THE INTEGRATION OF IoT (INTERNET OF THINGS) IN ACTIVITY-BASED WORKPLACE DESIGN. by creativemastersjm

Running Head : THE INTEGRATION OF IoT (INTERNET OF THINGS) IN ACTIVITY-BASED WORKPLACE DESIGN, AND ITS APPLICATION TO THE LOCAL WORKPLACE.

Keeping our local workplace relevant by applying contemporary technology-based design theories.

A Dissertation Submitted in Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements for the Master of Architecture

University of Technology, Jamaica

Brian Deleser Williams, 0110130 Sept, 2019

Caribbean School of Architecture

THE INTEGRATION OF IoT (INTERNET OF THINGS) IN ACTIVITY-BASED WORKPLACE DESIGN, AND ITS APPLICATION TO THE LOCAL WORKPLACE.

THE INTEGRATION OF IoT (INTERNET OF THINGS) IN ACTIVITY-BASED WORKPLACE DESIGN, AND ITS APPLICATION TO THE LOCAL WORKPLACE. Certificate of Authorship I hereby declare that this submission is my own work and that, to the best of my knowledge and belief it contains no material previously published or written by another person nor material which to a substantial extent has been accepted for the award of any other degree or diploma from a university or other institution of higher learning, except where due acknowledgement is made in the acknowledgements.

Brian Williams

THE INTEGRATION OF IoT (INTERNET OF THINGS) IN ACTIVITY-BASED WORKPLACE DESIGN, AND ITS APPLICATION TO THE LOCAL WORKPLACE. Acknowledgements The completion of this dissertation would not be possible without the help and dedication of my family, friends and my dedicated lecturers. I would specifically like to thank my supervisor, Mrs. Mlela Matandara-Clarke for the positive support and multiple constructive feedback, my Research and Dissertation Lecturer, Dr. Elizabeth Pigou-Dennis for sharing her knowledge and guidance throughout the construction of this research, and lastly, I would like to acknowledge my wife, Carlene Williams for her unconditional support. Additionally, I would like to acknowledge LMH Publishing Ltd. and all participants throughout the research process for dedicating their time especially throughout the interview, observation and seminar discussions, as they played a vital part in sculpting the findings and conclusions of this research. Finally and most importantly I would like to acknowledge God as the primary source of strength and determination during the entire research process.

Brian Williams, June 2019

THE INTEGRATION OF IoT (INTERNET OF THINGS) IN ACTIVITY-BASED WORKPLACE DESIGN, AND ITS APPLICATION TO THE LOCAL WORKPLACE. Abstract

Keeping our local workplace relevant by applying contemporary technology-based design theories. Brian Williams

The office has been around for over 400 years, and has provided a means to which humans can utilize their skills to improve themselves and ultimately their community. Over the years the landscape of the office has evolved through the phase of the factory, and its evolution is being influenced by a myriad of factors including globalization, social media, technology and fading job security to name a few. Recent studies are revealing that the timeline of workplace design, commencing from the post industrial revolution is increasingly beginning to trend in favour of the holistic comfort of its users, especially within the consultation and creative industries. Holistic comfort transcends physical factors such as furniture selection, office space etc. and promotes additional factors such as employee trust, empowerment and a shared sense of responsibility amongst workers. Companies today are beginning to value innovative, creative, and “out of the box” thinking, as it allows them to gain a competitive edge. Studies are now linking the high quality of creative thinking to the well-being of the worker, and the “connectedness” of the worker to their surroundings, via the use of technology.

THE INTEGRATION OF IoT (INTERNET OF THINGS) IN ACTIVITY-BASED WORKPLACE DESIGN, AND ITS APPLICATION TO THE LOCAL WORKPLACE.

There now exists a growing adaptation of a user centred, technology integrated workplace design, where the specific workstyle of the user is facilitated through an array of connected work areas within an office using technologies such as Internet of Things (IoT). This theory is called Activity Based Working (ABW), and is one of the main catalysts responsible for the trending of the modern workplace towards a holistic well-being place to work. The research aims to understand the evolution of ABW and explore ways to integrate these contemporary theories of work into the local workplace context.

Keywords:â&#x20AC;&#x2039; Activity Based Working, Internet of Things, Workplace Design.

THE INTEGRATION OF IoT (INTERNET OF THINGS) IN ACTIVITY-BASED WORKPLACE DESIGN, AND ITS APPLICATION TO THE LOCAL WORKPLACE.

Table of Contents

Title

Page

List of Tables

List of Figures

Chapter 1: Research Proposal Introduction Purpose of the research Possible Gap in knowledge Research Questions

11 11 13 14 15

Chapter 2: Literature Review The Evaluation of the Office and the Workplace Workplace Layout & Design Activity-Based Working The logic of working The Living Office The Theatre of Work ABW Performance Research Smart Building Systems in the Workplace Internet of Things and Connected Technologies

16 19 27 29 32 33 34 38 42 44

Chapter 3: Methodology Limitations Schedule

49 53 55

Chapter 4: Case Study

Chapter 6: Findings, Analysis & Discussion Analysis of findings: People and Culture Analysis of findings: Design of the workplace Analysis of findings: Use of Technology Discussion

62 65 67 70 72

THE INTEGRATION OF IoT (INTERNET OF THINGS) IN ACTIVITY-BASED WORKPLACE DESIGN, AND ITS APPLICATION TO THE LOCAL WORKPLACE. Intervention Analysis and Discussion

Chapter 7: Conclusion And Recommendation Response to research questions

93 95

References

Appendices A

106

Appendices B

119

Appendices C

122

THE INTEGRATION OF IoT (INTERNET OF THINGS) IN ACTIVITY-BASED WORKPLACE DESIGN, AND ITS APPLICATION TO THE LOCAL WORKPLACE. List of Tables

Title

Page

Table 1. Literature Matrix showing literature read and related themes

Table 2. Developments in economic structures over time

Table 3. Proposed Research Schedule

Table 4. List of Employees at LMH Publishing Ltd.

Table 5. LMH Mobility Profile Summary

Table 6. List of proposed ABW area and their rational

Table 7. Evolution of the workplace Matrix

THE INTEGRATION OF IoT (INTERNET OF THINGS) IN ACTIVITY-BASED WORKPLACE DESIGN, AND ITS APPLICATION TO THE LOCAL WORKPLACE. List of Figures

Title

Page

Figure 1. D iagram showing evolution of the office

Figure 2. Sächsische Maschinenfabrik in Chemnitz

Figure 3. T he General Business Office of the Stratton Commercial School, Boston (1884).

Figure 4. I nterior, "Great Workroom", of the Johnson Wax Headquarters building

Figure 5. R obert Propst’s Action Office

Figure 6. P hoto collage showing progression of the office.

Figure 7. A ctivity Based Working diagrammatic floor plan.

Figure 8. S ketch of The Hub, co- working office in Kingston, Jamaica

Figure 9. D iagram showing a design logic of working

Figure 10. M ermin Miller Living Office Concept

Figure 11. T BWA / CHIAT / DAY Los Angeles Office, Los Angeles, California

Figure 12. C urrent configuration for teams, promoting energetic posture. At Stanford University d.school

Figure 13. G raph showing the Lmi (Leesman Productivity Index) of Activity Based Working vs Traditional Workplaces

Figure 14. G raph comparing mobility modes of workers.

Figure 15. Diagram showing how IoT will connect smart technologies

Figure 16. I llustration showing level of connectivity of building systems

Figure 17. P ower over Ethernet diagram

Figure 18. D iagram showing Methodology

Figure 19. W orkflow of LMH Office

57 10

THE INTEGRATION OF IoT (INTERNET OF THINGS) IN ACTIVITY-BASED WORKPLACE DESIGN, AND ITS APPLICATION TO THE LOCAL WORKPLACE. Figure 20. S implified Floor Plan of LMH office showing positions of employees

Figure 21. F low Chart showing methodology for analysing findings

Figure 22. A BW typical work space types

Figure 23. S implified Floor Plan of LMH office showing use of desktop vs laptops vs tablets

Figure 24. L MH Existing and Proposed Plans

Figure 25. C omparative images of Existing and Proposed ABW office (View looking to CEO Office)

Figure 26. C omparative images of Existing and Proposed ABW office (view from Editor office)

Figure 27. C omparative images of Existing and Proposed ABW office (view from passageway)

Figure 28. P osition of VR vs Reality positions in office

Figure 29. P ictures of Existing and proposed views of office using VR headset. (Position 1)

Figure 30. S teps for creation of Smart Landing Intervention Figure 31. D iagram of intervention methodology

Figure 32. P hoto of area before and after intervention

Figure 33. S mart Landing Design shop drawings and features

Figure 34. W eb Camera application used to monitor landing usage

Figure 35. G raph showing usage over time

THE INTEGRATION OF IoT (INTERNET OF THINGS) IN ACTIVITY-BASED WORKPLACE DESIGN, AND ITS APPLICATION TO THE LOCAL WORKPLACE. Chapter 1: Research Proposal Introduction As the world continues to become more connected, the design industry must also seek to leverage the advantages of a connected world, or risk being left behind. Globalization and competition are one of the major catalyst that drives the workplace to be more efficient. Companies are claiming to complete jobs quicker, at a higher quality, and more cost effective than the competitor; however, to achieve this, the leveraging of technology is usually one of the first lines of offence in a competitive situation. This competition will force places of work to operate at an incredibly high level of competence to remain competitive. Large companies such 1

as Google, TBWA\Chiat\Day and Apple to name a few, remain highly competitive in their respective industries primarily due to creating environments that empower their workers to perform their best such as through the use of ABW (Friedman, R. 2014) along with integration of the latest connected technologies. The challenge is that ABW designed smart office technology is still a relatively new concept to most micro, small and medium sized businesses (Leesman, 2017), and it virtually non existent in the local workplace. In addition, the implementation of connected technologies such as IoT is still somewhat of a wild card, and seems to be a concept without an established definition and purpose (Sinopoli, J. 2016). This research will aim to explore the origins of the workplace and ABW, and experiment with elements of its application within a local small to medium-sized office. The research will hope to achieve an indication of increased worker empowerment and wellbeing throughout this process. Additionally, the findings of this research will be applied to the researcherâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s thesis project- The Creative Campus

TBWA Worldwide is an international advertising agency whose main headquarters are in Midtown Manhattan, New York City, United States.

THE INTEGRATION OF IoT (INTERNET OF THINGS) IN ACTIVITY-BASED WORKPLACE DESIGN, AND ITS APPLICATION TO THE LOCAL WORKPLACE. Business Incubator. The thesis project research revealed that business incubators aid in cultivating new industry and hence new workplace environments. The researcher will use the thesis project as a vehicle to test drive the discoveries of the dissertation through the design of the buildings workspaces, with an aim of illustrating a good example of what a modern connected workspace should be.

THE INTEGRATION OF IoT (INTERNET OF THINGS) IN ACTIVITY-BASED WORKPLACE DESIGN, AND ITS APPLICATION TO THE LOCAL WORKPLACE. Purpose of the research The core purpose of the research is to investigate theories relating to Activity-Based Working, and how the integration of connected technologies such as Internet of Things (IoT) can contribute to the enhancement of workplace design and eventually its performance. Currently, there exists many workplaces in Jamaica that do not meet productivity requirements set by their respective organizations. This is usually primarily due to workers underperforming which can be further linked to a slew of causal issues including lack of pay, mismanagement and financial constraints to name a few (Samuels-Wade, E. 2001). This research will introduce the use of an IoT activity-based approach to workplace design, with the intention of increasing worker satisfaction and productivity. According to a survey conducted by Carter (2001), more pay is not the answer to increasing worker productivity and satisfaction as 89% of their responses identified quality of life issues such as lack of training, recognition, appreciation and a greater level of participation in decision-making contributed to the deficiency in workplace production and satisfaction. Activity-Based Working (ABW) is a theory of creating user-empowered environments which can potentially point the operation of a workplace toward worker empowerment. Using this theory, the researcher will seek to understand the application of creating an ABW environment and further enhancing that environment by integrating connected emerging technologies such as IoT (internet of things).

