ჟურნალი "ონლაინ არქეოლოგია" მე-5 ნომერი. by კულტურისა და სპორტის სამინისტრო

s a r C e v i

• arqeologiuri

daijesti

• qvemo qedi - maisi - 2013

• sagarejo - ivnisi - 2013

• Waladidi - ivlisi - 2013

• imiri - seqtemberi - 2013

• dvani - oqtomberi - 2013

• interviu

• saqarTvelos erovnuli muzeumis arqeologiis centris ufrosTan, baton zurab maxaraZesTan

• axali arqeologiuri aRmoCena

• dedoflis gora

• statiebi

• qristianobis sakiTxi fxovSi

• ialoiluTefes tipis arqeologiuri Zeglebis qronologiis problema ior-alaznis ormdinareTSi • Tvalsazrisi

84 100

• alaverdis kaTedralis daTariRebisaTvis

101

• studenturi gverdi

152

• dedoflis goris adreuli Sua saukuneebis namosaxlari

153

• muzeumebi da artefaqtebi

182

daculi sanawile jvris atribuciis sakiTxisaTvis

183

• gaicaniT saqarTvelo

206

• xerTvisis cixe

206

• xevsureTi

214

• bagratis arqeologia

222

• zemo svaneTi

246

• saintereso gamocemebi

256

• adresamiwaTmoqmedo kultura samxreT kavkasiaSi

256

• atenis sioni

258

• muzeumi

260

• ufliscixis istoriul-arqeologiuri muzeum-nakrZali

262

ydaze: wminda eqvTime RvTiskacis xati da misive saxelobis eklesia eqvTime TayaiSvili - qarTveli istorikosi, arqeologi da sazogado moRvawe, saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa akademiis akademikosi, profesori, Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis erT-erTi damfuZnebeli, marTlmadidebeli eklesiis wmidnani. wels Sesrulda eqvTime TayaiSvilis dabadebidan 150 wlisTavi. 2013 weli iuneskos egidiT eqvTime TayaiSvilis saiubileo wlad gamocxadda.

s a r C e v i

• borjomis mxareTmcodneobis muzeumSi

a r q e o l o g i u r i

qvemo qedi - maisi - 2013 dedofliswyaros sakrebulos SetyobinebiT, sof. qvemo qedSi gzis mSeneblobis dros aRmoCnda Tixis WurWeli da adamianis Zvlebi. viTareba adgilze Seiswavles saqarTvelos kulturuli memkvidreobis dacvis erovnuli saagentos arqeologiuri memkvidreobis marTvis samsaxuris ufrosma iulon gagoSiZem da amave samsaxuris ufrosma specialistma zurab giorgaZem. sof. qvemo qedSi mSenebare gzis me-7 km-ze, 66-e piketTan saniaRvre milis Casadgmelad mSeneblebs gza gadauWriaT eqskavatoriT. Txrilis sigane 3 m-ia, siRrme - 2 m, Txrilis fskerze arqeologiuri masalis kvali ar SeiniSneba. rogorc Cans, arqeologiuri masala eqskavatoriT

amoRebul

miwas gahyva, radgan orive WrilSi,

gzis

marjvena

Txrilis samxreT naxevarSi Cans samarxebis naSTebi. arqeologiuri masala Tixis WurWeli TariRdeba q.w. I saukuniT da ekuTvnis

d a i j e s t i

e.w. alaznis anu ialoiluTefes arqeologiur kulturas. eqskavatoris mier dazianebuli samarxidan amoyrili WurWeli fotofiqsaciis Semdeg dedofliswyaros mxareTmcodneobis muzeums gadaeca da daisva sakiTxi aq dacviTi arqeologiuri gaTxrebis ganxorcielebis Sesaxeb.

sagarejo - ivnisi - 2013 saqarTvelos

kulturuli

memkvidreobis dacvis erovnuli saagentos TanamSromlis arsen xatiaSvilis informaciiT sagarejos municipalitetSi, ramdenime punqtSi SemTxveviT aRmoCenila arqeologiuri siZveleebi. kulturuli memkvidreobis dacvis erovnuli saagentos arqeologiuri memkvidreobis

marTvis

samsax-

uris ufrosi iulon gagoSiZe adgilze Cavida mdgomareobis Sesaswavlad. iulon gagoSiZis cnobiT:

1. sofel patarZeulis CrdiloeTiT, daaxloebiT 2-km manZilze, xevSi Sua saukuneebis qviTkiris ramdenime Senobis nangrevebi Cans. SedarebiT srulad SenarCunebulia gegmaSi kvadratuli (4X4) koSkisebri nageboba, romlis samxreTi da dasavleTis kedlebi TiTqmis 3 m-is simaRlezea SemorCenili. kedlebi nagebia riyis qviT, gamoyenebulia qviSaqvis Txeli filebis natexebic. orive kedelze interierSi mowyobilia oTxkuTxa TaxCebis rigebi, romelTagan kargad aris SemorCenili dasavleTis kedelze ramdenime qveda rigi. TaxCebis zomebia: simaRle - 15 sm, sigane - 18 sm, siRrme - 25 sm. amrigad, aq saqme gvaqvs e.w. “afTiaqTan”, anu “kolumbariumTan”. amgvari “afTiaqebi” Sua saukuneebis samonastro kompleqsebSi gvxvdeba (saqarTveloSi, somxeTSi, kabadokiaSi da sxv.). kolumbariumis CrdiloeTiT, ramdenime metrSi sxva nagebobis dasavleTis kedelia SemorCenili. kedelze ori TaxCaa, maT Soris, ki kedelSi keramikuli wyalsadeni mili Cans. kedlis win, miwaSi qvevrebis kvali SeimCneva da duRabSi Casmuli qvevris natexebic yria. 2. sagarejodan, kodisken mimaval gzaze 1,5 km-Si, e.w. yvavis saydris nangrevebia, romlis aRdgena adgilobrivebs

daijesti

gadauwyvetiaT da mZime teqnikis saSualebiT mis garSemo

saZirkvlamde gauTxriaT miwa. Txris dros dazianda samarxebi (qvayuTebi). “yvavis saydari” mcire zomis yofila (6X4,5), kedlis sisqe 70 sm-ia, nagebia didi zomis riyis qviT, Tumca saZirkvelsa da Crdilo-aRmosavleT kuTxeSi qviSaqvac aris gamoyenebuli. kari samxreT kedelSia gaWrili, aqvs sworkuTxa sakurTxeveli, SemorCenilia kankeli, romelic imave teqnikiTaa nagebi, rogorc kedeli. yvavis saydarTan napovnia arqeologiuri masala.

xobis municipalitetis gamgeblis movaleobis Semsrulebelma b-n k. beniZem saqarTvelos kulturisa da ZeglTa dacvis saministros acnoba, rom Waladidis Temis sofel saRvamiCaoSi, rionis marjvena napirze mdinarem gamorecxa Zveli samarxi. adgilze viTareba Seiswavla saqarTvelos kulturuli memkvidreobis dacvis erovnu-

daijesti

Waladidi - ivlisi - 2013

li saagentos arqeologiuri memkvidreobis marTvis samsaxuris ufrosma iulon gagoSiZem. saRvamiCaos saZovari mdebareobs uSualod rionis piras da mas sistematurad recxavs mdinare, gazafxulis yoveli wyaldidoba 2-3 m-is siganis zols aklebs saZovars. mdinarispira flate, sadac aRmoCnda samarxis naSTi 2-3 m-is simaRlis Tixnaria da aSkarad emCneva mdinaris zemoqmedebis kvali. am flateSi 200 m-is manZilze 7 adgilas zedapiridan 1.70 m-is siRrmeze SeiniSneba ormoe-

bis kvali, romelTa Zirzec gamoCnda naxSiri, Zvlebi, keramikis fragmentebi da brinjaos natexebi. aSkaraa, rom es aris ganapira mxareebi ormoebisa, romelTa ZiriTadi nawili an mdinaris mitacebulia, an miwis siRrmeSia dafluli, Zneli saTqmelia, ra xasiaTis an ra drois ZeglebTan gvaqvs saqme, SesaZlebelia, isini marTlac samarxebi iyos. WaladidSi SemTxveviT gamovlinda marmarilos qandakebis fragmenti - adamianis Tavis naturaluri zomis gamosaxuleba. TeTri marmarilos qandakebis aRmoCena saqarTvelosTvis didi iSviaTobaa. qandakeba antikuri xanisaa, misi gamovlena WaladidSi mniSvnelovani arqeologiuri obieqtis arsebobas mianiSnebs.

