Annual Report 2018-19
Introduction from the Executive Director People, place and policy Sustainability and the environment Health, technology and society National security Connecting: Policy Fellowships Convening Professional Development Governance Financial report and team Policy Fellows
2
1 2 6 10 14 18 24 26 28 29 30
INTRODUCTION
from the Executive Director
Dr Robert Doubleday
It’s a damp afternoon in
With the benefit of hindsight, the formula looks staggeringly
CSaP’s first year. The Centre
simple. Identify the decision-makers in the policy world who
– the University of
are grappling with the profoundest problems in society, the
Cambridge’s latest attempt
economy and our fast-changing world. Connect them with
to ensure that the results of
the network of academics whose research can illuminate the
its world-class research are
evidence and create the conditions for policy makers and
contributing to the work of
academics to learn from each other. Foster relationships
Government – is visited by a
built on mutual understanding, respect and trust. Convene
Cabinet Office Minister. He
them in “safe spaces” where they can talk openly about
arrives up two flights of typically uneven Cambridge stairs,
what is known (and still to-be-discovered). Support the
preceded by staff muttering about timetables. “So,” he asks –
continuation of the discussions that are the most thought-
“this new CSaP thing – what is it for? You’ve got ten minutes.”
provoking.
Ten years after that conversation took place, it may still be
Meanwhile: develop the skills of explaining, listening and
too early to say. A week may be a long time in politics, but
understanding across the different worlds to those who will
ten years is still a short time in research or the historical
carry on these discussions into the next ten years, and the
cycles of government. However, it isn’t too soon to
next, and the next. Experts who take part in CSaP’s
recognise that an answer is emerging.
programmes invariably say that they learn as much or more from the encounters as the policy makers posing the
In 2009, we simply didn’t know that dozens of senior policy
questions.
makers would compete each term to be elected to our Fellowships, knocking on the University’s door to ask the
Finally: apply the formula to issues that matter – industrial
academics the questions that were most exercising them.
strategy, sustainability, healthcare, national security,
We didn’t know that the academics, in turn, would be
development, digital policy, social cohesion, climate
warmly giving of their time, engaging with the people from
change, the constitutional order of the UK, and so on. And
this other world with open intellectual curiosity. We didn’t
extend the networks of policy makers beyond the UK civil
know that over ten years, ten thousand discussions would
service to other sectors and parts of the world, and extend
have taken place that simply wouldn’t have happened if not
the network of experts beyond Cambridge to other
for CSaP.
universities and beyond.
Back to 2009. A dozen people are leaving CSaP’s first Policy
“What do you think, Minister?”
Workshop, which brought environmental policy officials from Defra together with academics working on conservation, in
Welcome to CSaP’s tenth anniversary Annual Report,
order to discuss something called “ecosystems services”.
setting out what we have done in academic year 2018-
As he leaves, Defra’s Chief Economist says “we’re going to
2019. And join us as we start the next ten.
think about all that differently from now on”. If butterflies can cause tornados, who knows what role that one moment of change played – but today’s debate about biodiversity loss looks very much like changed thinking.
1
People, place & policy Place-based policy making, both great and small, has been a major focus for CSaP this year. We collaborated with Whitehall’s Cities & Local Growth Unit and Cambridge’s Bennett Institute for Public Policy on the development of place-based industrial strategies, and with Grow Wild and the London Borough of Dagenham & Barking on how small green spaces could be used to benefit communities. This thread culminated in a lecture by Policy Leaders Fellow Philip Rycroft at our Annual Conference in June 2019.
2
Reaping the benefits of small urban green spaces
Place-based policy making beyond Brexit
Green space is known to be an important
Despite being a relatively small and densely
contributor to quality of life in urban
populated nation, the UK has huge geographical
environments, and a lot of work has been done to
diversity and disparities in productivity. This
understand how larger green spaces can be best
presents many challenges and opportunities for
used for social, health and environmental
the design of place-based industrial strategies.
benefits. But smaller green spaces – such as verges, small greens and other interstitial spaces
Working in collaboration with the Bennett Institute for
– are also a valuable, and often underrated,
Public Policy at Cambridge, CSaP organised a series of
aspect of the urban environment.
four workshops for the Cities and Local Growth Unit. Academics, policy makers and practitioners shared
A CSaP Policy Workshop organised in collaboration
insights on the development of place-based strategies.
with the London Borough of Barking and Dagenham and Grow Wild brought together practitioners, residents,
The UK’s industrial strategy sets out a number of core
academics and local government officials to discuss
foundations of productivity: ideas, people, infrastructure,
the best uses of urban green space. These spaces are
business environment… and place. Many challenges
intermingled with the places where people live and work,
arise from addressing these in relation to regional
making them immediately accessible and a visible part
economic growth, innovation policy, and research and
of everyday life. Despite this, they are frequently
development; not the least of these is the question of
overlooked and at risk of being lost to development.
what ‘place’ actually means in the context of developing industrial strategies, whether national or local.
By examining a number of case studies, participants at the workshop looked in detail at the benefits and
Using case study examples, this series of workshops
challenges associated with different types of “green
explored how economic development and resilience
pocket” interventions. They found that because most
could be bolstered in different kinds of places. The
interventions involved the growing of plants – and
studies illustrated how long-term, sustainable and
hence required significant on-going care and
inclusive economic growth relies on highly
maintenance – community engagement was key to
interdisciplinary working across government
their success.
departments, between central and devolved government powers, and across public, private and
By effectively including residents from the very start of
academic actors.
the process – encouraging them to think about the needs of their area, and empowering them to take
Where this level of collaboration has been achieved,
ownership of their small green spaces – local authorities
national strategies have been successful in supporting
can simultaneously build community cohesion whilst
industrial growth across the UK – notably in the
also delivering wellbeing and ecological benefits.
development of internationally competitive financial, pharmaceutical and creative industries. However, the workshops also considered the need for inter-regional (alongside international) competitiveness, and highlighted how good strategies must embrace the nuances of local places and can only be successfully implemented through strong, cross-sectoral partnerships.
3
CASE STUDY: POLICY LEADERS FELLOW
Clare Moriarty
CSaP’s value lies in creating time and
application of intellect, the civil service
Permanent Secretary,
opening up spaces for individuals with
needs to solve problems by connecting
Department for Exiting the
different areas of expertise to come
people, building relationships, and
European Union
together. It facilitates opportunities to
creating opportunities for people who
build networks and connections across
think differently to reframe the problem
disciplines, while challenging us to
and contribute their rich expertise.
consider that the world isn’t necessarily the shape we think it is.