THE INTEGRATION OF IoT (INTERNET OF THINGS) IN ACTIVITY-BASED WORKPLACE DESIGN, AND ITS APPLICATION TO THE LOCAL WORKPLACE. Possible Gap in knowledge

As First World countries continue to pioneer workplace design and IoT technology in the workplace, it is observable that locally in Jamaica most workplaces of medium, small, and micro businesses do not integrate workplace design theories such as Activity-Based Working (ABW) in their offices. This was observable by the researcher from visiting over twenty-five offices over the last two years. This research will seek to identify ways in which ABW can improve the workplaces, specifically that of design-related industry workplaces in the local context. This industry was selected as it is proven that ABW can greatly increase creative thinking (CABE, BCO, 2005). In addition to the exploration of ABW in creative / design offices, this research will also use the opportunity to explore the applications of IoT technology that can aid the creative office in its work processes. Steve Range, is the Editor-in-Chief of ZDnet, an online news website that features research related to the latest IT trends, issues and events. He categorized workplace IoT into three main areas: (1). Infrastructure technology, such as BMS, thermostats, fire prevention equipment etc., (2). repurposed smart home technologies such as coffee makers, microwaves, cook tops etc. and (3) business specific IoT such as large screen displays and video conferencing setups. Most of these technologies vary from the general office equipment used in most office today, such as computers, workstations, printers etc. To create this connected environment IoT and Activity-Based Workplace, the design of offices will have to be approached holistically, therefore designers will not only be required to utilize workspace design theories, but also design for technologies that will communicate and connect with each other.

THE INTEGRATION OF IoT (INTERNET OF THINGS) IN ACTIVITY-BASED WORKPLACE DESIGN, AND ITS APPLICATION TO THE LOCAL WORKPLACE. Research Questions This research Investigates the evolution of the workplace and how the workplace leverages the emerging connected technologies (IoT) to improve and foster a healthy and positive workplace. This investigation led to the generation of key research questions.

Research Question #1 How can Activity-Based Working foster increased pride for oneâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s place of work locally.

Research Question #2 How can Internet of Things be integrated into Activity-Based Working design theories.

THE INTEGRATION OF IoT (INTERNET OF THINGS) IN ACTIVITY-BASED WORKPLACE DESIGN, AND ITS APPLICATION TO THE LOCAL WORKPLACE.

Chapter 2: Literature Review A literature matrix was created to aid in categorizing the subject matter of each piece of literature. This facilitated a predicted linkage each book would provide. The categories identified in the literature readings are: 1. IoT (Internet of Things), 2. Space Layout & Design, 3. Workplace Evolution, 4. Performance Research, and 5. Smart Architecture.

THE INTEGRATION OF IoT (INTERNET OF THINGS) IN ACTIVITY-BASED WORKPLACE DESIGN, AND ITS APPLICATION TO THE LOCAL WORKPLACE. To facilitate a structured investigation into each category, the research will first seek to deconstruct the concept of work, secondly, define the workplace, and finally examine how the workplace was created. This has prompted close examination of how space has responded to the evolution of the workplace. The research focused on literature geared towards the understanding of workplace design, the performance of workplaces, and the performance impact when selecting varied modes of working. There exists a substantial body of published literature on workplace performance and a few of these were selected in the form of case studies, thereby allowing adequate resources to be dedicated toward the areas with a gap in knowledge, namely the integration of Internet of Things (IoT) in workplace design. Additionally, throughout this research it is recognized that there are existing technologies within the industry of architecture, in the form of smart building systems which also include approaches to sustainable technologies such as HVAC systems (Heating, Ventilation and Air Conditioning systems), sensors and BMS (Building Management Systems). To clarify the research delimitations these technologies were not classified as connected technologies because they all perform independently within themselves in most cases. Further reading in this area was required to aid in the clarification of existing building technologies versus connected building technologies (IoT). It became necessary to understand exactly what is IoT and what classifies devices or technologies as an IoT device or otherwise. Current buzzwords such as “IoT” and “Big Data” generate huge attention across all industries. They are all relatively new concepts and have not seemed to firmly solidify themselves and their uses within the architecture and design industry to date. Literature in this area would allow the researcher to have an understanding of the

THE INTEGRATION OF IoT (INTERNET OF THINGS) IN ACTIVITY-BASED WORKPLACE DESIGN, AND ITS APPLICATION TO THE LOCAL WORKPLACE. foundational concepts behind IoT and hence make suggestions as to its application in order to improve the quality of workplace design.

THE INTEGRATION OF IoT (INTERNET OF THINGS) IN ACTIVITY-BASED WORKPLACE DESIGN, AND ITS APPLICATION TO THE LOCAL WORKPLACE. The Evaluation of the Office and the Workplace

Office design is over 400 years old. The word “office” is derived from the Latin word “duty” and has existed in various forms such as monasteries, libraries, scholars’ and studies. Essentially these places primarily existed for the systematic storage of records (Saval, 2015). Workplaces exist because people require a dedicated space to work, but why do people need to work? Research undertaken by Barry Schwartz, in his book, Why We Work, indicates that people work to make a living for themselves and in the process contribute to the economic, social and industrial development of the environment. In 2013, a report published by Gallup, (the Washington, D.C.-based polling organization) revealed that there are twice as many "actively disengaged" workers in the world as there are "engaged" workers, i.e. those who like their jobs. The latest version gathered information from 230,000 full-time and part-time workers in 142 countries. Overall, the Gallup poll found that only 13% of workers felt engaged by their jobs. These people feel a sense of passion for their work and they spend their days helping to move their organizations forward. On the contrary, 63% of global workers are not engaged (Schwartz, B, 2015). This disengagement can be traced back to the days of the industrial economy where creating a successful workplace meant ONLY finding efficiencies through eliminating errors, standardizing performance and creating systems

THE INTEGRATION OF IoT (INTERNET OF THINGS) IN ACTIVITY-BASED WORKPLACE DESIGN, AND ITS APPLICATION TO THE LOCAL WORKPLACE. that squeezed the highest level of efficiency out of workers. The feeling and experience of how employees felt while doing their job was of secondary interest because it has been commonly thought that it had a minor impact on the performance of the workplace overall (Friedman, D, 2014). The factory floor could be considered as the first workplace typology in the post industrial era and as such it laid this negative foundation for workplaces to come. See in Figure 2. The design of this workplace only considered its necessity and the efficiency of output.

THE INTEGRATION OF IoT (INTERNET OF THINGS) IN ACTIVITY-BASED WORKPLACE DESIGN, AND ITS APPLICATION TO THE LOCAL WORKPLACE. At the approach of the 19th century, the factory necessitated the use of record-keeping mechanisms to further help structure the work process and from this need the concept of the office was born. In these early office spaces, there were limited windows (usually one) and an entryway which open directly onto the street. The interior usually included a single pot-bellied stove in the centre of the room for heating with two desks, a high roll top desk where the owner sat and a higher desk in the corner reserved for his small staff of clerks. See â&#x20AC;&#x2039;Figure 3â&#x20AC;&#x2039;. The owners themselves were often out conducting business while the clerks stayed behind performing an endless array of monotonous filing and document-related tasks (Saval, N, 2015), a process which is still experienced and practiced in many workplaces today.

THE INTEGRATION OF IoT (INTERNET OF THINGS) IN ACTIVITY-BASED WORKPLACE DESIGN, AND ITS APPLICATION TO THE LOCAL WORKPLACE. The advent of the office clerk in the 19th century marked the beginning of the white-collar worker, these workers were given spaces to work which mimicked the factory worker however the tools were different, being replaced by books and pens with rigid timelines and work hours that were the same (Saval, 2015). Soon thereafter the office worker included not only clerks but also many forms of administrative workers which then prompted the need to have improved efficiency via the use of systems. Two of the most influential systems adapted in history is the use of the assembly line invented by Henry Ford and rigid business principles called Taylorism, developed by Frederick Taylor, an activist for efficiency. It was not until 1904 with the opening of the Larkin Soap Company building, that office design began to have an impact on the workplace. Architect Frank Lloyd Wright (1867 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; 1959) seeked to utilize architecture and design to alleviate the regimented Taylorist workplace. This was achieved by implementing innovative features geared towards the comfort of workers such as designing provisions for air conditioning, built-in desk furniture, suspended toilet partitions and bowls and most importantly the deliberate invitation of natural light into the workplace. Wright utilized this people-oriented approach in his next building, the Johnson Wax Headquarters, which is the world headquarters and administrative building of S. C. Johnson & Son in Racine, Wisconsin, which was constructed in 1939. This building was most famously known for its "Great Workroom," which is comprised of a series of thin, white dentiform columns, spread out at the top, to form a ceiling. The spaces between the columns that hold up the ceiling are pockets of skylights made of Pyrex glass tubing. The combination of skylights created a clerestory effect and allowed a pleasant soft light into the workplace.

THE INTEGRATION OF IoT (INTERNET OF THINGS) IN ACTIVITY-BASED WORKPLACE DESIGN, AND ITS APPLICATION TO THE LOCAL WORKPLACE.

Design features such as the ones mentioned above continued to be integrated into the workplace, not only through architecture, but through the arrangement of interior furniture layouts and designs. The research observed examples of this through Herman Miller, one of the furniture giants of the 19th century (and still very prominent today). They employed Robert Propst, a professor of art at the University of Colorado, to head the company’s new research wing to expand the companies range of office furniture products. In response to this, Propst designed the Action Office 1. This type of office layout was inspired by a new type of worker called the "Knowledge Worker," who was beginning to emerge in the office during the 19th

THE INTEGRATION OF IoT (INTERNET OF THINGS) IN ACTIVITY-BASED WORKPLACE DESIGN, AND ITS APPLICATION TO THE LOCAL WORKPLACE. century. Knowledge workers are employees whose main capital is knowledge. Typical examples of a knowledge worker today include software engineers, physicians, pharmacists, academics, architects, engineers, scientists, public accountants and lawyers, whose job is to "think for a living". The knowledge worker began to elevate the design of the workplace, forcing workplace design to adapt to a non-linear, non-routine way of working. Propst, in his second attempt, designed the revolutionary Action Office 2.

THE INTEGRATION OF IoT (INTERNET OF THINGS) IN ACTIVITY-BASED WORKPLACE DESIGN, AND ITS APPLICATION TO THE LOCAL WORKPLACE. The Action Office was originally designed to promote the concept of the flexible, semi-enclosed workspaces. The core concept of the Action Office was based around the mobile wall unit which defined the workspace. The unit also supported multiple workstation furnishings that benefited from the vertically oriented workspace. Each component was standardized, interchangeable, easy to assemble and to install. A key feature is that they were highly flexible, thereby allowing a company to modify the work environment as the needs changed. This design revolutionized the workplace worldwide and spawned a plethora of modular-inspired furniture for the office. The Action Office seemed to have solved (at least partially) most of the privacy issues resulting from the openness of the workplace. However, as modular office space was adopted worldwide it began to veer towards being used primarily as a method of reducing cost of office implementation. This resulted in most of the specific human wellness and productivity-oriented features being abandoned in favour of more economic and space-saving features. Eventually the Action Office became known as the "cubicleâ&#x20AC;? and began to take on a monolithic nature. From research it was observed that the monolithic appearance of the workplace could have partially been influenced by the regimented, non-ornamental international style of architecture in the 1920s to 1970s.

