Channels - daily passage for clams, river, residents and nature by Ping

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daily passage for clams, river, residents and nature

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Channels

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The terrain surrounding Cody Dock has been significantly altered by high-density industrial development, leading to elevated concentrations of nitrates and phosphates in the water. The consequential increase in invasive species, particularly Asia freshwater clams, poses a threat to the local ecosystem. While the destructive nature of invasive species on the native food chain is well-known, there are articles suggesting potential benefits of their presence in an altered environment.

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Site Issue Preliminary design

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In this successful trial, I discovered that vaseline, when broken into smaller pieces, plays a crucial role in the formation of voids, towers, and channels—the basic visible structures of biofilm. Motivated by these findings, I am integrating these insights into the design of a park, situated adjacent to a residential area. The design employs cascading terrain to create homogeneous pools within the site, which is envisioned to naturally purify the water through the influence of nature's forces.

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Asia freshwater clams, in particular, exhibit a remarkable ability to filter nitrate concentrations by secreting mucus on their surfaces, aiding in the formation of biofilm. In response to this, I conducted experiments to explore how different materials contribute to biofilm formation and their effectiveness in water purification. Notably, I observed a significant nitrate reduction reaction occurring in the Falcon tube, with the most successful sample being the one using a mixture of vaseline and mud in brackish water.

Context

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Abstract

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issue p.9

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Feral p.10

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ucl bio id 23/24 term 1 project Ping

ucl bio idof 23/24 term 1Lea project History River Ping

Lea Vally Park Walthamstow Wetland Nature history of the river Lea 1. The floodplain of the river would have forms an extensive marshland.

Active industry Brownfield sites Redevelopment area

Olympic Park

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1830's-Early 2000’s industrial revolution 1. Drainage of the marshes, channelisation and dredging of the river reduced the available habitat for species dependent on wetlands. 2. In the case of the Bromley-by-Bow Gasworks, inevitably there were solid and effluent byproducts that were released into the environment.

Thames

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Green belt Metropolitan open land

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Cody Dock

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2. The saltmarsh habitat provided conditions for halophytic plant species, juvenile fish, breeding birds and invertebrates

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River Lea

Post-Olympic Legacy

Picture citation: simonread visual art website. Picture citation: gaswork dock partnership. 2021. final Cody Dock ecology report. Picture citation: London gov. planning datamap.

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1.The development of the Olympics site was a long term lagacy plan 2. Introduce new landscapes, habitats and parkland to the Lower Lea Valley 3. Redevelopment and addressing the long-term environmental contamination

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Site - Cody Dock

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workflow

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Future plan - redevelopment site The terrain surrounding Cody Dock has been significantly altered by highdensity industrial development, leading to elevated concentrations of nitrates and phosphates in the water. Though the Post-Olympic Legacy rehabilitate some brown sites, the environment nearby river has extremely changed.

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The consequential increase in invasive species, particularly Asia freshwater clams, poses a threat to the local ecosystem. These clams employ a unique defensive strategy, secreting mucus to insulate themselves from hazardous surroundings and finely regulate ion concentrations. Mucus, being readily adherent to microorganisms, gives rise to the formation of biofilm structures. While these biofilm structures contribute positively to wastewater purification, they concurrently present challenges by causing pipe clogs within the infrastructure. In response, a workflow has been devised to systematically assess the advantages and disadvantages associated with these clams. This entails a deliberate exploration of how to integrate their distinctive characteristics into the broader design mechanism, with the ultimate aim of purifying waste water and finding appropriate position for clams.

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biofilm structure 8

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Intro: Corbicula fluminea, One of the worlds most widespread aquatic invasives, have the property of high reproductive and rapid growth rate, establishing in a number of rivers in southeast England

Spread: By the 20th century, instead of co-existing with other plants, Phragmites began to dominate its habitats, pushing out other plant species. It spreads both through rhizomes and seed propagation, leading to a significant presence across the continent by the 1970s.