The challenges and opportunities presented by exiting the European
I have been part of the Policy Leaders
Union have placed pressure on
Fellowship since the beginning, and the
departments to develop new
programme has facilitated open,
capabilities rapidly, causing influxes of
rewarding and enriching discussions
new employees and culture shifts. I want
which I continue to refer to. It has the
DExEU to make engagement in the civil
sensitivity to foster a basic common
service shorthand for sharing things,
understanding of wide-ranging topics,
and to build both developmental and
creating a solid foundation from which I
policy objectives into every situation.
can delve deeper into questions of policy implications.
We are facing change on a scale we have never seen before, creating a
Participating in CSaP roundtables has
challenging work environment defined
made it clear to me that we need to talk
by uncertainty. However, public policy
to academics early in the policy
always works better – and the delivery of
process. We need policy makers and
services works better – when done in
academics to discuss broad challenges,
collaboration with the outside world. My
from which a set of questions can arise.
watchwords are ‘open’, ‘value’, and
That is how ideas get furthered and
‘connected’. Openness is the distilling
knowledge gets generated – through
principle I constantly come back to as I
conversation. Instead of seeing
work to make change happen.
problem-solving as solely about the
“For me, connecting things together will always give you access to a wider range of solutions than anyone could get in their own minds, no matter how fantastically brilliant they are.” 4
5
Sustainability and the environment As part of our ongoing focus on sustainability and the environment, we hosted a series of workshops with the Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (Defra), and a panel discussion at our Annual Conference, on air quality, environmental policy, and local land management. And the question of how we reduce demand for illegal wildlife products brought together researchers across a range of disciplines with stakeholders from Defra, the Foreign and Commonwealth Office, the wildlife trade monitoring network TRAFFIC, and the World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF).
6
How can environmental policy be locally appropriate, empowering and deliverable?
How can we reduce demand for products of the illegal wildlife trade?
In 2018, the government launched its 25-year
The Illegal Wildlife Trade (IWT) is estimated to be
Environment Plan, which included outline
worth up to £17 billion per year worldwide. The
proposals for a new system of environmental land
UK is both an important transit and destination
management (ELM), nature recovery networks,
country for this trade, and the government has
and a new principle of “environmental net gain”.
made a clear commitment to tackling it. In April
The new system will come into effect after the UK
2018, for example, the UK introduced a ban on
leaves the European Union and the Common
ivory sales, set to be one of the toughest in the
Agricultural Policy.
world.
ELM’s objectives are to deliver improved air, water and
CSaP hosted a two-day Policy Workshop in
soil quality, increased biodiversity, climate change
collaboration with the Foreign and Commonwealth
mitigation, and cultural benefits – as well as better
Office and the wildlife trade monitoring network
protecting the historic environment. The system will pay
TRAFFIC, bringing together key stakeholders to
for the provision of environmental public goods in lieu of
explore how behavioural insights research can help
a market.
reduce the demand for the products of IWT.
CSaP worked with Defra to organise a series of three
Behavioural change and social marketing theories have
Policy Workshops exploring challenges in the design of
been used effectively in a variety of demand reduction
ELM. The workshops brought together policy makers,
campaigns in the UK and worldwide, in areas ranging
academics, practitioners and civil society organisations
from conservation to health and wellbeing. The
to explore what is needed for national environmental
workshop explored some of the opportunities and
policy to translate into change on the ground. As well
challenges of delivering campaigns of this kind to
as informing government decisions on the basis of a
reduce demand for IWT products.
wide range of relevant research, the purpose of the workshops was to identify areas that are in need of
Participants discussed the importance and difficulties
further development.
of targeting effective messages at particular groups of IWT consumers. They also considered the
A major recurring theme at these workshops was the
effectiveness of using role models and others with high
challenge of marrying local and national needs, in order
‘connectedness’ in social networks – such as the UK’s
to ensure that national policy is locally appropriate and
Royal Family – in demand-reduction initiatives.
deliverable. If it is to deliver the benefits which citizens want, both nationally and locally, there will need to be a
Interest in this area is growing rapidly, as illustrated by
new approach to how we value and price
the increasing profile of demand reductions in
environmental public goods.
international agreements. The challenge is to build on the policy momentum while developing the learning
Participants concluded that it was important to engage
capacity of the sector to improve and demonstrate the
and empower local actors in decision-making in order
effectiveness of interventions.
to reach sustainable solutions that could be implemented across the country in different communities.
7
CASE STUDY: ACADEMIA
Bhaskar Vira
My research focuses on political
I have also collaborated with CSaP on
Professor of Political Economy,
economy issues related to natural
large research grants to explore policy-
and Director of the Cambridge
capital, biodiversity and development
related activities. Currently, CSaP is
Conservation Research Institute
that have inherent policy implications.
involved in a Global Challenges Research Fund project: Transforming
Over the course of my twenty years in
India’s Green Revolution for Research
Cambridge, the landscape has evolved
and Empowerment for Sustainable food
significantly. Impact has more recently
Supplies (TIGR2ESS).
become an important part of the agenda, so projects are required to
We wanted to draw on as much of the
consider policy engagement strategies
Cambridge network and assets as
from their inception. Some of my
possible for this ambitious work, and
projects involve key stakeholders at the
CSaP was integral to this mission.
local level, while others, such as global reviews, target the United Nations.
Reflecting on these opportunities to spend time with people whose full-time
Meeting CSaP Policy Fellows and
jobs are formulating and implementing
attending Policy Workshops has given
policy, I have learned both about the
me access to a network that is not
constraints under which they operate,
usually available to academics. It is very
and how to package your message in a
difficult to break the barriers between
way that engages them and enables
academic and policy circles, but CSaP
them to respond.
brokers these relationships by ensuring trust and credibility. Fellows feel it is a
Gaining this understanding of, and
safe space, and academics feel it is
empathy for, the policy community
worth investing their time. For example,
through CSaP has improved my
a meeting with the Chief Economist at
approach to independent policy
Defra, led ultimately to me joining the
engagements.
Department’s economic advisory panel.
“Meeting CSaP Policy Fellows and attending policy workshops has given me access to a network that is not usually available to academics.” 8
Health, technology and society Working with our Policy Fellows at the Care Quality Commission (CQC) and NHS England – and partnering with Nesta and the NIHR Biomedical Research Centre in Cambridge – CSaP organised two workshops to explore emerging technologies and their implications for both health care and social care. Both discussions underlined the fact that this isn’t just about the technology – it’s just as important to understand human factors.
