environmental contamination and remediation. This annual report details the activities of CRC CARE from 1 July 2011 to 30 June 2012.

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2.1. Governance – Board, committees and key staff CRC CARE Pty Ltd is an incorporated venture established on 13 September 2005 to carry out the activities of CRC CARE. A limited liability entity with 12 shareholders, voting and dividend rights are determined by the value of contributions by CRC CARE shareholders in the relevant financial year. Voting rights and the payment of returns from any commercialisation of intellectual property (IP) for Essential and Other Participants of CRC CARE are provided for through the ownership of shares in projects (see page 19 for more on Essential and Other Participants). CRC CARE Pty Ltd is governed by a shareholderelected skills-based Board. The maximum number of Directors is 10, with the majority of members required to be independent of the research providers, and with a further and more specific requirement for the Chairperson to be independent of Participants (Core and Supporting) and the management of CRC CARE and CRC CARE Pty Ltd. The Chairperson is elected at each annual general meeting with the balance of Directors serving a term of 2 years. During 2011–12 the Board met five times. Following an extraordinary general meeting in the previous financial year, Mr Russell Caplan was appointed the new chairman of CRC CARE, taking over from the inaugural Chair Mr Paul Perkins. Russell Caplan was re-elected as Chair at the annual general meeting on 28 November 2011. The Board was also restructured to expand its range of skills. Three new members were elected in November, and in February an additional member with specific finance skills was appointed. The overall size of the board was decreased to nine members.

2.1.1. The CRC CARE Board The table below presents details of the members of the CRC CARE Board during 2011â&#x20AC;&#x201C;12 . Name

Role

Key skills

Independent/ organisation

Elected Members of the Board from 28 November 2011 Mr Russell Caplan

Independent Chair of Board, Remuneration and Succession Committee

Industry, commercial and management, corporate governance Professor Ravi Naidu Chief Executive Officer and Managing Director, Research, management, Research and Technology Committee, Audit and commercial, policy and end-user Risk Management Committee, Remuneration linkages and Succession Committee, Policy Advisory Committee, Management Committee Emeritus Professor Board Director, Research and Technology Research and policy Max Brennan AO Committee (Chair), Remuneration and Succession Committee Dr Rod Lukatelich Board Director, Research and Technology Petroleum industry, research, Committee, Remuneration and Succession environmental management Committee (Chair), Policy Advisory Committee Dr Paul Vogel Board Director, Research and Technology Regulatory Committee, Policy Advisory Committee Mr Charles Wong Board Director, Audit and Risk Management Venture capital/finance Committee Ms Anthea Tinney^ Board Director, Audit and Risk Management Regulatory Committee, Policy Advisory Committee Board Director, Audit and Risk Management Research, academic and Professor Andrew management Parfitt^ Committee, Remuneration and Succession Committee Ms Beth Laughton* Board Director, Audit and Risk Management Finance Committee (Chair) Company secretary

Independent

CRC CARE

Independent

BP Refinery Kwinana Pty Ltd Independent HLM Asia Group Ltd Independent University of South Australia (UniSA) Independent

Ms Cathy Cooper Audit and Risk Management Committee Legal Members of the Board from 1 July 2011 to 28 November 2011

Independent

Emeritus Professor Ian Davey^^ Mr Mark Hender^^ Dr Peter Nadebaum^^

Board Director, Audit and Risk Management Committee Board Director Board Director

Academic and research

Independent Independent GHD Pty Ltd

Ms Susie Smith^^

Board Director

Commercialisation, management Service industry, research, sustainability, environmental auditing, Australasian Land and Groundwater Association (ALGA) Energy/gas industry, environmental sustainability, carbon policy, regulatory

Independent

^ These members were voted into office at the AGM on 28 November 2011. ^^ These members ceased as Directors of the Board at the AGM. * Beth Laughton was appointed to the Board in March 2012. Shareholders will be given the opportunity to ratify this appointment at the 2012 Annual General Meeting, scheduled for 23 October 2012.

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The Board provides the overall strategic direction necessary to ensure that the above roles are carried out, and exercises stewardship of the Company’s resources in a manner that enables its objectives to be met.

The Board’s roles include: • Appointing the Managing Director • Providing strategic direction to CRC CARE (the Company)

Where particular agreements apply (e.g. the Commonwealth Agreement and the Participants’ Agreement), the Board will use its best endeavours to ensure that the objectives, policies, strategies and plans applicable to the Company are met.

• Overseeing the financial management of the Company • Ensuring that effective governance practices are in place, including an integrated and detailed approach to risk management

Attendances at board meetings held in 2011–12 are documented in the following table.

• Monitoring senior management performance • Developing succession plans • Ensuring that the Company adheres to a high ethical standard.

Mr Russell Caplan Professor Ravi Naidu Emeritus Professor Max Brennan AO Dr Rod Lukatelich Dr Paul Vogel Mr Charles Wong Emeritus Professor Ian Davey^^ Mr Mark Hender^^ Dr Peter Nadebaum^^ Ms Susie Smith^^ Ms Anthea Tinney^ Professor Andrew Parfitt^ Ms Beth Laughton*

Aug 2011

Sept 2011

Nov 2011

March 2012

May 2012

• • • • • • • • • •

• • • •

• • • • • •

• • • •

• • •

• •

^ These members were voted into office at the AGM on 28 November 2011. ^^ These members ceased as Directors of the Board at the AGM. * Beth Laughton was appointed to the Board in March 2012.

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• • •

2.1.2. Board profiles Mr Russell Caplan, FAICD Russell Caplan was elected to the position of Chairman of CRC CARE at the Extraordinary General Meeting of shareholders in June 2011, and was re-elected at the AGM in November 2011. Mr Caplan graduated in Law from Melbourne University in 1968, joining Shell in the same year. His career with Shell spanned all the inhabited continents and many disciplines. Throughout his career his responsibilities included sales and marketing, strategic planning, business development, general management and executive directorship, across the upstream, downstream and corporate sectors of the business. In 2006 Mr Caplan took up the position of Chairman of Shell in Australia, from which he retired in 2010 after 42 years with the company. He was also Chairman of the Australian Institute of Petroleum (AIP) from 2007 to 2009. Russell is a non-executive director of Orica Limited and of the recently floated Australian rail company QR National Limited. He is Chairman of the Melbourne and Olympic Parks Trust. He also sits on the boards of the Committee for Economic Development of Australia and the Australian Cancer Research Foundation.

Professor Ravi Naidu, BSc, MSc, PhD, FSSSA, FASA, FNZSSS, CChem Ravi Naidu has been a research leader in environmental contaminants, bioavailability and remediation for over 30 years. He is co-author of more than 500 technical publications and co-editor of 10 books in the field of environmental science including field remediation of contaminated sites. He was the inaugural director of the Centre for Environmental Risk Assessment and Remediation (CERAR) where he conceived, developed and led the successful bid for CRC CARE in 2004. He also led the successful bid for CRC CAREâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s 9-year extension in 2010. Prior to joining UniSA in December 2002, Professor Naidu was Chief Research Scientist and leader of the Remediation of Contaminated Environments Program at the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) Land and Water Division, and Component Coordinator of CSIROâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Land and Water Sector. Professor Naidu received a gold medal in environmental science in 1998 from Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, was elected a Fellow of the Soil Science Society of America in 2000, Fellow of the Soil Science Society of New Zealand in 2004 and Fellow of the Agronomy Society of America in 2006. In 2012 he received the International Soil Scientist of the Year Award from the Soil Science Society of America. He is the Chair of the Standards Australia Technical Committee on Sampling and Analyses of Contaminated Soils, Chair of the International Committee on Bioavailability and Risk Assessment, immediate past Chair of the International Union of Soil Sciences Commission for Soil Degradation Control, Remediation and Reclamation, Chair of the Australian Remediation Industry Cluster (ARIC), immediate past President of the International Society on Trace Element Biogeochemistry, and a member of the Contaminated Sites Audit panel of the Victorian Environment Protection Authority (EPA).

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Emeritus Professor Max Brennan, AO Max Brennan is an eminent scientist, graduating from the University of Sydney in 1954 with a BSc (Hons) followed by a PhD in 1958. His research has focused predominantly on cosmic rays, nuclear physics and plasma physics. Spending several years at Flinders and Sydney Universities as Deputy Vice-Chancellor, he has also served on international and national committees, including the International Fusion Research Council (1987–1995), Australian Atomic Commission (Chairman, 1983–1987) and the Australian Research Council (Chairman, 1991–1997). Professor Brennan was a consultant on higher education and research for the World Bank (1994–2007) and the Inaugural Chief Scientist for SA (2005–2007). He was made an Officer in the Order of Australia in 1985.

Ms Beth Laughton, BEc, FCA, FAICD Beth Laughton graduated with a Bachelor of Economics from the Australian National University in 1979. After qualifying as a chartered accountant with Peat Marwick Mitchell (KPMG), she spent more than 20 years in investment banking, providing advice to companies on mergers, acquisitions, divestments and equity capital market transactions. She is currently a non-executive director of JB Hi-Fi Limited and Chair of its Audit and Risk Management Committee. She sits on the Defence SA Advisory Board and is a member of its Audit and Risk Management Committee. Ms Laughton is also a non-executive director of the ASX-listed Australand Property Group companies and a member of their Audit and Risk Management Committee.

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Dr Rod Lukatelich, Environment and Dangerous Goods Manager, BP Refinery Kwinana Pty Ltd; BSc (Hons), PhD, MAIBiol. Rod Lukatelich’s career has spanned academia, environmental consulting and industrial environmental management. In various roles at BP he has led a small team of environmental engineers and been responsible for environmental management systems, monitoring and reporting emissions, wastewater treatment, environmental impact assessment for major projects, solid waste management, groundwater production, soil and groundwater remediation, dangerous goods management, and Major Hazardous Facility Safety Reports. He has also supported BP’s global refining businesses as a Senior Environmental Technologist (1995–1997) and as Water Technology Advisor (2004–2006) in the areas of contaminated site assessment and remediation, and wastewater treatment, respectively. Dr Lukatelich has broad experience in regulatory systems, having completed major contaminated site remediation projects in Asia, Europe and the Americas and the Middle East. Dr Lukatelich’s academic research included studies on the impacts of eutrophication on algae and seagrasses in lakes and estuaries, relationships between hydrodynamics and water quality, and development of ecological models. He has published 52 refereed papers and book chapters in environmental science. He is currently a board member of the Western Australian EPA, Chair of the oil industry LNAPL (light nonaqueous phase liquid) Forum, member of the WA Department of Environment and Conservation (DEC) Stakeholder Reference Group and has been a director of CRC CARE since its inception.

Professor Andrew Parfitt, Pro Vice Chancellor, Information Technology, Engineering and the Environment, UniSA Andrew Parfitt received his BE and PhD degrees in Electrical and Electronic Engineering from the University of Adelaide. For almost two decades from 1987 his work spanned the Defence Science and Technology Organisation, the University of Adelaide, CSIRO and the CRC for Satellite Systems (CRCSS). In 2004 he became Professor of Telecommunications and Director of the Institute for Telecommunications Research at UniSA while continuing as CRCSS Chief Executive Officer (CEO). In 2007 he became Pro Vice Chancellor and Vice President: Division of Information Technology, Engineering and the Environment at UniSA. A senior member of the Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers and a Fellow of Engineers Australia, he is currently Chair of the Australian Academy of Science National Committee for Radio Science and a member of the council of the International Union of Radio Science. He is a director of the Defence Teaming Centre, the Technology Industry Association and the CRC for Integrated Engineering Asset Management. He has held adjunct appointments at Adelaide University, Sydney University and Macquarie University. In 2010 Professor Parfitt was appointed to the Commonwealth Governmentâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Space Industry Innovation Council.

Ms Anthea Tinney, Chair, Australian National Commission for UNESCO; Chair, Sydney Harbour Federation Trust Anthea Tinney is the Chair of the Australian National Commission for the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), Chair of the Sydney Harbour Federation Trust, a member of the Australian Governmentâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Independent Communications Committee, and an independent member of a number of public-sector audit committees. She was previously the Chair of Land and Water Australia and the inaugural independent Chair of the Steel Stewardship Forum. Ms Tinney was a deputy secretary in the federal environment portfolio and, prior to leaving the Australian Public Service in 2008, was appointed as the interim CEO of the National Film and Sound Archive. Her public service career also included a period as the head of the Cabinet Office in the Department of Prime Minister and Cabinet and some years in the Treasury. Ms Tinney has served on several boards and has wide experience in public policy advice and government administration. She has a Bachelor of Economics degree and was awarded a Public Service Medal in 1995 for services to the Australian Cabinet system.

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Dr Paul Vogel, Chairman, EPA WA Paul Vogel is Chairman of the EPA WA, which is the primary source of independent advice to the WA Government on the environmental acceptability of development proposals. Previously he was the inaugural Chief Executive and Chairman of the EPA SA, with responsibilities for environmental regulation, development assessment and radiation protection. Dr Vogel has worked across the three tiers of government, business and the community, and has extensive experience and knowledge in organisational and regulatory reform and strategic and collaborative approaches to sustainability, natural resources management, waste management, air and marine quality, site contamination and radiation protection.

Mr Charles Wong Charles Wong is a professional engineer who worked in the telecommunications industry in Canada for over 25 years. In late 2005 he became a project manager at HLM Asia Group Ltd Hong Kong, a financial consulting and investment firm with offices in Hong Kong and Beijing. His responsibilities in the telecommunications industry included research and development, manufacturing, marketing and product management for a multinational telecommunication company. He has a BASc from the University of Toronto. Mr Wong’s main focus with HLM Asia Group is project management that includes corporate financing, mergers and acquisitions, investment fundraising, and initial public offerings. HLM has significant involvement in traditional energy and renewable energy businesses in the People’s Republic of China. Mr Wong is currently overseeing CRC CARE’s research activities in China.

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2.1.3. Board committees The CRC CARE Board has established a number of specialised committees to oversee aspects of the Company’s strategic planning and decision making. Chaired by directors from the CRC CARE Board, the following committees have been delegated certain powers as detailed below: • Audit and Risk Management Committee • Remuneration and Succession Committee • Research and Technology Committee. Audit and Risk Management Committee The primary purpose of the Committee is to assist the Board in fulfilling its responsibilities relating to the accounting and reporting practices of the Company. In addition, the Committee will: • oversee, coordinate and appraise the quality of the external audit and recommend appointment, and the terms of such appointment, of the external auditor to the Company • maintain, through regular meetings, open lines of communication between the Board and the external auditors to exchange views and information as well as to confirm their respective authority and responsibilities • serve as an independent and objective party to review the financial information submitted by management to the Board for issue to members and regulatory authorities • oversee compliance with the Commonwealth and Participant Agreements and the requirements of the Corporations Act as they apply to the operations of the Company • review the adequacy of the reporting and accounting controls.

The Audit and Risk Management Committee meets at least three times a year. Prior to the appointment of Ms Beth Laughton to the Board of Directors and as Chair of the Audit and Risk Management Committee, Mr Brenton Ellery (Chartered Accountant and Partner, Edwards Marshall Pty Ltd) was appointed as the interim Chair of the Audit and Risk Management Committee.

Committee Name

Audit and Risk Management Committee

Name

Role

From 1 July 2011 to 27 March 2012 Mr Brenton Ellery (chartered accountant and independent Interim Chair) Dr Rod Lukatelich Emeritus Professor Ian Davey From 1 July 2011 to 30 June 2012 Mr Charles Wong Ms Cathy Cooper Professor Ravi Naidu Mr Kevin Weidenhofer (finance) From 27 March 2012 to 30 June 2012 Ms Beth Laughton Ms Anthea Tinney Professor Andrew Parfitt

Remuneration and Succession Committee The Committee: • ensures that levels of remuneration are sufficient to attract and retain executives of the quality required to successfully manage the Company • ensures that a succession plan is in place for the Company, noting that some of the key individuals may not be in the direct employ of the Company • reviews and recommends to the Board remuneration policies and packages for the Managing Director and senior executives directly reporting to the Managing Director so as to link remuneration to corporate and individual performance

Interim Chair Member Member Member Company Secretary In attendance In attendance Chair Member Member

• recommends to the Board any changes in remuneration policy including superannuation, and remuneration structure for executives identified above • ensures there is a proper performancemanagement process in place throughout the organisation and that it is operating effectively • reviews and recommends to the Board any changes to non-executive directors’ fees. The Remuneration Committee comprises four Company directors (including the Board Chair) and during 2011–12 was chaired by Dr Rod Lukatelich. The Committee meets as often as is required by the Board or as the Committee may determine, but generally not less than once a year.

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Committee Name Name From 1 July 2011 to 30 June 2012 Dr Rod Lukatelich Mr Russell Caplan Emeritus Professor Max Brennan AO From 27 March 2012 to 30 June 2012 Professor Andrew Parfitt Ms Cathy Cooper

Research and Technology Committee The purpose of the Committee is to: • oversee the research activities of the Company

Remuneration and Succession Committee Role

Independent/organisation

Chair Member Member

BP Refinery Kwinana Pty Ltd Independent Independent

Member Company Secretary

UniSA Independent

• advise on any other matters referred to the Committee by the Board. The Research and Technology Committee meets at least twice a year.

• advise the Board and Managing Director on strategic issues and individual projects

Committee Name Name From 1 July 2011 to 30 June 2012 Emeritus Professor Max Brennan AO Dr Rod Lukatelich Professor Ravi Naidu Dr Paul Vogel Mr Andrew Pruszinski (policy) Mr Stuart Rhodes (minerals industry) Mr Alex Simopoulos (consultancy/ environmental practitioner) Professor Ming Wong (research) Professor Gary Pierzynski (research) Dr Brent Clothier (research) From 1 July 2011 to 28 November 2011 Mr Mark Hender

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Research and Technology Committee Role

Independent/organisation

Chair Member Member Member Member Member Member Member Member Member

Independent BP Refinery Kwinana Pty Ltd CRC CARE/UniSA EPA WA EPA SA Rio Tinto Australian Contaminated Land Consultants Association (ACLCA) Hong Kong Baptist University Kansas State University USA Plant & Food Research NZ

Member

Independent

2.1.4. Non-Board committees

• any other matters referred to the Committee by the Managing Director or the Board.

The Policy Advisory Committee and Management Committee are non-Board committees that report to the Managing Director.

The Committee shall provide its advice on a ‘best endeavours’ basis taking into account the resources available to the Committee; noting that such advice cannot be binding on any Commonwealth, State or Territory regulatory agency or local government authority concerned with land management and/or site assessment and remediation.

Policy Advisory Committee The purpose of the Committee is to advise the Managing Director on:

The Committee shall be a resource for the sharing of policy experience on site contamination assessment, remediation and management issues among its members and other stakeholders.

• environmental policy matters, including those matters referred to it by the Managing Director or the Board • policy projects and/or the policy implications of projects undertaken by CRC CARE

The Policy Advisory Committee is to meet not less than twice per year. Due to the review restructure of all committees, however, the Policy Advisory Committee did not meet during 2011–12.

• the path to adoption for policy projects and policy acceptance for the outcome of other projects • new directions for research as well as on technical matters and technologies, from a public policy perspective, as they relate to CRC CARE’s research directions Committee Name

Policy Advisory Committee

Name

Role

Independent/organisation

Mr Stuart McConnell (regulatory agency – Victoria) Dr Rod Lukatelich Dr Paul Vogel Ms Anthea Tinney Professor Ravi Naidu Dr Janet Macmillan (regulatory agency) Mr Niall Johnston (regulatory agency) Mr Stuart Rhodes (mining industry experience) Mr Ross McFarland (site auditing experience) Dr Bruce Kennedy (Program 1 leader; regulatory experience)

Chair

Independent

Member Member Member Member Member Member Member Member Member

BP Refinery Kwinana Pty Ltd Independent Independent CRC CARE WA DEC Independent Rio Tinto AECOM CRC CARE

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2.1.5 CRC CARE staff Major staff changes throughout the year included Michy Kris taking over the role of Business Manager after the General Manager, Michael Williamsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; departure, and the creation of an Education Program. Key CRC CARE staff during 2011â&#x20AC;&#x201C;12 are detailed in the table below. Key Staff Name

Organisation

Professor Ravi Naidu Dr Michael Williams* Mr Michy Kris^ Mr Kevin Weidenhofer Dr Bruce Kennedy Dr Cheryl Lim Professor Jack Ng Professor Megharaj Mallavarapu Professor Nanthi Bolan Mr Andrew Beveridge

CRC CARE position/role

CRC CARE

Time committed (FTE)

CEO, Managing Director and Chief Scientist CRC CARE General Manager CRC CARE Business Manager CRC CARE Finance Manager CRC CARE Program 1 Leader National Measurement Institute (NMI) Program 2 Leader University of Queensland Program 3 Leader UniSA Program 4 Leader UniSA Program 5 Leader CRC CARE Education Program Leader

0.8 1.0 1.0 1.0 0.6 0.8 0.6 0.6 0.5 1.0

* Departed 2 September 2011 ^ Commenced 9 January 2012, replacing Michael Williams

Organisational structure Company Secretary

Board

Committees of the Board

Managing Director

Policy Advisory Committee

Executive Management Team

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2.2. Participants During the 2011–12 reporting period, there were no changes to Participants listed in the Commonwealth Agreement. The participant list as at 30 June 2012 is as follows: Participant type

Australian Business Number

Organisation type (or individual)

Agilent Technologies Australia Pty Ltd Australian Contaminated Land Consultants Association Incorporated

Essential Other

29 088 510 605 n/a

Australian Institute of Petroleum Ltd BHP Billiton Iron Ore Pty Ltd CH2MHILL Australia Pty Limited ChemCentre (WA) Chevron Australia Pty Ltd CSIRO Curtin University of Technology Department of Defence (DoD) Department of Environment and Resource Management (Queensland) Department of Industry, Innovation, Science, Research and Tertiary Education – NMI EPA SA EPA Victoria FibreCell Australia Pty Ltd GHD Pty Ltd HLM Asia Group Limited Soil & Groundwater Pty Ltd Southern Cross University Technological Resources Pty Ltd (Rio Tinto) University of Queensland UniSA University of Technology, Sydney (UTS) VeruTEK Technologies, Inc. WA DEC

Essential Essential Other Essential Essential Essential Essential Essential Essential

11 005 152 581 46 008 700 981 42 050 070 892 40 991 885 705 29 086 197 757 41 687 119 230 99 143 842 569 68 706 814 312 46 640 294 485

Industry/private sector Consulting industry association Industry/private sector Industry/private sector Industry/private sector Industry/private sector Industry/private sector Australian Government University Australian Government State government

Essential

74 599 608 295

Australian Government

Essential Essential Other Other Essential Other Essential Essential

85 393 411 003 85 899 617 894 60 114 025 759 39 008 488 373 International 62 100 220 479 41 995 651 524 12 002 183 557

State government State government Industry/private sector Industry/private sector Industry/private sector Industry/private sector University Industry/private sector

Essential Essential Essential Essential Essential

63 942 912 684 37 191 313 308 77 257 686 961 International 38 052 249 024

University University University Industry/private sector State government

Participant

Essential Participants are persons, bodies or organisations that provide essential support (including essential cash or in-kind contributions) for the activities of the CRC.