Spread: First recorded in GB on the River Chet on the Norfolk Broads in 1998, but by 2002 had spread to all major rivers in the Broads. Since then has been discovered in the Thames (2004), the Great Ouse (2005), the River Trent, midlands (2007), Port Talbort in Wales (2011), and the River Medway (2012).

Contemporary Perspective: The aggressive European variant of Phragmites is now recognized as a powerful, resilient species that dominates various landscapes, even those affected by pollution. Interestingly, while it is increasing in North America, it's declining in Europe.

Contemporary Perspective: The aggressive Asian variant of clams is now recognized as a powerful, resilient species that occupy habitat of native mussel species.

Environmental Impact: In some areas, like Louisiana, the introduced strain showed greater resilience after events like oil spills. Phragmites can also serve as a buffer against rising sea levels and might help in sequestering nitrogen and heavy metals.

Environmental Impact: This species have potential benefits like: Water filtration (increased clarity, increased light penetration), provision of substrate, potential bioindicator. However, they still cause nagtive impacts such as, alteration of water chemistry, bioaccumulation and competition. The native blue mussel (Mytilus edulis) can filter up to 45-90 liters of water per day while invasion clams can filter approximately 24-48 liters per day.

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Conclusion: As the struggle to control Phragmites continues, some experts suggest focusing conservation efforts on key wetlands. The resilience and dominance of Phragmites might be nature's way of adapting to rapid ecological change. Efforts to categorize and control plants based on origin might need reevaluation as humans confront a world where Phragmites has become an integrated component of the landscape.

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Intro: Phragmites, also known as the common reed, is a tall grass observed extensively along North American highways and in wetlands.

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Asia freshwater clams :

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Reed field :

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Invasive species reference

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citation: Thomas Bassett & Carol Spindel, 2021, This stowaway plant is here to stay. (Recommended by prof. Ian) 10

citation: NNSS, 2015, Asian Clam (Corbicula fluminea) /gaswork dock partnership. 2021. final Cody Dock ecology report/ Paul Elliott* and Philine S.E. zu Ermgassen. 2008. The Asian clam (Corbicula fluminea) in the River Thames, London, England

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preliminary proposal

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mechanism diagram

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mechanism diagram purification mechanism Continual Landscape Operating with curving surface for the integrity of whole system.

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In this two step purification mechanism, water in River Lea is pumped into the habitat of clams and goes through the facade into the top tank, relieved back to river Lea. The habitat of clams serves as not only a park for pedestrians but also a initial purification. The facade also perform in multifunction, second purification, windows and tanks for algae or biofilm cultivation.

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arrangement of water routes

arranging different hierachies of rocks

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While it is true that Phragmites dominate native habitats, it's essential to recognize their role as a buffer against rising sea levels and their contribution to sequestering nitrogen and heavy metals (1). Transitioning back to Cody Dock, it becomes evident that Asia Freshwater Clams not only displace native pea clams but also possess the potential to play a vital role in purifying industrial wastewater.

Direction: 1. the integrity of whole system. 2. cascading landscape. 3. Utlizing nature force of river.

With these references and the formulated design hypothesis, I have established my experimental motivation and set a clear objective: to compare biofilm formation on materials associated with Asian freshwater clams in brackish water and investigate their nitrate purification ability.

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Drawing from the insights in the literature on 'biofilm-developed microplastics as vectors of pollutants in aquatic environments' (2), it becomes evident that microplastics in aquatic environments can readily be colonized by microorganisms, forming biofilm. Furthermore, another relevant study, 'mixing and scale affect moving bed biofilm reactor (MBBR) performance' (3), highlights the potential capability of biofilm in decreasing nitrate concentration.

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From these identified issues, I have formulated a design hypothesis: what if we could harness the purification abilities of clams to not only clean water but also mitigate the invasive species problem? My exploration into how clams clean water has led me to the intriguing connection with biofilm. Clams, through the generation of mucus, contribute to the formation of a gel-like substance that assists in the creation of biofilm.