ALERT
10
What are the implications of new imaging technologies for health and social care?
How can emerging technologies support and improve social care in the UK?
Medical imaging technologies are advancing at
Over the next 25 years, the proportion of people in
an unprecedented rate, providing a challenge for
the UK aged 85 and over is expected to double. As
the NHS to keep up to date with the latest
the older population continues to grow, there are
developments.
opportunities for new and emerging technologies to empower people to look after their own health
CSaP’s workshop convened Policy Fellows from the
and support independence – and to make it easier
NHS and Care Quality Commission together with
for family and friends to combine caring with
experts fom the Cambridge Biomedical Research
other responsibilities.
Centre. Discussions at the workshop focused on recent improvements in imaging technologies and the
CSaP’s workshops brought together care-sector
effect of introducing these technologies into current
experts, senior policy makers, practitioners and
workflows, as well as the potential barriers to adoption.
academics to share insights into the steps that need to be taken to speed up the development, evaluation, and
For example, the potential of artificial intelligence to
uptake of effective health and social care technologies.
provide a step change in our ability to interpret images (such as MRI scans) was considered alongside the
Discussions focused on emerging technologies and
need for the trust and accountability that an expert
their potential to improve social care in the UK, as well
radiologist provides.
as some of the challenges they present – such as adoption spread, procurement shortfalls, workforce
Delegates at the workshop also considered the
turnover and skills, and issues around privacy and
potential benefits of integrating information from a
ethics.
range of sources, such as genetic data and clinical history, with state-of-the-art imaging techniques, and
Despite the many barriers to utilising technologies for
the ways in which this could help mitigate the risk of
social care, regulators, providers, technologists and
'over imaging'.
users are increasingly collaborating in the search for solutions. Digital, data, and devices present the
The importance of patient consent when introducing
greatest technological opportunities, and many
new technologies was also emphasised. Different types
platforms are emerging that capitalise on all three.
of consent are necessary for screening (with a very
Such integration allows for improved deployment of the
large patient group and the likelihood of false positives),
workforce, investment in frontline care workers, better
as opposed to more targeted care (with a more
alignment and collaboration of stakeholders, and
focused patient group who have a particular interest in
avoidance of unnecessary hospital admissions.
the new technology being introduced). In the future, patients could own their personal medical history and become more active partners in the care they receive.
11
CASE STUDY: POLICY FELLOW
Malte Gerhold
The nature of my role at CQC requires
The main impact of the Fellowship has
Executive Director of Strategy
me to balance both the technical and
been to change my mindset – which
& Intelligence,
philosophical aspects of implementing
should not be underestimated – and
Care Quality Commission (CQC)
new strategies in healthcare: from
help pave the way for future
introducing new technologies to
collaborations.
understanding what good leadership looks like. Through CSaP’s Policy
I am still actively trying to shorten the
Fellowship programme, I was able to
gap between academia and the public
discuss these aspects of my work with
sector with the aim of having practical
experts at Cambridge University, and I
outcomes to the meetings and
continue to work with the academic
generating change. I have discussed
community to further my own work and
some strategies to bring the academic
that of CQC.
and public sector world together, including organising weekly visits of
I have been able to capitalise on many of
researchers to CQC, or our analysts
the conversations facilitated by CSaP by
visiting Cambridge.
organising follow up group discussions with the academics I met, attending
One challenge involved with these
seminars, and commissioning and
strategies is how to communicate and
participating in CSaP Policy Workshops.
measure their value. A similar challenge is defining the value of certain practices
I believe that to get the most out of the
at CSaP. But I think that is why the
Fellowship, you need to go into these
centre is so valuable.
meetings with an open mind and try to take away as much as possible. When you have these conversations, it isn’t always obvious what the outcome will be. Often, the most interesting conversations happen with those who know very little of what I do.
“The thing I found most intellectually valuable was the opportunity to have a series of conversations and exchanges that, in the natural course of my work, would not have happened.” 12
13
National security CSaP worked with the Defence, Science and Technology Laboratory (Dstl) to organise two workshops and a session at our Annual Conference on the challenges posed by new and emerging technologies for national security. And a roundtable discussion held in Cambridge with policy officials from the Cabinet Office focused on how government could capitalise upon digital and Artificial Intelligence, and emerging biological technologies, whilst simultaneously protecting the privacy and security of citizens both nationally and internationally.
14
What challenges and opportunities exist for quantum technologies in the UK?
What are the risks and benefits of emerging technologies for national security?
The continually evolving technological landscape –
Emerging technologies in the automation and
reflected, for example, in the UK’s announcement
digital sectors are transforming how we live and
that it will extend the National Quantum
work. Many global summits, both G7s and G20s,
Technologies Programme into a second phase with
have grappled with elements of these
an extra £315m of funding for 2019-24 – has
transformations – through, for example, themes on
implications for every sector, not least for defence
the future of work, big data and the impact of AI on
and national security.
an ageing society.
CSaP convened a roundtable discussion which brought
Such summits have also focused on preventing terrorist
together leading quantum scientists, those involved in the
use of the internet; the role technology can play in tackling
nascent quantum technologies industry, and defence
corruption, economic crime and money laundering; and
experts, to assess this landscape and to discuss the
the opportunities which “leapfrog” technologies offer for
steps that need to be taken to mitigate risks, whilst
development in the poorest countries.
retaining the wider societal benefits, of these new technologies.
Given the complexities of these subjects, progress has been limited. At the international level, there has been a
As well as the technical aspects of new quantum
lack of focussed commitment to tackle these problems,
technologies, attendees considered some of the relevant
and there is no great coherence across themes. At the
wider issues, including how to anticipate and address the
same time, technological change is accelerating.
ethical questions which will be raised. In this context, CSaP organised a roundtable discussion Strategic planning in these areas is complicated by
for the Cabinet Office to explore the technologies – in
uncertainty about the timescale over which these
particular, artificial intelligence and other digital
technologies will become available. Timescales vary
technologies – where academics perceive a need for
widely depending on the particular quantum technology
global coordination and frameworks in order to maximise
in question, from quantum communication devices which
the benefits and minimise the costs.
are available for purchase today (albeit expensive and bulky) to a universal, fault-tolerant quantum computer for
Given the UK’s global leadership in digital technologies,
which some experts estimate lead times of 10-20 years.
the Cabinet Office were keen to understand the UK's industrial "crown jewels". Discussion focussed on how
Another issue discussed was how poor communication
policy could be used to support and capitalise upon such
of quantum science can act as a barrier to innovation and
technologies, whilst simultaneously protecting the privacy
adoption. Labelling quantum science as ‘spooky’ or
and security of citizens both nationally and internationally.