THE INTEGRATION OF IoT (INTERNET OF THINGS) IN ACTIVITY-BASED WORKPLACE DESIGN, AND ITS APPLICATION TO THE LOCAL WORKPLACE.

Today, cubicles still dominate most workplaces as their ability to provide an economical way of workplace design remains unmatched. The simplification of the Action Office into the cubicle has, to date, begun to contribute to the reduction in workplace efficiency and habitability; the exact opposite of its original intention. In 1997 the SteelCase Company (another furniture giant) surveyed workers who operated in a cubicle designed office and found that 93% wished for a different workplace (Saval, 2015). Another updated version of this study in 2013 from the University of Sydney researchers indicated that a majority 60% of cubicle-based office workers expressed the highest rates of unhappiness with their workplace setup. As there may exist many reasons for a worker to be actively unhappy in their workplaces, this research will focus on the reasons related to workplace design.

THE INTEGRATION OF IoT (INTERNET OF THINGS) IN ACTIVITY-BASED WORKPLACE DESIGN, AND ITS APPLICATION TO THE LOCAL WORKPLACE. Workplace Layout & Design Unlike the days of the industrial economy, where efficiency was paramount and how employees felt while doing their job was of secondary interest, the workplace today is infinitely more complex as it requires the worker to collaborate, plan, innovate and rarely necessitates the endless round of routine repetitive tasks from employees. Workplaces of the 21st century still demand efficiency however this form of efficiency requires an environment that galvanizes intelligence, creativity and interpersonal skill (Friedman, R. 2014). The Great Place to Work Institute, an organization that compiles an annual listing of well-structured workplaces around the world, identified that companies that are featured on their listing, indicated that highly productive work output was directly proportional to the happiness of the workers from the companies on the listing. From this observation the research reveals that there is a linkage between workplace design, the productivity of the workplace and the happiness of its workers. This research recognizes that the field of workplace design overlaps with the field of interior design and, as such, many theories and design approaches currently exist on the topic of workplace design. The delimitations of this research will however explore only the main theories primarily applicable to workplace and office design. Throughout this research four key theories were discussed that contributed greatly to the shaping of the modern workplace. These initiatives began to take form after it was realized that the well-being of office workers meant improved efficiency in the workplace.

THE INTEGRATION OF IoT (INTERNET OF THINGS) IN ACTIVITY-BASED WORKPLACE DESIGN, AND ITS APPLICATION TO THE LOCAL WORKPLACE. The research will now seek to define Activity-Based Working and attempt to cross reference each of the four theories, to highlight significant traits of ABW. These theories were discovered throughout the literature, and will contribute greatly to the research, thereby providing a deeper insight into the aspects of workplace design. Stated in chronological order, the four theories are: (1) The logic of working by Francis Duffy, in 1997 (2). The Living Office a contemporary approach to workplace design developed in the 21st century by The Herman Miller Corporation, influenced by design pioneers George Nelson and Robert Propst. (3). The Theater of work by Clive Wilkinson in the 21st century, and (4) Spatial Grammar, a n approach used in Stanford Design School, also developed in the 21st century.

THE INTEGRATION OF IoT (INTERNET OF THINGS) IN ACTIVITY-BASED WORKPLACE DESIGN, AND ITS APPLICATION TO THE LOCAL WORKPLACE. Activity-Based Working The method of using work activities to drive the design of a workplace was first documented as a theory by Architect Robert Luchetti in Boston in the 1970s, however the term "Activity-Based Working" was first coined in the book â&#x20AC;&#x2039;The Demise of the Office by Erik Veldhoen (1995), a Dutch consultant a strategic thinker and innovator in the field of work and social innovations. Veldhoen believed that hierarchy models in the workplace are based on control, such as the Taylorist modes of working mentioned earlier in this research. Veldhoenâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Activity-Based working theory was an attempt to let people become owners of their activity. In ABW, people are given a choice of settings for a variety of workplace activities, rather than forcing individuals to undertake all their work at one setting such as a fixed desk or within a designated cubicle. The ABW concept encourages users of a workplace to physically relocate themselves where it is most suitable for them to complete their work. From analysis of the history of the workplace, ABW could be the result of pent-up Taylorist hierarchy workplace models of the late 1980s. These modes of working were based on control, whereas Veldhoen believed that people are the rightful owners of their own activities and, as such, the activities in the workplace should be solved in a way that best suits the person doing that activity. The workplace weighs in heavily on the design and layout of an interior workspace and less about the exterior of the building. In an ABW environment, users of the workplace are able to choose the workspace that best suits their mood and current task. They are designed to include quiet areas and / or rooms for reading, writing, or analysis as well as collaborative spaces for team working. These spaces also provide stimulation for nearby activities, thus creating an energizing context for users of the space. Over the years, technology has multiplied the types of spaces

THE INTEGRATION OF IoT (INTERNET OF THINGS) IN ACTIVITY-BASED WORKPLACE DESIGN, AND ITS APPLICATION TO THE LOCAL WORKPLACE. found in ABW offices allowing users to be further mobilized via the use of cell phones, laptops and other mobile devices.

Today ABW has spawned a new way of thinking about the workplace and is becoming a catalyst for organisations to re-think the way their work aligns to their cultural and strategic objectives. The traits of ABW has also contributed to the birth of a new form of working coined, co-working, this is aâ&#x20AC;&#x2039; model in which a company shares a space or a small building with other companies. One of the largest co-working entities in the world, WeWork, has more than 5000 employees in over 280 locations that is spread across 77 cities in 23 countries. They design and build physical and virtual shared spaces which cater to a wide variety of working modes for entrepreneurs and companies. In addition to this, the companyâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s 100,000+ members all have access to health insurance, an internal social network, social events and workshops. The co-working influence can also be found in Jamaica, where The Hub Ltd. has strategically

THE INTEGRATION OF IoT (INTERNET OF THINGS) IN ACTIVITY-BASED WORKPLACE DESIGN, AND ITS APPLICATION TO THE LOCAL WORKPLACE. provided a co-working environment, in which the design of the workplaces caters to four modes of work: Independent shared space, single working space, relaxed lounge working and collaborative seminar type space.

THE INTEGRATION OF IoT (INTERNET OF THINGS) IN ACTIVITY-BASED WORKPLACE DESIGN, AND ITS APPLICATION TO THE LOCAL WORKPLACE. The logic of working

Architect, Francis Duffy interpreted logical relationships between four modes of working within offices of the 1990s (Duffy, 1997). Through numerous case studies, Duffy identified four major organizational types of working: The Cell, Hive, Den and Club. The Cell and the Hive are both seen as individualized processes, however the cell an area for concentrated, self-directed work, whereas the Hive is where directed contributors process work that has been broken down into precise, individual tasks. The Den and the Club are both group processes, however the Den is a space primarily for group work whereas the Club is a combination of all three, where high performance teams are comprised of self-directed individuals who work both collaboratively and independently, based on the type of work being performed, which is very similar to â&#x20AC;&#x2039;Veldhoenâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Activity Based working theory. Duffy describes the Club as Transactional Knowledge and suggests that workplaces are trending towards this type of working.

THE INTEGRATION OF IoT (INTERNET OF THINGS) IN ACTIVITY-BASED WORKPLACE DESIGN, AND ITS APPLICATION TO THE LOCAL WORKPLACE. The Living Office

The furniture giant Herman Miller has also used elements of Activity-Based workplace design in its conceptualizing of its most recent furniture solution, the Living Office. The term living office promotes an experience centred around people and the activities employees perform in their workplace. This concept promotes pre-configured spaces based on human activity, which the company coins as chat, converse, co-create, divide and conquer, huddle, show and tell, warm up/cool down, process and respond, contemplate and create. The philosophy behind Herman Millerâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s living office concept is, for example, when an organization offers its employees a choice of where and how to do their work, employees feel more empowered and equipped to do their best and, in turn, the organization becomes more prosperous and the workers feel energized to create new innovative ideas and processes. This approach transcended Propstâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s original Action Office concept to now include socially beneficial results.

THE INTEGRATION OF IoT (INTERNET OF THINGS) IN ACTIVITY-BASED WORKPLACE DESIGN, AND ITS APPLICATION TO THE LOCAL WORKPLACE. The Theatre of Work

Another modern approach to workspace design is what Clive Wilkinson, coins, the Theatre of Work. In this workspace design concept, Wilkinson believes the new workspace should celebrate and amplify the activity of work and human community. Throughout his many lectures, Wilkinson often speaks of the ability for architecture to frame the theatre of human experience, (Wilkinson, C 2016). where the workplace is not only designed for user-centred activity, but also frames and celebrates work through its design. Wilkinson’s theater of work concept also identifies with many of the user-centred Activity-Based designs from Herman Miller Living Office, and as far back as Veldhoen’s Activity-Based working. However, Wilkinson’s approach to determining how to design for the workplace of tomorrow is grounded in various comparative analyses on how work itself has evolved. He expresses this evolution through a simple matrix showing the evolution of the economy based on its location, workforce, mobility and process.

THE INTEGRATION OF IoT (INTERNET OF THINGS) IN ACTIVITY-BASED WORKPLACE DESIGN, AND ITS APPLICATION TO THE LOCAL WORKPLACE.

In Table 2. Wilkinson illustrates the evolutionary stages of the economy starting from agriculture as the first economy through industrial service and now an idea economy, where many places of work are driven by innovations and ideas. Wilkinson’s economic evolution is also in alignment with the approach of Schwartz, where his research reveals that most people are unhappy with workplaces because of the lack of ability to express ideas and innovations. Clive Wilkinson, an architect and interior designer is best known for designing the interior of one of the buildings in the Googleplex, the headquarters of Google in Silicon Valley. Wilkinson’s expression of the workplace as a theatre can be seen in his redesigning of TBWA\Chiat\Day’s (an Advertisement Agency) headquarters in 1998 located in Los Angeles. The office stretched across 120,000 square feet and became known as ‘Advertising City’ because of the featured ‘main street’ which extended throughout the building interior. The interior spaces also featured a ‘central park’, a basketball court, billboards, work neighbourhoods and a mixture of unique structures housing meeting spaces, project rooms and workstation areas. This facility has been currently occupied by Google.

THE INTEGRATION OF IoT (INTERNET OF THINGS) IN ACTIVITY-BASED WORKPLACE DESIGN, AND ITS APPLICATION TO THE LOCAL WORKPLACE. Spatial Grammar In observing the flexibility that Activity-Based Workplace Design provides, further exploration was undertaken to uncover its application in workplaces that require constant change whilst providing a work area centred around its users. Stanford Design School professors Scott Doorley and Scott, authors of Make Space, use theories from Activity-Based workspaces to create malleable spaces for working and having classes. These malleable design explorations have resulted in the creation of a crop of flexible furniture designs ranging from moving screens for impromptu partitions, whiteboard sliders to segment rooms, foam blocks for informal seats and start meetings, flip-top tables for storing unfinished work, large tables for projects, and many more furniture innovations (Doorley and Witthoft, 2012). The Make Space book illustrates innovations that resulted from the constant relocation of the Stanford Design School where classrooms had to be re-designed every 12 months. This constant movement of these spaces spawned new approaches to configuring working spaces, which the authors described as Spatial Grammar. This concept uses categorical templates as a guide to decipher the needs and possible opportunities of an existing or new space.