Revising

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Summary of preliminary proposal

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multilayers

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natural force, terrain

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biofilm in vaseline environment

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Lab Biofilm Cultivation workshop

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1. Asia freshwater clam shells (clean and dry) 2. Asia freshwater clam shells (captured from mudflat)

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The experiment involves a comparative analysis of three different materials: clam shells, Vaseline (similar to clam mucus), and plastics. I have established six material variations, divided into treatment and control groups:

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Material and Methods

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3. Powder of clam shells

5. Plastics 6. Brackish water (diluted from a salted stock solution) - serving as the control group.

In a subsequent step, after an additional week of incubation, I re-evaluated all the tubes to determine if there were any changes in the measured values. This comprehensive approach allows for a thorough understanding of how the selected materials and conditions influence water quality over time. 18

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Over the course of one week, the tubes were subjected to constant shaking, leading to the attachment of some organisms on the tube walls. Following this period, I introduced drops of nitrate solution into each tube, allowing them to mix thoroughly. Using a testing kit, I assessed five key values - pH, nitrate, nitrite, general hardness, and carbonate hardness.

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To initiate the experiment, I prepared materials in six Falcon tubes. I diluted sterilized saline water to create brackish water and formulated a mud solution sourced from Cody Dock, distributing it equally among the six tubes. Subsequently, all tubes were placed in a shaking incubator to subject the water to continuous fluctuations between high and low levels.

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4. Vaseline (substance resembling clam mucus)

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biofilm observation

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In the first week of observation, the formation of biofilm was evident between the high and low water levels in all samples.

Following the addition of nitrate solution and testing, the pH values varied, with the clean and dry clam shell sample (sample 1) registering the highest at 8.4, while the veseline-containing sample (sample 4) and the sample with no added material (sample 6) recorded the lowest at 6.4. The carbonate hardness was highest in the sample containing clam shell powder, indicating significant dissolution into the solution. Nitrate concentration reached 250 mg/l in all samples, but nitrite concentration was higher in samples 1, 2, and 3 at 5 mg/l, demonstrating that the shell enhanced nitrite concentration.

Under the microscope, I observed a matrix of extracellular polymeric substances, displaying a threedimensional structure characterized by towers, channels, and layers, as described in literature (4)(5). The shells material (samples 1, 2, 3, 5), as well as the sample without any material (sample 6), exhibited a similar structure. However, the biofilm in the veseline-containing sample (sample 4) differed significantly. A translucent substance surrounded the biofilm, and there were noticeably more cocci-shaped organisms, possibly bacteria, compared to the other samples. 20

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Results

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Observation

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Moving forward, I plan to employ Gram staining to identify Gram-negative bacteria, which will appear pink or red under the stain. Documenting the colored bacteria and classifying them by shape, whether cocci (spherical), bacilli (rod-shaped), or spiral, will contribute to a more detailed understanding of the microbial community. Additionally, I am considering exploring methods for testing proteins produced by bacteria, although I currently lack a clear approach, especially without mass spectrometry.

Results

In conclusion, I am grateful for the opportunity to explore river environments, examining the organisms in brackish water and witnessing the transformative power of microorganisms in subtly altering nitrite concentrations.

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After a week, pH and carbonate hardness values remained relatively stable across all samples. Nitrate concentrations ranged from 230 to 250 mg/l, while the veseline-containing sample (sample 4) initially showed 150 mg/l but increased to 220 mg/l. Although the effect of biofilm on nitrate concentration was inconclusive, an intriguing trend emerged in nitrite concentration. All samples exhibited an increase of approximately 5 mg/l, suggesting a nitrate reduction reaction (NO3-NO2) occurred

In a broader design context, I envision incorporating Asia freshwater clams into the pools of my landscape designs. This unconventional approach involves exploring the potential of using invasive species for river water purification and controlling concentrations of nitrate and nitrite. Furthermore, as water quality undergoes changes, it creates opportunities for the reestablishment of native species.

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The most significant observation in this experiment, in my view, lies in the structure of mixed materials with biofilm and Vaseline. While it may not precisely mimic the arrangement of nitrogen-fixing bacteria seen in Lemna minuta, the properties of fixing onto surfaces and forming protective edges make these organisms more adaptable to stable conditions than the fluctuating brackish water solution.