In addition to the financial support of CRC CARE’s Participants, the WA Department of Health provided in-kind time in support of two participants (WA DEC and ChemCentre).

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2.3. Financial management CRC CARE depends on the continued support from its Participants and the Commonwealth Government for its ongoing operations. During the 2011–12 financial year 70% of the CRC’s cash was sourced from Participants and 30% from the Commonwealth. This funding performance was the same as the previous year.

The CRC reaches this market through several mechanisms. Completed research is not only published in journals, but also in a series of CRC publications, notably CRC CARE’s Technical Report series. These are normally made available to users either in print form or via the CRC’s website. Seven new Technical Reports were published technical in 2011–12. These report techn repicoartl included a report on sampling strategies for biological assessment of groundwater ecosystems, a guidance document for the revegetation of land contaminated by metals or metalloids, and a series of highly regarded reports on Health screening levels for petroleum hydrocarbons in soil and groundwater. Another three Technical Reports are in hand, as well as new reports prepared for partners BHP Billiton Iron Ore Pty Ltd (BHPBIO) and DoD. CRC for Contamination Assessment and Remediation of the Environment

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The overall financial performance of CRC CARE was in keeping with budgeted predictions. No issues were experienced that would require additional strategies to be implemented. The independent auditor’s report to the members of CRC CARE has expressed the opinion that the financial report of CRC CARE is in accordance with the Corporations Act 2001. Their opinion further states that the financial accounts as at 30 June 2012 give a true and fair view of the Company’s financial position as at that date and of its performance for the year ended on that date, and complies with Australian Accounting Standards.

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Petroleum Vapour Model Comparison: Interim Report for CRC CARE

2.4.1. Industry and research stakeholders

A significant communications initiative in 2010–11 was the Participants Meeting and Industry Forum, held in Perth on 28 May. The aim of this event was to focus on WA Participants in the CRC and the local user market, to brief them on the CRC’s research and capacity, and to provide an opportunity for different local industries to explain their scientific needs to the CRC and its partners. An overview of the CRC’s WAbased research was presented, followed by a series of talks from the main researchers and industry representatives. This led into a lively question-andanswer session and later informal discussion. The event was well received by attendees, and the CRC is considering holding similar exchanges in other states.

Effort is directed at the CRC’s industry market, made up primarily of firms and consultants dealing with contamination assessment and remediation in mining and mineral processing, fuel storage and transport, land development, manufacturing, waste and other sectors requiring best practice in environmental management. In the public sector, key players include regulators, such as state EPAs, and managers of large areas of land with a history of industrial or chemical use, such as airports and DoD.

Other means of reaching the CRC’s technical audiences include workshops and seminars (see section 3.4. Education and training), and the CRC’s continuing organisation and sponsoring of the main research conference held in this field in the Asia– Pacific region, the ‘CleanUp’ series. CleanUp 11, which comprised the 4th International Contaminated Site Remediation Conference and the 6th International Workshop on Chemical Bioavailability in the Terrestrial Environment, was held in Adelaide

2.4. Communications CRC CARE’s communication strategy provides direction on the high-quality delivery of CRC CARE outputs and products. It also aims to increase public awareness of CRC CARE and its work both nationally and internationally, to build recognition of CRC CARE as an international centre of excellence and an expert voice on contamination and remediation issues. CRC CARE maintains an ongoing program of communication across several areas, which are outlined as follows.

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Health screening levels for petroleum hydrocarbons in soil and groundwater Part 4: Extension model

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tion of

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in September 2011. More than 500 people attended, with the combined events featuring more than 30 plenary and keynote speakers, over 200 oral papers, more than 40 posters, six conference workshops and two field trips. Displays were also mounted at the CRC Association Annual Conference in Adelaide on 15–17 May, and prepared for the 4th International Congress on Arsenic in the Environment in Cairns in July 2012. Issue 8 2012

2011 Issue #7 Issue 9

2012 Issue 10

2012

New methods for IDENTIFYING DUSTD

Senator Don Farrell (left) tours the CERAR labs with Professor Ravi Naidu.

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The CRC continues to support ARIC as a platform for industry membership and closer links (see section 3.4). The CRC’s main industry newsletter, Remediation Australasia, is produced and circulated through ARIC, and by the end of the financial year, 10 issues were available via the website. The magazine strives to inform representatives of the Australasian remediation industry about new research and developments that may influence their business, and aims to help them meet the challenges of dealing with contamination. Remediation Australasia was launched in 2009 with a view to becoming CRC CARE’s flagship publication for disseminating information and advancing ARIC’s profile. Published quarterly (January, April, July, October), the magazine was initially an online-only publication. It became a fully fledged magazine in 2011, distributed in hard copy to subscribers and available online in PDF form. Subscription to Remediation Australasia is free and has grown continually throughout the publication’s lifetime. Its more than 2000 recipients span the breadth of CRC CARE’s stakeholders: industry participants, environmental consultants, regulators, government departments and agencies, universities and other research organisations.

The CRC also maintains an internal web-based mechanism for external members of the CRC’s national research and advisory committees to exchange information and materials. 2.4.2. Communicating with the public The second area of the CRC’s broad communication effort involves the general public. To this end 19 press releases or alerts were issued in 2011–12 (see below) with substantial pick-up by the media. For example, the story concerning the CRC’s involvement in power generation using pig waste in China received major attention from the print media and radio. A brace of stories and media cover also emerged from CleanUp 11, including a call for an international convention for the protection of humanity and the environment from toxic contamination. During the conference 10 media releases were issued, eight media interviews were given, and a media briefing was held. The CRC maintains a range of non-technical material on its website, such as brochures and fact sheets. During the year, for example, the Fact Sheet series was expanded to include a new item on the controversial subject of coal seam gas. The website continues to be an essential part of the CRC’s information delivery strategy, and in early 2012 service providers were approached to redevelop CRC CARE’s main website as well as several

In June 2012, CRC CARE hosted a visit from the Hon. Don Farrell, MP, Parliamentary Secretary for Sustainability and Urban Water. Following an

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associated websites (ARIC/Remediation Australasia, CleanUp and the Contaminated Sites Law & Policy Directory). This project will continue into 2012-13 and aims to better integrate the structure, look and feel of the sites (including the content management system that underpins them), better integrate with social media, improve workflows and contact database management, facilitate email-marketing campaigns, and improve event registration and payment systems. The CRC expanded its social media presence in 2011–12 with the launch of its Facebook page, to go with its LinkedIn profile. A Twitter account was initiated later in 2012. Current and former students are the user group most engaged with Facebook, while the CRC aims to engage a wider audience, including the media and the research and sciencecommunication communities, with Twitter. Media releases and alerts issued in the 2011–12 financial year • Media Alert – Cleaning up the world starts in Adelaide – 15 August 2011 • UK turns waste into jobs, health and wealth – 11 September 2011 • Concern grows over risks from new chemicals – 11 September 2011 • Underground barriers ‘can protect drinking water’ – 12 September 2011 • Asia’s e-waste pollution ‘may spread worldwide’ – 12 September 2011 • E-toxins ‘escaping from our landfills’ – 13 September 2011 • DDT ‘consistently found’ in humans: Study – 13 September 2011 • ‘Magic weed’ cleans up toxic chrome – 13 September 2011 • Tackling Australia’s waste management challenge – 14 September 2011 • Innovation locks up carbon, improves soil health – 14 September 2011 • Australia ‘should toughen asbestos measurements’ – 15 September 2011 • Adelaide Group Communiqué on the need for international collaboration and global action on land contamination – 19 September 2011

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• Clean-up tool for our commonest contaminants – 7 November 2011 • Award for major advance in contaminant testing – 22 November 2011 • Climate risk of toxic shock – 2 February 2012 • Aussie technology reaps the African wind – 9 April 2012 • Solving a 700 million pig problem – 16 April 2012 • Green cap for contaminated land – 30 April 2012 • Australia ‘A leader in sustainable industry’ – 17 May 2012 Media highlights in 2011–12 A number of CRC CARE press releases and activities garnered significant media attention in 2011–12 (see Figure 1). One of the most popular items was the CRC’s work in China to clean up pig waste and use it to generate biofuel (see the China Program report in section 3.2. Research), with numerous news agencies running the story and CRC CARE Managing Director Professor Ravi Naidu speaking about the project on several radio programs (e.g. ABC Radio Australia, 5 June 2012; Radio National’s RN Drive, 18 June 2012), and quoted online in numerous outlets via a Reuters news item. CSIRO’s respected ECOS magazine carried several articles on CRC CARE research, including ‘New green caps to rehabilitate old dumps’ (7 May 2012) on phytocapping landfills and harvesting the plants to generate biofuel; ‘Synchrotron helping transform biosolids into fertiliser’ (14 July 2011) on research to turn biosolids from urban sewage into a safe fertiliser; and ‘Identifying the risk of past oil leaks to human health’ (14 November 2011) on the release of new Health Screening Levels (HSLs) for petroleum hydrocarbons. A number of other respected popular science magazines and websites ran CRC CARE stories during the reporting period. The September 2011 issue of Australasian Science featured a story on applying to soil black carbon converted from silverleaf nightshade as a way of remediating chromium contamination (‘Magic weed clears toxic chrome’). Cosmos online reported on the CRC’s development of nanotechnology air filters that remove volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from buildings.

180 160 140 120 100 80 60 40 Figure 1. Media items featuring CRC CARE in 2011–12, worldwide.

Finally, as an indicator of the CRC’s reputation as an honest broker of information on contamination issues, the widely read Punch website included expert comments from Professor Naidu in response to the 2011 toxic oil spill in New Zealand’s Bay of Plenty (‘A quick Punch guide to the Rena oil spill’; 11 October 2011). 2.4.3. Policy communication A third area of communication attention for the CRC involves a contribution to national policy directions set by government. Thus, as well as conducting research to underpin national standard setting in levels of hydrocarbon pollution, for example, the CRC briefs ministers and politicians on scientific issues and provides advice when required. This included a forum for stakeholders in February 2012 to identify and prioritise contaminants of concern. The Contaminated Sites Law & Policy Directory plays a major role in the CRC’s dissemination of information about the legal framework surrounding the complex issue of contaminated sites. Targeting legal advisors, policy-makers, industries and academics, the information provided is the result of comprehensive analysis of the regulatory processes, and responsibility allocation, relating to contaminated sites. The summaries, which are reviewed annually for currency, provide the reader with a clear understanding of the legislation, guidelines and other documentation, and government policies that underlie the approaches taken by authorities in addressing the issue of contaminated site management.

-0

5 20

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2.4.4. Internal communication CRC CARE places a high degree of importance on effective internal communications between its nodes (across four Australian states and China). It produces a bi-monthly newsletter for staff and members, CARE Courier, and holds a biennial gathering of all staff to present research, including PhD projects, and build relationships. Known as the ‘Communicate’ series of meetings, an equivalent – the Commun Workshop – is held in China for CRC CARE-sponsored PhD students there, and is attended by senior staff from Australia. A number of the Chinese students have also been brought to Australia to present their work (see section 3.4.1. Education for more information about CRC CARE’s China activities). The main Communicate conference is held biennially in Mawson Lakes, SA. The 2011–12 reporting period did not include this event; Communicate12 was held in September 2012.

2.5. Intellectual property management During the 2011–12 reporting period, there were three patents at national phase application stage (‘Modified clay sorbents’, ‘Amine modified clay sorbents’ and ‘Anionic surfactant detection’), with two progressing to Patent Cooperation Treaty (PCT) application stage (‘Analyte ion detection method and

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device’ and ‘Improved gravity sedimentation process and apparatus’). CRC CARE has sponsored a broad range of scientific research projects with some of Australia’s leading companies and universities. On the advice of external consultants commercialisation activity has been focused on: • real-time analytical methods for in-situ measurement of contaminants • modified clay sorbents for remediation of water pollutants and brownfield sites • nanocatalysts for degradation of organics. All of CRC CARE’s new technologies are at the stage of commercial development and potential commercial applications are still being defined, with the focus to date being on securing appropriate agreements with end-users for evaluation. The CRC’s approach is to develop strong working relationships with end-users such as site operators and remediation contractors, manufacturers and suppliers of equipment. In many cases the route to market is now clearly defined, although technical hurdles and uncertainties may still remain. Continuing protection of IP is important until the commercial potential has been fully assessed.

In its second term of operation, the CRC will continue to develop these technologies through to commercialisation. CRC CARE has the essential mechanisms in place to ensure adherence to the National Principles of IP Management. Provisions within the Commonwealth and Participants’ Agreements provide the key elements for IP management. In addition to the Agreements, CRC CARE has implemented appropriate policies and procedures, including those for: • identification and disclosure of IP • assessment of existing IP • protection of IP • record keeping via an IP register • business case development and approval • benefit sharing. No registered IP was sold, transferred or licensed for commercialisation during the reporting period. The following table summarises CRC CARE’s patents. Each technology is outlined briefly on page 25.

PATENTS HELD Anionic surfactant detection Australian provisional patent application no. 2007905529 International PCT application no. PCT/AU2008/001494 (WO 2009/046491) National phase application for Australia, Canada, Europe, Japan and USA Modified clay sorbents Australian provisional patent application no. 2008906348 International PCT application no. PCT/AU2009/001596 (WO 2010/065996) National phase applications for Australia, Canada, Europe and USA Amine modified clay sorbents Australian provisional patent application no. 2009905953 International PCT application no. PCT/AU2010/001644 (WO 2011/069189) National phase application stage has been entered in Australia (no application number) and the US (US13/514,572). Improved gravity sedimentation process and apparatus Australian provisional patent application no. 2010902284 International PCT application no. WO 2011/146991 Analyte ion detection method and device Australian provisional patent application no. 2010905647 International PCT application no. PCT/AU2011/001663 ALLOWED TO LAPSE Photocatalyst and method for production Australian provisional patent application no. 2009900643 International PCT application no. PCT/AU2010/000159 (WO 2010/091478)

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Anionic surfactant detection

Amine modified clay sorbents

The anionic surfactant test kit has been developed to provide a safe, sensitive and reliable method to identify surfactants in the environment. These surfactants could be derived from industrial and institutional cleaning solutions, industrial effluent or applications such as AFFFs, or even personal hygiene products such as soaps, shower gels and domestic cleaning solutions. The low rate of biodegradability and residual toxicity of AFFFs and the effects of background levels of alkyl benzene sulfonates (which can affect reproduction of aquatic organisms) are two issues of environmental concern. This has been a significant development as part of the DoD demonstration program.

This remediation product has been developed to remove toxic contaminants such as those on the Stockholm Convention list. AFFF is one particular pollutant of concern, and the development of a surfactant test kit in conjunction with an aminemodified clay has been one of our key priorities. This new amine modified clay is being developed under the trade name matCARETM.

A prototype test kit has been rolled out to clients and the technology is now being refined. This test: • is simple to use, does not require highly skilled operators and can be used in the field • achieves rapid results • is cheaper and safer than established techniques that rely on hazardous solvents • has high specificity and reliability. Modified clay sorbents This remediation product is being developed for removal of problematic pollutants, including some of those featured in the Stockholm Convention on persistent pollutants. These pollutants represent serious hazards to humans and animals. This technology:

matCARETM has been successfully tested against waterborne and soil contaminants in the laboratory and in field trials as part of the DoD demonstration program. Field studies are continuing with this product to demonstrate long-term efficacy. Improved gravity sedimentation process and apparatus A patent has been filed with partner organisations for this new technology resulting from a PhD project on settling and dewatering in mineral tailing processing. Demonstrated on a laboratory scale, the next step will involve pilot-scale trials on industrial process plant. Analyte ion detection method and device This technology is being developed for the real-time measurement of metal ions in solution. Common ions such as sodium, potassium and calcium can be measured in complex solute matrices, even in coloured solutions. This is of value to agricultural irrigators and for monitoring water quality in lakes and streams.

• is cheap, effective, easy to use • uses recoverable materials • requires the use of standard industrial plant, lowskill operators and low-cost equipment • is applicable to major remediation problems and contaminated brownfield sites.

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Performance 03 against activities 3.1. Progress against the key challenges/outcomes The 2011–12 financial year was the first of CRC CARE’s second term, which sees it supported through to 2020. The new term brings with it four new programs, which build upon and extend the work done in the six years of the Centre’s first term. A fifth ‘program’ covers those projects not completed in the CRC’s first term, many of which were completed in 2011–12. Together, the programs comprise in total 29 research milestones and one utilisation milestone for the reporting period. Despite the lag phase expected in the first term of ‘CARE II’, more than 75% of milestones were achieved, and many ‘CARE I’ projects came to fruition. Our key challenge has been to initiate projects to meet the 2011–12 requirements combined with establishing a solid platform to support our progress for the balance of the funding time frame. Our success in meeting these challenges is evident in the research highlights outlined below.

3.2. Research A summary of research activities for the reporting period is detailed for each program. Of the 30 milestones due for 2011–12, 23 were completed. Of the seven milestones not completed, two related to projects that started late, and four related to difficulties recruiting students and for which CRC CARE is seeking variations to the Commonwealth Agreement. Another will also be the subject of a variation, based on the number of consultants trained. In addition to its four research programs, CRC CARE manages a National Contaminated Sites Demonstration Program (NCSDP), which takes research from the lab to demonstration sites in the field. The research programs were also augmented by the CRC’s China Program, which focuses on environmental remediation research. Although these projects still fall under the research of the four programs, they are managed separately by their own program coordinators, and are reported separately in this report.

CRC CARE is now one year into its second term, which has an increased focus on helping to develop uniform national standards for assessing and remediating contamination. CARE II features four new research programs: • Program 1: Best Practice Policy (four out of eight milestones achieved) • Program 2: Better Measurement (four out of six milestones achieved) • Program 3: Minimising Uncertainty In Risk Assessment (three out of three milestones achieved) • Program 4: Cleaning Up (four out of five milestones achieved). In addition, all eight of the Program 5 (continuing projects) milestones were achieved. As the Centre is only one year into its second term, highlights listed for the new programs are, accordingly, not as extensive as program highlights of recent years. However, this year’s annual report will also include highlights from projects that continued from CARE I. The NCSDP continues to operate in CARE II with the support of AIP, DoD, BHPBIO and HLM Asia Group Ltd. 3.2.1. Research programs Program 1: Best Practice Policy (Program Leader: Dr Bruce Kennedy, CRC CARE) CRC CARE’s Best Practice Policy program develops new principles, indicators and strategies to support the development of new policy frameworks, particularly a national guidance framework for the remediation of contaminated sites, as well as for the management of title blight. The program will also produce strategies and techniques to effectively and positively engage with communities to manage perceptions surrounding remediation technologies and their application. The program’s key research areas are: • guidance for emergent and priority contaminants

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• a national guidance framework for Australian remediation

• not intrude on the prerogatives of state and territory policy making and implementation

• classification and ranking of incentives for remediation and reduction of title blight

• promote consistent implementation of guidance

• strategies for selecting remediation technologies based on effective community engagement. Program 1 highlights for the 2011–12 financial year included the following. Guidance for emergent and priority contaminants CRC CARE held a forum for stakeholders in February 2012 to identify and prioritise contaminants of concern. This exercise enabled the development and approval of a project to review the literature for the first-tier contaminants. A review by a PhD student has been completed, while a more detailed review commenced in July 2012 and is expected to be completed by December 2012. This will lay the groundwork for the future development of management guidance for such contaminants. The concept of flux-based guidance for remediation of sites and groundwater, particularly from petroleum contamination, was also included in this output. National guidance framework for Australian remediation CRC CARE is developing a nationally harmonised remediation framework to complement the National Environment Protection (Assessment of Site Contamination) Measure (NEPM), which delivers nationally harmonised guidance for assessment of site contamination. The development of the remediation framework will utilise existing guidance, expertise and hard-won experience, and will incorporate both practical guidance for remediation and practical guidance for long-term management of remediated sites. Overall, the remediation framework aims to: • facilitate greater certainty in environmental outcomes • facilitate consistency in decision making • maintain decision-making flexibility at state and local levels

• promote training and accreditation of personnel • minimise costs to industry and society. An initial project to review available Australian and international frameworks, completed in January 2012, suggested a draft structure for the new framework. Subsequently, two further projects were approved (the completion of which will enable detailed planning for the development of the framework elements): • to define the context, principles and strategies for the framework (commenced in May 2012 and expected to be completed in December 2012) • to identify existing guidance (‘guidance mapping’) for the framework. CRC CARE is undertaking this development work in conjunction with a range of stakeholders, including state and territory governments, all of which are represented on the National Remediation Framework Steering Group (along with industry, researchers and community), which met in September 2011 and February 2012. The Steering Group provides strategic oversight of the development of the National Remediation Framework, and offers advice on the direction of the Framework and the priorities for guidance development, project planning and oversight, research outcomes and objectives, and communication and reporting. Classification and ranking of incentives for remediation and reduction of title blight Contaminated sites, and even remediated sites, may have an adverse impact on local amenity and environmental values as well as on property prices (so-called ‘title blight’). CRC CARE is developing strategies to identify and manage title blight. Strategies for selecting remediation technologies based on effective community engagement Community engagement, not just consultation, is important as society becomes more aware of the

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CRC CARE research will help Australia manage its landfill sites in the coming decades.

impacts of remediation activities. Well-structured engagement should lead to positive outcomes in the selection of technologies. In 2011–12 the University of Technology, Sydney (UTS) commenced the project ‘Societal perceptions and acceptability of remediation technologies’, which will cover many of the milestones in this output. Other projects – CRC CARE I continuing projects As CRC CARE I finished earlier than originally expected (having been replaced by CRC CARE II), there are continuing projects from CRC CARE I. Almost all the policy-related continuing projects were finalised in 2011–12. These include the following, which will be published as technical reports on the CRC CARE website:

• Consultation and engagement with end-users through a variety of processes, including a forum run by CRC CARE on contaminants of emerging concern, and a presentation to the New South Wales (NSW) branch of ACLCA. These interactions provided end-users with opportunities for input into the CRC’s decision-making process on identification and prioritisation of contaminants for which new tools are required.