‘incomprehensible’ can lead to an unwillingness to engage with, or even a suspicion of, the new
The roundtable demonstrated the power of open
technologies. A parallel was drawn with transistors and
conversations between government officials and
electronics (the science of which people understand to
academics, and provided an opportunity to reflect upon
the same extent as they do quantum) – but people are
complex topics, as well as to offer insights to help prepare
more willing to engage with these technologies. The
for upcoming inter-governmental summits.
search, therefore, must begin for the “David Attenborough of quantum technologies”.
15
CASE STUDY: ACADEMIA
Alice Hutchings
As Deputy Director of the Cambridge
Although cybercrime is a widely
Deputy-Director of the
Cybercrime Centre, my research
recognised issue, most policy makers
Cambridge Cybercrime Centre
focuses predominantly on offenders –
are not aware of the types of associated
how they get into cybercrime, why they
challenges. One reason for this is that
offend, what they get out of it, and how
offenders are hidden populations, and
to intervene and disrupt it.
there can be barriers when it comes to reporting cybercrime.
This field of research has inherent and significant policy implications: for
Other meetings have provided me with
instance, we are currently looking into
useful learning-points about how policy
the effects of various police interventions
is made, and pressing issues in
and whether they have reduced the
government relevant to my own
market for online criminal services.
research. I enjoy the opportunity to meet policy makers coming from different
When looking at specific types of
areas and raising difficult questions;
cybercrime, I often uncover interesting
these meetings never fail to spark a
policy issues. For example, my work on
mutual exchange of ideas.
airline ticketing fraud has highlighted international jurisdictional issues about
A workshop with Dr Tristram Riley-Smith
how police can respond speedily to
(Transnational Organised Crime) and
complaints of people travelling on
colleagues provided a similarly
tickets obtained fraudulently, and the
interesting experience of knowledge
issues that arise after they detain these
exchange. Allowing me to speak with a
passengers.
wide range of participants about the data our Centre has made available,
One of the greatest challenges for
which will certainly be of use to some of
cybercrime research is access to good
them, the workshop also opened my
quality data, so our Centre collects data
eyes to relevant research others are
and makes them available to other
taking forward. Although we work closely
academic researchers. Through CSaP’s
with other academics and industry
programmes, I have been able to share
bodies, CSaP’s network has enabled me
this work with policy stakeholders.
to reach beyond the “usual suspects”.
“I have enjoyed the opportunity to meet policy makers from different areas raising difficult questions; these meetings never fail to spark a mutual exchange of ideas.” 16
17
CONNECTING
Policy Fellowships Since the Policy Fellowship
Since its launch in 2011, the CSaP
This enables Fellows to return to the
programme launched in 2011,
Policy Fellowship programme has
University and tackle questions relating
360 Policy Fellows have benefited
pioneered a completely new process of
to new jobs (or new responsibilities
from 9,685 connections with 1,643
engagement between academics and
within their ongoing roles). There were
experts in CSaP’s network.
the policy world – officials in the UK
20 Continuing Fellows in 2018-19.
government, other public sector organisations, the devolved
Our Policy Leaders Fellowship,
administrations, local authorities,
founded in 2013, continues to welcome
industry, civil society organisations and
Permanent Secretaries and Directors
international bodies.
General to termly roundtable meetings and programmes of one-to-one
Feedback shows that CSaP has extended and enhanced academic reach, and enriched the public policy process. A survey of our Fellows in the last year shows that:
CSaP Policy Fellows spend an initial five
meetings in Cambridge. It is greatly
days visiting the University for one-to-
valued by the most senior policy makers
one meetings with researchers,
for creating a “safe space” to explore
organised to reflect their policy interests.
the most challenging policy issues with
They then pursue the questions that
leading experts.
they set for the two-year period of their
95%
82%
gained fresh perspectives on their current work
improved their network of contacts
64%
23%
gained a better understanding of what academia has to offer and how to access it
reported direct impacts on the policy-making process
18
Fellowship, also attending CSaP
CSaP also hosts International Policy
meetings in London and returning to
Fellows supported by the UKRI Global
Cambridge from time to time for further
Challenges Research Fund. In 2018, a
meetings and events.
group of seven Policy Fellows from the Middle East visited Cambridge and
CSaP has attracted Fellows to join this
London, to meet with researchers in the
unique professional development
Research for Health in Conflict project,
programme from a wide range of roles
as well as other experts and policy
and with diverse interests. Themes that
makers in the network. In 2019-20, we
have been prominent over the last few
will continue to organise programmes
years have included international trade,
for International Fellows as well as
the data economy, artificial intelligence,
working with affiliated university policy
climate change, energy policy and
institutes in the UK, to offer our Fellows
national security.
further academic expertise.
Some of the most active Fellows have joined the Continuing Fellowship after their original two-year engagement.
CSaP POLICY FELLOWSHIPS PROGRAMME 2018-19: Meetings between Policy Fellows and researchers
19
20
CASE STUDY: POLICY FELLOW
Dr Gemma Harper
I embarked on my CSaP experience to
Some of the academics that I met, I now
Deputy Director Marine,
strengthen the role of social science in
feel able to phone up for anything. They
Department for Environment,
government policy making. Along the
have been a source of advice to me
Food and Rural Affairs
way, I have met a wide variety of
during a period in which I have sought to
academic experts from a range of
build the role of social sciences in
disciplines and topics, all of whom
government and Defra, and at a time
brought something different to the
when marine issues have grown in
conversation and the CSaP experience.
prominence to become the ‘blue heart’ of environmental policy.
