EUROPEAN ARCHITECTURE TIMELINE COMPLIED AND CREATED BY: KETANKUMAR SOLANKI 14BAR17
GUIDED BY: PROF. MADHAVI DESAI
EARLY CHRISTIAN: POLITICAL ASPECTS: - Under Roman realm, Christianity was illegal throughout the empire, till Constantine began to unify the crumbling roman empire under the Christianity. - To do so he started to build churches throughout the empire. - After Constantine, Christians who persecuted by romans now patronized by them. SOCIAL-RELIGIOUS ASPECTS: -
Christians started to congregate into churches for prayers unlike earlier they have to be hidden from the empire. Christianity gets status of a religion and beginning of rituals like Baptism and Eucharist.
KEY WORDS (ARCHITECTURE): Basilica, Colonnades, Baptistery, Mosaics KEY ARCHITECTS: -------KEY BUILDINGS: Santa Costanza (4th Cen. AD) Rome, Old St. Peter's Basilica (4th Cen. AD) Vatican, Rome, the church of the holy sepulchre (4th Cen. AD) Jerusalem
BASIC PLAN:
Santa Costanza (4th Cen. AD)
Basilica of St. Paolo (4th Cen. AD)
BASIC FAÇADE:
BASIC STRUCTURE:
BYZANTINE: POLITICAL ASPECTS: -
Constantinople renamed to Byzantium, renowned as the eastern roman empire. Beginning of the authority of Christian church.
SOCIAL-RELIGIOUS ASPECTS: -
Byzantine empire was continuation of roman empire in Greek speaking eastern part of the Mediterranean. Science and Technology flourished, tradition of rhetoric and public debate come into appearance. Christianity divided into two parts: Greek Orthodox, Roman Catholic
KEY WORDS (ARCHITECTURE): Clerestory, Mosaics, Pendantives, surface patterns, KEY ARCHITECTS: Anthemius of Tralles & Isidore of Miletus (Architects of Hagia Sophia) KEY BUILDINGS: Hagia Sophia (537 AD) Istanbul, Turkey; Basilica of Sant' Apollinare Nuovo (6th Cen. AD) Ravenna, Italy; Hagia Irene (4th Cen. AD) Istanbul, Turkey
BASIC PLAN:
Hagia Sophia (537 AD) Istanbul, Turkey Ravenna, Italy
Church of San Vitale (548 AD)
BASIC FAÇADE:
Church of San Vitale (548 AD) Ravenna, Italy Hagia Irene (4th Cen. AD) Istanbul, Turkey
BASIC STRUCTURE:
ROMANESQUE: POLITICAL ASPECTS: -
Christianity had triumphed in Europe, roman catholic church ruled the west. Mediterranean trade routes had been reopened by the Italian states. The rebirth of cities and town, so growth of the local merchants, craftsman and artists.
SOCIAL-RELIGIOUS ASPECTS: -
Art and culture exploded into the Europe. Beginning of religious pilgrimages throughout the world. (i.e. Jerusalem)
KEY WORDS (ARCHITECTURE): Sculptures, Stained Glass Windows, Tympanum, Secular Art, Semi Circular Arches, Piers, Arcades, Bell Tower, Groin Vaults KEY ARCHITECTS: ----KEY BUILDINGS: Santa Maria Maggiore (11th Cen AD) Italy, Durham Cathedral (1093 AD) England, Basilica of San Isidoro (10th Cen.) Spain
BASIC PLAN:
Santa Maria Maggiore (11th Cen.) Italy
Durham Cathedral (1093 AD) England
BASIC FAÇADE:
Durham Cathedral (1093 AD) England
BASIC STRUCTURE:
Le Puy Cathedral (13th Cen.) France
GOTHIC: POLITICAL ASPECTS: -
European kingdoms started to develop relation with the Holy Church. Due to starting of religious pilgrimages, there was kind of competition going on within the Europe to build the massive religious monuments. (i.e. Churches, Cathedrals)
SOCIAL-RELIGIOS ASPECTS: -
Gothic interpreted earlier as Unrefined, Barbaric and Non Roman. Holy church became center of everything, people started to connect with the religion more and more.
KEY WORDS (ARCHITECTURE): Pointed Arch, Ribbed Vault, Flying Buttresses, Stained Glass Windows, Gargoyles, Steeples, Rose Window KEY ARCHITECTS: Abbot Suger (Visionary of Gothic Architecture style) KEY BUILDINGS: Notre Dame (1345 AD) Paris, Reims Cathedral (1275 AD) France, Salisbury Cathedral (1258 AD) England BASIC PLAN:
Notre Dame (1345 AD) Paris
Reims Cathedral (1275 AD) France
BASIC FAÇADE:
Notre Dame (1345 AD) Paris
Reims (1275 AD) Reims, France
BASIC STRUCTURE:
RENAISSANCE: POLITICAL ASPECTS: -
Banking started to grow due to trade routes developed across the Europe. Arts flourished at its max and middle class people turns out as artisans, craftsmen and apprentice. Concept of Commercialization, everything had a price.
SOCIAL-RELIGIOUS ASPECTS: -
The belief in independence and value of a man established. Works became centered around the human individual and the earthly experience rather than the heavenly realms. (i.e. sculptures, paintings got more realistic and all religious/supernatural objects started to disappear)
KEY WORDS (ARCHITECTURE): Humanism, Perspective, Symmetry, Propotion, Fresco, Oil paints, The Four Books of Architecture, Chateau, Symmetry KEY ARCHITECTS: Filippo Brunelleschi, Leon Battista Alberti, and Andrea Palladio, Michelangelo
KEY BUILDINGS: St. Peters Basilica (1626 AD) Vatican, Rome; Florence Cathedral (1426 AD) Florence, Italy BASIC PLAN:
St. Peters Basilica (1626 AD) Vatican BASIC FAÇADE:
Villa Capra (La Rotunda) 1592 AD Italy
Chateau de Chambord (1547 AD) France
Florence Cathedral (1426 AD)
BASIC STRUCTURE:
Dome Construction System (Filippo Brunelleschi) Florence Cathedral (1426 AD) Florence, Italy
BAROQUE:
POLITICAL ASPECTS: -
Capital of art and architecture shifted from Rome to Paris. Starting of colonialism in Europe. Kings started to glorify monarchy by commissioning pieces of art and architecture.
SOCIAL-RELIGIOUS ASPECTS: -
Focus changes from religion, Jesus to more realistic objects.
KEY WORDS (ARCHITECTURE): Irregularity, Curves, Natural Elements, Complex Geometrical Forms, Optical Illusion, Light/Shadow, Colonnades KEY ARCHITECTS: Francesco Borromini, Giacomo Barozzi da Vignola, Pietro da Cortona, Bernini KEY BUILDINGS: San Carlo alle Quattro Fontane (1646 AD), Church of Invalides (1706 AD) France, Louvre (1670 AD) France, Palace of Versailles (Late 17th Cen.) France
BASIC PLAN:
Santa Maria della Salute (1687 AD) Venice San Ivo Sapienza (1662 AD) Rome
BASIC FAÇADE:
della
San Carlo alle Quattro Fontane (1646 AD) Italy Venice
East Faรงade, Louvre France (1670 AD)
BASIC STRUCTURE: -----------------------------
*Images are uses for education purposes only. Source: Google Images
Santa Maria della Salute (1687 AD)