imiri - seqtemberi - 2013 marneulis municipalitetis sofel imiris maxloblad, adgil gadaWril goraze, qarTul-frangulma arqeologiurma eqspediciam (saqarTvelos erovnuli muzeumisa da safrangeTis samecniero kvlevis erovnuli centris (CNRS) proeqtis I (Laboratory Interna-

tional Associate) –“GATES Project“) farglebSi ganaxorciela arqeologiuri samuSaoebi arqeolog mindia jalabaZis xelmZRvanelobiT. am savele kampaniis gansakuTrebul monapovrad SeiZleba CaiTvalos 6 m diametris, gegmaSi wriuli nagebobis aRmoCena, rac erTgvarad moulodneli iyo neoliTuri xanis Sulaver-SomuTefes kulturisaTvis, romlisTvisac

dam-

axasiaTebelia

To-

losiseburi alizis romelTa

tipis

nagebobebi, diametre-

bi, Cveulebriv, 3 m ar aRemateba. 6 m diametris

nagebobis

alizis cru TaRiT (Tolosiseburad) gadaxurva teqnikurad SeuZlebelia, e.i. aq gadaxurvis sxva konstruqciasTan gvaqvs saqme. amdenad es mniSvnelovani faqtia saqarTveloSi xuroTmoZRvrebis ganviTarebis istoriisTvis.

dvani - oqtomberi - 2013 saqarTvelos kulturuli memkvidreobis dacvis erovnuli saagentos monitoringis samsaxuris ufrosis g.gagoSiZis cnobiT, sofel dvanSi SemTxveviT Zveli samarxi gamoCenila. viTareba adgilze Seiswavles saqarTvelos kulturu-

li memkvidreobis dacvis erovnuli saagentos arqeologiuri memkvidreobis marTvis samsaxuris ufrosma iulon gagoSiZem da amave samsaxuris ufrosma specialistma zurab giorgaZem. md. aRmosavleT fronis xeobaSi, mdinaris marcxena napiras, qarelis municipalitetis sof. taxtiZiris CrdiloeTiT, sof. dvanis sazRvarze, adgil wiTelbegebze, saRolaSoeni-dvani samanqano gzis piras, ferdobis Camorecxvis Sedegad gzidan 1,5 m-is simaRleze gamoCenila miwaSi horizontalurad dafluli qvevri. qvevri damsxvreuli iyo da natexebi gzis piras eyara. gairkva rom aq saqme gvaqvs Zvel samarxTan. qvevrSi ori - mozrdilisa da bavSvis ConCxebi aRmoCnda. mozrdils

brinjaosa da rkinis samajurebi ekeTa xelze, bavSvs ki - spilenZis mavTulovani sayureebi. qvevri da brinjaos samajuri TariRdeba q.w. III-II saukuneebiT. i. gagoSiZem da z. giorgaZem qvevris natexebi da samajuri gadasces qarelis municipalitetis amJamad moqmed doRlauris arqeologiuri eqspediciis bazas qarelis mxareTmcodneobis muzeumSi gansaTavseblad.

interviu saqarTvelos erovnuli muzeumis arqeologiis centris ufrosTan, baton

zurab maxaraZesTan

â&#x20AC;&#x153;erovnuli muzeumis arqeologiis centris ZiriTadi prioriteti interdisciplinaruli kvlevebiaâ&#x20AC;? - batono zurab, Tqven xelmZRvanelobT saqarTveloSi umsxviles arqeologiur dawesebulebas, Sesabamisad, saqmis kursSi brZandebiT, ra viTarebaa dRes saqarTvelos arqeologiaSi, ra problemebi da gamowvevebia mis winaSe da ra warmatebebs veliT uaxloes periodSi? -

pirvel yovlisa, minda aRvniSno, rom saqarT-

velos arqeologiaSi mniSvnelovani progresi SeiniSneba, Tumca, problemebi arsebobs. mag.: mimaCnia, rom Cveni kanonmdebloba ar aris idealuri da mniSvnelovanwilad dasaxvewia. garda amisa, Zireulad unda aRmoifxvras kanondarRvevis mcdelobac ki. rac Seexeba erovnuli muzeumis arqeologiis centris saqmianobas, Cveni mTavari prioriteti interdisciplinaruli kvlevebia da proeqtebi, romlebsac ucxoelebTan erTad vaxorcielebT. am erToblivi proeqtebis mTavari miRweva is aris,

rom Cven CaverTeT saerTaSoriso TanamSromlobaSi, vurTierTobT msoflioSi saukeTeso centrebTan da gvaqvs saSualeba, ucxoel kolegebTan erTad sazRvargareT gavakeToT masalaTa analizebi Tanamedrove tipis saukeTeso laboratoriebSi, rac xarisxobrivad cvlis miRebul Sedegebs, anu, obieqturad, dRes ufro meti informaciis miReba SeiZleba, vidre Tundac uaxles warsulSi. mogexsenebaT, arqeologiis centri adre damoukidebeli organizacia iyo akademiis daqvemdebarebaSi, Semdeg erovnul muzeums SeuerTda. mimaCnia, rom es yvelaze msxvili arqeologiuri dawesebulebaa saqarTveloSi, Cven 60-ze meti mecnier-TanamSromeli anu arqeologiuri centris ZiriTadi birTvi SevinarCuneT, rac metad mniSvnelovani faqtia. axla SegviZlia, muSaobis dasawyisidan, e.i. masalis mopovebidan, mis publikaciamde Tvali vadevnoT monapovars, anu Camoyalibda erTi sistema da Cven uSualod vmonawileobT yvela procesSi - laboratoriul kvlevebSi, restavracia-konservaciasa Tu gamofenebis mowyobaSi. sistemaSi Seiqmna uwyveti jaWvi. vfiqrob, amis gakeTeba aucilebeli iyo, radgan aseTi aqtivoba yovelTvis dadebiTad isaxeba muSaobis processa Tu Sedegebze. centris warmatebul saqmianobas, mniSvnelovani kontaqtebis damyarebas, bunebrivia, xels uwyobs erovnuli muzeumis direqtoris b-n daviT lorTqifaniZis avtoriteti.

interviu

- amJamad romeli interdisciplinaruli proeqtebi xorcieldeba? -

ukve meore welia qarTul-avstraliuri eqspedi-

cia muSaobs aspinZis municipalitetis sofel WobareTSi, sadac mtkvar-araqsis kulturis nasaxlari iTxreba, qarelis municipalitetis sofel doRlaurTan, dedoflis goraze muSaobs qarTul-italiuri arqeologiuri eqspedicia. bolnisis municipalitetSi, saydrisis oqros sabadoze dawyebuli proeqti xorcieldeba, folqsvagenis fondis dafinansebiT. aruxloze ki, neoliTuri xanis nasaxlaris gaTxrebi gagrZelda, aseve germanelebTan erTad. - rogor xdeba erToblivi proeqtebis dafinanseba? -

erTobliv eqspediciebs ucxouri fondebi afi-

nansebs. gaTxrebs erToblivad vawarmoebT, Cvenia materialuri baza, specialistebi da sxva resursebi. - qarTuli eqspedicia, Tqveni xelmZRvanelobiT, ukve sami welia ucxoeTSi muSaobs. ram ganapiroba qarTveli arqeologebis aseTi dafaseba da ras SeiswavliT Tqven iq? -

diax, qarTuli misia sami welia kuveitSi muS-

aobs ise, rogorc safrangeTis, inglisis, poloneTis, daniisa da sxva qveyanaTa misiebi. am proeqtis xelmZR-

interviu

vaneli b-n daviT lorTqifaniZe gaxlavT, me ki savele direqtori var. Cvens eqspedicias â&#x20AC;&#x153;kuveit-qarTuli eqspediciaâ&#x20AC;? hqvia, organizatori gaxlavT kuveitis mxare, rac Cveni muSaobis damoukideblobas ar uSlis xels. kuveitSi vmuSaobT kunZul failakaze, sparseTis yureSi. gaTxrebi saintereso aRmoCnda Tundac imiT, rom iq