(Program Leader: Dr Cheryl Lim, NMI)

• A source for the development of a new Australian Reference Material for Total Petroleum Hydrocarbon (TPH) has been identified with the assistance of industry and regulator end-users, and initial testing has been carried out. Petroleum hydrocarbons make up some of the most common environmental contaminants and an accurate measure of TPH is required in many applications. A team led by NMI has begun work on a project aimed at facilitating the changes to speciation bands and analytical methodologies for TPH that have been proposed as part of the draft 2011 NEPM variation. The new Reference Material will be readily available and relevant to Australian conditions, and thus extremely helpful for validating or comparing the performance of different analysis techniques.

CRC CARE’s Better Measurement program builds on CARE I’s work by developing next-generation analytical methods and innovative field technologies to provide fast and more efficient assessment of site contamination. The Program aims to develop the tools needed by end-users, including site assessors and remediators, to measure and characterise environmental contaminants with sufficient certainty that they can make appropriate decisions to optimise their remediation strategies.

• A PhD student at UTS is working on the development of a reliable method for efficient characterisation of manufactured nanoparticles from a variety of sources by application of fieldflow fractionation – an emerging and powerful tool that can be used to determine the presence and particle-size distribution of engineered nanoparticles, which in turn will enhance our understanding of nanoparticles’ environmental fate and impact.

The key research areas for this program are:

• A project began on the development of novel bioassays to provide a simultaneous assessment and prediction of different types of toxic responses to environmental contaminants. This research, which will be carried out by Entox (University of Queensland), is expected to result in the development of a method for predicting in-vivo toxic responses more accurately than existing methods, thus contributing to more accurate health risk assessments.

• Landfill futures: a state and futures review of landfill in Australia  • Safe on-site retention of contaminants: a risk-based approach – part 2 • Value-based land remediation (four case studies). Program 2: Better Measurement

• sensitive analytical techniques for emerging and priority contaminants • novel assessment and remote online monitoring systems • integrated information management tools • standards for sampling contaminated material.

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Highlights from the first year of this program include:

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Program 3: Minimising Uncertainty in Risk Assessment (Program Leader: Professor Jack Ng, University of Queensland) Program 3 aims to develop new technology, methods and knowledge that will minimise uncertainties in assessing health and environmental risks. Specifically, it will involve research into the fate and dynamics of volatiles, semi-volatiles, groundwater discharge into surface water ecosystems and flux, and the effect of time on contaminant behaviour. The program will also assemble and index information on the level of risk estimated for compliance with Australian regulations. It will develop statistically sound methods for estimating the reasonable maximum exposure and risk to human health and ecosystems, a key input into determining what represents a balanced remediation outcome. For site contamination assessment it is important to consider chemical speciation and bioavailability. From these data, the uncertainty of predicting potential risk can be minimised. Program 3 focuses on filling knowledge gaps in risk assessment of mixed contaminants with particular reference to interactions and their effects on bioavailability and associated adverse effects. Without such knowledge, an unnecessarily conservative output could mean higher-cost remediation. Ultimately, through a multidisciplinary approach, Program 3 will help regulators, industry, and environmental consultants and risk assessors make informed decisions with reduced uncertainty, and thus better protect human and ecological health at sites associated with complex mixtures of contaminants. To achieve this, the program will focus on three key research areas: • quantifying contaminant toxicity and bioavailability • developing a reasonable risk and compliance model • quantifying pathways of exposure and transient risks. Program 3 highlights in 2011–12 included: • Initiation of a joint project between UniSA and the University of Queensland focusing on ‘assessing

the risk to human health and the environment from mixed contamination’. The contaminants of interest are the poly-aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and heavy metals. • A collaborative project between UniSA and UTS on environmental risk assessment of nanomaterials for soil and groundwater remediation. This project will develop a method for the measurement and characterisation of zero-valency iron nanoparticles in the environment, study nanoparticles’ environmental fate, develop a potential toxicity evaluation, and assess the potential for groundwater remediation. • Data collection to support the Port Hedland health risk assessment guidelines was carried out in 2011–12. ChemCentre (WA) is the lead agency for this project. • Development of Australian petroleum vapour intrusion (PVI) guidance is near completion. Other new projects being developed and considered for funding include: • arsenic bioavailability and biotransformation, and detoxification/bioremediation of arsenic using in aquatic organisms • the expansion of petroleum HSLs • a feasibility study for applying Monte Carlo risk assessment methods • development of a dipstick assay for bilirubin oxidative metabolites – oxidative stress assessment. Program 4: Cleaning Up (Program Leader: Professor Megharaj Mallavarapu, UniSA) This program aims to develop, evaluate and demonstrate the necessary technologies, indicators and strategies for in-situ management of contamination faced by industries and the community. Program 4 will address the limitations of existing assessment and remediation technologies for effective risk reduction to human

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and environmental health in addition to developing sustainable and green remediation technologies. It will also address the limitations of existing assessment and remediation technologies by establishing parameters for effective risk reduction in remediating unique Australian soils and aquifers.

7. PAH bioremediation screening tool (UniSA)

The key research areas for this program are:

The major achievements of Program 4 in 2011–12 included:

• new remediation technologies for emerging and priority contaminants • development, testing and validation of sustainable and green technologies. Other key outputs include at least 16 PhD students and training for 650 environmental managers. Currently, this program has 9 projects: 1. Endpoints for petroleum LNAPL remediation technology performance (CSIRO) 2. Conversion of blooming algae to renewable energy (HLM, China) 3. Phytoremediation of red mud residues by hybrid giant Napier grass (HLM, China)

8. Road-deposited sediment pollutants, mobility, bioavailability and remediation (UTS) 9. Novel solar driven fibre-optic photocatalysis hybrid system for groundwater remediation (UTS).

• Isolation and characterisation of novel arseniteoxidising bacteria for remediation of arseniccontaminated wastewater. • Isolation and characterisation of novel bacteria and microalgae able to detoxify PAH-contaminated soils and water, and development of a photoheterotrophic system for PAH remediation. • Development and demonstration of a laboratoryscale microbial fuel cell technology for the remediation of groundwater contaminated with petroleum hydrocarbons. • A novel filtration media for removal of dissolved organic carbon, turbidity, heavy metals and metalloids in storm water has been developed and its efficiency tested in a semi-pilot-scale laboratory study. Further pilot-scale study is in progress. • An integrated advanced oxidation processes and nanotechnology based on grapheme and iron oxide has been developed for remediation of persistent organic pollutants.

Professor Ravi Naidu with giant reed – used to cap and cleanse old landfills – at one of CRC CARE’s field sites.

4. Underground river bioreactor for piggery waste remediation (HLM, China) 5. Green synthesis of iron nanoparticles and their application as Fenton-like catalysts for the degradation of TPH in groundwater and soil sludge (UniSA) 6. Integrating advanced oxidation processes and nanotechnologies for persistent organic pollutants removal from contaminated water and soil (Curtin University)

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• Design and field implementation of a large bioreactor for remediation of piggery wastewater using algae with further conversion of this algal biomass into fuel (with Huazhong University of Science and Technology in Wuhan Province, China). • An algal-based remediation system developed for cleaning lake water contaminated with piggery waste. Program 5: Continuing projects (Program Leader: Professor Nanthi Bolan, UniSA) CARE II, along with its four new programs, began in 2011–12. Program 5 comprises the 17 research projects that have been carried forward from the first to the second phase of the CRC. These projects cover the Centre’s four original programs, namely:

Risk Assessment; Remediation Technologies; Prevention Technologies; and Social, Legal, Policy and Economic Issues. Five projects were granted an extension, with no financial implications, to complete the associated research and commercial milestones. Five projects were completed, for which the exit reports have been received and approved by the Management Committee. The remaining seven projects are progressing well, and are expected to be completed by the end of 2012. The completed projects have achieved their research and utilisation milestones, been successful in developing novel technologies, produced a large number of publications in highimpact journals, and engaged successful PhD students. Although the research outcomes were derived with the active involvement of end-users, there have been some concerns regarding the scaling-up of some of the research outcomes and the commercial adaptation of some of the technologies developed in these projects. CRC CARE is actively pursuing the field adaptation of these technologies by both partner and other commercial organisations. Highlights from these continuing projects included: • Organic pollutant removal using titania nanoparticles – this project, based on work by Dr Shaobin Wang of the CRC and Curtin University, was the Asia Pacific winner of the 2012 International Water Association Project Innovation Awards (Applied Research Category). Dr Wang also received one of the prestigious 2012 Thomson Reuters Citation & Innovation Award for his work in environmental applications of nanotechnology. • The development of an algae–bacteria mix microbial system for successful degradation of lindane-contaminated waste. • The development of metal-free nanocarbon catalysts for catalytic oxidation of aqueous contaminants in leachate. • Mathematical modelling to evaluate the gas emission for efficient production and capture of methane from bioreactor landfill.

• The development of a granulating technique to convert solid industrial wastes, such as alum water treatment sludge, into a porous adsorbent material suitable for use in the removal of heavy metal contaminants from wastewater streams. • The development of computational methodologies for characterisation of unknown sources of groundwater pollution. By integrating the design of monitoring networks, these methodologies enhance the reliability and efficiency of source characterisation. • The development of a novel hanging drop air toxics exposure system for inhalation-exposure effect measurement. • The development of granular activated carbon and hydrous ferric oxide filter media techniques to remove dissolved organic carbon and turbidity from stormwaters. • The development and field application of phytocapping technology to mitigate environmental degradation resulting from landfill leachate. • The synthesis of a lidar 2-D wind vector retrieval algorithm to improve monitoring and assessment of air pollution. Existing technology provides information on only one of three wind components. CRC CARE has developed sophisticated software to generate accurate information on the three wind components necessary for many applications. There is IP associated with the software. A separate data-processing technique is being developed to derive concentration levels of dust in the atmosphere using the lidar. This is in the early stages of development, but early results are very encouraging. The work will be of interest to many practitioners in the mining and air-pollution sectors. • A novel fibre lidar was used to examine dust concentration levels and plume behaviour under a range of meteorological conditions at Port Hedland, Australia’s largest iron ore export port. The collaborative project was undertaken with scientists from the University of Notre Dame (Indiana, USA) and aims to identify opportunities for improving dust management.

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• A detailed proposal has been prepared to evaluate the performance of the newly developed laser motion compensation system and the refined 2-D wind vector algorithms during the Olympic Games yachting series at Weymouth, UK. • Completion of six PhD projects examining the beneficial application of agricultural and industrial waste by-products such as biosolids, bauxite residues, wastewater treatment residues and coal combustion products. • A number of research findings from these projects have been published or are in press in leading international journals. These include a seminal paper on the value of biochar in the remediation of chromium-contaminated soil (Journal of Environmental Quality), a study on the interaction between metals and organic matter in biosolids using synchrotron techniques (Environmental Science and Technology), and a novel nanotechnology for oxidation of phenols in wastewater treatment (Catalysis Today). A review paper on the role of organic amendments on enhanced bioremediation of heavy metal(loid) contaminated soils has been ranked as the top downloaded paper in Journal of Hazardous Materials. 3.2.2. National Contaminated Sites Demonstration Program The NCSDP provides an opportunity to demonstrate integrated multidisciplinary solutions to complex and highly challenging soil, groundwater and air contamination problems faced by a number of essential CARE II participants. Current projects address issues that require extensive research under laboratory conditions. Once solutions are generated, the project is extended into the field. Such an approach provides an opportunity for both scientists and consultants to test and validate new and upcoming site assessment and remediation technologies. Demonstration projects within the program are co-sponsored by the AIP, BHPBIO, DoD and the Queensland Government. The projects address the following issues that currently constrain assessment and remediation of potentially contaminated sites:

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• monitored natural attenuation as a risk-based strategy for managing petroleum hydrocarboncontaminated sites • source characterisation, remediation and health investigation levels for sites contaminated by chlorinated hydrocarbons • impracticability end points for LNAPL remediation • aqueous film-forming foam – long-term impacts and remediation at fire-drill training areas • human exposure to vapour intrusion (VI) – development of a new model for predicting exposure • remediation at shooting ranges. Petroleum Program (Program Coordinator: Dr Prashant Srivastava, CRC CARE) Australian Institute of Petroleum

The AIP is a consortium of four major oil companies in Australia (BP, Mobil, Caltex and Shell). The AIP demonstration program was initiated in CRC CARE’s first term to address issues facing the oil industry. Some of the issues were associated with the lack of nationally consistent guidelines on various aspects of site assessment. In light of this constraint, CRC CARE brought together a team of experts (environment and health regulators, scientists and industry practitioners) to team up with relevant stakeholders to develop nationally harmonised policies and guidance on assessment and remediation of petroleum hydrocarbon-contaminated sites in Australia. In addition, the Centre is addressing other issues that require laboratory research. The program focuses on producing guidance documents on: • site characterisation • HSLs for petroleum hydrocarbons • monitored natural attenuation • LNAPL remediation. Projects in 2011–12 included: 1. Accurate measurement of TPH in soils and sediments (Program 2; see page 28 )

2. Assessing the risk to human health and the environment from mixed contamination (Program 3) 3. Development of Australian PVI guidance (Program 3) 4. Endpoints for petroleum LNAPL remediation – technology performance and risk reduction (Program 4) 5. Development of LNAPL Applications Guidance Document (continuing project from CARE I) 6. Identifying factors that control the performance and practicability of LNAPL remediation in fractured aquifer systems (continuing project from CARE I). Development of Australian PVI guidance

VI is an increasingly important consideration in the management of contaminated sites. Over the last decade, a number of guidance documents have been released in Australia and internationally. While providing good background on general concepts, these documents are often broad and can be interpreted differently when their recommendations are applied at particular sites. In addition, the guidance does not distinguished between potential sources of vapour, or define how fate and transport processes affect potential receptor exposure. As a result, past industry experience has been mixed. VI sampling and health risk assessments are generally completed through a process of negotiation and phased implementation, and the requirements for approval have not always been clear. CRC CARE’s new document is being developed and is expected to be presented to the Project Advisory Group for its endorsement in November 2012. Development of LNAPL applications guidance document

One of the objectives of CRC CARE’s AIP program is to develop guidance on the remediation of LNAPL in subsurface aquifers. CRC CARE is developing a plain-language guidance document on the application of available technologies for industry practitioners. This document will provide step-by-step guidance on which LNAPL remediation technologies should be used in specific situations, and when and how to use them. It will encompass a tiered approach that allows users to make remedial decisions at a simple level, graduating to more complex risk- and

value-based decision-making for more complex sites. The document is expected to be presented to the Project Advisory Group for its endorsement in November 2012. BHP Billiton Iron Ore

Like other companies in the resources sector, BHPBIO faces significant issues with contaminated soil, groundwater and wastewater. CRC CARE aims to deliver technically sound, commercially viable remediation solutions that will enable BHPBIO to both manage and minimise environmental and commercial risks while maximising the value of its assets and encouraging enterprise and innovation. The demonstration program has delivered research-based solutions to these environmental issues at various sites in the Pilbara region of WA. The projects initiated in the 2011–12 financial year are summarised as follows. Bioremediation of petroleum hydrocarboncontaminated soil

There is a portfolio of projects focusing on bioremediation of petroleum hydrocarboncontaminated soils in the Pilbara region. Bioremediation is a technique in which microbes help to degrade hydrocarbons under favourable conditions (appropriate levels of nutrients, oxygen, moisture, temperature, etc.). Two types of bioremediation were applied, namely biopile and bioslurry. Both of these are efficient bioremediation remediation strategies, with bioslurry being faster and biopile able to handle larger volumes of soils. After successful completion of lab-scale (in 1-litre jars) trials of biopile and bioslurry, pilot-scale trials of bioslurry were conducted in a large (1000 L) bioslurry reactor developed by CRC CARE researchers. The results were very encouraging, with the remediation goal achieved in a few days. The next phase of bioslurry will involve validating these results at field level. The bioslurry reactor will be transported to the field and operated under climatic conditions of the Pilbara region. Application of this technology is likely to save BHPBIO millions of dollars, given that treatment will be able to be performed on site, thus eliminating transport costs of contaminated soils to landfills and reducing carbon emissions.

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The biopile study is continuing into 2012–13. The aim of the biopile project is to optimise conditions for successful bioremediation of petroleum hydrocarboncontaminated soils. The project also involves development of a predictive model and guidance document that would help BHPBIO decide when biopile would become a feasible strategy in the Pilbara region. Risk-based management of contaminated soil

This project focuses on application of a risk-based approach to the management of contaminated soils that have been subject to land farming (a remediation process whereby waste material is deposited on or in the soil to be degraded naturally by microbes). CRC CARE scientists have demonstrated that long-term land farms lead to significant attenuation of petroleum hydrocarbons with low levels of residual TPH. Should residual TPH be present in a non-toxic form, the riskbased strategy could be applied to demonstrate that the soil is safe. The approach involves the assessment of risks of residual contaminants to potential ecological and human receptors. Toxicity indicators such as earthworms, native grasses and leachability will be used to recommend risk-based management of contaminated soils, thus allowing the reuse of soils that pose no risk to the potential receptors. This approach will also be very cost-effective.

rankCARETM – the site ranking tool

CRC CARE has developed Java-based software to rank contaminated sites according to user-defined criteria. In 2011–12 the software was developed into an advanced version of its prototype, which was developed 2 years ago. Named rankCARE, it is currently undergoing beta-testing. Review on contaminated rail sleepers

This review examines current approaches to disposal of disused contaminated rail sleepers, and environmentally sustainable options for their reuse or disposal. Department of Defence Program (Program Coordinator: Dr Sreenivasulu Chadalavada, CRC CARE) DoD is one of CRC CARE’s essential Participants, sponsoring a demonstration program focused on contaminants commonly encountered at regularly used sites. The multidisciplinary program focuses on laboratory- and field-based investigation of potentially contaminated sites, and the validation of innovative technologies developed for their assessment and remediation. It has addressed a number of environmental issues for DoD, with CRC CARE developing technologies and applications at a number of DoD sites. This successful and productive partnership has produced a patentable new product for the international market for the detection of residual contaminants from fire-fighting foam. Other refinements, products and developments are close to fruition. The program focuses primarily on laboratory- and field-based investigation of potentially contaminated sites. A number of 2011–12 highlights are described as follows. • Remediation of chlorinated hydrocarboncontaminated sites – Contrasting remediation

technologies were developed and trialled at two contaminated DoD sites. These technologies include:

Better methods are needed for the disposal and reuse of old contaminated rail sleepers.

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- Surfactant-enhanced in-situ chemical oxidation (S-ISCO) – Preliminary field-scale investigations were demonstrated successfully. The studies were conducted in collaboration with VeruTEK Technologies, a US-based SME, and with the Australian SME Soil and Groundwater Consulting. VeruTEK’s S-ISCO® technology is

a biodegradable, plant-based surfactant/cosolvent mixture that facilitates the desorbing of soil contaminants, making them accessible for oxidative destruction in place. - Bioremediation – A pilot-scale feasibility groundwater remediation study using a substrate was commissioned at a DoD site to demonstrate the bioremediation of groundwater contaminated with chlorinated solvents. The substrate is injected into groundwater through a monitoring well located in the source zone. Observations at monitoring wells located upstream, downstream and to the side of the injection point for both post- and pre-treatment demonstrated a significant reduction in trichloroethylene (TCE) concentration in downstream wells. • Contaminant monitoring tool – Two projects

focusing on tools for monitoring the presence of contaminants in soil and groundwater were developed in 2010 and 2012, respectively.