THE INTEGRATION OF IoT (INTERNET OF THINGS) IN ACTIVITY-BASED WORKPLACE DESIGN, AND ITS APPLICATION TO THE LOCAL WORKPLACE.

These four categorical templates include (1). Places: broad spatial types that share an overall purpose. (2). Properties: specific aspects of people or space that can be enhanced or altered to impact behaviour (3). Actions: these include behaviours and tasks., and (4). Attitudes: which are cultural values and habits. (Doorley and Witthoft, 2012). The authors of Make Space believe that the design of a workspace should be geared towards designing for designers rather than users and in doing so it empowers the actual users of that space. The research identifies common theories used by Propst’s design of the Action Office, where his designs were inspired by knowledge workers, a term used to describe a class of designers in the 1970s. The innovations described in Make Space s hare a common parameter of being motivated by human activity.

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THE INTEGRATION OF IoT (INTERNET OF THINGS) IN ACTIVITY-BASED WORKPLACE DESIGN, AND ITS APPLICATION TO THE LOCAL WORKPLACE. ABW Performance Research From the observation of these theories the research reveals that users of workplaces are evolving, and this evolution is being catalysed by changing technologies, economies, work activities and a need to innovate and express oneself. The workplace however is still grounded in efficiency and profitability and, as such, this leads the research to investigate the productivity of activity-centred workplaces. This was facilitated by analysing the 2017 Leesman report on the efficiency of Activity-Based Working, arising from a global point of view. The report is a published survey that generates a simple KPI (Key Performance Indicator) of workplace effectiveness coined Leesman ‘Lmi’ (Leesman Index). The ‘Lmi’ provides the ability to compare workplace effectiveness against hundreds of global standards. Based on the research, both of the previous approaches to modern workplace designs, Activity-Based working and Theatre of Work were generated from ABW. The Lmi is calculated from three criteria: Design Impact: which looks at the overall impact the workplace is having on employee sense of productivity, Employee Pride: which is how proud the employee is of the place in which they work, and Community: which is how much the employee’s workplace contributes to a sense of community. The research being analysed seeks to answer the question: “Is ABW delivering on its promise on making the workplace a more efficient and healthier work environment? The methodology used to answer this question involves performing a comparative analysis of ABW workspaces with traditional (non-ABW) workspaces. The survey received 74,528 responses from 615 workplaces across the world, which included 11,366 ABW employees and 23,546 traditional employees.

THE INTEGRATION OF IoT (INTERNET OF THINGS) IN ACTIVITY-BASED WORKPLACE DESIGN, AND ITS APPLICATION TO THE LOCAL WORKPLACE.

On average, the entire ABW respondent group shows a slightly higher workplace effectiveness (i.e. an Lmi of 65.1) compared to the traditional workplace group (Lmi 63.8). Overall the survey revealed that ABW environments deliver significant performance improvements but only for users who adapt to the ABW environment. In most of the survey, users who maintain distinctly traditional workstyles dramatically outnumber the latter, putting them in conflict with an ABW environment. The research would suggest that ABW depends on the mobility of the users utilizing the workspace, as the more mobile they are, the more they are able to move between the various workspaces that ABW provides. As such the survey divided the respondents into four mobility classes As follows: â&#x20AC;&#x2039;(1). The camper / squatter: this person performs most or all their work activities at a single work setting and rarely use other locations within the office, (2). The timid traveller: this person performs majority of their work activities at

THE INTEGRATION OF IoT (INTERNET OF THINGS) IN ACTIVITY-BASED WORKPLACE DESIGN, AND ITS APPLICATION TO THE LOCAL WORKPLACE. a single work setting but also use other locations within the office. (3). The intrepid explorer: performs some activities at a single work setting but often use other locations within the office. and lastly, the true transient, one who uses multiple work settings and is rarely based at a single location within the office. Adding these criteria to the research showed that most of the persons surveyed fell into the Timid Traveller category.

THE INTEGRATION OF IoT (INTERNET OF THINGS) IN ACTIVITY-BASED WORKPLACE DESIGN, AND ITS APPLICATION TO THE LOCAL WORKPLACE. In an Activity-Based Workplace, users with a higher level of mobility will see benefits of productivity and workplace pride, however this is only achievable if they utilize the unique work spaces available to them, hence in this survey, the smallest group of users, (10%) represented the users who fully utilized the various modes of work in an ABW workplace and therefore expressed the highest productivity and workplace pride. The data from the report also suggests that adopting a mobile working profile results in higher effectiveness when the activity profile becomes more complex, this indicates that the more complex form of work benefits to a higher degree. This discovery is in alignment with Dr. Friedman findings, where he alludes to majority of workplaces in the 21st century are increasingly requiring more complex, and less routine tasks.

THE INTEGRATION OF IoT (INTERNET OF THINGS) IN ACTIVITY-BASED WORKPLACE DESIGN, AND ITS APPLICATION TO THE LOCAL WORKPLACE. Smart Building Systems in the Workplace In addition to increased work process complexities, the need for custom spaces to support Activity-Based workplaces requires the appropriate building technology systems to support each space. As early as the 1980s automated systems began to be integrated into commercial / office building making it possible to control building support and communication systems for voice and data (Sinopoli, 2016). This was a response to the growing complexities in communicating between users within the same office building. This could be viewed as one of the earliest forms of smart building technology. James Sinopoli, in his book: â&#x20AC;&#x2039;Advanced Technology for Smart Buildingsâ&#x20AC;&#x2039;, describes a smart building as a structure that is consistent with a holistic principal, that it is the whole is greater than the sum of the parts. Throughout his book he covers major control systems and the attributes of a smart building which contribute to the economical and efficient operation as well as the occupancy comfort of office buildings. These building technology systems range from fire alarm, HVAC systems, lighting systems, RFID (Radio Frequency Identifiers) etc., which in many cases further enhance the purpose or activity of the given room or space. For example, in an Activity-Based workplace setting, spaces that promote individual user focus, may require building systems that provide appropriate acoustic qualities in addition to connectivity and communication capabilities, to name a few. In an effort to automate the operation of these building systems, integrative methodologies are introduced in the form of Building Automation System (BAS), Building Management Systems (BMS), Energy Management Software (EMS) and Integrated Building Management Systems (IBMS). Today, office buildings have seen great improvements in these automated systems and smart systems which are primarily geared towards improving comfort,

THE INTEGRATION OF IoT (INTERNET OF THINGS) IN ACTIVITY-BASED WORKPLACE DESIGN, AND ITS APPLICATION TO THE LOCAL WORKPLACE. production and efficiency. In a workplace survey conducted by a major architectural company, it was found that effective workplace design directly was correlated to improved business performance (Sinopoli, 2016). In this research a work index was also created, however rather than focusing on Activity-Based working, the survey included the measuring of factors such as space layout, lighting, air, storage, furniture, acoustic properties, access/privacy and occupancy comfort. In his book he outlines technologies and automated processes that could be used to satisfy the factors mentioned above. Throughout the solutions mentioned it was noted that automated systems were better managed by grouping rooms based on the room or space core purposes. A few of the suggested categories for room purposes included interaction and collaboration rooms such as conference rooms, huddle rooms, private rooms such as focus rooms, public rooms such as coffee bars and support rooms such as copier and storage rooms.

THE INTEGRATION OF IoT (INTERNET OF THINGS) IN ACTIVITY-BASED WORKPLACE DESIGN, AND ITS APPLICATION TO THE LOCAL WORKPLACE. Internet of Things and Connected Technologies Throughout this research it was observed that between the 1980s and the 21st century, there has been a significant increase in creating systems that centralize and unify technologies, thereby allowing for easier control by its users. This is especially noticeable within office buildings as workplace processes continue to grow in complexity. Computers, robots and automated systems are being created to perform monotonous tasks while the usersâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; ability to innovate, think and be creative are increasingly being endorsed in workplace design solutions such as ABW and its related theories. Building systems are also constantly being developed to keep buildings performing adequately to meet the needs of the now developing user-centred workplace. ABW supported office buildings will no longer support the grouping of similar users and rooms together, instead, more complex systems are required to manage a wide variety of users in one space. To counter this, systems are beginning to utilize smart approaches to simplify complex building services.

THE INTEGRATION OF IoT (INTERNET OF THINGS) IN ACTIVITY-BASED WORKPLACE DESIGN, AND ITS APPLICATION TO THE LOCAL WORKPLACE.

Figure 15 (above) shows the transition of manual systems to smart. Each phase of the system is able to handle higher levels of complexity requirement from users. From phase 4 it may be observed that Internet of things (IoT) (also referred to as: connected technologies) provides the ability to connect systems which would have been otherwise unable to communicate with each other. The Internet of Things will allow for the connecting of all components to everything else using the internet, which will lead to an unprecedented level of automation for a variety of fields (Sinopoli, 2016). Figure 16. Shows a diagrammatic version of the chronological

THE INTEGRATION OF IoT (INTERNET OF THINGS) IN ACTIVITY-BASED WORKPLACE DESIGN, AND ITS APPLICATION TO THE LOCAL WORKPLACE. progression of connected technologies over the years. IoT could revolutionize the building system industry as connectivity could be possible between anything â&#x20AC;&#x201D; a computer, tablet or smartphone, fitness device, lightbulb, door lock, book, airplane engine, shoes or football helmet, to name a few (Greenguard 2015). This is mostly made possible using a unique identification number (UID) and an Internet Protocol (IP) address to connect device to device or human to device via cords, wires and / or wireless technology, including cellular networks, satellites, Wi-Fi, and / or Bluetooth.

THE INTEGRATION OF IoT (INTERNET OF THINGS) IN ACTIVITY-BASED WORKPLACE DESIGN, AND ITS APPLICATION TO THE LOCAL WORKPLACE. Smart technologies such as BMS are readily available today. They are still primarily used to control heating, air conditioning, or rather, groups of related building systems. Making these systems more intelligent can allow, for example, smart desks that can warn one if one has been sitting or standing too long and gather data to encourage one how to improve one’s habits. or, having communal areas in an Activity-Based Workplace automatically allow natural light by opening blinds and analysing room temperature. Additionally, the information connected from these connected devices may be used to generate large amounts of data (Big Data) which can be further analysed for patterns and trends. An example of this is “The Edge” an office building in Amsterdam, which uses IoT to manage hot desking in a co-working and Activity-Based working environment. The data generated from the buildings daily operation is analysed regularly to determine usage patterns of rooms, equipment and use of building services, and from these analyses, informed decisions can be made when allocating resources to users, or maintenance schedules for servicing building systems. Two of the key elements that allow for connected devices are power and connectivity. These are the two enablers that allow devices to be powered and also be able to communicate with users as well as with other equipment. The technology to support power and connectivity simultaneously via a single communications medium has surprisingly been developed from the late 1990s. This technology is called Power over Ethernet (PoE) and is unfortunately one of the most under-used technology in buildings traditionally. PoE provides both power and communications through a single cable and can be used to both power and connect to a wide range of devices such as telephones, wireless access points, cameras, paging speakers, card readers, lighting and clocks to name a few (Sinopoli, 2016).

THE INTEGRATION OF IoT (INTERNET OF THINGS) IN ACTIVITY-BASED WORKPLACE DESIGN, AND ITS APPLICATION TO THE LOCAL WORKPLACE.