failaka, savele samuSaoebi

gamovlinda dilmunis kultura. dilmunis kultura dadasturebulia kunZul bahreinze da ukavSirdeba Sumerul civilizacias. es gaxlavT adreuli brinjaos xana - III aTaswleulis dasasruli. periodi, rodesac dilmunis kultura ukavSirdeba Sumers, q.w. 2200-1750 wlebiT TariRdeba. dilmunis kultura Sumerul civilizacias amaragebda (samxreTidan sazRvao gziT) liToniT -

interviu

spilenZiT, arsebobs varaudi, rom iq kalac SehqondaT. dilmunis kultura sakmaod Taviseburia, CvenTvis im kuTxiTac sainteresoa, rom saqarTvelo am winaaziuri civilizaciis CrdiloeT periferiaa, xolo dilmunis kultura samxreTis - anu ikveTeba Sumeris civilizaciis liToniT momaragebis ori sxvadasxva gza. patara kunZuli failaka evfratisa da tigrosis SesarTavTan axlos mdebareobs da erTgvari forposti gaxlavT. gaTxrebi iq danielebma daiwyes (jefri bibim). gamovlinda taZari, sasaxle, sabeWdavebi, erTad aris aRmoCenili dilmunuri da Sumeruli masalebi, rac, TavisTavad, sainteresoa. am kulturis aRzevebis meore periodi elinisturi xanaa, frangebma gaTxares indoeTTan savaWro forposti elinisturi forti, artemidas taZriT. - ra gaTxara qarTulma eqspediciam? - qarTvelebs failakaze gamogviyves is teritoria, romelic Seuswavleli iyo, anu am kunZulis CrdiloaRmosavleT nawili. Cven gavTxareT da failakaze pirvelad aRmovaCineT yorRnis tipis samarxi. samarxi marTalia gaZarculi dagvxvda, magram tipuri dilmunuri keramika axlda, garda amisa, gavTxareT, ucxoelTaTvis ucnobi qvayuTebi (adrebrinjaos xanis III aTaswleulis dasasruli - II aTaswleulis dasawyisi). aRmovaCineT mTeli rigi Zeglebi (aseve ucxo maTTvis), es gaxlavT qurebi - qviT naSeni, TixiT Selesili ork-

interviu

ameriani qurebi, romlebic adreul rkinis xanas, anu I aTaswleulis I naxevars unda ekuTvnodes, magram problema is aris, rom ar viciT, risTvis gamoiyeneboda es qurebi, rac, TavisTavad, Zalian sainteresoa. qviSaSi qvis 100-mde ucnobi konstruqcia davafiqsireT. miuxedavad imisa, rom qarTuli eqspediciis paralelurad kunZulze sxvadasxva qveynis eqspediciebi muSaobs, anu profesionalizmi maTTvis ar aris ucxo, imdenad moewonaT Cveni jgufis saqmianoba, rom gagvigrZeles xelSekruleba. es kontraqti xuTwliania, garda amisa, metad sasixaruloa is, rom SemogvTavazes meore eqspediciis Catareba. anu, failakaze muSaobas gaagrZelebs b-n guram kvirkvelia, me ki kontinentze gadaval. momavali wlidan saqarTvelodan warmodgenili iqneba ori paraleluri eqspedicia, rac, bunebrivia, ufro meti profesionalisa da studentis dasaqmebis saSufailaka, yorRani

interviu

alebas mogvcems. Cven vcdilobT axalgazrdebis integrirebas msoflio arqeologiur sivrceSi, miT umetes, rom axalgazrdebis interesi didia. - ramdenadac viciT, gasuli wlis Semodgomaze, Tqveni xelmZRvanelobiT, alaznis WalaSi arqeologiurma eqspediciam

q.w. mesame aTaswleu-

lis yorRani gaTxara, iqneb gviTxraT, riTi iyo mniSvnelovani es samarxi da ra SesZina misma Seswavlam saqarTvelos arqeologias? -

diax, SarSan lagodexis municipalitetSi, sofel

WabukianTan, gavTxareT ori yorRani, gaTxrebs Tavad vxelmZRvanelobdi, radgan am periodis specialisti var. erTi ananauris 3 grandiozuli yorRania, 100 m-is diametris 12 m-is simaRlis uzarmazari gora, romelic

ananauri 3, yorRnis yrilis Wrili

qviT iyo dafaruli, rogorc gairkva, mTeli yrili

interviu

datkepnili Tixisgan Sedgeboda, zemodan riyis qvis javSani hqonda gadafarebuli. am yorRnis qveS aRmoCnda ormoSi Cadgmuli xiT nagebi dasakrZalavi kamera, mTeli moedani (daaxloebiT 25X15-ze) muxis morebiT iyo dafaruli. TviTon ormos Sida farTobi 9.5X6 m-ia. is xiT nagebia, ormagi kedlebiT, ormagi gadaxurviT, am ormag xis fenilSi Wilofi iyo Cafenili xaliCasaviT, gamovlinda sami sayrdeni sveti, agreTve, aRmovaCineT 2 dasakrZalavi oTxTvala etli, rac TavisTavad sainteresoa imitom, rom yvela yorRanSi, romelic gaTxrilia saqarTvelosa Tu Crdilo-kavkasiaSi, mxolod TiTo etlia aRmoCenili. amgvari grandiozuli da mdidruli yorRani 40-50 weliwadia ar gaTxrila saqarTveloSi. miuxedavad imisa, rom yorRani brinjaos xanaSive gauZarcvavT da, samwuxarod, ConCxebi

ananauri 3, gaxsnili kamera

areulia (maTi mxolod narCenebi dafiqsirda, Tumca

interviu

es narCenebic mniSvnelovan informacias Seicavs), is mainc unikaluria. es xis nageboba mTlianad TixaSi iyo, zemodan 12 m TixiT dafaruli, is imdenad kargad daicva Tixam da Wilofma, rom yorRanSi gansakuTrebuli mikroklimati Seiqmna, Sesabamisad, miuxedavad alaznis velis nestisa (an SesaZloa swored amis gamo) SemorCa is organuli nivTierebebi, romlebic Cveulebriv nadgurdeba xolme. TiTqmis dauzianebeli dagvxvda 30-35 sm-is diametrisa da 8-9 m-is sigrZis xis morebi, isini imdenad kargad iyo Senaxuli, rom amoReba gagviWirda.

ananauri 3, oqros samkauli

gamovlinda didi raodenobiT Salis sxvadasxvagvarad naqsovi materia, tyavis nivTebi, maT Soris foCebiani CanTa, oqros nakeTobebi, samkaulebi (23 erTeuli), bedenis kulturisTvis (romelic zogadad III aTaswleu-

interviu

lis II naxevriT TariRdeba) damaxasiaTebeli kaJisa da obsidianis isrispiorebi, liTonis nivTebi. TviTon etli fantastikurad damuSavebuli ornamentiTaa Semkuli, gamovlenilia savarZeli, faqtiurad, taxti, rac pirveli SemTxvevaa am periodisTvis, xis WurWeli, qalcedonis rgoli da qarvis mZivebis SesaniSnavi asxma. qarvis mZivebis aRmoCena TavisTavad Zalian mniSvnelovani faqtia, vinaidan am periodSi ara mxolod saqarTveloSi, aramed mTel axlo aRmosavleTSi qarva cnobili ar iyo. savaraudoa, rom qarva Semotanilia baltiispireTidan. yorRanSi gamovlenili qarva am periodis yvelaze adreuli qarvaa wina aziaSi. safiqrali da samuSao bevri gvaqvs, unda gairkves, ra kontaqtebi hqondaT Cvens winaprebs sxva kulturebTan. garda amisa, yorRanSi gadarCa kalaTebiT Setanili Txili, wabli - gavavseT sami tomara. gamovlinda kalaTebis narCenebi, gadarCenilia tyis kenkra ki - ontyofa da kvrinCxi, cacxvis marcvlebi, rko. yovelive es swored yorRnis unikaluri mikroklimatis wyalobiT gadarCa. sainteresoa is faqti, rom rodesac samarxSi aRmoCenili Zvlebi Seiswavles gairkva, rom isini TaflSi iyo amovlebuli, rac gvamis balzamirebis mcdelobaze metyvelebs, xolo palinologiuri Seswavlis Sedegad dadasturda, rom SeiniSneba vazis, xorblis, anu kulturuli mcenareebis kvali, Tumca samarxSi mxolod tyis nobaTia warmodgenili. dRes Cven saSualeba gvaqvs, imdenad maRal doneze SeviswavloT masala, msoflios