CRC CARE research is leading to better ways of remediating leadcontaminated soils at shooting ranges.

remediation of shooting-range soils. Both PhD theses are to be submitted by December 2012. • Stormwater remediation – CRC CARE has

developed a new technology to remove trybutyltin (TBT), a contaminant that has been detected in stormwater associated with DoD sites involving naval activities. The next phase of this project will include scaling up and testing the technology in the field.

- A test-strip tool to monitor AFFF contamination in the environment. Convenient and cheap to use, this tool gives a clear indication of AFFF (a fire suppressant) in solutions. CRC CARE is currently validating the test strip in the field. - Novel sensors for monitoring the presence of benzene in the environment. • A database for managing contaminated site information – This database management system,

initiated for DoD, allows transfer of information from existing DoD databases as well as the standardised acquisition of new data. It also links site-monitoring data, geographical layers and risk profiles. • Reactive materials for contaminant remediation –

Two projects focusing on both immobilisation and subsequent degradation of contaminants in solid, liquid or gaseous phase have been in progress since 2010 and 2012, respectively. Preliminary outcomes demonstrate significant potential for technologies incorporating these reactive clay materials and nanomaterials for both dry gas and liquid decontamination. • PhD Fellowships – two PhD fellowships were

supported under the Defence Program: a modular vapour transport model to simulate VI and

Work on remediating acid-sulfate soils at East Trinity, Queensland, has had remarkable success.

A national demonstration site for innovative acid sulfate soil management (Project Leader: Professor Richard Bush, Southern Cross University) CRC CARE, in partnership with Southern Cross University and the Queensland Government’s Department of Environment and Resource Management, continued to develop remediation technologies for acid sulfate soil.

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Acid sulfate soils contain iron sulfides, commonly pyrite. When exposed to air as a result of drainage or disturbance, these soils produce sulfuric acid, often releasing toxic quantities of iron, aluminium and heavy metals. Acid sulfate soils are a serious issue in coastal areas around Australia and cover an estimated 40 million hectares worldwide. This study has assessed the use of lime-assisted tidal exchange (LATE) to remediate an iconic acid sulfate soil site, East Trinity, near Cairns in Northern Queensland. After land developers drained and cleared 740 hectares of tidal wetland to grow sugarcane in the 1970s, the consequent release of highly acidic water (pH as low as 2.5) killed fish and destroyed wetlands. In the following 25 years, an estimated 72,000 tonnes of sulfuric acid were released into Trinity Inlet. The remediation of East Trinity has involved broadscale soil and drainage works to complete a fully operational LATE management system. The system uses new-technology floodgates and lime dosing to control the exchange of tidal waters in the wetland drainage system, partially restoring marine tidal inundation by triggering microbe-driven reduction of iron and sulfate. The project’s results have been remarkable. Microbial-mediated reduction of the iron and sulfur is progressively forming iron sulfide minerals (mostly pyrite), and through these reactions is generating insitu alkalinity. LATE has diminished the once-chronic and extreme acidity by more than 90%. In economic terms, the cost of restoration to date has been around $10 million – a fraction of the estimated $300 million it would have cost to neutralise the soils by conventional means. This study has established East Trinity as a national demonstration site for innovative acid sulfate soil management. CRC CARE will now address the transferability of the LATE strategy to enable its uptake more generally as a practical and effective remediation approach for contaminated coastal acid sulfate soils. Other highlights include: • Dr Scott Johnston receiving an Australian Research Council Future Fellowship. The award builds on aspects of his CRC CARE postdoctoral research as part of the East Trinity project.

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• CRC CARE scholar and Southern Cross University student Salirian Claff completing his PhD. His thesis was titled Chemistry of iron and trace elements in acid sulphate soils. China Program (Program Coordinator: Dr Hui Ming, UniSA) During 2011–12, the CRC CARE-China program, run in conjunction with HLM Asia Group Ltd, continued its focus on environmental remediation research, while also seeking to develop new areas of collaboration to build the program’s capacity and strengthen ties among CRC CARE and Chinese counterparts. The program consists of three projects: • Phytoremediation of red mud residues by giant hybrid Napier grass • Demonstration of underground river bioreactor for piggery waste remediation • Conversion of blooming algae to renewable energy. These projects extend related projects carried out during CRC CARE’s first term, and which are now being scaled up for demonstration and commercial adoption during the second term. Phytoremediation of red mud residues by giant hybrid napier grass

Hybrid giant Napier grass has shown great potential for rehabilitating red mud residues while at the same time yielding substantial biomass for energy production. Red mud is a caustic (highly alkaline) waste product created through the bauxite refinery process. New knowledge of Napier grass plantation methods, combined with thorough investigation of red mud characteristics, is allowing CRC CARE to develop a promising solution to the burgeoning issue of safe red mud disposal in China. The Napier grass reduces the amount of water that enters the red mud site, and thus prevents toxic chemicals and heavy metals from leaching out of the landfill. Moreover, Napier grass’s highly developed fibrous root system gradually remediates the soil alkalinity to a healthy level. The ‘green cap’ created by planting Napier grass over a red mud site also reduces the amount of dust generated in high winds.

Another benefit is that the fast-growing Napier grass can be harvested and used to produce electricity or methanol for use as a fuel, or biochar for carbon sequestration and as a soil improver in agriculture. The process of cleaning up an old red mud site is, therefore, potentially profitable. The knowledge of the growth characteristics of Napier grass, generated during CRC CARE’s first term, has enabled the development of effective management protocols that optimise the beneficial uses of Napier grass and minimise adverse impacts the ecosystem. Specific achievements included: • the development of a greenhouse for hybrid giant Napier grass • investigation of different red mud amendments including, clay, agricultural waste, sewage and animal manure • a small-scale field trial encompassing Napier grass plantation on red mud residues (with several amendments) conducted in a red mud dam in Guangxi, China. Demonstration of underground river bioreactor for piggery waste remediation

This project, carried out in collaboration with Chinese scientists and technology firm HLM Asia Group Ltd, has developed novel digester technology (patented by CRC CARE under the name pooCARETM) to help

deal with the estimated 1.4 million tonnes of manure and 7 million tonnes of urine produced annually by the fast-growing Chinese pork industry. Large amounts of nitrogen, phosphorous and contaminants are discharged from piggeries into the wider environment, where they damage ecosystems and pose a threat to human health. The nutrients lost in the waste of one pig alone are worth about $50 a year, but until now there has been no technology available to recover and use this vital resource. This demonstration project has developed a twostep underground anaerobic bioreactor for treating piggery waste, and established the settings for load and digestion time. It has identified a particular combination of anaerobic treatments that can recover nutrients and also produce clean biogas energy as well as fertiliser and other valuable products from nutrient-rich waste. The system has great potential for application in other industries worldwide. The project is being managed by HLM Asia Group Ltd on the ground, taking advantage of the relatively low cost of technology trials and scale-up work in China. The scientific and technical knowledge gained in the course of CRC CARE’s research will have real value for Australia’s intensive livestock and food industries, and will help protect our environment from these types of wastes. At the same time, it offers a new source of clean energy for industrial or domestic use, along with a supply of nutrients that can be used to boost agricultural productivity. Specific achievements included: • the pilot trial of a bioreactor for converting piggery waste into biogas was completed and the biogas produced was delivered by pipeline to local farmers for domestic purposes • the relationships among digestion time, feed load and gas production were investigated • investigation and design of a remediation system for the waste discharged from the bioreactor following biogas production • a patent for the total piggery waste remediation system was drafted in both English and Chinese.

A CRC CARE-developed bioreactor promises to help deal with the fastgrowing problem of pig waste in China.

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Conversion of blooming algae to renewable energy

3.3.1. CRC CARE patents

Naturally produced algae, especially those generated from green-blue algal blooms, pollute large bodies of water and can harm fish and human health. If blooming algae can be collected and used to produce energy, it can be transformed into a valuable product. This project investigates the use of algae from a variety of sources, particularly piggery waste, to produce energy via several conversion routes.

CRC CARE’s first term led to five technologies resulting in seven patents. Of these, four are undergoing testing and validation in the field. Current commercial activity includes the following:

3.3. Utilisation and commercialisation The majority of CARE I research projects were finalised by the end of this seventh year of operation (the first year of the second term). While some of the associated project outputs will be managed in line with the CRC’s IP management process (see Section 2.5), the dissemination of knowledge and scientific understanding of contaminants in the environment, relevant to the outcomes of CRC CARE’s research, is an important function of the CRC. CRC CARE’s success rate for its utilisation and commercialisation milestones across its first term helped secure the second-term funding through to 2020. The CRC supports many of its researchers to present at national and international conferences, and at industry-focused training and professional development events. In its first term, CRC CARE trained over 2500 industry professionals as part of its industry training program, greatly exceeding the initial target of 1000. For its second term, the target is to train 2300 contaminated-land consultants. In 2011– 12, more than 250 consultants attended CRC CARE training events. In addition, more than 900 people attended other CRC CARE knowledge-transfer events, including the CleanUp 2011 conference. In addition the CRC has expanded its industry research and issues magazine Remediation Australasia from an online-only publication into a full-colour, hard-copy quarterly (also available online as a PDF), which is currently distributed to around 2000 subscribers. Further details can be found in Section 3.4.

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The matCARE process.

matCARE™ Pollution in water and soil from the use of fire-fighting foams is a global problem. A new product developed by CRC CARE, named matCARE™, has undergone field trials and has now been dispensed or sold to the DoD at four sites. AFFFs are widely used in firesuppression systems because of their superior firefighting properties. AFFFs contain potentially harmful perfluorochemicals – stable chemicals that do not change or break down readily in the environment or in living things – and are often present in soil, sediments and water where AFFFs have been deployed. matCARE™ removes perfluorochemicals from wastewater and soil. The product is at an advanced stage of commercialisation. ionCARE™ CRC CARE has developed a novel technique for assessing concentration of ions in solution using Ion Selective Electrode Arrays. The technique includes software that has been developed to allow real-time measurement of a multitude of free ions simultaneously in solution. Contemporary solutions utilise laboratory equipment, which unfortunately are big, heavy and were never intended for in-field

measurements. Consequently, process time and equipment costs can be prohibitive. ionCARE™ supports cost-effective, in-situ, real-time monitoring, together with improved management strategies for cropping, improved fertigation, effective use of recycled water, and monitoring for possible pollutants to ensure EPA standards are achieved. ionCARE™ will have internet connectivity to truly support remote-sensing and continuous monitoring of critical resources. The technology is at an early stage of commercialisation. sonicCARE™ CRC CARE’s research program identified that the application of ultrasonic energy to the tailings from mining operations can save water over and above current conventional technologies. This energy is applied after flocculant addition and enables further compaction of waste materials, thereby releasing more water. Our internal project name for this initiative is sonicCARE™. Mining accounts for 3% of Australia’s total water use, so small percentage reductions in water use in mineral processing can represent large amounts of water saved. Mineral processing typically needs 0.4–0.6 tonnes, or 500 litres, of fresh water for every tonne of ore ground. It is estimated that the world produces more than 10 billion tonnes of tailings waste every year, typically consisting of 60–95% water. However, it is widely recognised that the processes used to separate liquids from solids are inefficient. sonicCARE™ is at an early stage of commercialisation and is currently undergoing testing in the mining industry. astkCARE™ CRC CARE’s Anionic Surfactant Test Kit (ASTK) can detect and measure the concentration of highly toxic surfactants from widely used fire-fighting foams in ground and surface water in the field. astkCARE™ kits are in wide use across Royal Australian Air Force defence bases. Existing techniques are based on methylene blue active substances assays, which use chloroform, a suspected carcinogen, as the extraction solvent. The ASTK research continues to evolve, with work now proceeding towards colourresponse strips together with electronic sensing. This ongoing research targets safety, accuracy and cost-effectiveness through the availability of in-field performance technology. The technology is at an early stage of commercialisation.

pooCARE™ As part of the China Program, CRC CARE has developed a two-step underground anaerobic bioreactor – patented as pooCARETM – for treating piggery waste. The project is being managed by HLM Asia Group Ltd, and involves collaboration with Chinese scientists from Huazhong University of Science and Technology. The CRC has identified a particular combination of anaerobic treatments that can produce clean biogas energy, recover nutrients for use as fertiliser and other valuable products. The system has great potential for application in other industries worldwide. Further information on the specific utilisation and commercialisation activities of CRC CARE can be found throughout various sections of this report. A summary of these activities includes: • the production of technical reports, publicly available on the CRC CARE website • workshops and training offered to industry professionals • the maintenance and update of the Contaminated Sites Law and Policy Directory • the submission and maintenance of patent applications • activities of the NCSDP • the delivery of documents for inclusion in the NEPM update: in particular, CRC CARE released new HSLs in September 2011 (these are expected to be included in the NEPM), and followed this release with a national training program and production of a training DVD on the use of the HSLs • support provided to PhD and Honours students, who work in conjunction with CRC CARE researchers on research activities • the publication of journal papers and presentation of conference papers (a full list for the financial year can be found in Section 7).

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3.3.2. Knowledge and technology transfer CRC CARE knowledge and technology is diffused through ARIC, an education and knowledge transfer initiative of CRC CARE. Vehicles for this extension include workshops, training events, field trips and demonstration sites. See page 44 for more information about ARIC. 3.3.3. CRC CARE’s contribution to the public good

• PVI. This guidance document is currently being developed and will provide better guidance on how to assess PVI from the sub-surface to indoor air.

3.4. Education and training (Program Leader: Mr Andrew Beveridge, CRC CARE)

CARE I developed a number of guidance documents under the petroleum program, the aim of which was to develop nationally consistent guidance on a number of issues faced by the environmental industry. These documents are available free via the CRC CARE website (www.crccare.com/publications/ technical_reports) and contribute to the public good. The documents developed, adopted or in progress in 2011–12 include:

There are two components to CRC CARE’s education and training program. The focus of the university education component is to educate postgraduate students in the highly specialised field of environmental contamination research. The second component is dedicated to enhancing knowledge and encouraging the professional development of environment-industry professionals, and raising the awareness of new concepts and technologies.

• HSLs for petroleum hydrocarbons in soil and groundwater. As the NEPM has not yet been released, many states’ environment regulatory bodies have already adopted the HSLs as interim guidelines for the assessment of petroleum hydrocarbon contamination. CRC CARE also organised national training workshops in Australian cities to educate the industry about the HSLs.

3.4.1. Education

• A technical guide for demonstrating monitored natural attenuation of petroleum hydrocarbons in groundwater. Although not included in the NEPM, this is a very useful document for industry. CRC CARE will organise national-level training workshops in the coming year. • Other guidance documents that have been included or referenced in the draft NEPM are: - Characterisation of sites impacted by petroleum hydrocarbons - Field assessment of vapours - Biodegradation of petroleum hydrocarbon vapours. • LNAPL applications document. This document evolved from a previous document on the available technologies for LNAPL remediation. Currently being developed, it will describe in plain English how to use the technologies under different circumstances. CRC CARE, in association with

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ACLCA, organised a national training course on LNAPL remediation in Australian cities.

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At the conclusion of CARE I (30 June 2011), there were 30 students still actively undertaking their PhDs. In the 2011–12 financial year, 10 of these students completed the requirements to be awarded their PhD; a further four are currently under examination or addressing examiners’ comments, and one withdrew. Of the remaining 15 students, it is expected that a further 10 will submit for examination in the 6 months to December 2012, with the remainder in 2013. This will see the CRC achieve its education milestones carried over from CARE I. Only two first-term students withdrew from their studies, leaving the CRC with a 96% retention and completion rate of its supported PhDs – a great success. Students have contributed significantly to CRC CARE’s research programs and have published their research widely, contributing to 17 journal papers and nine conference papers published during the year. During the year, students were also provided with opportunities to develop their skills via CRC CAREcoordinated training events, including workshops on science communication and grant writing for early-career researchers. Students also participated actively in the CRC’s industry training program, further preparing them in line with the Centre’s philosophy of producing industry-ready graduates.

The 2011–12 reporting period also saw individual successes, with several CRC CARE-supported students recognised for their outstanding scientific achievement, including the following: • Seth Laurenson (UniSA) received a PhD Excellence Award in the category of ‘Environmental Science’ as part of the SA Government’s Science Excellence Awards. These awards are SA’s premier event for recognising and rewarding outstanding scientific endeavour, including its application in industry. Seth’s PhD examined the effect of recycled water irrigation on the health of vineyard soils, including changes in biological, physical and chemical functioning. • Ruh Ullah (Curtin University) was selected as a finalist in the Showcasing early-career researchers initiative at the CRC Association’s annual conference, held in Adelaide in May. Ruh, from the Department of Chemical Engineering, presented his work on novel air-purification technology. He was selected on a competitive basis from more than 40 students who applied to present at the conference. • Papers by Binoy Sarkar and Peter Sanderson were published as feature articles in, respectively, Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology and the Journal of Hazardous, Toxic, and Radioactive Waste, in recognition of the outstanding quality of their research. Currently with 36 PhD graduates and a further 20 expected in the next 18 months, CRC CARE is truly building capacity via its education program. It is also pleasing to note that our graduates are quickly finding employment in a wide range of organisations. The average time to secure employment following submission of their thesis is approximately 4 months. Graduates from 2011–12 have found employment at organisations including CSIRO, UniSA, University of Adelaide, Southern Cross University, and the Korean National Academy of Agricultural Science.

to assess, manage and clean up contamination in our environment. To date, under CRC CARE II, there have been a total of 34 PhD and 11 Honours scholarships approved as part of 14 CRC CARE II projects. This represents a commitment of over $2.6 million in funding for scholarships and operational support. While only a handful of these scholarships have been filled to date, it is expected that filling these places (especially Honours placements) will be a significant challenge over the coming 12 months, as the CRC endeavours to meet its Commonwealth commitments. CRC CARE–China education program In an effort to strengthen interactions with our Chinese research students, CRC CARE and UniSA hosted a visiting cohort of six students from HUST in China’s Wuhan Province. The students visited the CRC’s headquarters for 3 months, during which time they received assistance from members of the UniSA Teaching and Learning Unit in developing their research proposals and received training on PowerPoint presentations and communication skills. Students also undertook individual lab and greenhouse experiments in relation to their PhD topics with CERAR at UniSA. At the conclusion of their visit in April 2012, the Chinese students travelled with representatives of CRC CARE to China for the annual CRC CARE Commun Workshop in Wuhan. Commun is held in conjunction with CRC CARE’s Chinese collaborators, namely HUST, Shaoguan University and HLM Asia Group Ltd. The workshop gave the CRC’s PhD and Masters students in China the opportunity to present their work to CRC CARE representatives and their peers. The well-attended event saw some outstanding presentations, particularly focusing on the remediation of red mud and the beneficial use of pig waste (see Section 3.2.2). Fangjie Qi (HUST) won the award for best presentation, and Buyun Wang (HUST) won the award for best science.

The first year of CARE II presented an opportunity to prepare for a new intake of students ready to take up the challenge of finding innovative and new ways

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New Honours students (there were no Honours graduates during the reporting period) UniSA Bita Bayatsarmadi

Mobility of Fe-based manufactured nanomaterials in soil

New Masters students (there were no Masters graduates during the reporting period) Huazhong University of Science and Technology Li Jiao Gasification of wet sewage sludge and biomass in-situ steam for hydrogen-rich gas Haiyan Cai Catalytic steam gasification of biomass for syngas production Continuing PhD students Curtin University of Technology Ruh Ullah Nanoparticle catalyst for indoor VOC degradation under visible light James Cook University Manish Jha Remediation of contaminated groundwater aquifers Southern Cross University Chamindra Vithana The development of accurate and rapid assessment methods for acidity pool in sulfate soils materials Crystal Maher Understanding processes in acid sulfate soil environments using stable isotopes University of Queensland Andrew McKay Development of a unicellular cell tool for the toxicity assessment of single and mixture of metals and metalloids Faye Fang Liu Development of nanobiotechnology (single cell) method for biological response measurement of contaminants Shiva Prakash Toxicological studies of inhalable iron-rich particles with and without adsorbed chemical species relevant to mining industry health and safety Yen-Yui Liu Effects of land application of contaminated effluents on soil properties and the size, activity and diversity of soil microbial communities UniSA Dawit Bekele Movement of volatile organics in soils of contaminated aquifer sites with the aim of generating model parameters for defining affective control/remediation Luchun Duan Long-term PAH contaminated soils â&#x20AC;&#x201C; risks and remediation Mike Van Alphen The characterisation of fibre bundles and the release of respirable asbestos fibres Peeranart Kiddee Integrating life-cycle assessment and risk assessment as decision-making support tools for managing electronic waste Peter Sanderson Risk-based management and remediation of lead contamination at a Defence firing range Sally Legg Legal and policy implications of risk assessment in relation to the assessment and remediation of contaminated sites Suresh Ramraj Subash Algae-bacterial system for remediation of contaminants Chandrabose Yanju Liu Recycling and reuse for the remediation of red mud UTS S. M. Ghausul Hossain Permeable reactive barrier for the treatment of complex organic waters Thamer Mohammed On-site remediation of micro-pollutants from storm waters for reuse Wil Van Deur The role of strategic environmental assessment and environmental impact assessment in the sustainable management of contaminated land in the Asiaâ&#x20AC;&#x201C;Pacific region

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New PhD students for 2011–12 UTS Laura Chekli

Development of methodologies for the standard characterisation of zero-valent iron nanoparticles and their complex environmental interactions using the field-flow fractionation Curtin University of Technology Muhammad Omer The development of novel data analysis techniques to resolve the three-dimensional structure of the Mughal Lidar-measured wind fields Vaibhav Balaji Mohale The development of analytical techniques for detection, measurement and tracking particle emissions from Coherent Doppler Lidar Victor Savatia Indasi Assessment of wind energy potential using Lidar and advanced modelling techniques Huazhong University of Science and Technology Qunpeng Chen Modelling for an anaerobic digester fed with piggery waste Jingbo Wang Biochar and hydrogen-rich gas production from pig manure by pyrolysis-gasification Mian Hu Using algae to remove nitrogen, phosphorus and heavy metal from swine wastewater Cuixia Liu Biofuel production from algae via anaerobic fermentation and pyrolysis Fangjie Qi Neutralisation of red mud by organic waste composting Bujun Wang Red mud: neutralisation by sewage sludge and phytoremediation PhD graduates (for the 2011–12 reporting period) James Cook University Dr Sreekanth Monitoring feedback-based multi-objective management of saltwater intrusion in coastal aquifers Janardhanan using linked simulation-optimisation Southern Cross University Dr Salirian Claff The assessment of metal geochemistry in acid sulfate soils University of Queensland Dr Benjamin Jones Use of organic matter amendments/clays to improve rehabilitation of bauxite refinery wastes UniSA Dr Balaji Seshadri Potential value of coal combustion products (CCPs) in the revegetation and ecosystem development of degraded mine sites Dr Gareth Lewis Fate and dynamics of endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) and pharmaceutically active compounds (PhACs) in the soil environment Dr Girish Kumar Dynamics and agro-environmental significance of dissolved organic matter in soils Choppala Dr Kavitha Ramadass Speciation, bioavailability and toxicity of petroleum hydrocarbons – development of ecological safe limits and bioremediation technology Dr Liang Wang Novel techniques for pattern recognition, processing and analysing the data for contamination monitoring using ion-selective electrode array (electronic tongue systems) Dr Thammared Potential value of biosolids and biosolid blends using other waste resources in the immobilisation Chuasavathi and bioavailability of heavy metals UTS Dr Yousef Okour Removal of persistant organic pollutants using titania (TiO2) nanoparticles produced from sludge

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NMI’s Danny Slee presents at CleanUp 2011.