Most office buildings that exist contain powered devices, such as a ceiling fan, a coffee machine, a desk lamp or ceiling lights but do not provide the ability for them to communicate with each other. The Edge, building for example, contained only PoE LED lights throughout the office building See Figure 17.. This paved the way in allowing systems that were once isolated to now connect with other systems in the building to monitor components such as energy usage, maintenance scheduling and temperature monitoring, all using connected lighting fixtures. In an ABW workspace the integration of IoT could operate lighting systems through responding to workspace occupancy whilst generating useful information such as energy use, frequency of use of spaces etc., which can in turn allow for ABW spaces to operate more effectively and efficiently. This research will now use the information learned from the literature review to explore how ABW theories can be applied to the local workplace.

THE INTEGRATION OF IoT (INTERNET OF THINGS) IN ACTIVITY-BASED WORKPLACE DESIGN, AND ITS APPLICATION TO THE LOCAL WORKPLACE. Chapter 3: Methodology The methods used to conduct research will commence by forming an appropriate understanding of the evolution of the workplace from the historical research within the literature review. The researcher will then proceed to utilize the case study method to investigate a selected local office, to determine outcomes, in applying technology driven, Activity-based workplace design solutions. The diagram in Figure 18, shows a simplified workflow of the research methodology. To facilitate the execution of the research, a company with a local office within the creative industry will be identified, as it was understood from the literature review that ABW offices will primarily benefit industries that require creative thinking or companies that feature knowledge workers. The publishing firm LMH was selected for this case study as it comprises of a mixture of knowledge workers, such as the Editorial Team, Editor and CEO, as well as non-knowledge workers, such as Accountants, Clerks, Administrative Assistants and Receptionist as this would provide a good cross section for the application of ABW theory. The research design will include first collecting data regarding the existing state of the office, including information on workflow and processes, workplace culture and physical environment. This will be accomplished through performing measured surveys, questionnaires, and on-site observations. After gathering the necessary existing data, the researcher will sift through a series of individual interviews, educate all participants about ABW theory and the objective of the research, which is to investigate the application of ABW implementation in LMH’s office. To accomplish this, the researcher will identify opportunities within the current context for ABW implementation using theories from the literature review.

THE INTEGRATION OF IoT (INTERNET OF THINGS) IN ACTIVITY-BASED WORKPLACE DESIGN, AND ITS APPLICATION TO THE LOCAL WORKPLACE. Due to the limitation of physically relocating the interior layout of the LMH office, the researcher will make use of the installation of an IoT / ABW intervention, as well as 3D and VR tools to aid in gaining an understanding, of how the office will react to the integration of ABW theories in their current setup.

THE INTEGRATION OF IoT (INTERNET OF THINGS) IN ACTIVITY-BASED WORKPLACE DESIGN, AND ITS APPLICATION TO THE LOCAL WORKPLACE. After the installation of the intervention, observations will take place in two stages. Firstly, the researcher will observe and document the impact of the intervention on the work attitudes of the workers. After this the researcher will commence a seminar viewing of the redesigned office, presented as a floor plan, virtual tour presentation video as well as utilizing Virtual Reality headsets for full immersion into the design. After the viewing, a discussion will follow from which the researcher intends to gather findings and conclusions. During the case study research of the selected office, various techniques both quantitative and qualitative analysis, will be utilized to ensure a high level of detail and accuracy in analysing case study findings. These techniques include the following:

Empirical Research: This includes the use of observational studies and questionnaires as well as interviews of the business owner, supervisors and employees to ascertain the workflow and work culture of the office. This will be accomplished during observations of the office and its operations over a five-day period. The structure of the questions will be specially designed to gather whether the office is leaning toward and ABW or to a traditional office. This understanding will be realised through generated graphs fed by the data collected from the questionnaire.

Predictive modelling: This includes the analysing of measurable values such as electricity, air quality, availability of light, security and workspaces utilization. This will allow for the discovery of areas applicable for use of connected technologies and aid the design of the activity-based workplace proposal.

THE INTEGRATION OF IoT (INTERNET OF THINGS) IN ACTIVITY-BASED WORKPLACE DESIGN, AND ITS APPLICATION TO THE LOCAL WORKPLACE. Anecdotal Research: â&#x20AC;&#x2039;This includes information gathered incidentally, without rigorous control systems or surveys. During the observation period, the researcher will use this form of research to aid in understanding the culture of the workplace, taking note of the way in which people communicate, how they dress as well as observe the way in which employees relate to each other.

Hypothetical Research: â&#x20AC;&#x2039;These will include ideas and theoretical propositions arising out of knowledge gathered throughout the research and literature review. This method of research will manifest itself in two ways. 1.

The physical implementation of a ABW/IoT intervention, which will be physically installed into the office.

The creation of a virtual three-dimensional model, representing the redesigned office with integrated activity based working theories.

THE INTEGRATION OF IoT (INTERNET OF THINGS) IN ACTIVITY-BASED WORKPLACE DESIGN, AND ITS APPLICATION TO THE LOCAL WORKPLACE. Limitations Due to the limitation of time and budget, one office of a small to medium size will be selected from which to conduct observation, simulation and integration of an IoT solution. Selecting a single office will allow for a thorough research to be undertaken, as the researcher can now dedicate all the available research time to analyse factors such as space utilization, employee work patterns and work culture which are critical factors that affect the implementation of an ABW design. As it relates to the implementation of the ABW design within the workplace, it was observed that a research of this nature usually involves the manipulation of the office layout. This approach was not possible due to liability requirements with the principal university. In addition to this, the management of the office to be researched would not allow disruptions in any form to affect their daily activities, especially as it relates to the manipulation of their current office layout. In response to this the researcher will utilize simulation technology via 3D visualization and virtual reality goggles to simulate the results after ABW implementation into the workplace to prevent the disruption of the normal operations of the business.

THE INTEGRATION OF IoT (INTERNET OF THINGS) IN ACTIVITY-BASED WORKPLACE DESIGN, AND ITS APPLICATION TO THE LOCAL WORKPLACE.

The integration of the IoT solution will be non-intrusive to the officeâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s daily workflow and will not impact the native electrical system of the office. It is intended to be a standalone solution which will aid the research and will not negatively impact the offices existing systems. The IoT integrations expected to be used in this research includes all or some of the following: 1.

Samsung SmartThings Hub (IoT hub that allows for connectivity of things)

Samsung SmartThings Outlet (socket)

Samsung SmartThings Motion Sensor

Decora Style socket with USB outlets

Cisco Wireless Router

It is recognized that ABW theory is a form of interior design and, as such, can include many additional facets such as decor, colour selection, furniture design, plants, blinds etc. The research will only focus on these elements if it is directly related to the ABW theory being discussed. The recommendations and conclusions that are to be included in this research will only focus on aspects related to ABW theory, hence recommendation diagrams will not include representations of the above additional facets of interior design.

THE INTEGRATION OF IoT (INTERNET OF THINGS) IN ACTIVITY-BASED WORKPLACE DESIGN, AND ITS APPLICATION TO THE LOCAL WORKPLACE. Schedule Below is a chart showing schedule of the research. It highlights the overall process of the research along with important milestones and checkpoints.

THE INTEGRATION OF IoT (INTERNET OF THINGS) IN ACTIVITY-BASED WORKPLACE DESIGN, AND ITS APPLICATION TO THE LOCAL WORKPLACE. Chapter 4: Case Study Subject of Study As mentioned earlier, this research will attempt to apply technology driven ABW theories into a selected local small to medium sized office. The Activity-Based working theory is heavily dependent on the culture of a workplace, the technology it uses and, more importantly, the design of the workspace. The researcher located a company matching the above criteria within the creative industry. The selected office for research is a Publishing house by the name of LMH Publishing Ltd. It is a small to medium sized office with an area 3000 sq. ft, located in the Sagicor Industrial Complex, at 7 Norman Road, Kingston, Jamaica. This office was deliberately selected as it falls under the Creative Industry Sector and could benefit greatly from this research as they plan to redesign their office within the next 2 years.

Introduction of Company LMH Publishing is one of the leading general and educational book publishers in the Caribbean region. LMH does business primarily by the publishing of books, supplying book stores and schools locally as well as also operating a bookstore at the Norman Manley International Airport in Kingston, Jamaica.

THE INTEGRATION OF IoT (INTERNET OF THINGS) IN ACTIVITY-BASED WORKPLACE DESIGN, AND ITS APPLICATION TO THE LOCAL WORKPLACE. Workflow and Staff The publishing house operates based on the traditional publishing premise where they buy the rights to an authorâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s manuscript and the author negotiates a deal with them to get a percentage of the profits earned from any book sales. LMH reviews submitted manuscripts before determining if books should be published. The review process is done in-house by the Chief Editor or via external Editors. In addition to this LMH frequently invites specialised editors to review specialised books e.g. mathematics, science and English. The process of reviewing books could make use of focus rooms where little to no disturbance will occur.

THE INTEGRATION OF IoT (INTERNET OF THINGS) IN ACTIVITY-BASED WORKPLACE DESIGN, AND ITS APPLICATION TO THE LOCAL WORKPLACE. Work Culture The company has a total of 15 fulltime internal employees, divided amongst five major departments 1. Editorial, 2. Marketing, 3. Accounting, 4. Sales and 5. Stock keeping. The LMH office is comprised primarily of females and persons between the ages of 25 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; 65. From anecdotal research it was observed that the work culture was very friendly, especially in the mornings. As the day progresses everyone settles into a work mode where the conversations are primarily geared towards work related queries. The work-related conversations, queries and communication is primarily driven by the CEO and the Editor-in-Chief, as most of the administrative personnel act as support staff, facilitating their requests. The Editorial team, which is the creative arm of the business, primarily works alongside the Editor. In order to facilitate this, the Editor-in-Chief interchanges between each Editor, relaying his opinions and discussions.

THE INTEGRATION OF IoT (INTERNET OF THINGS) IN ACTIVITY-BASED WORKPLACE DESIGN, AND ITS APPLICATION TO THE LOCAL WORKPLACE. Current Design Currently the office is layout out as an open office with two individual offices (E, F), two partitioned offices (L, H, G) and 2 open office areas. Each employee is assigned to a single desk and similar roles are grouped together in some cases.

THE INTEGRATION OF IoT (INTERNET OF THINGS) IN ACTIVITY-BASED WORKPLACE DESIGN, AND ITS APPLICATION TO THE LOCAL WORKPLACE.

THE INTEGRATION OF IoT (INTERNET OF THINGS) IN ACTIVITY-BASED WORKPLACE DESIGN, AND ITS APPLICATION TO THE LOCAL WORKPLACE. Below is a listing of all the Employees in the office #

LABEL

ROLE

Graphic Artist

Admin (Magazine Sales)

Receptionist

Accountant

CEO

Owner / Director

Graphic Artist

Chief Editor / creative director

Admin (Prepares Invoices)

Accountant

Accounting Manager

Sales Manager

Sales Rep

warehouse manager

Table 4. List of Employees at LMH Publishing Ltd.