When you’re in government, there is always pressure to be reactive – while
The connections I have made through
as an evidence specialist, what I value is
CSaP have also been a springboard to
bringing analytical thinking to
other things. For example, David Good
government. CSaP offers the safe
connected me with the Royal College of
space and time to connect with a wide
Art, who helped me bring a valuable
range of thinkers who can come at the
design element to a Defra workshop.
problems we are tackling from different
The result was creative, insightful, and
perspectives, or think beyond them. It
brought something completely new to
has reminded me what a fantastic
our way of thinking.
academic community we have. CSaP offers a safe space for strategic The academics I have spoken with
thinking and for connecting a wider
through CSaP were extremely generous
variety of dots. I get value from that, and
with their time. They were frank, honest,
our institutions get value from having
supportive, and instructive. It was a
civil servants come back to Whitehall
warm and welcoming atmosphere in
from Cambridge with stories to share.
which to learn.
“When you connect with the academic world it really is oxygenating, you feel invigorated, because it exposes you to a whole other world out there that is thinking in different ways.”
21
CASE STUDY: POLICY LEADERS FELLOW
Chris Wormald
The most valuable thing CSaP has
Government commitments around
Permanent Secretary,
offered me has been the opportunity to
research, particularly through UKRI,
Department for Health
get out of the departmental silo and the
have helped to bring research front and
and Social Care
chance to meet all sorts of genuinely
centre. CSaP, and the proliferation of
interesting people that I normally would
public policy programmes at British
not have the opportunity to have
universities, are examples of success
discussions with.
stories in this area. Nationally, however, there is still room for improvement. We
The things I find the most interesting are
need to develop stronger relationships
very frequently the furthest things from
with a greater diversity of universities
my day job. Roundtable discussions
across the country.
that stand out in my mind include quantum, genomics and genetics, and
CSaP provides a brilliant service. It has
the future of work. Breaking out of my
developed an interesting model for
silo gives me the opportunity to engage
building a different type of relationship
with interesting things that are going on
between policy making and academia. I
in the intellectual world, to have
would like to see the development of
conversations that leave me better
similar knowledge centres in other parts
informed, and then to think about how I
of the academic world aimed at different
might bring that back to my work.
parts of public life.
There has been a cultural shift over my time as a Permanent Secretary. People are having more conversations about what the research world can offer public policy advice. We have one of the best civil services in the world, and some of the best universities. Bringing together universities and policy makers is a key part of opening policy making to make service delivery public-centric.
“CSaP is about the advancement of knowledge, the dissemination of knowledge, and having interesting conversations.� 22
23
Convening CSaP supports researchers by
Services to research
looking forward to supporting more
drawing on a thriving network of
CSaP seeks to contribute to the
international policy engagement
Policy Fellows – and established
University of Cambridge’s academic
through these two grants and beyond.
ways of bringing together policy
community in a range of ways. We
professionals and academics –
regularly discuss the potential policy
Collaboration with other initiatives
to increase the policy impact of
implications of work with academics,
CSaP has also supported academic
research.
speak at University events, and use our
colleagues through its involvement with
Policy Impact Network to connect
many initiatives and centres: the
University policy impact staff with Policy
Bennett Institute for Public Policy;
Fellows. We run Professional
CambPlants; Cambridge Big Data SRI
Development Workshops for early-
(Strategic Research Initiative);
career researchers, identify second-
Cambridge Global Challenges SRI;
ment opportunities, and help to write
Cambridge Global Food Security IRC
policy activities into research grants.
(Interdisciplinary Research Centre); Cambridge Infectious Diseases IRC;
Pathways to impact
Cambridge Public Health Strategic
CSaP works with academics to write
Research Network; Cambridge
meaningful policy engagement activities
University Science and Policy
– particularly workshops and
Exchange; Cardiovascular SRI; Centre
fellowships – into “Pathways to Impact”
for the Study of Existential Risk;
sections in grant applications. During
Economic and Social Research Council
the academic year 2018-19, CSaP was
Doctoral Training Partnership;
a part of successful bids ranging from
lgbtQ+@cam; Synthetic Biology IRC;
multilingualism to the circular plastic
Trust and Technology Initiative; and
economy; overall, since its foundation,
Universities Public Engagement
CSaP’s contribution to applications has
Network (UPEN).
helped bring in over £30 million in grant funding to academics.
Policy Workshops Our workshops and roundtable
Through the Global Challenges
discussions bring together policy
Research Fund, CSaP has been
professionals and academic experts to
involved in the ongoing Research for
address questions posed by our network,
Health in Conflict (R4HC) project, for
share new insights, and offer fresh
which we organised visits for Policy
approaches to tackling policy challenges.
Fellows from Lebanon, Jordan, Turkey
24
and Palestine. CSaP is also a part of the
This year we held 15 Policy Workshops
Transforming India's Green Revolution
on topics ranging from online
by Research and Empowerment for
manipulation, land management and
Sustainable food Supplies (TIGR2ESS)
strategies to reduce air pollution, to
project, for which we hosted a Policy
quantum technologies and place-based
Workshop in Cambridge. CSaP is
policy beyond Brexit.
address the major challenges of the Number of participants by event type in 2018/19
21st century through drawing more effectively on the best research, evidence and expertise. The Horn Fellows, who come with a background of success in the field of finance and a record of intellectual curiosity and commitment to scholarship, visited Cambridge in November 2018 for meetings with
785
238
275
218
68
8
10
15
13
3
Public Lectures and Seminars
Professional Development Workshops
Policy Workshops
Events for Policy Fellows
Events for Horn Fellows
leading academics on the subject of “good and bad decision making”. These meetings introduce the visitors to current research, and identify areas of common interest and opportunities for future collaboration.
Public lectures and seminars
was given by Professor K Vijay
CSaP works with its partners across
Raghavan, Principal Scientific Adviser
the University to deliver public lectures
to the Government of India, who spoke
Affiliate network
and seminars on some of the key policy
about the impact of science and
The CSaP Affiliate Network extends the
challenges affecting society. This year
technology on India’s economy and
reach of the Policy Fellowship to other
we partnered with Christ’s College, the
society.
universities, and creates engagement between policy and leading
Bennett Institute for Public Policy, and the Winton Centre for Risk and
CSaP Annual Conference
researchers throughout the UK. It gives
Evidence Communication to deliver our
Our annual conference in June brought
CSaP Policy Fellows and alumni the
fifth series of climate seminars; a public
together 140 members of our network
opportunity to engage with researchers
policy lecture by Lord Richard Wilson
to discuss some of the challenges faced
beyond the University of Cambridge,
on “Is the British Civil Service an
by policy makers, and the research and
with an additional one or two days of
endangered species?”; and a lecture
emerging technologies that are helping
visits to UK universities.
by Ed Humpherson, Director General
to address these issues. Over the last year, ten Policy Fellows
for Regulation in the UK Statistics Authority, on how to stop bad data
Our partners this year included the
visited the Universities of Bath,
driving out the good.