3.4.2. Training (via ARIC)

CleanUp 2011

Established in the CRC’s first term, ARIC represents a unique network of Australian expertise in environmental remediation. Formed to foster the development of skills, knowledge and technology to combat contamination, ARIC offers a diverse range of training opportunities in leading-edge clean-up technologies. As the CRC’s knowledge-transfer arm, ARIC provides access to leading regulators and advice on regulatory trends, opportunities to partner on contracts or new technology development, and a strong peer network for exchanging ideas, advice and information. Members also receive information on scientific advances in remediation, the opportunity to be first to market with new technologies, intelligence about global market opportunities, and invitations to overseas trade missions to build remediation exports.

The biennial CleanUp conference is a major industry event, hosted by CRC CARE and ARIC. CleanUp 2011 incorporated the 6th International Workshop on Chemical Bioavailability in the Terrestrial Environment (7–9 September 2011) and the 4th International Contaminated Site Remediation Conference (11–15 September 2011).

As reported in 2010–11, ARIC membership had doubled from the previous year (2009–10) to over 400 members. It is pleasing to note that in 2011–12 ARIC has continued to rapidly build its membership, which now stands at around 2000 and continues to grow. A significant incentive has been the publication of Remediation Australasia – the quarterly industryfocused magazine published by ARIC. Each edition of Remediation Australasia includes technical articles, regulator updates, case studies, training events, publications, and news on new technologies and research – both from CRC CARE and the wider industry. Such is the interest in the magazine, it is now sent to more than 2000 contacts and paid advertising is assisting in covering costs of production.

The trophy presented to the winner of the prestigious CARE Award.

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The 3-day bioavailability workshop addressed current research and policy issues relating to contaminant bioavailability, as well as the current state of the science and technology for understanding and assessing bioavailability processes in soils and sediments. The Hon. Paul Caica, SA Minister for Sustainability, Environment and Conservation, opened the main conference. Throughout the conference, over 500 delegates attended presentations on the assessment, management and remediation of environmental contamination. The conference gala dinner, attended by more than 250 delegates, included the presentation of two CRC CARE Fellow Awards: to Paul Barrett (Australian Institute of Petroleum) for his leadership of the CRC CARE II bid development team and outstanding contribution towards building a consortia of industries supporting petroleum projects; and to Professor Simon Pollard (Cranfield University, UK) for his contributions to the CRC’s research programs and capacity building. Patricia Kelly, Deputy Secretary of the Department of Industry, Innovation, Science, Research and Tertiary Education, launched the inaugural CARE Award on behalf of the Minister for Innovation, Industry, Science and Research, the Hon. Kim Carr. The CARE Award recognises technologies and innovations in the area of contamination assessment and remediation of the environment. ALS Environmental was the inaugural winner for the significant impact that their samplingmethod technology is predicted to have on industry.

Other training During the conference, CRC CARE was pleased to announce the publication of the HSLs for petroleum hydrocarbons (Technical Report 10). These HSLs address the need for consistent human-health risk assessment of petroleum hydrocarbon contamination in Australian conditions. To assist in the uptake of the HSLs, full-day workshops were held around Australia in early November. These attracted over 200 delegates. Expected to have a major impact in the risk assessment of petroleum hydrocarboncontaminated sites, the national training program confirmed the CRC’s commitment to disseminate its research outcomes to the industry to ensure uptake and implementation. ARIC has also supported training via partnerships with ACLCA on LNAPLs, and with the International Quality & Productivity Centre on site assessment and planning. CRC CARE and Standards Australia co-hosted the ISO Technical Committee on Soil Quality in Adelaide on 19–23 September 2011. The Committee and subcommittees discussed a number of priority areas for the consideration of standardisation, including bioavailability, organic contaminants, biological methods and pre-treatment of samples. During their stay, delegates were able to visit some of CRC CARE’s demonstration sites, including the Coleman Road site where the CRC is demonstrating phytoremediation of a former landfill site with the giant reed Arundo donax. Looking forward to 2012–13, preparation for CleanUp 2013 began towards the end of the reporting period and will take a significant amount of time over the next 12 months. A number of the CRC’s research projects will come to fruition (e.g. VI assessment and LNAPL remediation) and will require industry-focused training in addition to training that the CRC will revisit in light of the pending variation of the Assessment of Contamination NEPM, to which the CRC had a number of inputs. It is also expected that during 2012–13, ARIC will form strategic alliances with like-minded organisations to assist in the national coordination of training and knowledge diffusion to the contaminated land industry. This will put the CRC in a strong position to achieve its training milestones and to ensure that the CRC’s education and training activities are meeting the needs of end-users.

3.5. Small-to-medium enterprise engagement CRC CARE’s engagement of SMEs is undertaken on multiple levels. Over its 7 years of operation, CRC CARE has had a long-standing relationship with ALGA, the Australasian College of Toxicology and Risk Assessment (ACTRA), and ACLCA – member-based organisations that represent the peak contaminated land consultants, risk assessors and environmental service providers in Australia. Through ARIC, CRC CARE relies on the support of ALGA and ACLCA to disseminate knowledge of CRC CARE strategic activities and projects to consulting and service-providing SMEs throughout the industry. Collaboration in 2011–12 included co-running workshops such as ‘Health risk assessment of contaminated sites’ (ACTRA) and ‘Advanced LNAPL site management and quantitative analysis’ (ACLCA). CRC CARE scientists regularly present the outcomes of their research to ACLCA and ALGA members. Recent examples include presentations on ‘Societal perceptions and acceptability of remediation technologies’ at the ALGA annual meeting, and presentations to ACLCA member organisations on contaminant bioavailability, VOCs, and HSLs for petroleum hydrocarbons. These relationships are an important show of industry unity, and allow each group to promote each other’s key objectives and outcomes. ACLCA has joined CARE II as a participant, thus further cementing the mutually beneficial relationship of the groups. On a project level, three SMEs that CRC CARE has continued working with during the financial year are: OTEK (an Australian environmental, engineering and remediation consultancy company); Adelaidebased company Soil & Groundwater Consulting (S&G); and USA-based VeruTEK Technologies (a green chemistry company that addresses difficult environmental issues). The project with OTEK is investigating the feasibility of a biopile for remediating soil contaminated with petroleum hydrocarbons. Until now, contaminated soils have been land-farmed without reducing petroleum-hydrocarbon levels below the ecological

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investigation levels. The project involves setting up a biopile in the field and simulating the field conditions in the CRC CARE lab. The biopile in the lab will be manipulated to optimise the conditions to obtain best results, which will then be applied in the field biopile to test the efficacy of the bioremediation process. This work is ongoing. The collaboration with S&G has been important in supporting CRC CARE’s PhD program. S&G supported a detailed Quantitative Health Risk Assessment to evaluate risk of exposure by TCE vapour to workers on site. This was achieved by placing vapour-monitoring infrastructure at four sites, with S&G in the first instance monitoring soil vapour and indoor air in accordance with the US DoD VI Handbook. Instrumented sites will be used by a PhD student to track vapour migration with a view to establishing potential attenuation of contaminants upwards from the saturation zone. This work is ongoing.

External linkages are facilitated through the work of ARIC (see Section 3.4). ARIC is responsible for the training and industry workshops offered by CRC CARE, which are designed to meet end-user needs, and are often organised in conjunction with other industry peak bodies.

Working with VeruTEK Technologies, CRC CARE is using the company’s S-ISCO® technology to assess the effectiveness of remediating TCE-related contaminants in and down-gradient of the source zone at our investigation site. This pilot assessment will determine whether further treatment is necessary across different areas of the site, and whether closure or partial closure can be achieved. VeruTEK demonstrated S-ISCO® at a session at CleanUp 11 in Adelaide in September 2011. The work is ongoing.

3.6.1. International links

3.6. Collaboration

In addition to direct project work, three internationally renowned industry representatives act as committee members of the CRC’s Research and Technology Committee – Dr Brent Clothier (Plant and Food Research, New Zealand), Professor Gary Pierzynski (Kansas State University, USA) and Professor Ming H. Wong (Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong). Other international collaborations established through the CRC, and which continued into the 2011–12 financial year, are outlined below.

In addition to SME engagement, CRC CARE has built strong collaborations in all aspects of its research program, from proposal development through to advisory panel assessment, research, demonstration sites and industry training programs. CRC CARE’s research and demonstration nodes are distributed widely across Australia, with hubs in SA, WA, Victoria, Queensland and NSW. Internationally it has undertaken collaborations in Bangladesh, China, Germany, India, New Zealand, Singapore, the UK and the USA,. Significant collaborations are undertaken through the NCSDP with CRC CARE’s partners the Australian DoD, BHP Billiton Iron Ore Pty Ltd, and

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the Australian Institute of Petroleum (see Section 3.2 for further details). Dedicated coordinators are employed to manage the projects associated with these organisations, which draw from universities, consultants, SMEs and end-users to deliver on the research objectives. The unique structure of the demonstration program is mutually beneficial for researchers and industry alike – industry partners are able to investigate and assess potential clean-up options for their sites, while CRC CARE researchers are able to fast-track the application of science to the field by working directly with industry in contaminated environments to test scientific ideas and technology.

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CRC CARE researchers continue to collaborate extensively with international scientists, leading research and development on contamination assessment and remediation. This collaboration includes work with overseas researchers based in their home countries as well as numerous visiting scientists, who spend 3 to 6 months with CRC CARE researchers in Australia. The increasing number of visiting scientists is evidence of the global recognition that CRC CARE has established.

Bangladesh The CRC has linked with Dhaka University and Dhaka Community Hospital in Bangladesh to investigate arsenic contamination in drinking water and the local food supply. An estimated 35 million people

are exposed to water with an arsenic concentration above 50 micrograms per litre in Bangladesh, and a further 4.2 million people are exposed in West Bengal, India. Many people in these two regions suffer from arsenic-related diseases. Journal papers based on the work continue to be published. China Two scientists from China spent 3 months with Associate Professor Zuliang Chen working on a project that focused on analytical methods for TBTbased contaminants. Germany The active collaboration continues with the German research agency RUBIN and remediation experts Mull and Partners gmbh in the deployment of permeable reactive barrier technology for the treatment of groundwater contaminated with chlorinated hydrocarbons and heavy metals. The CRC’s Dr Thangavadivel Kandasamy spent two weeks under the supervision of Professor Volker Birke in Germany in October 2010 at Ostfalia University of Applied Sciences. Professor Birke has been actively involved with CRC CARE since 2008 and contributes his expertise to a number of DoD projects.

a project to develop a unicellular cell tool for the toxicity assessment of single and mixture of metals and metalloids. This collaboration continued with the objective of developing a cell-on-a-chip concept. Euglena was also used as a cell model for the CRC CARE-funded in-vitro cell project for groundwater assessment of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and xylenes (VOCs found in petroleum derivatives). Russia A scientist from Russia spent 3 months with Professor Naidu and Dr Rahman researching modified clays for contaminant immobilisation. Singapore CRC CARE researchers and the National University of Singapore are working together on nanomaterials including the characterisation of clays and synthetic materials potentially used for wastewater and soil remediation. UK

Six visiting Indian scientists spent 3 to 6 months with Professors Naidu, Megharaj Mallavarapu and Nanthi Bolan, and Dr Mohammad Rahman. Their projects focused on arsenic and other heavy-metal remediation at contaminated sites. This project formed part of Program 4: Cleaning Up.

CRC CARE continues to work with Cranfield University on risk communication activities, in particular with risk management expert Professor Simon Pollard. Professor Naidu and PhD student Yanju Liu collaborated with Dr Ian Burke from the University of Leeds on red mud research. Professor Naidu also continued his collaboration with Professor Paul Nathaniel (University of Nottingham and Land Quality Management Ltd), Dr Mark Cave (British Geological Survey) and Professor Kirk Semple (Lancaster University) on bioavailability and risk assessment.

Italy

USA

CRC CARE researchers based at UniSA collaborated with Professor Renato Baciocchi from the University of Rome Tor Vergata on groundwater modelling, and are jointly organising a special session on risk assessment at the AquaConSoil conference Special session on advanced approaches and tools in risk assessment of contaminated sites.

US company VeruTEK – which has signed on as a CARE II participant – is involved in the CRC’s research into the use of chemical oxidation techniques for groundwater remediation, in conjunction with the Australian DoD. Dr Surampali Rao from USEPA spent one week with Professors Megharaj Mallavarapu and Ravi Naidu. Professor Suresh Rao from Purdue University in the USA continues his collaboration with Dr Greg Davis and Professor Naidu on LNAPL remediation.

India

Japan Professor Tetsuya Suzuki from the Graduate School for the Creation of new Photonics Industries provided CRC CARE with the initial Euglena cell culture for

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Other 04 activities In 2011â&#x20AC;&#x201C;12, CRC CARE received no additional financial assistance or grants, and did not implement any consultancy or contract agreements. The CRC recorded direct sales of Engaging the community: a handbook for professionals managing contaminated land (five copies; $170), and the Health screening levels for petroleum hydrocarbons in soil and groundwater DVD (14 copies; $6800).

Memoranda of understanding CRC CARE has two memoranda of understanding, both with international universities, that have been in place since 2009 and 2010 respectively (see below). India In 2009, CRC CARE and the Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur (IITK) signed a memorandum of understanding to work together on research projects and the training of experts in contamination risk assessment and clean-up. IITK ranks as one of Indiaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s premier research institutes and is known worldwide for its technological and engineering expertise. The agreement also offers opportunities for Australian companies specialising in clean-up technologies to take advantage of the rapid growth of the Indian market. A second agreement is also operational with Bharatiar University, India. This targets collaboration in the development of novel nanomaterials for remediation. The agreement provides for the exchange of both staff and students. Strong links with Tamil Nadu Agricultural University have also enabled a continuing flow of high-quality graduates taking up PhD scholarships with CRC CARE at UniSA.

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South Korea In February 2010, a memorandum of understanding was signed between CRC CARE and HUNIC, the Hub University of Industrial Collaboration, based at the Gyeongnam National University of Science and Technology in Korea (previously the Jinju National University). This collaboration, based on green technologies, has resulted in the exchange of information, staff and students during the financial year. Through the memorandum of understanding, UniSA researchers assisted on a HUNIC-funded project on biochar and metal dynamics. This collaboration has significantly advanced the training and capacity building around green approaches to contaminant containment and remediation.

“CRC CARE’s postgraduate students emerge as highly skilled, industry-ready specialists”

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Additional 05 requirements 5.1. Third year review (rounds 9 & 10 only) or performance review (round 11 onwards) 5.2. Requirements for exiting CRCs â&#x20AC;&#x201C; final annual report 5.3. Requirements for extension CRCs â&#x20AC;&#x201C; final annual report Following the extension of CRC CARE, it is now considered a round-13 CRC. Further, as CRC CARE is neither an exiting nor an extension CRC, there is no requirement to report against sections 5.1, 5.2 or 5.3.

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â&#x20AC;&#x153;The Australian Remediation Industry Cluster (ARIC) fosters the development of skills, knowledge and technology to combat contaminationâ&#x20AC;?

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Glossary 06 of terms ACLCA Australian Contaminated Land Consultants Association AFFF Aqueous film-forming foam

CSIRO Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation

AIP Australian Institute of Petroleum

DoD Department of Defence

ACTRA Australasian College of Toxicology and Risk Assessment

EPA Environment Protection Authority

AGM Annual general meeting ALGA Australasian Land and Groundwater Association AO Officer of the Order of Australia ARIC Australian Remediation Industry Cluster BHPBIO BHP Billiton Iron Ore Pty Ltd CERAR Centre for Environmental Risk Assessment and Remediation CEO Chief Executive Officer CRC Cooperative Research Centre CRC CARE Cooperative Research Centre for Contamination Assessment and Remediation of the Environment CARE I CRC CARE’s first funding term (2005-11) CARE II CRC CARE’s second funding term (2011-20)

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CRCSS CRC for Satellite Systems

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HSLs Health screening levels IITK Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur IP Intellectual property LATE Lime-assisted tidal exchange LNAPL Light non-aqueous phase liquid NCSDP National Contaminated Sites Demonstration Program NEPM National Environment Protection (Assessment of Site Contamination) Measure NMI National Measurement Institute NPV Net present value NSW New South Wales PAH Poly-aromatic hydrocarbon PCT Patent Cooperation Treaty

PRB Permeable reactive barrier PVI Petroleum Vapour Intrusion SA South Australia S-ISCO Surfactant-enhanced in-situ chemical oxidation SME Small and medium-sized enterprises TCE Trichloroethylene TPH Total Petroleum Hydrocarbon TBT Trybutyltin UniSA University of South Australia UK United Kingdom USA United States of America UTS University of Technology, Sydney VI Vapour intrusion VOC Volatile organic compound WA Western Australia WA DEC WA Department of Environment and Conservation

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08 Publications Journal publications Abu-Bakar, A, Arthur, DM, Aganovic, S, Ng, JC & Lang, MA 2011, ‘Inducible bilirubin oxidase: A novel function for the mouse cytochrome P450 2A5’, Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology, vol. 257, no. 1, pp. 14–22. Abu-Bakar, A, Arthur, DM, Wikman, AS, Rahnasto, M, Juvonen, RO, Vepsäläinen, J, Raunio, H, Ng, JC & Lang, MA 2012, ‘Metabolism of bilirubin by human cytochrome P450 2A6’, Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology, vol. 261, iss. 1, pp. 50–58. Aburto-Medina, A, Adetutu, EM, Aleer, S, Weber, J, Patil, SS, Sheppard, PJ, Ball, AS & Juhasz, AL 2012, ‘Comparison of indigenous and exogenous microbial populations during slurry phase biodegradation of long-term hydrocarbon-contaminated soil’, Biodegradation vol. 23, no. 6, pp. 813-822. Adetutu, EM, Ball, AS, Weber, J, Aleer, S, Dandie, CE & Juhasz, AL 2012, ‘Impact of bacterial and fungal processes on 14C-hexadecane mineralisation in weathered hydrocarbon contaminated soil’, Science of the Total Environment, vol. 414, pp. 585–591. Arthur, DM, Ng, JC, Lang, MA & Abu-Bakar, A 2012, ‘Urinary excretion of bilirubin oxidative metabolites in arsenite-treated mice’, Journal Toxicological Sciences, vol. 37, iss. 3, pp. 655–661. Belyaeva, ON, Haynes, RJ & Sturm, EA 2012, ‘Chemical, physical and microbial properties and microbial diversity in manufactured soils produced from co-composting green waste and biosolids’, Waste Management doi:10.1016/j. wasman.2012.05.034.

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Belyaeva, ON & Haynes, RJ 2012a, ‘Use of inorganic wastes as immobilizing agents for soluble P in green waste-based composts’, Environmental Science and Pollution Research, vol. 19, iss. 6, pp. 2138–50. Belyaeva, ON & Haynes, RJ 2012b, ‘Comparison of the effects of conventional organic amendments and biochar on the chemical, physical and microbial properties of coal fly ash as a plant growth medium’, Environmental Earth Science, vol. 66, iss. 7, pp. 1987–1997. Bolan, NSA, Kunhikrishnan, A, Choppala, GK, Thangarajan, R & Chung, JW 2012, ‘Stabilization of carbon in composts and biochars in relation to carbon sequestration and soil fertility’, Science of the Total Environment, vol. 424, pp. 264–270. Bolan, NS, Bell, K, Kunhikrishnan, A & Chung, JW 2011, ‘Irrigating horticultural crops with recycled water: An Australian perspective’, Journal of Horticultural Sciences, vol. 6, pp. 1–20. Bolan, NS, Park, JH, Robinson, B, Naidu, R & Huh, KY 2011, ‘Phytostabilization: A green approach to contaminant containment’, Advances in Agronomy, vol. 112, pp. 145–204. Caceres, T, Megharaj, M & Naidu, R 2011, ‘Toxicity and transformation of insecticide fenamiphos to the earthworm Eisenia fetida’, Ecotoxicology, vol. 20, pp. 20–28. Calabi-Floody, M, Velásquez, G, Gianfreda, L, Saggar, S, Bolan, N, Rumpel, C & Mora, ML 2012, ‘Improving bioavailability of phosphorous from cattle dung by using phosphatase immobilized on natural clay and nanoclay’, Chemosphere, vol. 89, iss. 6, pp. 648–55.