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Furthermore, I want to emphasize the distinction between mucus and gel, despite their shared components that do not dissolve in water. If granted permission to collect real clams, I aim to breed them and conduct tests on live samples. This approach will enable a comprehensive analysis of the purification hierarchy involving biofilm, clams, and plants.

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value recording

Initially, I am concerned about the elevated nitrate concentrations in each sample, as they may be detrimental to organisms not adapted to such levels. The maximum testing value for nitrate is 250 mg/l (4.03×10-3M), posing challenges in obtaining precise nitrate measurements. Nevertheless, I am encouraged by the noticeable increase in nitrite concentration, indicating the occurrence of a nitrate reduction reaction. This underscores the role of biofilm in facilitating the exchange between positively and negatively charged compounds.

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Conclusion

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Main Design Biofilm Concept

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Reference

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This is an approach to a deeply sustainable, open-air environment, including sewage water depuration systems and several professional sport facilities. The park is organized around 10 natural infrastructures, called “water trees”, which not only constitute nice and user-friendly environments, but also the source for the naturalization and recovery of the natural habitat beneath them. The trees host a water lane that naturally filtrates water and provide an unique landscaping experience.

EMBT won the bid with a proposal that aimed at incorporating the extreme complexity of the setting itself by creating a commercial market complemented by a residential zone and public spaces that integrated all the activities of the neighborhood. The project maintains parts of the existing structure and the architects proposed a new and creative render of the area which respected the history and context of the site.

citation: WATER TREES LA GAVIA website: https://archiologics.com/gazapo-lapayesetoyo-ito-associates/

citation: SANTA CATERINA MARKET RENOVATION. website: http://www.mirallestagliabue.com/project/santa-caterina-market-renovation/

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Santa Caterina Market Renovation

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Water Trees La Gavia

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conceptual sketching

Operating factors to control the terrain based on the hexagonal column. Hexagonal geometry is adapted to flowing environment.

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Route

Voronoi

Gathering river for purifying reaction (gradually sunken)

Creating main route for river (gradually sunken)

Creating pools and islands (same distance between central vertices)

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Slope

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Centripetal force

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Multilayer park Structure of every tower

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Professor main advice: Relieving some lands to original mud Detail about every modular. Biofilm as a concept site

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Vertices of Voronoi

Connecting

Creating pools and islands (same distance between central vertices)

Setting tree towers on the vertices. (homogeneous distribution)

Creating different types of towers which are expanding from the previous one

Connecting with some corridors and turnning into a multilayer park.

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Vertices of Voronoi

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operation diagram

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Aggregation

Tower

Patching new terrain field to consider where should hold or relinquish the control of original mud.

Red one (A) is hexagonal columns (planters) and Green one (B) is the division of A

Combining with land and thinking how to attach transition to the tower

Growing tree inside and functioning as park.

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Tower

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Terrain field

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Relieving some lands to original mud Biofilm structure as a concept (canopy and multilayers)

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Revising Optimizing scale on different modules Detail

tower

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Towers

Detail

To see the effect of module arrangement.

Applying different textures to hexagonal modules.

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Tower

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Hign water level

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Low water level

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basic geometry

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Revising Optimizing scale on different modules Considering different orders between the inside and outside of structure

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type C

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Structure

Pavement

5 meters XY (UV) defining basic shape of pavement

It is the division of B (green one) in randomized order.

Dividing UV in high density (2.5 meter)

It is the division of B (green one) in organized order.

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structure

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Triangular column transition

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type A and B

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type A

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Analyzing

Reason

Waterflow

surfaces facing to the fast velocity are generated in deep carving texture. (for clam attaching easily)

type A and B

analyzing diagram

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Selecting velocity

Selecting faces

Yellow vector represent slow velocity and blue vector is opposite.

Leaving fast vector.

Choosing faces surrouding to fast vector. (for giving deep carving texture)

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Velocity of river

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modular

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professor advice: Controling every face of hexagonal columns via the velocity of river.