Royal Society, the Centre for Existential
Manchester, and Southampton, and
Risk, the Leverhulme Centre for the
University College London. Beyond
Dr S T Lee Lectures
Future of Intelligence, and the Churchill
this, the Policy Fellowship programme
The S T Lee Public Policy lectures
Scholarship.
often involves leading researchers at other universities, offering particular
consider aspects of scientific, medical or technological research and
Horn Fellows
expertise for individual Policy Fellows
developments that are likely to have
CSaP's Horn Fellowship is a group of
pursuing their questions through CSaP.
significant implications for public policy
supporters who are committed to our
over the next decade. The 2018 lecture
mission to help public policy making
25
Professional Development CSaP’s professional development
Services to Doctoral Training
Professional development
activities provide researchers and
CSaP’s Professional Development
for civil servants
policy professionals with the
Workshops provide an opportunity for
Our Professional Development
knowledge and skills needed to
early-career researchers and civil
programme doesn’t only benefit
translate research into policy.
servants to learn how academic experts
researchers; we also design and deliver
and policy makers can work together to
workshops for early-career civil
address the most challenging issues of
servants.
public policy. For example, we held two workshops Speakers are drawn from our network of
this year for the Department for
Policy Fellows, academics and other
Transport, and a workshop for the
experts, who come together to discuss
Government Science and Engineering
their real-life experiences of
Fast Streamers, where the civil servants
collaborating to address questions on
worked with early-career researchers on
climate, health, sustainability, place-
a range of questions relevant to their
based policy and much more. They also
work.
offer tried-and-tested advice and guidance to researchers on how to
In addition, one of the fast streamers
engage with the policy making process.
was seconded to CSaP for six months to work on a project to develop a CSaP
This year we held workshops for the
forum on environmental strategies.
ESRC and NERC Doctoral Training Partnerships at Cambridge, and for life
Internships
sciences researchers at the Babraham
This year we recruited policy interns not
Institute. We also partnered with the
only from the University of Cambridge,
Office for Postdoctoral Affairs at
but also from Imperial College, the
Cambridge to deliver a workshop for the
University of Leeds, UCL and the
Borysiewicz Biosciences Fellowship,
University of Warwick through the UKRI
which helps researchers to focus on a
Policy Internships scheme.
range of global challenges in addition to their primary research.
As well as developing their communication, writing and event-
During 2018-19 we also delivered
management skills, our interns have
programmes for the Churchill
made a significant contribution to our
Scholarship and the Schmidt Science
work – from producing background
Fellowship.
papers and reports for our workshops to interviewing Policy Fellows and writing news articles and case studies.
26
Scientific Leadership
Services to Education
In 2019-20, we will continue to design and
CSaP’s network provides a resource that
deliver bespoke activities for early-career
can also benefit students on Masters
researchers and civil servants to meet
programmes at the University of
their training and development needs.
Cambridge. We have been pleased to interact with two Masters courses in
In addition, we are working with the
particular.
Bennett Institute for Public Policy and Churchill College on a programme funded
For the MPhil in Technology Policy, CSaP
by the EPSRC Impact Acceleration
organised two Policy Fellows each term to
Account for mid-career and senior
speak at lunchtime sessions with
scientists who want to learn more about
students. A recent project was also
how they can provide “scientific
carried out by MPhil Technology Policy
leadership” in policy making. For example:
students for Florent Frederix (Principal Administrator of the Trust and Security
• how they can help ensure policy
Unit, Directorate General Connect,
decisions are based on the most up-to-
European Commission), suggesting ways
date information
to increase adoption of a new European
• how they can help innovation in policy by bringing a range of valuable external
Union cybersecurity certification framework.
viewpoints and fresh perspectives • how they can bring extra rigour to
This year, we also provided questions from
decisions, by asking and answering
Policy Fellows to Masters in Public Policy
difficult questions and challenging and
students, as the basis for carrying out
defending complex answers
Rapid Evidence Assessments as part of
• how they may also help bridge skills
their degree.
gaps in specialist analytical and data handling roles.
CSaP also supports the activities of Cambridge Judge Business School’s
The purpose of the programme is to help
Executive Education arm, which has
create a pipeline of scientific advisers in
delivered courses in leadership and
the engineering and physical sciences.
change management to senior policy makers from India for the last eight years. The course members value the opportunity to hear from their UK counterparts about personal and practical experiences of reform and the improvement of delivery; CSaP’s role is to identify relevant members of our network for these visits.
27
Governance CSaP’s Management Committee
Management Committee
reports to the University of Professor Dame Ottoline Leyser
Professor Richard Prager
Committee. The Advisory Council
(Chair)
Head of School, School of Technology
advises on CSaP’s strategy and
Director, Sainsbury Laboratory
activities, paying particular
Dr Robert Doubleday (Secretary)
Professor of Politics, Department of
attention to the views of
Executive Director, CSaP
Politics and International Studies
Cambridge’s Research Policy
Professor David Runciman
stakeholders. Professor Christoph Loch Director, Cambridge Judge Business School
Advisory Council Dame Fiona Reynolds (Chair)
Dr Geoff Mulgan
Master, Emmanuel College Cambridge
Chief Executive, Nesta
Professor Dame Carol Black
Professor Nick Pearce
Principal, Newnham College
Director, Institute for Policy Research,
Cambridge
University of Bath
Dr David Cleevely
Julia Unwin
Chair, Raspberry Pi Foundation
Chair, Independent Inquiry on the
Professor Diane Coyle Bennett Professor of Public Policy,
Dr Adrian Weller
University of Cambridge
Programme Director for AI,
Dr Claire Craig
Alan Turing Institute
Chief Science Policy Officer,
Lord David Willetts
Royal Society
Executive Chair, Resolution Foundation
Professor Dame Athene Donald
Lord Richard Wilson
Master, Churchill College
Cabinet Secretary (1998-2002)
Cambridge
Sir Chris Wormald
Professor Dame Ann Dowling
Permanent Secretary,
President, Royal Academy of
Department of Health and Social Care,
Engineering
and Head of the Civil Service Policy
Clare Moriarty Permanent Secretary, Department for Exiting the European Union
28
Future of Civil Society
Profession
FINANCIAL REPORT:
Year to 2019 The Centre for Science and Policy is
particular activities this year.