Chadalavada, S, Datta, B & Naidu, R 2011, ‘Identification of unknown groundwater pollution sources – An overview’, International Journal of Environment and Waste Management, vol. 8, iss. 1, pp. 40–61.

Cheng, G, He, P-w, Xiao, B, Hu, Z-q, Liu, S-m, Zhang, L-g & Cai, L 2012, ‘Gasification of biomass micron fuel with oxygen-enriched air: Thermogravimetric analysis and gasification in a cyclone furnace’, Energy, vol. 43, iss. 1, pp. 329–333.

Chadalavada, S, Datta, B & Naidu, R 2011, ‘Uncertainty-based optimal monitoring network design for a chlorinated hydrocarbon contaminated site’, Journal of Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, vol. 173, pp. 929–940.

Choppala, G, Bolan, NS, Megharaj, M, Chen, Z & Naidu, R 2011, ‘The influence of biochar and black carbon on reduction and bioavailability of chromate in soils’, Journal of Environmental Quality, vol. 41, iss. 4, pp. 1175–84.

Chadalavada, S, Datta, B & Naidu, R 2012, ‘Optimal identification of groundwater pollution sources using feedback monitoring information: A case study’, Environmental Forensics, vol. 13, iss. 2, pp. 140–153.

Claff, SR, Burton, ED, Sullivan, LA & Bush, RT 2011, ‘Metal partitioning dynamics during the oxidation and acidification on sulfidic soil’, Chemical Geology, vol. 286, pp. 146–157.

Chen, Z-X, Cheng, Y, Chen, Z, Megharaj, M & Naidu, R 2012, ‘Kaolin supported nanoscale zerovalent iron for removing cationic dye- crystal violet in aqueous solution’, Journal of Nanoparticle Research, vol. 14, p. 899.

Claff ,SR, Sullivan, LA, Burton, ED, Bush, RT & Johnston, SG 2011, ‘Partitioning of metals in a degraded acid sulfate soil landscape; influence of tidal re-inundation’, Chemosphere, vol. 8, pp. 1220–1226.

Chen, Z-X, Jin, X-Y, Chen, Z, Megharaj, M & Naidu, R 2011, ‘Removal of methyl orange from aqueous solution using bentonite-supported nanoscale zerovalent iron’, Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, vol. 363, pp. 601–607.

Haynes, RJ, Zhou, Y-F & Naidu, R 2011, ‘Recycling and use of wastes/co-products from the iron/steel and alumina industries’, International Journal of Environment and Waste Management, vol. 8, pp. 174–211.

Cheng, Y, Lin, HY, Chen, Z, Megharaj, M & Naidu, R 2012, ‘Biodegradation of crystal violet using Burkholderia Vietnameiensis C09V immobilised on PVA sodium alginate-Kaolin gel beads’, Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, vol. 83, pp. 108–114.

He, P-w, Luo, S-y, Cheng, G, Xiao, B, Cai, L & Wang, J-b 2012, ‘Gasification of biomass char with air-steam in a cyclone furnace’, Renewable Energy, vol. 37, iss. 1, pp. 398–402.

Cheng, G, Li, Q, Qi, F, Xiao, B, Liu, S, Hu, Z & He, P 2012, ‘Allothermal gasification of biomass using micron size biomass as external heat source’, Bioresource Technology, pp. 471–475. Cheng, G, Zhang, L, He, P, Yan, F, Xiao, B, Xu, T, Jiang, C, Zhang, Y & Guo, D 2011, ‘Pyrolysis of ramie residue: Kinetic study and fuel gas produced in a cyclone furnace’, Bioresource Technology, vol. 102, iss. 3, pp. 3451–3456.

Hossain, GSM & McLaughlan, RG 2012, ‘Kinetic rate law study for the oxidation of chlorophenols by potassium permanganate’, Water, Air and Soil Pollution Journal, vol. 223, iss. 3, pp 1429–1435. Janardhanan, S & Datta, B 2011, ‘Ensemble surrogate models and multiple realization optimization for stochastic optimal management of coastal aquifers’, Water Resources Research doi:10.1029/2010WR009683. Jha, MK & Datta, B 201X, ‘Three dimensional groundwater contamination source identification using simulated annealing’, Journal of Hydrologic Engineering, doi:10.1061/(ASCE)HE.19435584.0000624.

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Johnston, SG, Keene, AF, Bush, RT, Sullivan, LA & Wong, VNL 2011, ‘Tidally driven water column hydro-geochemistry in a remediating acidic wetland’, Journal of Hydrology, vol. 409, pp. 128–139.

Lamb, DT, Heading, S, Bolan, NS & Naidu, R 2012, ‘Use of biosolids for phytocapping of landfill soils’, Water, Air, & Soil Pollution, vol. 223, no. 5, pp. 2695–2705.

Johnston, SG, Keene, AF, Burton, ED, Bush, RT & Sullivan, LA 2012, ‘Quantifying alkalinity generating processes in a tidally remediating acidic wetland’, Chemical Geology, vol. 304–305, pp. 106–116.

Laurenson, S, Bolan, N, Smith, E, McCarthy, M & Gray, C 2011, ‘Irrigating with wastewater – Is it all crystal clear?’, Australian Grape Grower and Wine Maker, vol. 574, pp. 72–78.

Jones, BEH, Haynes, RJ & Phillips, IR 2012a, ‘Addition of an organic amendment and/or residue mud to bauxite residue sand in order to improve its properties as a growth medium’, Journal of Environmental Management, vol. 95, iss. 1, pp. 29–38.

Laurenson, S, Bolan, N, Smith, E & McCarthy, M, 2012, ‘A review: Use of recycled wastewater for irrigating grapevines’, Australian Journal of Grape and Wine Research, vol. 18, iss. 1, pp. 1–10.

Jones, BEH, Haynes, RJ & Phillips, IR 2012b, ‘Cation and anion leaching and growth of Acacia saligna in bauxite residue sand amended with residue mud, poultry manure and phosphogypsum’, Environmental Science and Pollution Research vol. 19, iss. 3, pp. 835–46. Kopittke, PM, Wehr, JB & Menzies, NW 2012, ‘Use of formative assessment to improve student learning and performance in soil science’, Journal of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Education, vol. 41, pp. 59–64. Kopittke, PM, de Jonge, MD, Menzies, NW, Wang, P, Donner, E, McKenna, BA, Paterson, DJ, Howard, DL & Lombi, E 2012, ‘Examination of the distribution of arsenic in hydrated and fresh cowpea roots using two- and three-dimensional techniques’, Plant Physiology, vol. 159, no. 3, pp. 1149–1158. Kopittke, PM, Lombi, E, McKenna, BA, Wang, P, Donner, E, Webb, RI, Blamey, FPC, de Jonge, MD, Paterson, D, Howard, DL & Menzies, NW 2012, ‘Distribution and speciation of Mn in hydrated roots of cowpea at levels inhibiting root growth’, Physiologia Plantarum doi: 10.1111/j.1399-3054.2012.01674.x. Kopittke, PM 2012, ‘Interactions between Ca, Mg, Na and K: Alleviation of toxicity in saline solutions’, Plant Soil, vol. 352, pp. 353–362. Kunhikrishnan, A, Bolan, NS, Müller, K, Laurenson, S & Naidu, R 2012, ‘The influence of wastewater irrigation on the transformation and bioavailability of heavy metal(loid)s in soil’, Advances in Agronomy, vol. 115, pp. 216–297. Kunhikrishnan, A, Bolan, NS & Naidu, R 2011, ‘Phytoavailability of copper in the presence of recycled water sources’, Plant and Soil, vol. 348, no. 1–2, pp. 425–438.

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Laurenson, S, Smith E, Bolan NS & McCarthy, M 2011, ‘Effect of K+ on Na-Ca exchange and the SARESP relationship’, Soil Research, vol. 49, pp. 538–546. Lewis, G, Juhasz, A & Smith, E 2011, ‘Environmental metabolites of fluoroquinolones: synthesis, fractionation and toxicological assessment of some biologically active metabolites of ciprofloxacin’, Environmental Science and Pollution Research, vol. 19, iss. 7, pp. 2697–2707. Liang, H, Ting, YY, Sun, H, Ang, HM, Tade, MO & Wang, S 2012, ‘Solution combustion synthesis of Co oxide-based catalysts for phenol degradation in aqueous solution’, Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, vol. 372, pp. 58–62. Lin, Y, Chen, Z, Megharaj, M & Naidu, R 2012, ‘Degradation of scarlet 4BS in aqueous solution using bimetallic Fe/Ni nanoparticles’, Journal of Colloid and Interfacial Science, vol. 381, pp. 30–35. Liu, Y, Li, G, Chen, Z, Megharaj, M & Naidu, R 2012, ‘Removal of nitrate using Paracoccus sp. immobilized on bamboo carbon’, Journal of Hazardous Materials, vol. 229–230, pp. 419–425. Liu, Y-Y & Haynes, RJ 2012b, ‘Influence of different acid and alkaline cleaning agents on the effects of irrigation of synthetic dairy factory effluent on soil quality, ryegrass growth and nutrient uptake’, Environmental Science and Pollution Research doi: 10.1007/s11356-012-1020-z. Liu, Y-Y & Haynes, RJ 2012a, ‘Effect of synthetic dairy factory effluent containing different acids (H3PO4, HNO3 and CH3COOH) on soil microbial and chemical properties and nutrient leaching’, Biology and Fertility of Soils doi: 10.1007/s00374-012-0678-1.

Megharaj, M, Venkateswarlu, K & Naidu, R 2011, ‘Effects of carbaryl and 1-Naphthol on soil populations of cyanobacteria and microalgae and select cultures of diazotrophic cyanobacteria’, Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, vol. 87, pp. 324–329.

Park, JH, Bolan, N, Chung, JW, Naidu, R & Megharaj, M 2011, ‘Environmental monitoring of the role of phosphate compounds in enhancing immobilisation and reducing bioavailability of lead in contaminated soils’, Journal of Environmental Monitoring, vol. 13, pp. 2234–2242.

Megharaj, M, Ramakrishnan, B, Venkateswarlu, K, Sethunathan, N & Naidu, R 2011, ‘Bioremediation approaches for organic pollutants: A critical perspective’, Environment International, vol. 37, pp. 1362–1375.

Park, JH, Bolan, NS, Megharaj, M & Naidu, R 2012, ‘Relative value of phosphate compounds in reducing the bioavailability and toxicity of lead in contaminated soils’, Water, Air Soil Pollution, vol. 223, pp. 599–608.

Meier, S, Borie, F, Curaqueo, G, Bolan, N & Cornejo, P 2011, ‘Effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal inoculation on metallophyte and agricultural plants growing at increasing copper levels’, Applied Soil Ecology vol. 61, pp. 280-287. Meier, S, Borie, F, Bolan, N & Cornejo, P 2012, ‘Phytoremediation of metal-polluted soils by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi’, Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology, vol. 42, iss. 7, pp. 741–775. Ming, H, He, W, Lamb, D, Megharaj, M & Naidu, R 2012, ‘Bioavailability of lead in contaminated soil depends on the nature of bioreceptor’, Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, vol. 78, pp. 344–350. Mohammed, T, Loganathan, P, Kinsela, A & Vigneswaran, S & Kandasamy, J 2012, ‘Enrichment, interrelationship and fractionation of heavy metals in road-deposited sediments of Sydney, Australia’, Soil Research, vol. 50, no. 3, pp. 229–238. Pal, R, Megharaj, M, Kirkbride, P & Naidu, R 2012, ‘Fate of 1-(1’,4’-cyclohexadienyl)-2methylaminopropane (CMP) in soil: route-specific byproduct in the clandestine manufacture of methamphetamine’, Science of the Total Environment, vol. 416, pp. 394–399. Pal, R, Megharaj, M, Kirkbride, P & Naidu, R 2011, ‘Biotic and abiotic degradation of illicit drugs, their precursor, and by-products in soil’, Chemosphere, vol. 85, pp. 1002–1009. Park, JH, Choppala, GK, Bolan, N, Chung, JW & Chuasavathi, T 2011, ‘Biochar reduces the bioavailability and phytotoxicity of heavy metals’, Plant Soil, vol. 348, pp. 439–451.

Ramakrishnan, B, Megharaj, M, Venkateswarlu, K, Sethunathan, N & Naidu, R 2011, ‘Mixtures of environmental pollutants: Effects on microorganisms and their activities in soils’, Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, vol. 211, pp. 63–120. Sanderson, P, Naidu, R, Bolan, N & Bowman, M 2011, ‘A critical review on chemical stabilisation of metal contaminants in shooting range soils’, Journal of Hazardous, Toxic, and Radioactive Waste, vol. 16, iss. 3, pp. 258–272. Saputra, E, Muhammad, S, Sun, H, Ang, HM, Tade, MO & Wang, S 2011, ‘Red mud and fly ash supported Co catalysts for phenol oxidation’, Catalysis Today, vol. 190, iss. 1, pp. 68–72. Sarkar, B, Megharaj, M, Xi, Y & Naidu, R 2011, ‘Structural characterisation of Arquad® 2HT-75 organobentonites: surface charge characteristics and environmental application’, Journal of Hazardous Materials, vol. 195, pp. 155–161. Sarkar, B, Naidu, R, Rahman, MM, Megharaj, M, & Xi, Y 2012, ‘Organoclays reduce arsenic bioavailability and bioaccessibility in contaminated soils’, Journal of Soils and Sediments, vol. 12, pp. 704–712. Sarkar, B, Xi, Y, Megharaj, M, & Naidu, R 2012, ‘Surface charge characteristics of organopalygorskites and adsorption of p-nitrophenol in flow-through reactor system’, Chemical Engineering Journal, vol. 185–186, pp. 35–43. Sarkar, B, Xi, Y, Megharaj, M, Krishnamurti, GSR, Bowman, M, Rose, H & Naidu, R 2012, ‘Bio-reactive organoclay: A new technology for environmental remediation’, Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology, vol. 42, pp. 435–488.

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Shanmuganathan, D, Megharaj, M, Chen, Z & Naidu, R 2011, ‘Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in marine foodstuffs in Australia: Residue levels and contamination status of PBDEs’, Marine Pollution Bulletin, vol. 63, pp. 154–159. Sreenivasulu, K, Megharaj, M, Venkateswarlu, K & Naidu, R 2012, ‘Degradation of p-nitrophenol by immobilized cells of Bacillus spp. isolated from soil’, International Biodeterioration & Biodegradation, vol. 68, pp. 24–27. Su, J, Lin, S, Chen, Z, Megharaj, M, & Naidu, R 2011 ‘Synthesis, characterization and kinetics of bentonite-supported Fe/Pd nanoparticles used for dechlorination of p-chlorophenol from aqueous solution’, Desalination, vol. 280, pp. 167–173. Sun, Q, Chen, Z, Yuan, D, Yu, C-P, Mallavarapu, M & Naidu, R 2011, ‘On-line SPE coupled with LC-APCIMS for the determination of trace explosives in water’, Chromatographia, vol. 73, pp. 631–637. Suresh, RSC, Ramakrishnan, B, Megharaj, M, Venkateswarlu, K & Naidu, R 2011, ‘Consortia of cyanobacteria/microalgae and bacteria: biotechnological potential’, Biotechnology Advances, vol. 29, pp. 896–907. Thavamani, P, Megharaj, M & R Naidu 2012, ‘Multivariate analysis of mixed contaminants (PAHs and heavy metals) at manufactured gas plant site soil’, Environment Monitoring and Assessment, vol. 184, pp. 3875–3885.

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Wu, H, Manomanii, K, Lam, PKS & Ng, JC 201X, ‘Subchronically exposed to low concentrations of sodium arsenate in drinking water’, Kaohsiung Journal of Medical Science, vol. 27, pp. 410–423. Wu, H, Krishnamohan, M, Kwan, P, Lam, S & Ng, J 2011, ‘Urinary arsenic speciation profiles in mice subchronically exposed to low concentrations of sodium arsenate in drinking water’, Kaohsiung Journal of Medical Sciences, vol. 27, iss. 9, pp. 417–23. Xi, Y, Megharaj, M & Naidu, R 2011, ‘Dispersion of zerovalent iron nanoparticles onto bentonites and use of these catalysts for orange II decolourisation’, Applied Clay Science, vol. 53, pp. 716-722. Zhang, X, Lin, S, Chen, Z, Megharaj, M & Naidu, R 2011, ‘Kaolinite-supported nanoscale zero-valent iron for removal of Pb2+ from aqueous solution: Reactivity, characterization and mechanism’, Water Research, vol. 45, pp. 3481–3488. Zhao, YX, Gao, BY, Wang, Y, Shon, HK, Bo, XW & Yue, QY 2012, ‘Coagulation performance and floc characteristics with polyaluminum chloride using sodium alginate as coagulant aid: A preliminary assessment’, Chemical Engineering Journal, vol. 183, pp. 387–394. Zhao, YX, Gao, BY, Shon, HK, Wang, Y, Kim, J-H, Yue, QY & Bo, XW 2012, ‘Anionic polymer compound bioflocculant as a coagulant aid with aluminum sulfate and titanium tetrachloride’, Bioresource Technology, vol. 180, pp. 45–54.

Thavamani, P, Malik, S, Beer, M, Megharaj, M & Naidu, R 2012, ‘Microbial activity and diversity in long-term mixed contaminated soils with respect to polyaromatic hydrocarbons and heavy metals’, Journal of Environmental Management, vol. 99, pp. 10–17.

Zhou, G, Sun, H, Wang, S, Ang, HM & Tade, MO 2011, ‘Titanate supported cobalt catalysts for photochemical oxidation of phenol under visible light irradiations’, Separation and Purification Technology, vol. 80, pp. 626–634.

Thavamani, P, Megharaj, M, McFarland, R & Naidu, R 2011, ‘Finger printing of mixed contaminants from former manufactured gas plant (MGP) site soils: implications to bioremediation’, Environment International, vol. 37, pp. 184–189.

Zhou, Y-F, Haynes, RJ & Naidu, R 2012, ‘Use of inorganic and organic wastes for in situ immobilization of Pb and Zn in a contaminated alkaline soil’, Environmental Science and Pollution Research vol. 19, iss. 4, pp. 1260–70.

Wang, J, Cheng, G, You, Y, Xiao, B, Liu, S, He, P, Guo, D, Guo, X & Zhang, G 2012, ‘Hydrogen-rich gas production by steam gasification of municipal solid waste (MSW) using NiO supported on modified dolomite’, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, vol. 37, iss. 8, pp. 6503–6510.

Zhou, X, Wang, F, Hu, H, Yang, L, Guo, P & Xiao, B 2011, ‘Assessment of sustainable biomass resource for energy use in China’, Biomass and Bioenergy, vol. 35, pp. 1–11.

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In press 2010-11, published 2011-12 Burton, ED, Bush, RT, Johnston, SG, Sullivan, LA & Keene, AF 2011, ‘Sulfur biogeochemical cycling and novel Fe-S mineralization pathways in a tidally re-flooded wetland’, Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, vol. 75, pp. 3434–3451. Burton, ED, Johnston, SG & Bush, RT 2011, ‘Microbial sulfidogenesis in ferrihydrite-rich environments: effects on iron mineralogy and arsenic mobility’, Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, vol. 75, pp. 3072–3087 Murtaza, G, Haynes, RJ, Naidu, R, Belyaeva, ON, Kim, KR, Lamb, DT & Bolan, NS 2011, ‘Natural attenuation of Zn, Cu, Pb and Cd in three biosolidsamended soils of contrasting pH measured using Rhizon pore water samplers’, Water, Air and Soil Pollution, vol. 221, pp. 351–363. Shukla, P, Sun, H, Wang, S, Ang, HM & Tade, MO 2011, ‘Co-SBA-15 heterogeneous oxidation of phenol with sulphate radical for wastewater treatment’, Catalysis Today, vol. 175, pp. 380–385. Burton, ED, Johnston, SG & Bush, RT 2011, ‘Microbial sulfidogenesis in ferrihydrite-rich environments: Effects on iron mineralogy and arsenic mobility’, Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, vol. 75, iss. 11, pp. 3072–3087. Burton, EDE, Bush, RT, Johnston, SG, Sullivan, LA, Keene, A 2011, ‘Sulfur biogeochemical cycling and novel Fe-S mineralization pathways in a tidally reflooded wetland’, Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, vol. 75, no. 12, pp. 3434-3451 . Kopittke, PM, Blamey, FPC, McKenna, BA, Wang, P & Menzies, NW 2011, ‘Toxicity of metals to roots of cowpea in relation to their binding strength’, Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, vol. 8, pp. 1827–1833. Kopittke, PM, Blamey, FPC, Wang, P & Menzies, NW 2011, ‘Calculated activity of Mn2+ at the outer surface of the root cell plasma membrane governs Mn nutrition of cowpea seedlings’, Journal of Experimental Botany, vol. 62, iss. 11, pp. 3993–4001.