interviu

saukeTeso specialistebTan konsultaciebis fonze, rom xSirad masalis Seswavlis Sedegad miRebuli informacia aranakleb mniSvnelovania Tavad gaTxrebze. amJamad mimdinareobs yorRnis masalis kvlevis, damuSavebis, aRdgenis procesi, restavracia-sakonservacia. amjerad, Cveni konsultantebi germanelebi arian. oqros nivTebi Cabarda erovnuli muzeumis oqros fonds, danarCeni masala ganTavsda Sesabamis fondebsa da laboratoriebSi. kvlevis Sedegebi gamoqveyndeba samuSaoebis dasrulebis Semdeg, droebiT eqsponirebas erovnul muzeumSi vapirebT. - ras gvetyviT meore yorRnis Sesaxeb? -

meore yorRani - â&#x20AC;&#x153;WinWriani goraâ&#x20AC;? gacilebiT pata-

raa. yrilis diametri 50 m-ia, simaRle - 2.5 m. miwayrili gadasworebuli iyo, magram TviTon ormo uzarmazari aRmoCnda - 11 m diametrisa da 8 m siRrmis, xiT (Zalian WinWriani gora, xedi

interviu

saintereso

konstruqciis)

gadaxuruli.

gruntis

wylebis gamo, am yorRanSi muSaoba gagviWirda, Tumca, fiqsacia SevZeliT. samwuxarod, yorRani gaZarcu-

WinWriani gora, kameris xedi

li dagvxvda. iZulebulni viyaviT, mTeli es miwa gagverecxa. aRmovaCineT ramdenime micvalebulis ConCxi, keramikis fragmentebi, sardionis lamazi sakidebi, mTeli asxma mTis

WinWriani gora, keramika

brolis mZivi.

fotoebi gamoyenebulia b-n zurab maxaraZis eqskluziuri nebarTviT.

axali arqeologiuri dedoflis gora iulon gagoSiZe

q.w.II-q.S.I ss. sasaxlis Crdilo aRmosavleTi koSkis naSTi

dedoflis gora saqveynod cnobili arqeologiuri Zeglia. 1985-2007 wlebSi aq muSaobda s.janaSias saxelobis saqarTvelos erovnuli muzeumis arqeologiuri eqspedicia (xelmZRvaneli i.gagoSiZe), romelmac gaTxara da Seiswavla antikuri xanis sasaxle - iberiis (qarTlis samefos) mefeTa erT-erT rezidencia. sasaxle q.w. II saukunis dasasruls aris agebuli da daaxloebiT q.S. 80 wels Zlieri miwisZvris Sedegad daingra. miwisZvras xanZari mohyva, romelmac sasaxlis meore da mesame sarTulebi imsxverpla. marTalia, sasaxlis mcxovreblebi gadarCnen, magram verafris gatana ver mouswriaT, radgan pirveli sarTulis oTaxebSi, romlebic saxuravisa da kedlebis

aRmoCena cecxlisgan gamlRvali masiT aris amovsebuli arqeologebs TiTqmis yvelaferi xeluxlebeli daxvdaT. gadarCa ara Tu liTonis (oqro, vercxli, brinjao, rkina), qvis, minisa da keramikuli nivTebi, aramed organuli warmoSobis masalac ki - aveji, qsovilebi, xili (atami, Svindi, yurZeni da sxv.), marcvleuli (xorbali, asli, qeri, Wvavi), fqvili, gamomcxvari puri, xisa da tyavis nawarmi. sasaxle ganfenilia goris mTel Txemze (3.500 kv.m). 2007 wlamde gaiTxara 20 oTaxi da aq aRmoCenili 10 000ze meti sxvadasxva tipis eqsponati gadaeca saqarTvelos erovnul muzeums. q.S. IV saukuneSi sasaxlis nangrevebze sofeli gaSenda, romelmac VI saukunemde iarseba. magram, rogorc arqeologiuri gaTxrebiT gairkva TviTon sasaxlec uZveles namosaxlarze auSenebiaT. dedoflis goris samxreT ferdobze, romelsac mdinare dasavleTis frone (fciula) recxavs SeimCneva adreuli rkinisa da brinjaos xanis kulturuli fenebi, romelTa saerTo sisqe 10-15 m aRwevs. sul qvemoT, mtkvar-araqsis xanis (q.w. III aTaswleulis dasawyisi) kulturuli fenis qveS gamovlinda keramikuli fragmentebi, romlebic savaraudod xalkoliTis epoqas (q.w. IV aTaswleuli) miekuTvneba. es kultura maikopisa (Crd. kavkasia) da leilaTefes (azerbaijani) saxeliTaa cnobili da, rogorc irkveva mesopotamiuri, urukis kulturis identuria, masve miekuTvneba 1980-ian wlebSi Sida qarTlSi, adgil berikldeebze gamovlenili ori

kulturuli fena - taZari da safortifikacio sistema. berikldeebi ki im Zveli namosaxlaris nawilia, romlis centri dedoflis gora gaxlavT. amJamad, xalkoliTuri kulturis kvleva kavkasiis arqeologiis erT-erTi aqtualuri problemaa. swored amitom dainteresdnen dedoflis goriT uZvelesi periodis mkvlevarebi.

pirveli kulturuli fena IV s.

2013 wlis 17 ivnisidan 31 ivlisamde qarTul-italiuri proeqtis «Sida qarTlis arqeologiuri proeqti» farglebSi saqarTvelos erovnuli muzeumisa da veneciis foskaris universitetis (Ca’ oscari niversity of Venice) erToblivma samecniero eqspediciam arqeologiuri da interdisciplinaruli kvleva Caatara qarelis raionSi dedoflis goraze. gaTxrebSi monawileobdnen ilias universitetis mecnier-TanamSromlebi da stu-

dentebi, aseve veneciis universitetis studentebi, saqarTvelos kulturuli memkvidreobis dacvis erovnuli saagentos warmoadgenda iulon gagoSiZe. eqspedicias xelmZRvanelobda saqarTvelos erovnuli muzeumis mTavari kuratori, arqeologi mindia jalabaZe. eqspediciis ZiriTadi mizani iyo dedoflis goris stratigrafiis garkveva, risTvisac goris samxreT da aRmosavleT ferdobebze gaiTxara ori stratigrafiuli Wrili, garda amisa, grZeldeboda sasaxlis gaTxrebic, gaiwminda morigi 21-e oTaxi. marTalia, verc stratigrafiuli Wrilebis da verc oTaxis bolomde gaTxra ver moxerxda, magram miRebuli Sedegebi metad mniSvnelovania. 1985-2007 wlebSi dedoflis goris sasaxlis gaTxrebis dros erTma garemoebam miiqcia yuradReba, kerZod, q.S. II saukunis bolos aSenebuli sasaxle idga adreuli rkinis xanis fenaze an mdinareul xreSze. adreuli rkinis xana sasaxlis aSenebis periods win uswrebs minimum xuTasi wliT, anu savaraudo iyo, rom am

sakurTxeveli gaTxris procesi

xuTasi wlis ganmavlobaSi dedoflis goraze aravin saxlobda. xolo mdinareuli

xreSis

arseboba mdinaris amJamindeli doni-

dan TiTqmis 30 m-is simaRleze auxsneli rCeboda. wels gaTxrilma stratigrafiulma Wrilma am orive sakiTxs naTeli mohfina. aRmosavleT ferdobze gavlebuli stratigrafiuli Wrilis meore safexurzeve gamovlinda aqemeniduri da elinisturi xanis fenebi, amdenad gairkva, rom sasaxlis mSeneblebs mSeneblobis dawyebis win, samSeneblo moednis nivelirebis mizniT mousworebiaT goris Txemi da uSualod misi winamorbedi elinisturi da aqemeniduri xanis kulturuli fenebi gaunadgurebiaT.