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simulation diagram 38

simulation diagram

extracting surfaces

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Aggregation diagram

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aggregation A & B

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hexagonal geometry

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Final Fabrication experiment

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Experiment and Fabrication for texture

PLA model

1. controlled variable: same textures (same shell for casting)

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2. independent variable: different materials 3. response variable: crystallization, biofilm forming

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casting model water flowing submersibles pump

texture testing 1. controlled variable: different textures (3D printing)

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2. independent variable: same materials 3. response variable: biofilm forming

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Material: concrete + sand+

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Modeling

Fabrication Printing negative model (shell) - Locking on the panel - Refining surface - Casting material

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Computing texture with different gaps and Patching into surfaces of hexagonal column

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mud

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Final reaction

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Discussion

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In the realm of material testing, a noteworthy breakthrough has emerged concerning calcium crystallization. Specifically, there was a substantial reduction in carbonate concentration, plummeting from 300 mg/L to 120 mg/L. Regrettably, the remaining parameters exhibited negligible changes. Moreover, in the texture experiment, a discernible observation was made: the profound texture exhibited an increased affinity for a gel-like substance. However, establishing a conclusive link between this observation and the depth of the texture proved challenging, as the concentrations of nitrate and nitrite did not exhibit a decrease. In conclusion, it is plausible that insufficient time was allotted for a comprehensive reaction, suggesting the need to study live clams within this environment. With these refinements, I posit that a tangible transformation in crystallization and biofilm formation will become apparent.

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membrane layer study

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membrane diagram 5 - the best of all

Due to the flexibility and modularity of the water storage and drainage layer, it serves as an interface, dividing the entire system into lower and upper layers. The lower layers attach to the existing structure, shielding it from excessive water, radiation, and root penetration. In contrast, the upper system functions as an independent entity, providing an optimal environment for plant growth. Moreover, numerous improvements in the water storage and drainage layer, ranging from structural performance and ventilation to auto-irrigation systems, offer possibilities for intricate integration with the upper system in complex designs.

Examining these layer products, three crucial factors come to the fore: weight, water retention, and ventilation. In products with the same material composition, a higher weight typically correlates with lower water retention, while a higher water storage capacity often means reduced ventilation. In essence, the breakthrough in improving these products lies in the utilization of stronger yet sustainable materials or the manipulation of adequate geometric designs.

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layer products reference

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Membrane study

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comparison of products

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water drainage layer protection layer anti rooting membrane water proofing membrane

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filter layer protection layer anti rooting membrane water proofing membrane

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substrate

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Intensive system

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senerio

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senerio

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High level water (5m)

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Low level water (0m)