grateful to the University of Cambridge
During the Financial Year to 31 July
for a contribution from the Research
2019, 43% of CSaP’s income came
England Higher Education Innovation
from fees charged to Policy Fellows
Fund (HEIF); to Dr Charles F Kennel
and 20% came from the HEIF
and Dr Ellen Lehman, and the Mikheev
contribution. The table below shows
Charitable Trust for their philanthropic
that CSaP finished the year with a
donations; and to all the organisations
surplus, as it has now done for three
that have sponsored or supported
consecutive financial years. FY 2017/2018 £
FY 2018/2019 £
Income
602k
632k
Expenditure
571k
625k
31k
7k
Total funds brought forward as at 1 August
188k
219k
Total funds carried forward as at 31 July
219k
226k
Net income
CSaP Team Nicola Buckley Associate Director Policy Fellowships
Kate McNeil Communications Coordinator
Katie Cohen Research Assistant
Lauren Milden Policy Adviser
Robert Doubleday Executive Director
Jackie Ouchikh Head of Programmes
Su Ford Centre Coordinator Laura Hyde Events Coordinator
Erica Pramauro Policy Fellowships Coordinator
Alex Kell UKRI Policy Intern
29
Policy Fellows elected since 2009 The following pages list those elected to the Policy
Department for International Development:
Fellowship and Policy Leaders Fellowship since the
Lindy Cameron, Juliet Chua, Jasdeep Sandhu,
programmes began in 2011 and 2013 respectively.
Tom Wilkinson, Ellen Wratten
Affiliations shown are those which applied at the time of
Department for International Trade: Shachi Amdekar,
election to the Fellowship.
Louis Barson, Rosalind Campion, Paul Davison, Matthew Grainger, Fred Perry, Victor Platten, Crispin Simon
UK PUBLIC SECTOR - WHITEHALL
Department for Transport: Nick Bisson, Tricia Hayes,
10 Downing Street: Ivan Collister, Daniel Korski,
Jessica Matthew, Clare Moriarty, John Parkinson,
Christopher Lockwood, Tim Luke, Rohan Silva
Graham Pendlebury, Pauline Reeves, Amanda Rowlatt,
Cabinet Office: Beatrice Andrews, Ted Barry,
Philip Rutnam, Elliot Shaw
Laura Baynton, Natalie Black, Nigel Campbell,
Department for Work & Pensions: Jonathan Clear,
Rupert Cryer, Alice Dowswell, Euan Edwards,
Frank Davies, Jenny Dibden, Jonathan Mills, Jeremy Moore,
Mitchell Harris, Julie Harris, Will Harvey, Laura Haynes,
Sue Owen, Mark Swindells
Davina Henderson, Ciara Jevon, Charlotte Kume-Holland,
Department of Energy and Climate Change:
Fraser McArthur, Liz McKeown, Ewen McKinnon,
Ross Gribbin, Niall MacKenzie, Liz Owen, Phil Wynn Owen
Alexandra Meagher, Ross Neilson, Alice Newton,
Department of Health & Social Care: Mark Bale,
Sophie Odenthal, James Quinault, Hannah Rignell,
Charlie Massey, Monika Preuss, Louise Wood
Antonia Romeo, Matt Sanders, Richard Sargeant,
Foreign & Commonwealth Office: Deborah Bronnert,
Philip Sinclair, Andrea Siodmok, Jonathan Slater,
Anna Clunes, Jo Dally, Nicola Davis, Oliver Ferrari,
Lucy Smith, Simon Strickland, John Tesh, Tracey Waltho
Emma Hennessey, Joy Hutcheon, Julia Knights, Naomi
Department for Business, Energy & Industrial
Krieger, Kenan Poleo, Jane Rumble, Simon Sharpe,
Strategy: Tera Allas, Sam Beckett, Helen Bodmer,
Kate White
Amanda Brooks, Grace Carey, Chris Carr, Beth Chaudhary,
HM Treasury: Creon Butler, William Hall, Ciaran Hayes,
Alex Chisholm, Lucia Costanzo, Gareth Davies,
Akshay Kaul, Julian Kelly, Rachel King, Alex Marsh,
John Dodds, Sharon Ellis, Debbie Gillatt, Joanne Hodges,
Peter Parker, Victoria Robb, Jon Sell, Harriet Wallace,
Aphrodite Korou, Clive Maxwell, Wendy Middleton,
Rachel Zammett
Chris Pook, Alice Raine, Liesbeth Renders, Amy Salisbury,
Home Office: Susannah Browne, Charlie Edwards,
Michael Talbot, Emily Walch
Hannah Edwards, David Grahame, Nicholas Jaques,
Department for Digital, Culture, Media & Sport:
Alan Pratt, Salma Shah, James Smith, Niva Thiruchelvam,
Sarah Connolly, Paul Crawford, Matthew Gould,
Nick Timothy, Colin Wilson
Benjamin Greenstone, Dominic Lake, Sam Lister,
Ministry of Defence: Alex Churchill, Rupert Koci-Edwards,
Gaia Marcus, Robert Sullivan
Alex Randall, Peter Watkins
Department for Education: Jessica Adkins, Paul Kett,
Ministry of Housing, Communities & Local
Chris Wormald
Government: Stephen Aldridge, Paul Chamberlain,
Department for Environment, Food & Rural Affairs:
Rosehanna Chowdhury, Henry Demaria, Scott Dennison,
Colin Church, John Curnow, Gemma Harper, Fiona
Helen Edwards, David Fry, Richard Harries, Stephanie
Harrison, Dudley Hewlett, Nick Joicey, David Kennedy,
Hurst, Nick King, Andrea Lee, Mark Lee, Maria O’Beirne,
Emily Miles, Frances Pimenta, Stuart Wainwright,
Joe Manning, Samanta Padalino, Jeremy Pocklington,
Iain Williams, Katrina Williams
Ricky Taylor, Tom Tolfree
Department for Exiting the European Union:
Ministry of Justice: Colin Hindson, Scott McPherson
Sarah Healey, Jonny Matthews, Philip Rycroft
30
UK PUBLIC SECTOR – OTHER
NHS North East London and the City: Ian McDowell
Bank of England: Jon Cunliffe, Jeremy Martin,
NIHR Office for Clinical Research Infrastructure:
Seth Thomas
Mark Samuels
BBC: James Heath
Northern Ireland Executive: Linsey Farrell
British Business Bank: Matthew Gill
Ofcom: Steve Unger
Cambridge City Council: Andrew Limb