sasaxlis 21-e oTaxi sakurTxevliani

stratigrafiulma Wrilma gaarkvia mdinareuli xreSis warmomavlobac. Wrilis meoTxe safexurze gaiwminda adreuli rkinis xanis adreuli etapis mZlavri galavnis

monakveTi. galavani uzarmazari lodebiT aris nagebi da gamagrebulia samkuTxa kontrforsebiT. galavnis mSeneblebs galavnis win, goris garSemo amouTxriaT 20 m siganisa da 10 m siRrmis TavdacviTi Txrili da am Txrilidan amoRebuli mdinareuli warmoSobis xreSiT aumaRlebiaT gora. sruliad uCveulo aRmoCnda sasaxlis 21-e oTaxi. 5mX5m farTobis oTaxi praqtikulad carieli iyo da mis SuaSi, SedarebiT axlos dasavleTis kedelTan samsxverplo-sakurTxeveli idga. gamovlinda oTxkuTxa baqanze aRmarTuli alizis agurisave TaRovani nageboba, romelic aRmosavleTisken aris gaxsnili. am buxris msgavs konstruqciaSi samsxverplo cecxli enTo: masSi SemorCa 15 sm-is wminda nacris fena, sakurTxevlis dabrtyelebul zedapirze idga oqroTi Semkuli brinjaos ramdenime mcire zomis qandakeba, eyara minis mZivebi da ori kvercxi ido. qanadakebebidan erT-erTi xelawvdili qali, SesaZloa, minervas gamosaxulebaa, meore - qalis figuraa, mesame - frTebmokecili arwivis skulptura. yvela maTgani cilindrul an kubur postamentebze idga.

fotoebi gadaRebulia iulon gagoSiZis mier.

statiebi

giorgi gogoWuri

saqarTvelos geografiuli mdebareoba ganapirobebda qarTvelTa saerTaSoriso istoriul misias: daecva CrdiloeT kavkasiidan gadmosasvleli uReltexilebi. q. w. I aTaswleulis meore meoTxedSi CrdiloeT kavkasiidan SemoWrilma skviTur-kimeriulma tomebma gaanadgures mcireaziuli civilizaciebi, asureTisa da urartus saxelmwifoebi. CrdiloeTidan mosulma damangrevelma Zalam, rogorc Cans, imdenad imoqmeda imdroindel wina aziaSi arsebul saxelfoebsa da mosaxleobaze, rom am movlenebidan TiTqmis aTaswleulis ganmavlobaSi aqtualuri gaxda kavkasionis gadmosasvlelebis Caketvis aucilebloba. aqemeniduri iranisa, Tu sasanidebis Sahin-Sahebis, romis, bizantiisa da arabebis mier saqarTveloSi laSqrobebis Semdeg, zavis dadebisas, aqtualuri xdeboda CrdiloeTidan gadmosasvlelebis dacvis problema. amis gamo dampyrobelsa da dapyrobil qveyanas (iberia) Soris dadebuli zavi, zogjer, â&#x20AC;&#x153;samegobro xelSekrulebadâ&#x20AC;? moixsenieboda. zemoTqmulidan gamomdinare qarTlis samefo kars mudam Tval-yuri unda edevnebina mTiani regionisTvis da iq mcxovrebi mosaxleobisTvis. elinistur da adreul Sua saukuneebSi aRmosavleT saqarTvelos mTianeTi, da ra Tqma unda fxovic, qarTlis (iberiis) samefo xelisuflebis uSu30

statiebi

alo gamgeblobaSi imyofeboda. samefo karis yvela politikuri da religiuri aqti, rogorc Cans, pirvel rigSi, mTis mosaxleobaSi unda ganxorcielebuliyo. bunebrivia, xelisufalsa da mis domens Soris, romelic qveynis CrdiloeT sazRvris siaxloves mdebareobda da misi funqcia sazRvris dacva iyo, aucilebeli iqneboda ideologiuri Tanxvedris arseboba. jer kidev antikur xanaSi, qarTlis mefisadmi uSualo morCilebam ganapiroba is, rom fSav-xevsureTis mosaxleobam ufro metad SeiTvisa da Seisisxlxorca samefo karis religia, vidre baris regionis araerTgvarovanma da gansxvavebul religiur aRmsareblobaTa mosaxleobam, maSin rodesac jer kidev ar arsebobda erTiani saxelmwifo religia. aRmosavleT saqarTvelos mTiswineTi da mTaqristianuli religiis oficialur aRiarebamdec baris mier kargad iyo aTvisebuli. am faqts werilobiTi wyaroebi, arqeologiuri masalebi da eTnografiuli monacemebi adasturebs [ramiSvili 1996: 17]. IV saukunidan, qarTlis samefo karis iniciativiT mTianeTis mosaxleoba inaTleba. qarTlis moqcevis qronikam Semogvinaxa yru gamoZaxili imisa, rom qristianobas qarTlSi advilad ar gaukvalavs gza wm. ninos mociqulebrivi moRvaweobis Semdegac ki: “warvida da dadga wobens (wm. nino) da uqadaga sarwmunoebaჲ qristჱsi. xolo maT ganuyares Tavi da erisTavman mcired wahmarTa maxvili da SiSiT moscnes kerpni maTni dalewad”. asea “moqcevaჲ qarTlisaჲs” Satberdul nusxaSi [ZqalZ 1963: 89]. i. gagoSiZes miaCnia, rom qarTlis saxelmwifos ganviTarebis strategiam ganapiroba is faqti, rom mefisa da misi ojaxis 31

statiebi

monaTvlis SemdeguSualod mTa da kaxeT-kuxeTi moinaTla, xolo zena soflis gaqristianeba samermisod gadaido. qarTlis (iberiis) keTildReoba didad iyo damokidebuli imaze, Tu rogor akontrolebda xelisufleba kavkasionis uReltexilebs. kontrolis warmatebiT gansaxorcieleblad aucilebeli iyo xelisuflebis mier mTielTa damorCileba. mosaxleobis damorCilebis saSualeba ki yovelTvis iyo mefis religiis am mosaxleobaSi damkvidreba, Tundac Zalismieri meTodebiT, rogorc es moxda wm. ninos dros [gagoSiZe 1999: 60]. WeliSuri nusxis mixedviT “maxvilis warmarTva” erisTavs TviT wm. ninom ubrZana: ”xolo nino ubrZana erisTavsa, raჲTa warmarTos mcired maჳli maT zeda, da viTarca Sebma uyves, SiSiT misces Tavni maTni naTlis-Rebas”. ninos winaaRmdegoba gauwies “mTielTa yovelTa”. “mTielTa, WarTalelTa, da fxoelTa da wilkanelTa”. miuxedavad imisa, rom qarTlis

xevsureTi. cixedsofeli muco

statiebi

mefe ukve meoTxe saukuneSi moinaTla Sida qarTlis baris mosaxleobis nawili meeqvse saukunemde warmarTad rCeboda. farTo saeklesio mSenebloba aq VI_VII ss-Si gaiSala [gagoSiZe 1999: 60; 66-67]. qarTlis samefo karis gaqristianeba da mis mier aRmosavleT saqarTvelos mTianeTis mosaxleobaSi ganxorcielebuli politika aisaxa materialur kulturaze, rac dasturdeba arqeologiuri gaTxrebis Sedegad gamovlenili ZeglebiT. qristianobam mTaSi Tavisi kvali Semogvinaxa eklesia-monastrebis, samarxeuli Zeglebis, qva-jvarebisa Tu stelebis saxiT. saqarTvelos mTianeTis mosaxleobis sulieri da materialuri kulturis kvleviT mravali ucxoeli da qarTveli specialisti iyo dainteresebuli. mecnierebi dResac daoben TuS-fSav-xevsureTsa da mTiuleT-gudamayarSi SemorCenil religiur rwmena-warmodgenebis, kultmsaxurebis, sakulto-sasuliero teqstebisa da maTi warmomavlobis Tu ritualSi CarTvis gzebis Sesaxeb. imis gamo, rom mTa gasuli saukunis bolo meoTxedamde arqeologiurad Seuswavleli iyo, mkvlevarTa umravlesobis daskvnebi emyareboda religiur Temebs adgilze nanax da aRweril ritualebs, zepir gadmocemebsa da Zalian mwir werilobiT wyaroebs. amis gamo, xSir SemTxvevaSi, daskvnebi subieqturi da zogjer mcdaric iyo. fxovSi qristianobis gavrcelebis sakiTxis kvlevisas, pirvel rigSi, gansaxilvelia istoriuli fxovis lokalizaciis problema, rac dRemde, gadauWrel sakiTxad rCeba qarTul istoriul geografiaSi. g. rCeuliSvili, mravali samecniero literaturisa da istoriuli werilobiTi wyaros