THE INTEGRATION OF IoT (INTERNET OF THINGS) IN ACTIVITY-BASED WORKPLACE DESIGN, AND ITS APPLICATION TO THE LOCAL WORKPLACE. Chapter 6: Findings, Analysis & Discussion The process used in analysing the findings and observations during the research involved breaking down the data collected (both from the questionnaire and observations) into three primary facets of activity-based working. These facets are (1) people and attitudes, (2) design of the workplace and (3) use of technology. Analysis on facet 1 (people and attitudes), was primarily collected from data acquired from questionnaires, interviews and anecdotal observations. Analysis on facet 2) (design of the the workplace) was influenced from data collected from interviews and questionnaires as well as observation of how the intervention was been used and from the feedback received from the presentation of the new office design. The final facet 3 (use of technology) was analysed through a technological intervention of an IoT device where the researcher had documented the findings and analysed how the design influenced the workplace.

THE INTEGRATION OF IoT (INTERNET OF THINGS) IN ACTIVITY-BASED WORKPLACE DESIGN, AND ITS APPLICATION TO THE LOCAL WORKPLACE. The theory of ABW makes the office a hub for flexible space. The office becomes a space that adapts to the usersâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; activities and, as such, the design of the space and the work areas will vary. Throughout the analysis of LMH opportunities for the application of typical ABW workspaces are highlighted in Figure 21 below.

THE INTEGRATION OF IoT (INTERNET OF THINGS) IN ACTIVITY-BASED WORKPLACE DESIGN, AND ITS APPLICATION TO THE LOCAL WORKPLACE.

Focus Area: These are small shelters where concentrative, focused work can be done without distractions - and alternatively, a place to unwind.

Communication Areas: These are compact spaces within close proximity to individual work points or common areas that enables people to assemble and engage in similar work for a short period of time.

Landing Areas: These are easy open perching spots to facilitate quick informal discussions between team members.

Hive: These are segmented work areas that support primarily patterned or repetitive individualized work amongst multiple persons.

Communication Area: These are areas that primarily support formal meetings and information sharing between users performing both similar and varied work.

THE INTEGRATION OF IoT (INTERNET OF THINGS) IN ACTIVITY-BASED WORKPLACE DESIGN, AND ITS APPLICATION TO THE LOCAL WORKPLACE. Analysis of findings: People and Culture

Majority of the employees of LMH are between the ages of 25 and 65 years. This initially became and indicator that most team members have developed routine and habits towards their work environment, and would have less adaptability to a new workstyle. On the contrary, 70% of employees indicated that they were willing to try an ABW office, however the majority of the employees thought that implementing ABW features would be too costly and the current culture would not support it. Below are observations and analysis that have been gathered from questionnaires, interviews and observations of the current culture and people within LMH. The listing was analysed based on the operational workflow of the office, and includes possible recommendations of ABW theories to enhance the work process.

THE INTEGRATION OF IoT (INTERNET OF THINGS) IN ACTIVITY-BASED WORKPLACE DESIGN, AND ITS APPLICATION TO THE LOCAL WORKPLACE.

● [H] & [A] are culturally tuned to owning their own work space (gathered from interview) however they would benefit from increased mobility via the use of laptops with appropriate workspace docking stations with large screens in collaboration area as well as in concentration areas. ● [G] & [E] have recognized that their daily activities require them to be constantly moving between [A] & [H] as well as between other staff in the open office area. Mobile working has been accepted by [G] ● [M] [N] (sales) have recognized they only very rarely require a desk, however [N] does not agree with the concept of ABW and would prefer a desk that belongs only to [N]

THE INTEGRATION OF IoT (INTERNET OF THINGS) IN ACTIVITY-BASED WORKPLACE DESIGN, AND ITS APPLICATION TO THE LOCAL WORKPLACE. Analysis of findings: Design of the workplace

The process of analysing the design involved first performing a measured survey and producing a floor plan of the existing office, which facilitated the capturing of spatial data. The current layout is a mixture of four single offices and two open office areas. At present this layout of the office layout works well for the overall function of the workplace procedures, however a more detailed examination of the individual processes that take place in the office revealed opportunities for ABW features to be implemented. Below are the observations and analysis that have been gathered from questionnaires, interviews and observations of the current interior layout within LMH. The listing concentrates on the spatial configuration and design of the office, and includes possible recommendations of ABW theories to enhance the work process.

THE INTEGRATION OF IoT (INTERNET OF THINGS) IN ACTIVITY-BASED WORKPLACE DESIGN, AND ITS APPLICATION TO THE LOCAL WORKPLACE.

● An ABW office thrives on highly efficient use of space and maximizes this by minimizing the possibility of under utilized space. The current office features three underutilized spaces: (1) the meeting room, which is too small to fit meetings involving more than three people. (2) The Open Office 2 which is currently primarily used by sales representatives who actually work in office only one day per week and (3), Single Office 2 (which belongs to the owner of LMH, who is averagely only in office less than 15% of the year. Applying an ABW theory would see the merging and opening up of most of these spaces. This was explored in the recommendation section of this research. ● The research revealed that 50% of employees at LMH found themselves away from their desk most of the time. This is an indication that some of the staff at LMH have a high mobility work ethic. ● The research has shown that most mobile roles in the office are the CEO, Editorial team, the Editor-in-Chief and the Sales Representatives. Roles that exhibit minimum mobility include the Accountant, Receptionist and Storage Clerk. These observations would indicate that the mobile freedom afforded by ABW feature would be primarily beneficial to half of the staff at LMH. ● The Editor-in-Chief [H] has a high mobility rate as he interfaces with graphic artists [H] & [A]. They would benefit from a communications area complete with large screen to review layouts with the Editor-in-Chief.

THE INTEGRATION OF IoT (INTERNET OF THINGS) IN ACTIVITY-BASED WORKPLACE DESIGN, AND ITS APPLICATION TO THE LOCAL WORKPLACE. ● Constant communication is needed between CEO [E] and the accountants [D] [K]. Similarly communication is also required between the Administrators [J] and [I] and Accountants [K] [D]. Accountants have a very low mobility rate as most of their work is done at one desk, and as a result of this, the accountants can easily suffer from fatigue. Staff members [K], [J], [I], [D] would benefit from a hive setup when they are working on related repetitive tasks. ● [H] & [A] are layout artists that work on independent projects however they need direct communication with the editor, especially in situations where one is absent. The editor [H] issues work to both [H] & [A] and hence they would benefit from a communication area that could simultaneously support quick impromptu meetings with accountants as well. The CEO would also benefit from communication areas as in some cases it may be more convenient to meet away from the general work area of the staff.. ● Having a communications area could also improve the security of information in the office, as it was observed that sometimes accountants are required to speak to visitors. Having a communications area would facilitate this and prevent sensitive information on the employee’s computer screen or work area from being viewed by visitors.

THE INTEGRATION OF IoT (INTERNET OF THINGS) IN ACTIVITY-BASED WORKPLACE DESIGN, AND ITS APPLICATION TO THE LOCAL WORKPLACE. Analysis of findings: Use of Technology

Currently 80% of all users of LMH utilize desktop computers. This severely hampers the implementation of an activity-based workplace procedures as ABW is depended on mobile technology to mitigate against users being tied to a single desk. Ninety percent of staff indicate that the roles assigned to them may be equally accomplished on laptop computers. The ideal layout for an ABW office would feature addon screens and docking stations at each space allowing the work to travel with the user. â&#x2014;? [D] & [K] perform accounting work independently and rarely require communication between one another and they would benefit from being placed at the hive with the ability to be mobile to meet with CEO on occasion to clarify any arising issues with financial matters.

THE INTEGRATION OF IoT (INTERNET OF THINGS) IN ACTIVITY-BASED WORKPLACE DESIGN, AND ITS APPLICATION TO THE LOCAL WORKPLACE. ● The company would benefit from using a cloud-based version of their accounting software to facilitate collaboration areas where they could use mobile technology to have impromptu meetings. ● The CEO [E] is extremely mobile (confirmed with questionnaire) as she primarily deals with queries and issues relating to sales, pricing and delivery. She would benefit from the use of a tablet that is able to interface with their accounting software. ● ABW workspaces promote the use of a paperless office. LMH Publishing Ltd. faces two challenges in this area as it relates to ABW integration. (1). 80% of financial records at the office resides in physical files (2). Currently as a part of the publishing workflow, LMH editorial team operates from physical printouts of markups and instructions. To mitigate against this the researcher recommended converting open office 2 into a paper to digital document centre. Furthermore ABW theory utilizes cloud-based features to further mitigate against printing. The staff at LMH are currently trending toward a more cloud-based workflow as seventy percent of staff are in support of using cloud-based systems.

THE INTEGRATION OF IoT (INTERNET OF THINGS) IN ACTIVITY-BASED WORKPLACE DESIGN, AND ITS APPLICATION TO THE LOCAL WORKPLACE. Discussion Based on the analysis above, a proposed ABW floor plan was created, which sought to address research findings whilst proposing an ABW version of the existing floor plan. In an ABW environment, users do not own a desk, instead they there are entitled to use any space within the office depending on the task they are currently undertaking. This has proved to be the most challenging factor affecting the acceptance of ABW, as eighty percent of the staff found it difficult to accept the notion of not having a single dedicated area of work. Using a similar criteria to the ABW research done in the Leesman Productivity Index, a mobility profile was created for each employee, as shown in â&#x20AC;&#x2039;Table 5 below.. This revealed that only the staff members related to creative or knowledge working tasks had moderate to high mobility, i.e. the Editor, the CEO, The Graphic Artist as well as the sales representatives whereas the rest of the staff had a low level of mobility.

THE INTEGRATION OF IoT (INTERNET OF THINGS) IN ACTIVITY-BASED WORKPLACE DESIGN, AND ITS APPLICATION TO THE LOCAL WORKPLACE.

LABEL

ROLE

Mobility Profile

Graphic Artist

Timid Traveller

Admin (Magazine Sales)

Camper

Receptionist

Camper

Accountant

Camper

CEO

True Transient

Owner / Director

Camper

Graphic Artist

Timid Traveller

Chief Editor / creative director True Transient

Admin (Prepares Invoices)

Camper

Admin (Prepares Invoices)

Camper

Accountant

Camper

Accounting Manager

Timid Traveller

Sales Manager

Intrepid Explorer

Sales Rep

Timid Traveller

warehouse manager

Camper

Table 5. LMH Mobility Profile Summary Table by Brian Williams

THE INTEGRATION OF IoT (INTERNET OF THINGS) IN ACTIVITY-BASED WORKPLACE DESIGN, AND ITS APPLICATION TO THE LOCAL WORKPLACE.

The results however do not indicate that staff with a low mobility would not benefit or accept an ABW office. This was evident in the seminar viewing of the new office using floor plans, and 3D VR tools. A proposed redesign of the office was created and a draft design was presented to a few members of staff. Feedback was collected and a final version was presented.

THE INTEGRATION OF IoT (INTERNET OF THINGS) IN ACTIVITY-BASED WORKPLACE DESIGN, AND ITS APPLICATION TO THE LOCAL WORKPLACE.

Figure 24. LMH Existing and Proposed ABW Plan Drawn by Brian Williams

THE INTEGRATION OF IoT (INTERNET OF THINGS) IN ACTIVITY-BASED WORKPLACE DESIGN, AND ITS APPLICATION TO THE LOCAL WORKPLACE.

The proposed floor plan Figure 24. Featured a hybrid of the ABW workplace which retained features that were necessary for the operation of LMH. Below is a listing of the features of the ABW proposed floor plan that correlates with the design in Figure 24. Space Utilization Approach

As it relates to space utilization, the original Floor Plan featured 18 work areas with 13 areas constantly in use and 5 areas almost never in use. The proposed ABW plan features 23 work areas each offering varied work modes, whilst retaining a similar work framework to the original office.