Lottermoser, BG, Schnug, E & Haneklaus, S 2011, ‘Cola soft drinks for evaluating the bioaccessibility of uranium in contaminated mine soils’, Science of the Total Environment, vol. 409, iss. 18, pp. 3512–3519. Murtaza, G, Haynes, RJ, Naidu, R, Belyaeva, ON, Kim, K-R, Lamb, DT & Bolan, NS 2011, ‘Natural attenuation of Zn, Cu, Pb and Cd in three biosolidsamended soils of contrasting pH measured using rhizon pore water samplers’, Water, Air, & Soil Pollution, vol 221, no. 1–4 , pp. 351–363. Prasad, TNVKV, Kambala, VSR & Naidu, R 2011, ‘A critical review on biogenic silver nanoparticles and their antimicrobial activity’, Current Nanoscience, vol. 7, no. 4, pp. 531–544. Shukla, P, Sun, H, Wang, S & Tadé, M 2011, ‘CoSBA-15 for heterogeneous oxidation of phenol with sulfate radical for wastewater treatment’, Catalysis Today, vol. 175, pp. 380–385. Smith, E, Kempson, IM, Juhasz, AL, Weber, J, Rofe, A, Gancarz, D, Naidu, R, McLaren, RG & Grafe, M 2011 ‘In vivo – in vitro and XANES spectroscopy assessments of lead bioavailability in contaminated periurban soils’, Environmental Science and Technology vol. 45, iss. 14, pp. 6145–6152.

Conference papers/abstracts Belyaeva, ON & Haynes, RJ 2011, ‘Comparison of the effects of organic amendments on the chemical, physical and microbial properties of coal fly ash as a plant growth medium’, in Proceedings of the 26th International Conference on Solid Waste Technology and Management, Philadelphia, USA, 27–30 March. Haynes, RJ 2011, ‘Composting – A vital biotechnological link between waste management and organic matter/nutrient recycling’, in Proceedings of the International Conference on Environmental Science and Biotechnology, Maldives, November 25–26.

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Haynes, RJ 2011, ‘Composting – A biotechnology to reduce waste volumes and recycle organic matter and nutrients’, in First Annual World Congress of Environmental Biotechnology, Dalian, China, 19–22 October. Haynes, RJ 2011, ‘Composting: An effective biotechnology for bioremediation of contaminated soils, sediments and organic wastes’, in Asian Congress of Biotechnology, Shanghai, China, 11–15 May. Haynes, RJ 2011, ‘An overview of waste management/recycling research at CRC CARE’, in Industrial and Commercial Waste Recycling 2011, Melbourne, Australia, 21–23 March. Haynes, RJ & Belyaeva, ON 2011, ‘Composting green waste: The basis of production of a range of horticultural growth substrates’, in Proceedings of the International Symposium: Organic Matter Management and Compost Use in Horticulture, Adelaide, Australia, 4–7 April 2011. Jones, BEH, Haynes, RJ & Phillips, IR 2011, ‘Chemical, physical and microbial properties of bauxite processing residue sand as influenced by organic waste and residue mud additions’, in Proceedings of the Second MEI International Symposium on Sustainability through Resource Conservation and Recycling ’11, Falmouth, Cornwall, UK, 10–12 May. Liu, Y-Y & Haynes, RJ 2011, ‘Effect of irrigation with dairy factory effluent on soil chemical, physical and microbial properties’, in Proceedings of the 5th WSEAS International Conference on Waste Management, Water Pollution, Air Pollution and Indoor Climate, Iasi, Romania, 1–3 July. Burton, ED, Johnston SG, Bush RT 2011, ‘The role of microbial sulfidogenesis in shaping ironsulfur-arsenic interactions within floodplain soils’, in Proceedings of the 21st Annual V.M. Goldschmidt Conference, Prague, Czech Republic (Geochemical Society, and European Society for Geochemistry), 14–19 August. Janardhanan, S & Datta, B 2011, ‘Optimal pumping strategies to control saltwater intrusion in coastal aquifers’, in The Second Asia-Pacific Coastal Aquifer Management Meeting (APCAMM), JEJU Island, Korea, 18–21 October.

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Janardhanan, S & Datta, B 2011, ‘Optimal management of coastal aquifers using ensemblebased genetic programming surrogate models and multi-objective optimization’, in 4th International Perspective on Water Resources & the Environment: Sustainable Environmental and Water Resources Management, Singapore, 4–6 January. Jha, MK & Datta, B 2011, ‘Effectiveness of adaptive simulated annealing for identification of unknown contaminant sources in groundwater aquifers’, in 4th International Perspective on Water Resources & the Environment: Sustainable Environmental and Water Resources Management, Singapore, 4–6 January. Janardhanan, S & Datta, B 2011, ‘Wavelet and crosswavelet analysis of groundwater quality signals of saltwater intruded coastal aquifers’, in Proceedings of the World Environmental and Water Resources Congress (CD), Palm Springs, California, 22–26 May. Janardhanan, S & Datta, B 2011, ‘Modelling the effects of hydraulic control measures for pumping induced saltwater intrusion for a coastal aquifer in Australia’, 50th New Zealand Hydrological Society Conference, December. Janardhanan, S & Datta, B 2011, ‘Coastal aquifer management under parameter uncertainty: Ensemble surrogate modeling based simulation-optimization’, AGU Fall meeting, San Francisco, December. Johnston SG, Keene AF, Burton ED, Bush RT, Sullivan LA 2011, ‘Hydrological controls on acid generation and export in floodplain wetlands’, Proceedings of the SL & NZFSS Congress 2011, Brisbane Convention and Exhibition Centre, Brisbane, Australia, 26–30 September. Juhasz, AL, Smith, E, Weber, J & Naidu, R 2012, ‘Incidental ingestion of arsenic-contaminated soil and dust: Refining exposure through bioavailability and bioaccessibility assessment’, 4th International Congress on Arsenic in the Environment, Cairns, Australia, 22–27 July 2012. Keene AF, Johnston SG, Burton ED, Bush RT 2011, ‘As, Fe and S cycling during reductive biomineralisation of pedogenic jarosite’, Proceedings of the 21st Annual V.M. Goldschmidt Conference, Prague, Czech Republic (Geochemical Society, and European Society for Geochemistry), 14–19 August.

Sarkar, B, Naidu, E, Megharaj, M & Dharmarajan, R 2012, ‘Surface charge characteristics of organoclays: Implication to ionisable organic contaminants remediation’, International Conference of Young Researchers on Advanced Materials (ICYRAM 2012), Singapore, 1–6 July 2012.

Book Chapters Bolan, NS, Brennan, R, Budianta, D, Camberato, JJ, Naidu, R, Pan, WL, Sharpley, A, Sparks, DL & Sumner, ME 2012, ‘Bioavailability of N, P, K, Ca, Mg, S, and Si, and Micronutrients’, in PM Huang, Y Li & ME Sumner (eds), Handbook of Soil Science: Resource Management and Environmental Impacts, 2nd edn, CRC Press, Taylor and Francis, Florida. Ng, JC, Wang, JP, Peng, C & Guan, G 2012, ‘Pragmatic Approach for Health Risk Assessment of Bauxite Tailing Waste Materials’, chapter 6 in Environmental Contamination – Health Risks, Bioavailability and Bioremedation, MH Wong (ed), Taylor & Francis Group, pp. 91–111.

Conference Presentations Abu-Bakar, A, Arthur, DM & Ng, JC 2012, ‘Bilirubin oxidative metabolites: Novel biomarkers for acute arsenite exposure?’ 4th International Congress on Arsenic in the Environment Understanding the Geological-Medical Interface of Arsenic 22–27 July 2012, Cairns, Australia. Diacomanolis, V, Noller, BN & Ng, JC 2012, ‘Bioavailability and pharmacokinetics of arsenic in rats are influenced by cadmium: Health risk assessment of mine wastes’, 4th International Congress on Arsenic in the Environment Understanding the Geological-Medical Interface of Arsenic, 22-27 July 2012, Cairns, Australia. Diacomanolis, V, Noller, B, Ng, JC, 2011, Interaction of Lead and Arsenic: Its Implication on Health Risk Assessment of Mixed Contaminants. 2nd Symposium on Trace Elements in Environment, Food and Health (STEEFH-2), RACI Queensland Analytical and Environmental Group, 3-4 May 2012, Brisbane, Australia.

Ng, JC 2011, Recent Withdrawal of PTWI of Arsenic and its Implication on Regulatory Standards. 11th International Conference on Biogeochemistry of Trace Elements, 3-7th July, 2011, Congress Centre, Florence, Italy. Three Minutes Thesis Presentation – competition, Aug 2011. Health Faculty Finalist – Shiva Prakash (UQ) supervised by Prof. Jack Ng.

4th International Contaminated Site Remediation Conference Arias E, VA, Rachakonda, PK, Perso, F, Naidu, R & Mallavarapu, M 2011, ‘Before and after purge sampling: Is there any difference?’, in 4th International Contaminated Site Remediation Conference: Program and proceedings, CleanUp 2011, Adelaide, Australia, 11–15 September, pp. 19–20. Bahar, MM, Mallavarapu, M & Naidu, R 2011, ‘Arsenic bioremediation potential of Variovorax Sp. MM-1 isolated from soil’, in 4th International Contaminated Site Remediation Conference: Program and proceedings, CleanUp 2011, Adelaide, Australia, 11–15 September, pp. 320–321. Bekele, DN, Naidu, R, Bowman, M & Chadalavada, S 2011, ‘Shallow vadose zone soil gas sampling for vapour intrusion risk assessment’, in 4th International Contaminated Site Remediation Conference: Program and proceedings, CleanUp 2011, Adelaide, Australia, 11–15 September, pp. 328–329. Belyaeva, O & Haynes, RJ 2011, ‘Use of organic amendments to improve the properties of coal fly ash as a growth medium’, in 4th International Contaminated Site Remediation Conference: Program and proceedings, CleanUp 2011, Adelaide, Australia, 11–15 September, pp. 135–136. Bolan, N, Kunhikrishnan, A, Choppala, G, Chung, JW & de la Mora, M 2011, ‘Enhancing soil carbon sequestration utilizing compost’, in 4th International Contaminated Site Remediation Conference: Program and proceedings, CleanUp 2011, Adelaide, Australia, 11–15 September, pp. 133–134.

Gero, A, Moore, DD, Herriman, J, White, S, Giurco, D, Mason, L, Asker, S & Cordell, D 2011, ‘Waste Futures: Project overview and preliminary findings’, ACELG Researchers forum, 15 December 2011, University of Technology, Sydney.

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Caceres, T, Megharaj, M & Naidu, R 2011, ‘Hydrolysis of fenamiphos and its toxic oxidation products by Microbacterium sp. in pure culture and ground water’, in 4th International Contaminated Site Remediation Conference: Program and proceedings, CleanUp 2011, Adelaide, Australia, 11–15 September, pp. 255–256.

Haynes, R, Jones, BEH & Phillips, IR 2011, ‘Use of organic amendments and residue mud to improve the properties of bauxite residue sand as a growth medium’, in 4th International Contaminated Site Remediation Conference: Program and proceedings, CleanUp 2011, Adelaide, Australia, 11–15 September, pp. 125–126.

Chadalavada, S & Naidu,R 2011, ‘Groundwater modelling using PRBs – general aspects, case studies’, in 4th International Contaminated Site Remediation Conference: Program and proceedings, CleanUp 2011, Adelaide, Australia, 11–15 September, pp. 19–20.

Juhasz, AL, Aleer, S & Weber, J 2011, ‘Can the extent of TPH and PAH bioremediation be predicted using bioaccessibility assays?’, in 4th International Contaminated Site Remediation Conference: Program and proceedings, CleanUp 2011, Adelaide, Australia, 11–15 September, pp. 253–254.

Chen, Z, Megharaj, M & Naidu, R 2011, ‘Synthesis, characterization and environmental applications of iron-based nanoparticles’, in 4th International Contaminated Site Remediation Conference: Program and proceedings, CleanUp 2011, Adelaide, Australia, 11–15 September, pp. 62–63.

Juhasz, AL, Smith, E, Weber, J, Gancarz, D, Rees, M, Rofe, A, Kuchel, T, Sansom, L & Naidu, R 2011, ‘Use of in vitro techniques to predict the relative bioavailability of arsenic, cadmium and lead via the incidental soil ingestion pathway’, in 4th International Contaminated Site Remediation Conference: Program and proceedings, CleanUp 2011, Adelaide, Australia, 11–15 September, pp. 245–246.

Choppala, G, Bolan, N, Megharaj, M & Chen, Z 2011, ‘A magic weed to weed out chromium contamination’, in 4th International Contaminated Site Remediation Conference: Program and proceedings, CleanUp 2011, Adelaide, Australia, 11–15 September, pp. 45–46. Chuasavathi, T, Bolan, NS & Naidu, R 2011, ‘Immobilization of copper in copper mine soil using biosolids-based co-composted products’, in 4th International Contaminated Site Remediation Conference: Program and proceedings, CleanUp 2011, Adelaide, Australia, 11–15 September, pp. 338–339. Chuasavathi, T, Bolan, NS & Naidu, R 2011, ‘The phytoavailability of copper as affected by biosolidsbased co-composted products’, in 4th International Contaminated Site Remediation Conference: Program and proceedings, CleanUp 2011, Adelaide, Australia, 11–15 September, pp. 222–223. Donner, E, Naidu, R & Lombi, E 2011, ‘Metal speciation and distribution in biosolids’, in 4th International Contaminated Site Remediation Conference: Program and proceedings, CleanUp 2011, Adelaide, Australia, 11–15 September, pp. 129–130. Du, J, Smart, R, Naidu, R & Mallavarapu, M 2011, ‘A comparison of mechanical rake and ultrasonics on restructuring clay aggregates’, in 4th International Contaminated Site Remediation Conference: Program and proceedings, CleanUp 2011, Adelaide, Australia, 11–15 September, pp. 288–289.

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Kiddee, P, Naidu, R & Wong, MH 2011, ‘Heavy metals and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in leachates from Australian landfills: Implications to electronic waste management’, in 4th International Contaminated Site Remediation Conference: Program and proceedings, CleanUp 2011, Adelaide, Australia, 11–15 September, pp. 33–34. Kunhikrishnan, A, Bolan, NS & Naidu, R 2011, ‘Effect of recycled water sources on the bioavailability of copper to earthworms and microorganisms’, in 4th International Contaminated Site Remediation Conference: Program and proceedings, CleanUp 2011, Adelaide, Australia, 11–15 September, pp. 348–349. Kunhikrishnan, A, Bolan, NS & Naidu, R 2011, ‘Mobility and phytoavailability of copper in the presence of recycled water sources’, in 4th International Contaminated Site Remediation Conference: Program and proceedings, CleanUp 2011, Adelaide, Australia, 11–15 September, pp. 115–116. Lamb, DT, Matanitobua, V, Palanisami, T, Megharaj, M & Naidu, R 2011, ‘Phytoavailability of barium in soils contaminated by barite’, in 4th International Contaminated Site Remediation Conference: Program and proceedings, CleanUp 2011, Adelaide, Australia, 11–15 September, pp. 312–313.

Lamb, DT, Ming, H, Megharaj, M & Naidu, R 2011, ‘Bioaccessibility of Pb in different particle size fractions in long-term field contaminated soils: Implications for human health risk assessment’, in 4th International Contaminated Site Remediation Conference: Program and proceedings, CleanUp 2011, Adelaide, Australia, 11–15 September, pp. 332–333. Lamb, DT, Venkatraman, K, Bolan, N, Naidu, R, Choppala, G & Ashwath, N 2011, ‘Phytocapping: An alternative technology for the sustainable management of landfill sites’, in 4th International Contaminated Site Remediation Conference: Program and proceedings, CleanUp 2011, Adelaide, Australia, 11–15 September, pp. 121–122. Liu, FF, Peng, C & Ng, JC 2011, ‘Hanging drop, a novo in vitro air benzene exposure model’, in 4th International Contaminated Site Remediation Conference: Program and proceedings, CleanUp 2011, Adelaide, Australia, 11–15 September, pp. 204–205. Liu, Y, Ming, H & Naidu, R 2011, ‘Composition of red mud varies depending on source refineries’, in 4th International Contaminated Site Remediation Conference: Program and proceedings, CleanUp 2011, Adelaide, Australia, 11–15 September, pp. 131–132. Lombi, E, Donner, E, Vasilev, K, Scheckel, KG & Naidu, R 2011, ‘Closing the gap in environmental risk assessment of nanomaterials through interdisciplinary method development’, in 4th International Contaminated Site Remediation Conference: Program and proceedings, CleanUp 2011, Adelaide, Australia, 11–15 September, pp. 67–68. Man, M, Naidu, R & Wong, MH 2011, ‘Release of persistent toxic substances from uncontrolled e-waste recycling and actions for our future’, in 4th International Contaminated Site Remediation Conference: Program and proceedings, CleanUp 2011, Adelaide, Australia, 11–15 September, pp. 29–30. Matanitobua, VP, Rachakonda, PK, Mallavarapu, M & Naidu, R 2011, ‘Comparative performance of two reactive materials in removing petroleum hydrocarbons from contaminated groundwater in Western Australia’, in 4th International Contaminated Site Remediation Conference: Program and proceedings, CleanUp 2011, Adelaide, Australia, 11–15 September, pp. 21–22.

Noller, B, Ng, JC & Matanitobua, V 2011, ‘Risk assessment of heavy metals and metalloids from historical mine practices in the Leichhardt River and surrounding locations’, in 4th International Contaminated Site Remediation Conference: Program and proceedings, CleanUp 2011, Adelaide, Australia, 11–15 September, pp. 226–227. Okour, Y & Shon, HK 2011, ‘Substrate-specific solar light photocatalytic activity of titania produced from Ti-salt flocculated sludge’, in 4th International Contaminated Site Remediation Conference: Program and proceedings, CleanUp 2011, Adelaide, Australia, 11–15 September, pp. 117–118. Pal, R, Megharaj, M, Kirkbride, KP & Naidu, R 2011, ‘MDMA degradation in soil’, in in 4th International Contaminated Site Remediation Conference: Program and proceedings, CleanUp 2011, Adelaide, Australia, 11–15 September, pp. 302–303. Peng, C, Liu, FF & Ng, JC 2011, ‘Development of a three dimensional hanging drop cell exposure system (HDCES) for toxicological studies’, in 4th International Contaminated Site Remediation Conference: Program and proceedings, CleanUp 2011, Adelaide, Australia, 11–15 September, pp. 202–203. Prakash, SB & Ng, JC 2011, ‘Improved in-vitro toxicology of inhalable iron-rich particles from mining industries’, in 4th International Contaminated Site Remediation Conference: Program and proceedings, CleanUp 2011, Adelaide, Australia, 11–15 September, pp. 206–207. Rahman, MM, Asaduzzaman, M & Naidu, R 2011, ‘Concentration of arsenic in home grown vegetables’, in 4th International Contaminated Site Remediation Conference: Program and proceedings, CleanUp 2011, Adelaide, Australia, 11–15 September, pp. 39–40. Ramadass, K, Megharaj, M & Naidu, R 2011, ‘Toxicity of used and fresh engine oils to earthworm survival and soil health’, in 4th International Contaminated Site Remediation Conference: Program and proceedings, CleanUp 2011, Adelaide, Australia, 11–15 September, pp. 208–209. Sarkar, B, Megharaj, M & Naidu, R 2011, ‘Organoclays for environmental remediation’, in 4th International Contaminated Site Remediation Conference: Program and proceedings, CleanUp 2011, Adelaide, Australia, 11–15 September, pp. 73–74.

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Seshadri, B, Bolan, NS & Naidu, R 2011, ‘Effect of coal combustion products on the leaching of phosphorus in soils’, in 4th International Contaminated Site Remediation Conference: Program and proceedings, CleanUp 2011, Adelaide, Australia, 11–15 September, pp. 137–138. Shukla, P, Sun, H, Wang, S, Ang, H-M & Tadé, MO 2011, ‘Removal of phenolic contaminants using sulphate radicals activated by supported cobalt catalysts’, in 4th International Contaminated Site Remediation Conference: Program and proceedings, CleanUp 2011, Adelaide, Australia, 11–15 September, pp. 286–287. Subashchandrabose, SR, Megharaj, M & Naidu, R 2011, ‘Toxicity of polyaromatic hydrocarbons and heavy metals alone and in combination to microalga,’ in 4th International Contaminated Site Remediation Conference: Program and proceedings, CleanUp 2011, Adelaide, Australia, 11–15 September, pp. 210–211. Sullivan, L, Watling, K, Bush, R, Burton, E, Johnston, S, McElnea, A & Ahern, C 2011, ‘A new method for assessing acid neutralising capacity in acid sulfate soil materials’, in 4th International Contaminated Site Remediation Conference: Program and proceedings, CleanUp 2011, Adelaide, Australia, 11–15 September, pp. 187–188. Syers, JK, Naidu, R & Bolan, NS 2011, ‘Management of phosphorus in organic amendments for sustainable production and environmental protection’, in 4th International Contaminated Site Remediation Conference: Program and proceedings, CleanUp 2011, Adelaide, Australia, 11–15 September, pp. 111–112. Thangarajan, R, Bolan, NS & Naidu, R 2011, ‘Nitrous oxide emission from organic amendments’, in 4th International Contaminated Site Remediation Conference: Program and proceedings, CleanUp 2011, Adelaide, Australia, 11–15 September, pp. 344–345. Thangavadivel,K, Birke, V & Naidu, R 2011, ‘Choosing the best design and construction technologies for permeable reactive barriers’, in 4th International Contaminated Site Remediation Conference: Program and proceedings, CleanUp 2011, Adelaide, Australia, 11–15 September, pp. 15–16.