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References (1)Thomas Bassett; Carol Spindel. (2021). This stowaway plant is here to stay. website https://feralatlas.supdigital.org/poster/this-stowaway-plant-is-here-to-stay (2)Jianlong Wang; Xuan Guo; Jianming Xue. (2021). Biofilm-Developed Microplastics As Vectors of Pollutants in Aquatic Environments. Environmental Science and Technology. 10.1021/acs.est.1c04466 (3)Andries Kamstra; Ewout Blom; Bendik Fyhn Terjesen. (2017). Mixing and scale affect moving bed biofilm reactor (MBBR) performance. Aquacultural Engineering. 10.1016/j.aquaeng.2017.04.004 (4)Ammar A. Awadh; Alison F. Kelly; Gary Forster-Wilkins; David Wertheim; Richard Giddens; Simon W. Gould; Mark D. Fielder. (2021). Visualisation and biovolume quantification in the characterisation of biofilm formation in Mycoplasma fermentans. Scientific Reports. 10.1038/s41598-021-90455-5 (5)Nur Ceyhan; Guven Ozdemir. (2008). Extracellular polysaccharides produced by cooling water tower biofilm bacteria and their possible degradation. Biofouling. 10.1080/08927010801911316 (6)C. M. Buswell; Y. M. Herlihy; P. D. Marsh; C. W. Keevil; S. A. Leach. (1997). Coaggregation amongst aquatic biofilm bacteria. Journal of Applied Microbiology. 10.1046/j.1365-2672.1997.00260.x (7)Manuela Bog; Henryk Baumbach; Ulrike Schween; Frank Hellwig; Elias Landolt; Klaus J. Appenroth. (2010). Planta. 10.1007/s00425-010-1201-2 (8)Pier Luigi Luisi. (2006). THE EMERGENCE OF LIFE-From Chemical Origins to Synthetic Biology. ISBN 978-0-521-82117-9 Hardback (9)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_membrane (accessed on 2 January 2024) (10)Guillaume Lecointre; Annabelle Aish; Nadia Améziane; Tarik Chekchak; Christophe Goupil; Philippe Grandcolas; Julian F.V. Vincent; Jian Sheng Sun. (2023). Revisiting Nature’s “Unifying Patterns”: A Biological Appraisal. Biomimetics. 10.3390/biomimetics8040362 (11)James Marston Fitch; Daniel P. Branch. (1960). Primitive Architecture and Climate. (12)Katia Perini; Marc Ottelé; A. L.A. Fraaij; E. M. Haas; Rossana Raiteri. (2011). Vertical greening systems and the effect on air flow and temperature on the building envelope. Building and Environment. 10.1016/j.buildenv.2011.05.009 (13)Mikael Gartner. (2008). Structural Implications of Green Roofs , Terraces , and Walls. SEAOC. (14)U Porsche; M Köhler. (2003). LIFE CYCLE COSTS OF GREEN ROOFS - A Comparison of Germany, USA, and Brazil. RIO 3. (15)Stefano Cascone. (2019). Green roof design: State of the art on technology and materials. Sustainability. 10.3390/su11113020 (16)ODU Green Roof, Drainage and Water Retention Layers. Available online: https://odu-green-roof. com/drainage-and-waterretention-layers/ (accessed on 2 January 2024). (17)Trading and Service Provider Limited Liability Company (A.P.P. KFT). Water-Retention and Drainage Board. Available online: https://greenuptheroof.com/water-retention-and-drainageboard-2/ (accessed on 2 January 2024). (18)Green-Tech, Roof Garden Roofdrain. https://www.green-tech.co.uk/green-roofs-and-living-walls/ green-roof-systems/green-roof-drainage/roof-garden-roofdrain (accessed on 2 January 2024) (19)Behrouz Pirouz; Stefania Anna Palermo; Gianfranco Becciu; Umberto Sanfilippo; Hana Javadi Nejad; Patrizia Piro; Michele Turco. (2023) A Novel Multipurpose Self-Irrigated Green Roof with Innovative Drainage Layer. Hydrology. 10.3390/hydrology10030057 (20)Diego Carrera; Ignacio Lombillo; Jaime Carpio-García; Haydee Blanco. (2022) Journal of Building Engineering. 10.1016/j.jobe.2021.103455

Conclusion In this term's design project, a persistent question loomed over my efforts: What distinguishes this endeavor from my previous projects? This inquiry encapsulates the anxiety stemming from financial commitments, anticipations, and the implications for my future career. Delving into the novel aspects I've encountered this term, I've found a wealth of resources to enhance my animation capabilities. Houdini, in particular, has proven instrumental in simulation, analysis, and scenario creation, elevating my proficiency in rendering. The increased control and precision over parameters have significantly improved my workflow, allowing for manipulation within the model environment rather than relying on time-consuming processes like Photoshop. The cultivation workshop introduced an invigorating experience of capturing clam shells. Sampling from an environment of widespread concern, I sensed a profound connection between nature and architecture, a perspective I had not previously explored. While the term posed challenges in grappling with various organisms and chemical workflows, I believe this approach is indispensable for learning architecture, especially in the Anthropocene era. Looking ahead, my focus will be on refining the systems built upon the biological knowledge I've amassed. Precision in experiments will follow, guided by realistic expectations and effective information absorption techniques. Anticipating and integrating new techniques into the computational aspects of my projects will be a priority, ensuring a gradual enhancement of my skills. I extend my gratitude to all the professors who provided invaluable advice throughout this term. It has been a thoroughly enjoyable and enriching experience.

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