A. Staff Storage Lockers

The proposed design includes an area to house personal files and belongings. This will reduce the clutter in work areas and promote an organized strategy in working, as only assets needed to perform the task at hand are to be used, other assets would be stored in these lockers. Note, staff will still be allowed to customize and personalize their work area, however to a minimal extent.

B. Reception Landing type 1

The reception area has remained in a similar location as the existing design, however it is been treated as a landing area. It was observed that in addition to the public, staff members including sales representatives, CEO, and Editor regularly require communication with receptionist. The landing approach provides a temporary perching spot for this communication.

D, H . Landing type 2 & 3

Landing Type 1 area is strategically located in the centre of the office, at the intersection of communication pathways between staff members. This area is ideal to facilitate quick impromptu consultations between staff members. Landing Type 2, will provide a “lounge-like” setting, including a surface for performing work activities. It also will facilitate quick impromptu discussions however in a lounge/work setting. These landing types will also server visitors to the office.

THE INTEGRATION OF IoT (INTERNET OF THINGS) IN ACTIVITY-BASED WORKPLACE DESIGN, AND ITS APPLICATION TO THE LOCAL WORKPLACE. E. Communication area

This communications area will provide an area to tackle common work processes as well as provide a minor level of privacy, using an acoustic barrier. It features comfortable lounge-like seats and a large work surface table.

F. Focus Areas

The focus areas are a necessity for the CEO and Editor. Both showed the highest interest in ABW and are most mobile in the office. The Focus Area give both parties a shared space for private conversations as well as maintaining visual contact with the rest of the office.

G. Mobile Smart Screen

The Mobile Smart Screen is a custom proposal made by the researcher to facilitate a low cost mobile touch interface that can move freely between each location within the office. It utilizes an Android smart box that can be attached to a typical LCD/LED TV screen, with infrared technology to support the use of digital pens. The entire apparatus is then mounted to a mobile TV stand. This Smart Screen setup was sourced and presented as a proposal to LMH CEO to be purchased, configured and used throughout the research. After the research is concluded, LMH would retain ownership of the smart screen. The proposal was however declined due to financial constraints of LMH. The proposal document can be viewed in Appendix C.

I. Integrated Shelving

Throughout the office there are books ranging from sample books, manuscripts, magazines and a host of other document types that were haphazardly positioned throughout the office. The integrated shelving will provide storage areas for these books.

J. Hive

The Hive area will support primarily repetitive individualized tasks which are currently undertaken by most administrative staff. Administrative staff has a low mobility and they are already accustomed to this setup, however in an ABW environment each Hive desk features a sit-stand posture when working in order to minimize fatigue. In addition to this, file cabinets are relocated close to the Paper to digital area to promote digital conversion of applicable documents. These desks feature limited storage, which will promote the use and organization of documents currently being used.

THE INTEGRATION OF IoT (INTERNET OF THINGS) IN ACTIVITY-BASED WORKPLACE DESIGN, AND ITS APPLICATION TO THE LOCAL WORKPLACE. K. Storage Cabinets

This area will house file cabinets that will store documentation that can ONLY be archived as hard copy. Documents that can be converted to digital will be processed at area (N) (Paper to Digital Document Centre), then stored for about 6 months after which they will be discarded.

L. Collaboration Area

The existing meeting room was not able to accomodate all staff members due to its small size. This collaboration area was created from merging the existing meeting room and the existing single office which was underused as the owner is only in office a few times per year. This collaboration area will allow for all staff members to collaborate and meet simultaneously. (In the event of the owner returning for full time use of the office the room can be easily repurposed for a single office once more and staff can collaborate using the communications area).

M. Focus Areas (Reading)

The Focus areas provide a much-needed secluded area for the reviewing of books, manuscripts, documents and journals. The space can be used by all staff members, however it is intended for use primarily by the editor and guest editors. In addition, these focus areas provides a place to unwind without distraction which is ideal especially when reviewing documents during an intense deadline.

N. Paper to Digital Document Centre

This area will provide a future proof solution for the digitization of applicable documents within the office. Digitizing documents will allow them to be taggable and easier to locate, using less storage space and utilizing less paper. The area also features a large work surface which serves as the document area for the office, providing a centralized work area for print, scan and mounting activities.

Table 6. List of proposed ABW area and their rational Table & Diagrams by Brian Williams

THE INTEGRATION OF IoT (INTERNET OF THINGS) IN ACTIVITY-BASED WORKPLACE DESIGN, AND ITS APPLICATION TO THE LOCAL WORKPLACE.

As previously in limitations, significant manipulation of the LMH office was not possible, hence to supplement a full understanding of the proposal the final design was presented using printed planse, 3D images and Virtual Reality headsets. Each participant was asked to stand in three particular locations within the office that corresponded with the virtual location in the digital scene and view the newly designed office using the Virtual Reality goggles. This allowed the viewer to compare both existing reality and proposed virtual reality from the same stand point at a one to one human scale as illustrated in â&#x20AC;&#x2039;Figures 28 & 29.

THE INTEGRATION OF IoT (INTERNET OF THINGS) IN ACTIVITY-BASED WORKPLACE DESIGN, AND ITS APPLICATION TO THE LOCAL WORKPLACE.

Figure 29. Pictures of Existing and proposed views of office using VR headset. (Position 1)

THE INTEGRATION OF IoT (INTERNET OF THINGS) IN ACTIVITY-BASED WORKPLACE DESIGN, AND ITS APPLICATION TO THE LOCAL WORKPLACE.

After the viewing of the existing and proposed plans in the various methods mentioned above, a discussion with the participants revealed an overall acceptance of the proposed layout. Generally staff seemed most happy about the paper to digital document centre, as it was commonly accepted that an excessive amount of paper is currently being used day to day and is being stored in the office promoting the increased use of multiple file cabinets. Staff also commented positively on the thought of proposing a new design for the office as this this was most likely due to the office remaining mostly unchanged for the last 5+ years. The CEO in the discussion favoured the use of lockers and reduced designated storage areas as this would promote increased file organization among the staff, knowing that they would have to keep their files organized and their desk clean, as work spaces would be rotated among the staff. The Editor-in-Chief made positive remarks on the collaboration and landing areas as currently more collaboration is needed among the editorial team, and at times, it would prove beneficial to have the option of relocating to a strategic location in the office and still remain digitally connected to the server. This would allow work to take place from any location. During the discussion a number of concerns were also noted among the staff which included the availability of a preferred workspace to work if it was in use by another staff member. It was communicated that overall there are more areas to work than the number of staff members in the office (The new proposal caters to 15 staff members and has available 23 ABW workspaces of which they can choose). This would greatly reduce the possibility of conflicts. Other persons were concerned with not having enough storage space at their desks. In response to this it was communicated that in an ABW environment most of the work assets would be 85

THE INTEGRATION OF IoT (INTERNET OF THINGS) IN ACTIVITY-BASED WORKPLACE DESIGN, AND ITS APPLICATION TO THE LOCAL WORKPLACE. accessed digitally hence a reduced amount of personal storage would be required. There were also concerns about the mobility of the workers as currently everyone has desktop computers and it would be quite costly to purchase laptops for each staff member. It was communicated that the process of changing to an ABW office would employ the use of change management, which would facilitate the switching of desktop to laptops in accordance with the companies upgrade policy currently being used, hence gradually, desktops would be switched out. Overall, the major concern of the staff was relinquishing exclusive access of their workspace, however the majority of staff agreed to at minimum try ABW anyway, because it sounded interesting, and it would allow the office to move in a modern direction and provide an overall better work experience and work environment for its staff.

THE INTEGRATION OF IoT (INTERNET OF THINGS) IN ACTIVITY-BASED WORKPLACE DESIGN, AND ITS APPLICATION TO THE LOCAL WORKPLACE. Intervention Analysis and Discussion As a part of this research an intervention was designed and implemented into the workplace of study. This intervention is aimed at facilitating a tangible experience of a selected aspect of ABW. Additionally the intervention provided an avenue for the integration of IoT technology which intern, will aid the response to the proposed research question: How can Internet of Things be integrated into Activity-Based Working design theories. The proposed intervention is called a Smart Landing, and will be placed at position C, as seen in figure Figure 24. Along with this, the researcher will also integrate IoT features within the landing design, See Figure 30. for creation process of Landing. Figure 31 may be consulted for the diagram of intervention methodology.

THE INTEGRATION OF IoT (INTERNET OF THINGS) IN ACTIVITY-BASED WORKPLACE DESIGN, AND ITS APPLICATION TO THE LOCAL WORKPLACE.

The smart landing is meant to act as an easy perching spot to facilitate quick informal discussions/consultations that will benefit from the integrated technologies within the table. This design is a basic example of the type of office furniture that would be implemented if the office were to be converted to an ABW office. The landingâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s IoT technology included an Alexa smart speaker, a smart socket, a motion detector and a SmartThings hub which allows all the devices to each other over the internet. A user is then able to issue commands or set up automated rules using the software interface of the smart hub. The configuration that was used between the IoT devices enabled the motion detector to communicate with the embedded smart socket and Alexa smart speakers. When the landing is being used, the motion detector activates the plug, turns on the reading task light and triggers the smart speakers to read out the current date and time and remind users to utilize Alexa for setting reminders and scheduling tasks.

THE INTEGRATION OF IoT (INTERNET OF THINGS) IN ACTIVITY-BASED WORKPLACE DESIGN, AND ITS APPLICATION TO THE LOCAL WORKPLACE.

THE INTEGRATION OF IoT (INTERNET OF THINGS) IN ACTIVITY-BASED WORKPLACE DESIGN, AND ITS APPLICATION TO THE LOCAL WORKPLACE. The method used in collecting observational data included placing a webcam and a PC in a strategic location that is in full view of the intervention object. The webcam would only record when a person is in close proximity to the landing (shown in Figure 34). The recording information is then fed to the cloud and is fully accessible via the researchers secure credentials. The recording software is configured to generate a video clip and continue recording that clip until motion is not detected. Every clip was analysed to isolate footage that showed the landing being used and these clips were tallied at the end of each day to generate a usage amount reflected on the graph in Figure

THE INTEGRATION OF IoT (INTERNET OF THINGS) IN ACTIVITY-BASED WORKPLACE DESIGN, AND ITS APPLICATION TO THE LOCAL WORKPLACE.

In analysing the usage of the Smart Landing, two methods of data collection were used. The first included plotting graphs of usage over a period of 10 working days (i.e. 2 weeks). The second method of data collection involved conducting random interviews of staff members in the office, to understand how they utilized the smart landing.

Figure 35. Graph showing usage over time by Brian Williams

THE INTEGRATION OF IoT (INTERNET OF THINGS) IN ACTIVITY-BASED WORKPLACE DESIGN, AND ITS APPLICATION TO THE LOCAL WORKPLACE.

In summary, the smart landing was well received amongst staff members as it provided a similar function to the area it replaced, however with added IoT capabilities via the use of Alexa and a smart hub. Through observation and interviews it was observed that the area in which the landing was placed experienced an increase in staff usage over time. This was likely due to the fact that the landing facilitated communication to take place between staff members without requiring them to change their posture in any major way. Most conversations occurred while standing and primarily during times when other staff are walking past the landing area. The researcher observed that the smart landing did not experience its true potential as it was implemented in a traditional office setting and the staff were still in a major way tied to a single mode of working, using their assigned workstations. The smart landing was mostly utilized by staff with a high mobility profile (see â&#x20AC;&#x2039;Table 5â&#x20AC;&#x2039;). Throughout the period of interventional observation, the usage of the smart landing trended upwards, with the lowest usage on Mondays and the highest usage on Fridays. Initially the landing was used as a temporary holding point for documents being transported throughout the office, however as time progressed the landing began to facilitate small meetings throughout the day. The Alexa became useful for quickly accessing the date and time when employees registered for work in the mornings and hence the landing table became the new location of the employee registration book. In addition to this, the landing facilitated a place to enjoy music, a newspaper and a cup of coffee in the mornings for the Editor-in-Chief.