statiebi

mimoxilvis Sedegad askvnis, rom fxovis samxreT sazRvari IV saukunisaTvis orwylis midamoebSi unda yofiliyo da SesaZleblad miaCnia mogviano xanebSi misi gadmoweva karTanisken. igi fxovis CrdiloeT sazRvars xaxmat-daTvisjvris uReltexilTan moiazrebs, Tumca, aseve ar gamoricxavs, rom es sazRvari SesaZloa, anatoris nasoflaris maxlobladac (mdinare arRunisa da ardotis wylis SesarTavi) gadioda [rCeuliSvili 1990: 24-25; 37-38; 45; 110]. xeobis viwrobebSi, karTanas midamoebSi, aragvis orive mxares, TavdacviTi nagebobebis, nasoflarebisa da qristianuli Zeglebis simravlec am midamoebSi administraciuli sazRvris arsebobaze unda mianiSnebdes. amjerad, cxadia, Cveni mizani fxovis lokalizaciis dazusteba ar aris. am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT viziarebT g. rCeuliSvilis mosazrebas. Cven fxovis sazRvrebi, gvainteresebs qristianuli Zeglebis gavrcelebis TvalsazrisiT. aRmosavleT saqarTvelos mTianeTis arqeologiurad Seswavla mxolod oTxi aTeuli wlis win daiwyo. gasuli saukunis 70-ian wlebSi aragvis xeobaSi Jinvalis hidro-eleqtrosadguris mSeneblobasTan dakavSirebiT Camoyalibda arqeologiuri eqspedicia r. ramiSvilis xelmZRvanelobiT, romlis umTavres mizani iyo axalmSeneblobis zonaSi istoriul-arqeologiur ZeglTa gamovlena da kvleva. mogvianebiT, arqeologiurma kvleva-Ziebam moicva, ara mxolod axalmSeneblobis zona, aramed aRmosavleT saqarTvelos maRalmTiani regionic. eqspediciam mTis wina zolSi gamoavlina mravali qrsitianuli Zegli. am ZeglTa didi umravlesoba nangrevebis saxiTaa

statiebi

SemorCenili da maTi Seswavla SesaZlebeli gaxda mxolod arqeologiuri gaTxrebis Sedegad. Zeglebi umetes wilad fSavis qveda zonis soflebsa da nasoflarebSi fiqsirdeba, anu istoriuli fxovis gareT. es is teritoriaa, romlis gavliTac fxovSi aRwevda “baruli” kultura da, raRa Tqma unda, qristianobamac am gziT SeaRwia fxovis maRalmTian soflebSi. Cveni mizani ar aris fSav-xevsureTis qristianuli Zeglebis stilisturi analizi, Cven saqarTvelos am regionSi eklesia-monastrebis raodenobis mixedviT qristianobis gavrcelebis masStabebi unda warmovaCinoT. fSav-xevsureTSi aRricxuli qristianuli Zeglebidan sxvadasxva drois arqiteqturuli kompleqsebi gamoiyofa. isini, ZiriTadad, adreul, ganviTarebul da gvian Sua saukuneebs ganekuTvneba fSav-xevsureTis Zeglebis mokle mimoxilva: xeobis dasawyisSi, mdinare aragvis marcxena mxareze, nasoflar mRvimis ganapiras, misgan Crdilo-aRmosavleTiT, gaiTxara eklesia, romelic daTariRebulia VIII_IX saukuneebiT [sikZa 2008: 297]. sof. neZixis Tavze mdebareobs “bzianas” samonastro kompleqsi, romelic arqeologiuradaa Seswavlili. kompleqsi Sedgeba ori eklesiisa da samarovnisagan. samonastro kompleqsSi, jer kidev Zeglis Txris procesSi, uZveles nagebobad (VIII s.) bazilika aRiares [wereTeli 1980: 71-72], SedarebiT mogvianod ki, darbazuli eklesia. arqeologiuri kvleva-

statiebi

Ziebis dasrulebis Semdeg moxerxda kompleqsSi calkeuli nagebobebis aSenebis Tanmimdevrobis dadgena da misi TariRi VI-VIII saukuneebiT ganisazRvra [rCeuliSvili 1990: 33-34]. neZixis teritoriazea RvTismSoblis darbazuli eklesiac, romelic soflidan samxreT-aRmosavleTiT, tyiT dafarul borcvze mdebareobs da ganviTarebul Sua saukuneebs ganekuTvneba. kankelis win dgas sworkuTxa formis mozrdili qviSaqvis bloki zeda waxnagze sworkuTxa RrmuliT, rogorc Cans, sakurTxevliswina jvris baza [sikZa 2008: 286-287]. didi kompleqsia Seswavlili sofel TvalivSi. Zegli mdebareobs sof. Tvalivis samxreTiT tyian ferdobze. kompleqsi Sedgeba didi darbazuli da mcire eklesiebisagan, senaksacxvreblebisa da galavnisagan. Tvalivi unda yofiliyo xarWaSneli episkoposis rezidencia, romelic ivris xeobidan XV s-Si gadaitanes aragvis xeobaSi. rogorc Cans, Tvalivis saydari XVI saukuneSi safuZvlianad gadaukeTebiaT. miuxedavad amisa, sxvadasxva arqiteqturuli niSniT (gareT gaSverili da nalisebri afsida, SigniT gaganierebuli sarkmlebi da sxv.) is moiazreba adre Sua saukuneTa xanis qarTuli xuroTmoZRvrebis ZeglTa wreSi da ganekuTvneba VIII-IX ss. msgavsi Zeglebi aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi ZiriTadad VI-VII ss. TariRdeba [sikZa 2008: 286-287; wereTeli 1980: 73-74]. gudruxSi aris salocavi â&#x20AC;&#x153;adgilis dedaâ&#x20AC;?, anu RvTismSoblis eklesia. is mdebareobs tyian qedze, sadac dadasturebulia Sua saukuneebis mZlavri namosaxlari. eklesias samxreTidan aqvs gviandeli (XII-XIII ss.) minaSeni. eklesia X saukunisaa [sikZa 2008: 240-241].

statiebi

sof. maRaroskaris pirdapir, kuWeWas maRali mTis wverze (3000 m. zRvis donidan) aris nagebobis naSTi, romelic meoradad gamoyenebuli Sirimis kvadrebiTaa wriulad SemozRuduli. kvadrebSi gamoirCeva erTi monoliTi, romelic safasado mxridan Semkulia sami kaneluriT da oTxi pilastrisagan Sedgeba. blokis orive gverdze gamosaxulia TiTo kaneluri. gamoTqmulia mosazreba, rom Sirimisa da kldis natexi blokebi im eklesiis dangreuli naSTebia, romelic aqve unda yofiliyo, xolo Sirimis didi zomis kanelurebiT Semkuli monoliTi am eklesiis sakurTxevlad moiazreba. kuWeWas mTis Zeglis magaliTze kargad Cans, Tu rogor gamoiyenes dangreuli eklesiis masalebi da mogvianebiT rogor gamarTes aq xat-salocavi [wereTeli 1980: 74-75]. sofel kanatiis midamoebSi, kudos mTaze, nasoflaris teritoriaze, mdebareobs wm. giorgis naeklesiari, romelic ganekuTvneba VIII-IX saukuneebs. eklesias sammxrivi garSemosavleli hqonia, nagebia sxvadasxva zomis natexi qviT. kuTxeebSi, konstruqciul nawilebsa da kar-sarkmlebis wirTxlebis wyobaSi gamoyenebulia Sirimis kargad gaTlili qvebi [sikZa 2008: 263]. sofel swrofavis teritoriaze aris naeklesiarebi. erT-erTi eklesia mdebareobs soflis CrdiloeTiT. igi TariRdeba X s-iT. eklesia darbazulia, naSenia natexi qviT. kar-sarkmlebis Riobebi amoyvanilia Sirimis Tlili qviT [sikZa 2008: 313]. swrofavidan sakmaod Sors, soflis CrdiloeTiT 2 km-ze, fSavis aragvisa da xorxis xeobebis gamyof qedze, sayviralis mTaze mdebareobs wm. giorgis eklesiis kompleqsi. kompleqs-