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Thangavadivel, K, Wang, WH, Birke, V & Naidu, R 2011, ‘Zero-valent iron treatability study using trichloroethylene spiked deionised water yields rate constant considerably lower than that for a highly saline contaminated groundwater’, in 4th International Contaminated Site Remediation Conference: Program and proceedings, CleanUp 2011, Adelaide, Australia, 11–15 September, pp. 304–305. Thavamani, P, Megharaj, M & Naidu, R 2011, ‘Metal tolerant PAH degrading bacteria – patterns of metal tolerance and environmental relevance’, in 4th International Contaminated Site Remediation Conference: Program and proceedings, CleanUp 2011, Adelaide, Australia, 11–15 September, pp. 346–347. Ullah, R, Wang, S, Ang, HM & Tadé, MO 2011, ‘Visible light photocatalytic decomposition of toluene with BiMO4 (M = Ta, Nb)’, in 4th International Contaminated Site Remediation Conference: Program and proceedings, CleanUp 2011, Adelaide, Australia, 11–15 September, pp. 294–295. van Deur, W 2011, ‘Understanding the policy process: Comparing lessons from the Netherlands and Australian experience’, in 4th International Contaminated Site Remediation Conference: Program and proceedings, CleanUp 2011, Adelaide, Australia, 11–15 September, pp. 82–83. Vithana, C, Sullivan, L Bush, R & Burton, E 2011, ‘Underestimation of retained acidity measured using the net acid soluble sulphur (SNAS) method in acid sulfate soils containing schwertmannite and jarosite’, in 4th International Contaminated Site Remediation Conference: Program and proceedings, CleanUp 2011, Adelaide, Australia, 11–15 September, pp. 189–190. Wightwick, A, Allinson, G, Reichman, S & Menzies, N 2011, ‘Industry-wide approaches to risk assessment: A case study of copper in Australian vineyards’, in 4th International Contaminated Site Remediation Conference: Program and proceedings, CleanUp 2011, Adelaide, Australia, 11–15 September, pp. 41–42. Yong, SK, Bolan, N, Lombi, E & Skinner, W 2011, ‘Synthesis and characterization of thiolated chitosan beads for Cu(II) and Cd(II) wastewater remediation’, in 4th International Contaminated Site Remediation Conference: Program and proceedings, CleanUp 2011, Adelaide, Australia, 11–15 September, pp. 292–293.

Zhou, Y-F & Haynes, R 2011, ‘Use of alum-derived water treatment sludge to remove heavy metals from aqueous solutions’, in 4th International Contaminated Site Remediation Conference: Program and proceedings, CleanUp 2011, Adelaide, Australia, 11–15 September, pp. 113–114.

6th International Workshop on Chemical Bioavailability in the Terrestrial Environment Choppala, G, Bolan, N, Megharaj, M & Chen, Z 2011, ‘Black carbon and biochar reduce the bioavailability of chromate in soils’, in 6th International Workshop on Chemical Bioavailability in the Terrestrial Environment: Workshop program and proceedings, CleanUp 2011, Adelaide, Australia, 7–9 September, pp. 15–16. Diacomanolis, V, Noller, B & Ng, JC 2011, ‘Effect of co-administration of lead and arsenic on the bioavailability of arsenic and its pharmacokinetics’, in 6th International Workshop on Chemical Bioavailability in the Terrestrial Environment: Workshop program and proceedings, CleanUp 2011, Adelaide, Australia, 7–9 September, pp. 39–40.

Juhasz, AL, Smith, E, Weber, J, Rees, M, Kuchel, T, Rofe, A, Sansom, L & Naidu, R 2011, ‘Predicting lead relative bioavailability in peri-urban contaminated soils using in vitro bioaccessibility assays’, in 6th International Workshop on Chemical Bioavailability in the Terrestrial Environment: Workshop program and proceedings, CleanUp 2011, Adelaide, Australia, 7–9 September, pp. 35–36. Juhasz, AL, Weber, J, Naidu, R, Gancarz, D, Rofe, A, Todor, D & Smith, E 2011, ‘Determination of cadmium relative bioavailability in contaminated soils and its prediction using in vitro methodologies’, in 6th International Workshop on Chemical Bioavailability in the Terrestrial Environment: Workshop program and proceedings, CleanUp 2011, Adelaide, Australia, 7–9 September, pp. 62–63. Kopittke, PM, Blamey, FPC & Menzies, NW 2011, ‘Calculated metal activity at the plasma membrane surface of root cells improves environmental impact assessment’, in 6th International Workshop on Chemical Bioavailability in the Terrestrial Environment: Workshop program and proceedings, CleanUp 2011, Adelaide, Australia, 7–9 September, pp. 44–45.

Duan, L, Naidu, R, Mallavarapu & Meaklin, J 2011, ‘Sorption of phenanthrene by 15 natural uncontaminated soils’, in 6th International Workshop on Chemical Bioavailability in the Terrestrial Environment: Workshop program and proceedings, CleanUp 2011, Adelaide, Australia, 7–9 September, pp. 5–6.

Park, JH, Bolan, NS, Chung, JW & Naidu, R 2011, ‘Environmental monitoring of the role of phosphate compounds in enhancing immobilization and reducing bioavailability of lead in contaminated soils’, in 6th International Workshop on Chemical Bioavailability in the Terrestrial Environment: Workshop program and proceedings, CleanUp 2011, Adelaide, Australia, 7–9 September, pp. 52–53.

Juhasz, AL, Weber, J & Smith, E 2011, ‘Assessing the impact of gastric phase pH on the arsenic relative bioavailability predictive capabilities of in vitro assays’, in 6th International Workshop on Chemical Bioavailability in the Terrestrial Environment: Workshop program and proceedings, CleanUp 2011, Adelaide, Australia, 7–9 September, pp. 74–75.

Rahman, MM, Chen, Z & Naidu, R 2011, ‘Extraction of arsenic species in soils using microwave assisted extraction detected by IC-ICP-MS’, in 6th International Workshop on Chemical Bioavailability in the Terrestrial Environment: Workshop program and proceedings, CleanUp 2011, Adelaide, Australia, 7–9 September, pp. 60–61.

Juhasz, AL, Weber, J & Smith, E 2011, ‘Impact of soil particle size on lead bioaccessibility in peri-urban contaminated soils’, in 6th International Workshop on Chemical Bioavailability in the Terrestrial Environment: Workshop program and proceedings, CleanUp 2011, Adelaide, Australia, 7–9 September, pp. 64–65.

Sanderson, P, Naidu, R, Bolan, N & Bowman, M 2011, ‘Reduction in bioavailability of lead in shooting range soils by in situ chemical stabilisation’, in 6th International Workshop on Chemical Bioavailability in the Terrestrial Environment: Workshop program and proceedings, CleanUp 2011, Adelaide, Australia, 7–9 September, pp. 54–55.

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Smith, E, Gancarz, D, Juhasz, AL, Weber, J, Naidu, R, Rofe, A & Lombi, E 2011, ‘In vivo assessments of lead bioavailability in contaminated soil using pregnant and non-pregnant mice’, in 6th International Workshop on Chemical Bioavailability in the Terrestrial Environment: Workshop program and proceedings, CleanUp 2011, Adelaide, Australia, 7–9 September, pp. 50–51. Smith, E, Kempson, IM, Juhasz, AL, Weber, J, Rofe, A, Gancarz, D, Naidu, R, McLaren, RG & Grafe, M 2011, ‘In vivo, in vitro and xanes spectroscopy assessments of lead bioavailability in contaminated soils’, in 6th International Workshop on Chemical Bioavailability in the Terrestrial Environment: Workshop program and proceedings, CleanUp 2011, Adelaide, Australia, 7–9 September, pp. 58–59. Smith, E, Weber, J, Gancarz, D, Naidu, R, Rofe, A & Juhasz, AL 2011, ‘Bioavailability and bioaccessibility assessments of DDT contaminated soil’, in 6th International Workshop on Chemical Bioavailability in the Terrestrial Environment: Workshop program and proceedings, CleanUp 2011, Adelaide, Australia, 7–9 September, pp. 68–69. Weber, J, Juhasz, AL, Aleer, S & Dandie, CE 2011, ‘Surfactant enhanced bioavailability and biodegradation of petroleum hydrocarbons’, in 6th International Workshop on Chemical Bioavailability in the Terrestrial Environment: Workshop program and proceedings, CleanUp 2011, Adelaide, Australia, 7–9 September, pp. 11–12.

Technical Reports Friebel, E & Nadebaum, P 2011, Health screening levels for petroleum hydrocarbons in soil and groundwater – Part 1: Technical development document, CRC CARE Technical Report no. 10, CRC for Contamination Assessment and Remediation of the Environment, Adelaide, Australia. Friebel, E & Nadebaum, P 2011, Health screening levels for petroleum hydrocarbons in soil and groundwater – Part 2: Application document, CRC CARE Technical Report no. 10, CRC for Contamination Assessment and Remediation of the Environment, Adelaide, Australia. Friebel, E & Nadebaum, P 2011, Health screening levels for petroleum hydrocarbons in soil and groundwater – Part 3: Sensitivity assessment, CRC CARE Technical Report no. 10, CRC for Contamination Assessment and Remediation of the Environment, Adelaide, Australia.

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Friebel, E & Nadebaum, P 2011, Health screening levels for petroleum hydrocarbons in soil and groundwater – Part 4: Extension model, CRC CARE Technical Report no. 10, CRC for Contamination Assessment and Remediation of the Environment, Adelaide, Australia Friebel, E & Nadebaum, P 2011, Health screening levels for petroleum hydrocarbons in soil and groundwater – Summary, CRC CARE Technical Report no. 10, CRC for Contamination Assessment and Remediation of the Environment, Adelaide, Australia. Hose, GC & Lategan, MJ 2012, Sampling strategies for biological assessment of groundwater ecosystems, CRC CARE Technical Report no. 21, CRC for Contamination Assessment and Remediation of the Environment, Adelaide, Australia. Kopittke, PM, Blamey, FPC & Menzies, NW 2012, Guidance document for the revegetation of land contaminated by metal(loids), CRC CARE Technical Report no. 20, CRC for Contamination Assessment and Remediation of the Environment, Adelaide, Australia.

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Financial 08 report

A safer, cleaner environmental future CRC CARE PTY LTD ACN 113 908 044 Cooperative Research Centre for Contamination Assessment and Remediation of the Environment Concise Audited Financial Statements 2011â&#x20AC;&#x201C;2012

The Concise Audited Financial Statements are an extract from the Audited Financial Statements. The financial statements and specific disclosures included in the Concise Audited Financial Statements have been derived from the Audited Financial Statements.

The Concise Audited Financial Statements cannot be expected to provide as full an understanding of the financial performance, financial position and financing and investing activities of the entity as the Audited Financial Statements. Further financial information can be obtained from Audited Financial Statements.

The Audited Financial Statements are available, free of charge, on request to the entity.

annual report 2011/2012

Report of the Board of Directors for the year ended 30 June 2012

The Company was incorporated to manage and govern the Cooperative Research Centre for Contamination Assessment and Remediation of the Environment (“the Centre”).

In respect of the financial year ended 30 June 2012, the Directors of CRC CARE Pty Ltd (“the Company” or “CRC CARE”) submit the following report made out in accordance with a resolution of the Board of Directors:

The objective of the Centre is to promote research and capacity building for the development and extension of advanced technologies and methods for:

1. Board of Directors

b) preventing, managing and/or remediating contamination

The following persons were Directors of the Company during the financial year and until the date of this report:

a) assessing contamination risks to land, groundwater and air

c) developing safe options for land use and the reuse of wastes on land

Russell R Caplan (Chairman)

Professor Ravi Naidu (Managing Director)

d) developing solutions that are acceptable to regulatory agencies and the public, and

Emeritus Professor Max Brennan AO

e) capacity building.

Emeritus Prof Ian Davey (resigned 28 November 2011)

3. Dividends

Dr Rod Lukatelich

There were no dividends declared or paid to shareholders during the year ended 30 June 2012.

Dr Paul Vogel

4. Trading results

Ms Susan Smith (resigned 28 November 2011)

Mr Mark Hender (resigned 28 November 2011)

The net profit, after tax, of the consolidated entity for the period was $Nil (2011: $Nil).

Mr Peter Nadebaum (resigned 28 November 2011)

Mr Charles Wong

Ms Beth Laughton (appointed 27 March 2012)

Ms Anthea Tinney (appointed 28 November 2011)

Prof Andrew Parfitt (appointed 28 November 2011)

2. Principal activities of the Company The Company is domiciled in Australia. Its registered office and principal place of business is: Building X University of South Australia Mawson Lakes SA 5095

5. Review of operations The Company specialises in research and development of technologies to overcome and prevent contamination of soil, water and air. During the period the Company received cash contributions of $10,018,255 (2011 $12,254,353) and in-kind contributions of $5,623,574 (2011 $7,067,808). 6. Significant Changes in the State of Affairs CRC CARE Participants and the Board of Directors agreed to and supported the submission of a proposal for the extension of current Commonwealth funding from 1 July 2011 to 30 June 2020. The extension of Commonwealth funding from July 2011 to June 2020 was approved with a new Commonwealth Agreement signed on 6 July 2011.

annual report 2011/2012

As such, CRC CARE I ceased operations on 30 June 2011 with CRC CARE II commencing on 1 July 2011. All existing projects from CRC CARE I were rolled into CRC CARE II at this date. 7. Matters subsequent to the end of the financial year At 30 June 2012 outstanding cash contributions from shareholders and non-shareholding participants were $1,070,210 (2011: $436,842), and outstanding inkind contributions totalled $Nil (2011: $Nil) valued in accordance with the terms of the agreement with the Commonwealth. Since balance date the Company has received overdue cash contributions of $187,500 (2011: $427,032). The remaining amount of $882,710 (2011: $9,810) relates to outstanding contributions committed by Participants. 8. Likely developments and expected results of operations The Company is proposing a Deed of Variation to the Commonwealth Agreement. This Deed has as its basis a change in the student ratio of Honours to Masters together with minor changes to related milestones. The Directors believe that it is reasonable to expect that the Companyâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s research program will not be disadvantaged by the changes proposed and the Company remains on track to meet its objectives and deliver its planned outcomes as described in the Deed. Further information on likely developments in the operations of the Company and the expected result of operations is available in the Annual Report of the Company. 9. Environmental regulation The entity is subject to significant environmental regulation relating to the testing of contaminated sites and the formulation of proposals for the remediation of contamination in the environment. Personnel of the entity and entities providing research services to the Company are required to conform to site-specific Environmental Health and Safety plans when entering and working on contaminated sites. There have been no significant breaches of such environmental regulations or plans.

annual report 2011/2012

10. Insurance of Directors and Officers During the financial period, the Company paid a premium of $10,332 (2011: $10,387) to insure the Directors and Officers of the Company. The liabilities insured are legal costs that may be incurred in defending civil or criminal proceedings that may be brought against the Directors and Officers in their capacity as officers of the Company, and any other payments arising from liabilities incurred by the officers in connection with such proceedings. This does not include such liabilities that arise from conduct involving a wilful breach of duty by the officers or the improper use by the officers of their position or of information to gain advantage for them or someone else or to cause detriment to the Company. It is not possible to apportion the premium between amounts relating to the insurance against legal costs and those relating to other liabilities. 11. Auditorsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; independence declaration A copy of the auditorsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; independence declaration as required under section 307C of the Corporations Act 2001 is set out on page 71 . This report is made in accordance with a resolution of the Board of Directors. For and on behalf of the Board of Directors

Russell R Caplan CHAIRMAN Dated: 18 September 2012

Professor Ravi Naidu MANAGING DIRECTOR Dated: 18 September 2012

annual report 2011/2012

Statement of comprehensive income for the period ended 30 June 2012

Notes

2012

2011

19,484,634

21,777,271

158,768 917,937 7,000 172,808 76,557 40,295 10,922,940 5,623,574 136,158 1,428,597 19,484,634

108,435 695,415 9,564 56,225 103,267 13,033 13,384,015 7,067,804 147,952 191,561 21,777,271

Income tax expense

Net profit/(loss) attributable to members of CRC CARE

Other comprehensive income

Revenue Allocated revenue

Expenses Consultants fees Employee benefits expense Finance costs IT expenses Legal expenses Recruitment Research expenditure â&#x20AC;&#x201C; cash Research expenditure â&#x20AC;&#x201C; in-kind Travel Other Total expenses

Total comprehensive income

*See page 76 for notes to the financial statements.

annual report 2011/2012

Statement of financial position for the period ended 30 June 2012

Notes

2012

2011

382,925 3,000,000 2,286,227 347,821 6,016,973

1,609,285 3,041,281 436,842 474,379 5,561,787

39,750 39,750

6,056,723

5,561,787

1,280,026 123,444 703,480 3,949,761 6,056,711

707,334 43,036 108,680 4,702,724 5,561,774

6,056,711

5,561,774

CURRENT ASSETS Cash and cash equivalents Financial assets Receivables Other assets Total current assets NON CURRENT ASSETS Deferred tax assets Total non-current assets TOTAL ASSETS CURRENT LIABILITIES Payables Provisions Accrued expenses Current tax liability Deferred revenue

Total current liabilities NON CURRENT LIABILITIES Total non-current liabilities TOTAL LIABILITIES NET ASSETS EQUITY Contributed equity Accumulated profits TOTAL EQUITY

annual report 2011/2012

Statement of changes in equity for the period ended 30 June 2012

Contirbuted Equity

Accumulated Profit

Total

Balance at 1 July 2010 Total comprehensive income for the year Balance at 30 June 2011

13 13

Total comprehensive income for the year

Buy back of shares Contributions of equity

(3) 2 (1)

Balance at 30 June 2012

EQUITY

Transactions with shareholders

annual report 2011/2012

Statement of cash flows for the period ended 30 June 2012

Notes CASH FLOWS FROM OPERATING ACTIVITIES Cash contributions received from the Commonwealth

Cash contributions received from all participants

2012

2011

3,136,000

3,500,000

6,882,255

8,560,323

120,296

35,602

Other Payments to suppliers and employees

602,669 (11,869,358)

332,158 (16,758,882)

Payments of GST and Group Tax

(1,497,214)

(454,012)

Training course fees

Receipt of GST

Net cash flows from operating activities CASH FLOWS FROM INVESTING ACTIVITIES Receipt of term deposits Investment in term deposits Interest received Net cash flows from investing activities

CASH FLOWS FROM FINANCING ACTIVITIES Buy back of shares Proceeds from issue of shares Net cash flows from financing activities

1,079,785

601,085

(1,545,567)

(4,183,726)

3,041,281 (3,000,000) 277,927 319,208

5,000,082 (3,041,281) 310,587 2,269,288

(3) 2

(1)

(1,226,360)

(1,914,338)

Cash at beginning of financial year

1,609,285

3,523,623

CASH AT END OF FINANCIAL YEAR

382,925

1,609,285

Net increase/( decrease) in cash held

annual report 2011/2012

Notes to the financial statements for the period ended 30 June 2012

2012

2011

Allocated contributions from Participants – cash

12,860,169

13,407,655

Allocated contributions from Third Parties – cash

623,462

Allocated contributions from Participants – in-kind

5,623,574

6,537,357

Allocated contributions from Third Parties – in-kind

530,450

277,927

310,587

1. REVENUE

Interest received or due and receivable

Training fees

120,296

35,602

Sponsorship income

596,827

332,158

Other income Total

5,841

19,484,634

21,777,271

For discussion and analysis of the financial statements, please refer to the Report of the Board of Directors and the CRC CARE 2011-12 Annual Report accompanying these Concise Audited Financial Statements.

annual report 2011/2012

Board of Directorsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; Declaration

In accordance with a resolution of the Board of Directors of CRC CARE Pty Ltd, in the opinion of the Board the Concise Audited Financial Statements comply with Accounting Standard AASB 1039; Concise Financial Reports and that: (a) the Concise Audited Financial Statements are an extract from the Audited Financial Statements, (b) the financial statements and specific disclosures included in the Concise Audited Financial Statements have been derived from the Audited Financial Statements, (c) the Concise Audited Financial Statements cannot be expected to provide as full an understanding of the financial performance, financial position and financing and investing activities of the entity as the Audited Financial Statements, and (d) further financial information can be obtained from Audited Financial Statements. The Audited Financial Statements are available, free of charge, on request to the Company.

For and on behalf of the Board of Directors

Russell R Caplan CHAIRMAN Dated: 18 September 2012

Professor Ravi Naidu MANAGING DIRECTOR Dated: 18 September 2012

annual report 2011/2012

CRC CARE partners 2011–12 Agilent Technologies Australia Pty Ltd Australian Contaminated Land Consultants Association Incorporated Australian Institute of Petroleum Ltd BHP Billiton Iron Ore Pty Ltd CH2MHILL Australia Pty Ltd ChemCentre (WA) Chevron Australia Pty Ltd CSIRO Curtin University of Technology Department of Defence Department of Environment and Resource Management (Queensland) Department of Industry, Innovation, Science, Research and Tertiary Education – National Measurement Institute Environment Protection Authority (SA) Environment Protection Authority (Victoria) FibreCell Australia Pty Ltd GHD Pty Ltd HLM Asia Group Limited Soil & Groundwater Pty Ltd Southern Cross University Technological Resources Pty Ltd (Rio Tinto) University of Queensland University of South Australia University of Technology, Sydney VeruTEK Technologies, Inc. WA Department of Environment and Conservation

080

annual report 2011/2012

CRC Care Pty Ltd University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes South Australia 5095 P.O. Box 486 Salisbury South SA 5106, Australia T +61 (0) 8 8302 5038 F +61 (0) 8 8302 3124 E admin@crccare.com W www.crccare.com

082

annual report 2011/2012