Office for Life Sciences: Tamsin Berry
Cambridgeshire County Council: Amanda Askham,
Office of Chuka Umunna MP: Jeff Masters,
Gillian Beasley, Michael Soper
Mark Simmonds
Care Quality Commission: Malte Gerhold
Ofgem: Rob Mills, Marcia Poletti
Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture
Port of London Authority: Katherine Riggs
Science: Stuart Rogers
Public Health England: Felix Greaves
Committee on Climate Change: Steve Smith
Royal Botanic Gardens Kew: David Bagshawe-Cope
Defence Science and Technology Laboratory:
Science Museum: Howard Covington
Louise Barton, Neil Lindsay, Lucy Mason
Scottish Government: Sam Anson, Leslie Evans,
Environment Agency: Doug Wilson, Simon Gardner
John Ireland
Food Standards Agency: Vanna Aldin, Julie Pierce,
Scottish Parliament: Paul Grice
Steve Wearne
Technology Strategy Board: Tim Leeder
Government Digital Service: Oliver Buckley
UK Government Investments: Jonathan Gorrie
Government Office for Science: Claire Craig,
UK Research and Innovation: Elaine Morley,
Mike Edbury, Miles Elsden, Andrew Greenway,
Wayne Williams
Chris McFee, Louise Owen, Richard Sandford,
UK Space Agency: Alice Bunn
Elizabeth Surkovic, Patrick Vallance
UK Statistics Authority: Ed Humpherson, John Pullinger
Greater Cambridge Greater Peterborough LEP:
Veterinary Medicines Directorate: Paul Green
Neil Darwin
Welsh Government: Michael Eaton, Simon Brindle,
Greater London Authority: Catherine Glossop,
Shan Morgan, Matthew Quinn
Mark Kleinman, Shaun Lowthian, Jeremy Skinner Greater Manchester Combined Authority:
INTERNATIONAL
Andrew Lightfoot
British Virgin Islands Government: Benito Wheatley
Health Protection Agency: Virginia Murray
Commonwealth Secretariat: Abhik Sen
Highways England: Stephen Elderkin
European Bank for Reconstruction and Development:
Infrastructure UK: Geoffrey Spence
Craig Davies
Innovate UK: Iain Gray
European Commission: Nadia Calviño, Richard Cawley,
Local Government Association: Sandie Dunne
Nicole Dewandre, Florent Frederix, Jose Jiménez Mingo,
London Borough of Barking and Dagenham: Tom Hook
Koen Jonkers, Reinald Krueger, Isidro Laso Ballesteros,
London Borough of Newham: Jane Kennedy
Robert Madelin, David Mair, Jan Marco Müller,
National Audit Office: Sally Howes
Luca Martinelli, Anne-Marie Sassen, Fabrizio Sestini
National Infrastructure Commission: Siddharth Varma
European Parliament: Alex Mayer
Natural England: Gary Kass
Financial Stability Board: Jon Frost
New Economy Manchester: Mike Emmerich
French Embassy, London: Serge Plattard
NHS England: Tim Kelsey, Michael Macdonnell
French Foreign Trade Advisors: Nathan Boublil
31
Policy Fellows elected since 2009
Hacettepe University: Meltem Sengelen
OTHER
International Council for Science: Charles Ebikeme
Academy of Medical Sciences: Tom Livermore,
King Hussein Cancer Centre, Jordan: Asem Mansour
Rachel Quinn
Ministry of Health, Palestine: Samah Jabr
Association of Charitable Foundations:
Ministry of Public Health, Lebanon: Ibrahim Bou-Orm,
Keiran Goddard
Hilda Harb, Nour Kik
Behavioural Insights Team: Katy King
Palestine Counselling Centre: Rana Nashashibi
BioBricks Foundation: Linda Kahl
United Nations Environment Programme: Lydia Zemke
British Airports Authority: Philip Langsdale
World Health Organisation: Gini Arnold
Building Research Establishment: Deborah Pullen Coalition for a Digital Economy: Guy Levin
INDUSTRY
Eastern Academic Health Science Network:
Accenture: Tim Cooper
Karen Livingstone
Amey plc: Stephanie Eaton
Exeter City Futures: Glenn Woodcock
Angel investor: John Taysom
Forum for the Future: David Bent
BAE Systems: Llyr Jones
Friends of the Earth: Craig Bennett
Barclays UK: Steven Roberts, Ashok Vaswani
Institution of Engineering and Technology:
BP: David Eyton, Chris Ganje, Robert Sorrell
Michelle Richmond
British Airways: David Hart
Joseph Rowntree Foundation: Julia Unwin
BT: Brendan Dick, Tim Whitley
London Centre for Social Studies: Zeynep Engin
Comac Capital LLC: Shad Turney
Massachusetts Life Sciences Center:
DeepMind: Brittany Smith
Susan Windham-Bannister
Equifax: Rhona Parry
Nesta: Halima Khan, John Loder, Stian Westlake
Frazer Nash Consultancy: Bill Hodson
Nuffield Foundation: Imogen Parker
Google: Noa Elefant-Loffler, Katie O’Donovan,
Places for People: Roger Wilshaw
Katherine Oyama
Power to Change Research Institute:
GSK: Alan Moodie
Genevieve Maitland-Hudson
Inmarsat: James Cemmell
Raspberry Pi Foundation: Philip Colligan
McKinsey & Company: Andrew Goodman
Royal Academy of Engineering: Andrew Chilvers,
NATS: Paul Swarbrick
Shaarad Sharma
Pearson International: Mark Anderson
Royal Society: Jessica Montgomery, Louise Pakseresht,
Pfizer: Adam Heathfield
Richard James Walker, Emma Woods
Privitar: Guy Cohen
Royal Society of Chemistry: James Hutchinson
Procter & Gamble: David Jakubovic
Social Finance: Alisa Helbitz
Rolls Royce: Chris Floyd
techUK: Vinous Ali, Charlotte Holloway, Anthony Walker
Scottish Power: Gordon McGregor
University Alliance: Gabriel Huntley Varkey Foundation: Vikas Pota Wellcome Trust: Ed Whiting
32
33
Contact Centre for Science and Policy University of Cambridge 10 Trumpington Street Cambridge CB2 1QA +44 (0) 1223 339642 enquiries@csap.cam.ac.uk www.csap.cam.ac.uk