THE INTEGRATION OF IoT (INTERNET OF THINGS) IN ACTIVITY-BASED WORKPLACE DESIGN, AND ITS APPLICATION TO THE LOCAL WORKPLACE.

Chapter 7: Conclusion And Recommendation This research attempted to identify opportunities for the integration of connected technologies into Activity-Based workspaces. After an overview of the evolution of the workplace from the literature review, it was evident that work processes are trending towards a more complex workflow, one which requires the support of activity specific spaces to gain the highest productivity from work.

THE INTEGRATION OF IoT (INTERNET OF THINGS) IN ACTIVITY-BASED WORKPLACE DESIGN, AND ITS APPLICATION TO THE LOCAL WORKPLACE. Based on research from the literature review, most Activity-Based designed workplaces today only are marginally more effective than traditional offices (non-Activity-Based). This is due to users not making full use of the activity spaces available to them in an ABW environment. Interestingly, users that have made use of Activity-Based design workplaces were significantly more productive than their counterparts working in traditionally design workplaces. In the investigation of the integration of connected technologies, this research identified and categorised systems that could be integrated with ABW workplaces. It was also found that along with the increase of workplace complexity, building systems are simultaneously trending towards becoming more centralized, via the use of smart building technology, and IoT.

THE INTEGRATION OF IoT (INTERNET OF THINGS) IN ACTIVITY-BASED WORKPLACE DESIGN, AND ITS APPLICATION TO THE LOCAL WORKPLACE. Response to research questions

During the research process, two questions were posed. Question #1 stated, How can Activity-Based Working foster increased pride for one’s place of work locally. Throughout the literature review, most theories about ABW suggested that if implemented correctly, ABW can greatly improve employee trust, empowerment as well as a shared sense of responsibility. Upon presenting these benefits of ABW to the staff at LMH, along with performing the office redesign exercise, most staff members primarily appreciated the openness of the design and the modern approach to work processes that the design promoted. These two factors according to the staff would make them happy to go to work in the mornings, and make them proud of their place of work. However most also believed that ABW in the local context may diminish a sense of ownership within the workplace, primarily because of not having exclusively owned work areas. Upon implementing the intervention within the workplace it was observed that impromptu conversations amongst workers in the area of the intervention increased, suggesting increased communication between staff members. Staff also agreed that increased communication can also increase one’s pride for their workplace. To fully utilize an ABW environment one would have to adapt a mobile workflow. However, according to research from the literature review, increased mobility is directly proportional to increased work complexity. In the case of LMH workers with complex tasks, such as the CEO, Editor, Sales representative, and editorial team would benefit from multiple work modes, compared to the administrative support staff and accountants.

THE INTEGRATION OF IoT (INTERNET OF THINGS) IN ACTIVITY-BASED WORKPLACE DESIGN, AND ITS APPLICATION TO THE LOCAL WORKPLACE. The second research Question #2 states: â&#x20AC;&#x2039;How can Internet of Things be integrated into Activity-Based Working design theories. According to literature review, ABW offices are usually first in line to adapt to new technologies as factors such as adapting to a mobile workflow using laptop and tablets inherently allows for greater adaptation of IoT devices. Additionally as seen in modern buildings such as The Edge in Amsterdam, IoT is used via the distribution of sensors to aid in determining occupancy of staff members. This occupancy data collected from IoT devices are used to double the buildings capacity as additional staff members can utilize workspace when not in use. This information is broadcast to all staff through their cell phones. Within the intervention, IoT technology was integrated via the Alexa and Samsung SmartThing Hub. These elements were wired into the landing which merged the purpose of the landing along with the use of IoT technology. During the observation period most staff members who used the smart landing, utilized the Alexa requesting information such as definition of words, date and time, and most importantly, meetings events and reminders. The researcher observed that within most local offices ABW theories are non-existent and a great untapped potential is not being utilized. This research aimed to first educate readers about the origin of the workplace, then about various types of ABW theories and techniques that could be utilized in local offices. Though limitations existed during the research, it is evident that in applying ABW theories and allowing the integration of IoT technology, local offices could greatly benefit from an overall improvement in efficiency. In addition to this, ABW could also revolutionize the landscape of the local workplace by allowing companies to meet global standards in workplace design.

THE INTEGRATION OF IoT (INTERNET OF THINGS) IN ACTIVITY-BASED WORKPLACE DESIGN, AND ITS APPLICATION TO THE LOCAL WORKPLACE.

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THE INTEGRATION OF IoT (INTERNET OF THINGS) IN ACTIVITY-BASED WORKPLACE DESIGN, AND ITS APPLICATION TO THE LOCAL WORKPLACE. Internet of Things in the workplace explained - Video | ZDNet [Video file]. (2018, March 28). Retrieved from https://www.zdnet.com/video/internet-of-things-in-the-workplace-explained/ John Wetzel. (2014, December 11). The action office: the secret history of the cubicle [Video file]. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RgDHifV62WI Ranger, S. (2018, March 28). Internet of Things in the workplace explained - Video | ZDNet. Retrieved from https://www.zdnet.com/video/internet-of-things-in-the-workplace-explained/ SFGovTV. (2012, November 16). Smart Building: Pioneering Sustainable Design & Construction [Video file]. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lwsEV-lDqmo Sinopoli, J. (2016). advanced technology for smart buildings. Boston: Artech House. StanfordLBRE. (2016, June 7). 5 18 16 Clive Wilkinson. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1sLvRcQC8Qc Steelcase. (2016, March 11). Steelcase global report | employee engagement and the global workplace [Video file]. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZVE6MlPdyaQ Van Bergen, P. (2015, October 26). Integrated acoustic solutions for better Green Buildings[ Video file]. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_20EPzU-NaU Van Dijck, C. (2015, December 28). The future workplace: an introduction to Healing Offices[Video file]. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zTiNzm4fcUE 105

THE INTEGRATION OF IoT (INTERNET OF THINGS) IN ACTIVITY-BASED WORKPLACE DESIGN, AND ITS APPLICATION TO THE LOCAL WORKPLACE. Other related articles Blue Jelly. (n.d.). Living office space. Retrieved from https://www.pinterest.com/bjelly0994/living-office-space/ Campbell, L. (2017, October 19). We've Broken Down Your Entire Life Into Years Spent Doing Tasks. Retrieved from https://www.huffingtonpost.com.au/2017/10/18/weve-broken-down-your-entire-life-into -years-spent-doing-tasks_a_23248153/ Dawson-Haggerty, S. (2018, February 26). Works with Comfy: A new partner ecosystem for a better workplace experience. Retrieved from https://www.comfyapp.com/blog/announcing-works-with-comfy-a-new-partner-ecosyste m/ Friedman, R. (2014, December 2). The caveman's guide to building a better office. Retrieved from https://99u.adobe.com/articles/35951/the-cavemans-guide-to-building-a-better-office Louis Lhoest, Veldhoen + Company. (2012, October 24). Activity-Based working case study and workplace trends in the Netherlands. Retrieved from https://www.slideshare.net/SuButcher/activity-based-working-case-study-and-workplace -trends-in-the-netherlands Microsoft in Business. (2016, September 22). Reimagining smart buildings & productive people ? Microsoft smart buildings [Video file]. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uhfjeVNI9b0

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THE INTEGRATION OF IoT (INTERNET OF THINGS) IN ACTIVITY-BASED WORKPLACE DESIGN, AND ITS APPLICATION TO THE LOCAL WORKPLACE. Open Workspace Design. (2016, July 26). A historical timeline of office design - Open Workspace Design. Retrieved from http://www.openworkspacedesign.co.uk/2016/03/29/office-design-timeline/ Plantronics. (2015, February 2). The Evolution of the Open Office. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fVfqUqUrpBs Randall, T. (2015, September 23). The smartest building in the world: inside the connected future of architecture [Video file]. Retrieved from https://www.bloomberg.com/features/2015-the-edge-the-worlds-greenest-building/

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Appendices C Proposal to CEO for Mobile Smart Screen

Mobile Smartboard Proposal 27.Feb.2019

Brian Williams Master Of Architecture Dissertation Research University of Technology

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CONNECTED TECHNOLOGIES INTERVENTION As a part of this research documentation, the researcher is proposing to implement an IoT (Internet of Things) intervention, one which can be used both within the current state of the office or with the new ABW redesigned office. One such technology that could achieve these features and more is a Smart Board. THE PROBLEM The environment of an ABW workplace is one that aims to allow the best conditions for work to support ideation and collaboration based on the worker’s style of working. Technology is an enabler that promotes this environment. At LMH Publishing interviews were conducted that targeted the use of technology in the office and its use in collaboration. It was found that the CEO required the highest level of collaboration followed by the Editorial Team. Neither personnel had access to technology with the capability of serendipitously making notes both in and outside of meetings. In addition to this, it was observed that there existed a bottleneck with the chief editor as it relates to project status. In the absence of the editor it would prove difficult to identify the status of each project efficiently. A smart board provides a platform for use both as a technology enabled notice board and whiteboard, as well as many other features.

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WHAT IS A SMART BOARD? A Smart board is essentially a technology driven interactive whiteboard with the ability for multiple users to interact with the board simultaneously. They are also known as interactive whiteboards (IWB). Traditionally smart boards are made up of a standalone computer connected to an overhead video projector with an infrared device attached to track hand movements onto the projection screen. With the availability of touch devices today, the main aspect that separates a touch screen from an IWB is the size of the screen, where IWBs are usually 55” (on the diagonal) or larger. Currently interactive whiteboards are found in two types: Projected and Touch Panel. The most popular brands available in projected smart boards are SMART Board ™ and Promethean ActivPanel ™ costing between USD$2000.00 and USD$5000.00 (2019, Amazon.com, ebay.com). Touch Panel interactive whiteboard most popular brands include Google Jamboard™, Samsung Flip, and Microsoft Surface Hub™, with costs ranging between USD$6,000.00 and USD$21,000.00.

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PROPOSED MOBILE SMART BOARD? Mobile smart boards are ideal for activity-based experiences in which an interactive visual screen can be used. Unlike the traditional projection smart board, or the typical meeting room screen, a mobile smartboard would have the ability to support ad hoc meetings throughout the office as it can be maneuvered easily and thus constitutes a less dominating presence when not in use. Cost effective ways of implementing a smart board, IoT capable device were explored, and three key components were identified, which when combined could create a mobile smart board.

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Benefits This proposed mobile smart board can achieve the following capabilities. 1. Quickly and easily accept notes / markups collaboratively 2. High mobility to facilitate serendipitous meetings & presentations 3. Operating system can support project management software without the use of a full desktop PC 4. Uses very little energy, with the ability to operate on battery for an extended time 5. Support smart and IoT capabilities, i.e. the ability to connect to the internet and speak to other devices 6. Simple intuitive interface with which most people are already familiar 7. Equipment is scalable, i.e. can be used on updated equipment or used with current or ABW office layout.

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THE INTEGRATION OF IoT (INTERNET OF THINGS) IN ACTIVITY-BASED WORKPLACE DESIGN.