statiebi

Si gvxvdeba VIII-IX ss. wm. giorgis darbazuli eklesia garSemosavleliT, aqve wm. giorgis eklesiis samxreTiT darbazuli eklesiaa, romelic ganviTarebul Sua saukuneebs ganekuTvneba. kompleqsSi, agreTve egvteri, koSki, sacxovrebeli nageboba da galavania [sikZa 2008: 313]. karTanas midamoebSi, ramdenime adgilze, Seswavlilia eklesiebi. “karTanis eklesia” mdebareobs aragvis marjvena mxareze, kopalas xat-salocavis Crdilo-dasavleTiT, maRal borcvze. eklesia darbazuli tipisaa. Tavdapirvelad daTariRda VIII_IX ss-is mijniT, xolo mogvianebiT, misi TariRi dazustda da ganisazRvra X-XI saukuneebiT [wereTeli 1980: 76; sikZa 2008: 272]. fSavis aragvis marcxena napirze, nasoflar karTanis teritoriaze Seswavlilia naeklesiari. sakurTxevlis baqanze aRmoCnda natexi qviT nagebi kuburi formis kvarcxlbeki, romelic, rogorc Cans jvrisTvis iyo gankuTvnili [sikZa 2008: 273]. sofel qalilos CrdiloeTiT, aragvis marcxena Senakadis –yofCuras xeobaSi, gaTxrilia yofCiskaris kompleqsi (darbazuli eklesia, sworkuTxa koSkis nangrevebi, galavani). Zegli daTariRebulia ganviTarebuli Sua saukuneebiT. eklesia gegmiT sworkuTxaa, nagebia sxvadasxva zomis natexi qviTa da gamoyenebulia duRabi. aqa-iq gamoyenebulia Sirimis kvadrebic. darbazSi SemorCenilia sakurTxevlis win aRsamaravTi jvris kvadratuli bazisi [sikZa 2008: 322-323]. yobCiskaris mopirdapire mxares, mdinare aragvis marjvena ferdobze, sof. arbaCxanis WalaSi didi nasoflaria, romelSic gamoirCeva mcire eklesiis nangrevi mZlavri galavnis naSTiT.

statiebi

Satili

darbazuli eklesiis nangrevi gaiTxara karTanas samarovnis gaRma, aragvis marcxena napirze [rCeuliSvili 1990: 25]. arqeologiurad jerjerobiT Seswavlili ar aris fSavis rig soflebsa da nasoflarebSi gamovlenili uamravi Zegli, romlebzec adreuli qristianuli xuroTmoZRvrebis nimuSebic gvxvdeba. bevri maTgani aRwerilia, gakeTebulia fotofiqsacia da arqiteqturulad azomilia. aseTi Zeglebia: maRaroskaris dasavleTiT, salaRoswveris mTaze arsebuli eklesiis naSTi, romelic nagebia natexi qviTa da Sirimis kvadrebiT. naeklesiari daTariRebulia VIII-IX saukuneebiT [sikZa 2008: 273]. afSos aRmosavleTiT tyiT dafarul qedze arqiteqturuli kompleqsis nangrevebia, naeklesiariT. eklesia auSenebiaT kldis natexi da Sirimis Tlili qviT. nangrevebSi aRmoCenilia Sirimis qvaSi nakveTi embazi. afSoSivea Saraos wm. giorgis eklesiis nangrevebi. Zegli mTis wverzea, naSenia

statiebi

kldis nagleji qviT, gareTa kuTxeebis wyobaSi gamoyenebulia Sirimic. orive naeklesiari ganviTarebul Sua saukuneebs miekuTvneba [sikZa 2008: 220-221]. sofel gomewris siaxloves, adgil saydarTgoraze, aris naeklesiari (ikiTxeba mxolod gegma), romelic arqiteqturuli detalebis mixedviT daTariRebulia VIII-IX ss-iT. Saraxevis xeobaSi dafiqsirebulia ramdenime naeklesiari. es eklesiebi aRiarebelia gviandeli Sua saukuneebis Zeglebad. sofel CargalTan, misgan samxreTiT, adgil diyelis midamoebSi, aris Zlier dangreuli eklesia. Caqceulia konqi da kamara, kedlebis mxolod mcire nawilia SemorCenili [sikZa 2008: 332,236,338]. naeklesiaria SemorCenili sofel kanatiasTan, md. fSavis aragvis marjvena napiras, WalaSi. Zegli nagebia natexi qviT. kedlebis umetesi nawili dangreulia [sikZa 2008: 263]. Carglis zemoT, fSavis soflebSi arsebuli naeklesiarebi arc arqeologiuradaa Seswavlili da ratomRac isini arc saqarTvelos istoriisa da kulturis ZeglTa aRwerilobis meore tomSia Setanili. marto sofel kawalxevis SemogarenSi dafiqsirebulia oTxi naeklesiari: adgil `saydarasTan~, `jvarT goraze~, Sua ubnis mopirdapire mxares da adgil `cixiasTan~. sofel xomis teritoriaze aris wm. mariamis eklesiis nangrevebi dowias mTaze. nasoflar cixeTgorze mikvleulia eklesiis nangrevebi. naeklesiarebi aRricxulia ukana fSavis soflebSi: muqusa da vakisofelSi (fSavis zeda zonis soflebis Sesaxeb informacia mogvawoda t. maxaurma, risTvisac madlobas vuxdiT).

statiebi

fSavis zeda zonis soflebsa da xevsureTis teritoriaze aRricxuli naeklesiarebi, iSviaTi gamonaklisis garda, TiTqmis saZirkvlis donemdea dangreuli, rasac ver vityviT Carglis qvemoT arsebul Zeglebze. amis gamo gaZnelebulia, qristianuli Zeglebis naSTebis mikvleva da maTi sruli aRricxva. eklesiebis am donemde dangreva an mSeneblobis dabali doniTaa gamowveuli (kedlis mSrali wyoba, duRabis gareSe), an adamianis zemoqmedebis Sedegia. xevsureTis qristianuli xuroTmoZRvruli Zeglebi, Tu ar CavTvliT anatorisa da orbeulTis naeklesiarebs, faqtiurad Seuswavlelia. dazvervebis Sedegad, bolo wlebSi, ramdenime naeklesiaris naSTi dafiqsirda piraqeTa xevsureTSi. anatoris eklesia mdebareobs piriqiTa xevsureTSi, Satilis aRmosavleTiT 2 km-ze, maRal frialo kldis Tavze arsebul terasaze. eklesia naSenia adgilobrivi fiqali qviTa da motanili Sirimis blokebiT. eklesiaSi gamovlinda jvris aRsamarTavi Sirimis baza da aseve Sirimisqvis embazi. Zegli daTariRebulia VIII_IX saukuneebiT [wereTeli 1981: 76]. orbeulTis naeklesiari gaiTxara 1986 wels, mdebareobs sof. amRasTan, mdinare asisa da kaloTanis wylis SesarTavis marjvena mxares, kldovani qedis Txemze. eklesia darbazuli tipisaa, nagebia mSrali wyobiT fiqaliTa da kldis natexi qviT. SemorCenilia kedlebi 0,4-0,9 m simaRlemde. aRmosavleTiT Rrma naxevarwriuli afsidia, romelic Sedgmulia sagangebod amoRebul kldovan qanSi. mis win fiqalis qviT naSeni jvris aRsamarTavi kvadratuli formis bazis fragmentia. karebi yofila dasavleT da CrdiloeT kedlebSi. karis Rio-

statiebi

bebi, SemdegSi amouSenebiaT. eklesia mogvianebiT gamouyenebiaT, rogorc xeobis Camketi safortifikacio nageboba. eklesiaSi aRmoCenili gviandeli Sua saukuneebis Tixis WurWeli Zeglis dasaTariReblad ar gamodgeba. sof. axielSi gaiTxara adre Sua saukuneebis qvis samarxebi, sadac micvalebulebi qristianuli wesiT iyvnen dakrZalulni (samarxeuli inventari: brinjaos Wvintiani da rkinis eniani mSvildsakinZi, vercxlis sayure rgolebi, vercxlis arabuli moneta _ IX s-is abasuri dirhemi da sxv.) aSkarad metyvelebs imaze, rom am droisaTvis (VIII-X ss.) arxotis xeobaSi ukve qristiani mosaxleoba cxovrobda. aRniSnuli faqti iZleva safuZvels imisa, rom eklesiis aSenebis TariRad VIII-X saukuneebi vivaraudoT [Рамишвили, Гогочури, Джорбенадзе, идр. 1988: 449]. arqeologiuri dazvervebis Sedegad gairkva, rom eklesiebi sofel barisaxoSic unda yofiliyo. qvena barisaxos teritoriaze, iq sadac Tanamedrove sasaflao da salocavia, aris nagebobaTa naSTebi. erT-erT maTgans adgilobrivi mosaxleoba nasaydralis saxeliT moixseniebs. am adgilidan unda waeRoT zena barisaxos jvarSi Sirimis qvisgan gamoTlili jvari, romelic sasanTle koSkis siaxloves iqna napovni (mTaSi Sirimis qva gamoiyeneboda mxolod eklesiebis mSeneblobaSi da agreTve jvrebisa da embazebis dasamzadeblad). barisaxoSivea savaraudo meore eklesiis arsebobac, kerZod ki, adgil xmalaSi. sainteresoa xmalas salocavsa da iqve mironmdinar alvis xesTan dakavSirebuli andrezi. mironi cxadia qristianobasTanaa

kavSirSi da is ukve TviTon

migvaniSnebs aq eklesiis arsebobaze. xmalas alvis xe ki (ro-

statiebi

gorc z. kiknaZe aRniSnavs), mcxeTis mironmdinar svetis metoqed gvevlineba [kiknaZe 1996: 160-161; 2009: 13-15]. rogorc Cans xmalaSi arsebobda adreuli eklesia, romelmac Cvenamde ver moaRwia. me-19 saukunis 70-80-ian wlebSi ki, aq axali eklesia auSenebiaT, romelic komunistebma daangries. savaraudoa, rom xmalas andrezi dakavSirebulia aq arsebul eklesiasTan da eklesiasTan SedarebiT, gvian unda iyos SeTxzuli. arc is aris gamoricxuli, rom pirveli eklesia aq warmarTuli salocavis adgilze aSenebuliyo, ise rogorc es moxda barSi. mowmaoSi, soflis Sida teritoriaze nagebobis naSTia, romelic pirwmindadaa dangreuli. adgilobrivi mosaxleoba am adgils nadarbazalad moixseniebs. aqvea adreuli Sua saukuneebis samarovani, romelic savaraudod eklesiis siaxloves sof winxadu

statiebi

unda gaemarTaT. sainteresoa TviT am soflis saxeli - mowmao, romelic ar aris gamoricxuli, rom „mowameTas“ saxecvlili formaa. savaraudoa, naeklesiarebis arseboba sofel xaxmatSi, adgil goris yanasa da Reliskaris midamoebis samarovnebze [rCeuliSvili 1990: 75]. xaxmatis wylis marcxena terasaze, sof. bisos mopirdapire mxares, iq sadac nagebobebis naSTebi yofila da komunistebs skola auSenebiaT, dRemde SemorCenilia toponimi „nasivnari“. es saxelwodeba, uTuod, sionis saxelze agebul eklesiis arsebobaze unda mianiSnebdes. gorSeRmis xeobaSi, ukanxadus teritoriaze, adgil „zais vakeze“, mikvleulia adre Sua saukuneebis samarovni da naeklesiari samarovanze. dazianebuli samarxebis damxrobis mixedviT irkveva, rom aq saqme unda gvqondes, rogorc warmarTul, ise qristianul samarxebTan. masalebis mixedviT samarovani IV-VII saukuneebs unda miekuTvnebodes. amave soflis erT-erTi ubnis _ mzvares midamoebSi, adgil „samareT gorze“ dafiqsirebulia adre Sua saukuneebis samarovani da nagebobis naSTi samarovanze, romelic Cveni azriT, eklesiis nangrevi unda iyos. arqeologiurad Seuswavleli Zeglebis asaki, zogadad, me-13 saukunis pirvel meoTxeds ar unda gascdes. Seswavlili qristianuli Zeglebis mixedviT irkveva, rom kulturuli kontaqtebi mTasa da bars Soris adreul Sua saukuneebSi sakmaod mWidro yofila. mTis xuroTmoZRvreba yvela niSniT, identuria barisa, xolo ufro konkretulad, genetikurad ukavSirdeba kaxeTis arqiteqturas, rac Tval-

statiebi

saCino xdeba SedarebiTi analizis safuZvelze [wereTeli 1981: 77-78]. fSav-xevsureTis teritoriaze Seswavlil adre da ganviTarebul Sua saukuneTa samarovnebze kargad Cans am regionSi qristianuli dakrZalvis wesis damkvidrebis calkeuli etapebi. dakrZalvis rituali Zlieri konservatiulobiT xasiaTdeba da Znelad egueba inovaciebs. saqarTveloSi, uZvelesi droidan - qristianobamde, micvalebulebs mudmivad erT pozaSi krZalavdnen: moxril, xel-fex mokecil mdgomareobaSi, marcxena an marjvena gverdze. qarTlSi qristianobis saxelmwifo religiad gamocxadebis Semdeg, marTalia ara uceb da myisierad, aramed garkveuli drois ganmavlobaSi mTlianad icvleba dakrZalvis aRniSnuli tradicia da mis adgils ikavebs qristianuli wesi, romlis arsic mdgomareobda SemdegSi: saflavis gaWra aRmosavleTdasavleT xazze, micvalebulis gaSotili poza TaviT dasavleTiT da xelebi menjis gaswvriv an jvaredinad gul-mkerdze dakrefili [rCeuliSvili, robaqiZe, CixlaZe 1996: 20]. fSav-xevsureTSi adreul Sua saukuneTa xanis samarovnebi gaTxrilia ramdenime punqtSi: neZixi, karTana, yofCis kari da mdinare asis xeobis saTaveSi, sofel axielis cixebnis samarovani. Seswavlili Zeglebis CamonaTvali mxolod umniSvnelo nawilia am regionSi dafiqsirebuli samarovnebisa, romelTa arqeologiuri kvleva-Zieba momavlis saqmea. aragvis xebaSi Seswavlili samarovnebidan qristianobis gavrcelebis adreuli safexuri fiqsirdeba neZixis mravalfeniani samarovnis zeda iarusis samarxebSi. samarxTa kon-

statiebi

struqciis, dakrZalvis wesisa da masalis (mowiTalo keremika, brinjaos, vercxlisa da rkinis abzindebi, fibulebi, beWdebi, sayureebi da sxv.) mixedviT daTariRebulia IV-V ss-iT. neZixis samarovanze, rogorc Cans, asaxulia fSavis aragvis xeobis mosaxleobis qristianizaciis sawyisi etapi [Робакидзе 1995: 125]. am dros unda dawyebuliyo qristianuli baris mTaze „Setevis“ pirveli etapi, romelic unda Sewyvetiliyo qarTlSi mefobis gauqmebis Sedegad [rCeuliSvili, robaqiZe, CixlaZe 1994: 38]. karTanas samarovanze yvela samarxi damxrobilia aRmosavleT-dasavleT xazze, anu qristianulad. ZiriTadad qristianulia dakrZalvis wesic. ConCxebis umravlesoba zurgzea gaSotili TaviT dasavleTisaken. aris calkeuli SemTxvevebi, rodesac micvalebulebi samarxebSi marjvena an marcxena gverdze wvanan, moxrili kidurebiT. karTanis samarovani, aq mopovebuli masalis mixedviT, daTariRebuli VI_VIII saukuneebiT [rCeuliSvili 1990: 27; 31; Рчеулишвили, Гогочури, Маргвелашвили 1995: 126-127]. karTanas samarovanze ukve gabatonebulia dakrZalvis axali wesi (samarxTa aRnagoba, damxroba da sxv.), Tumca jer kidev, arc Tu iSviaTia naxevrad moxril mdgomareobaSi dakrZaluli micvalebulebis arsebobac, rac mTaSi axali religiis damkvidrebis mZime da mtkivneuli procesze metyvelebs [rCeuliSvili, robaqiZe, CixlaZe 1996: 20]. arxotis xeobaSi, sofel axielis marcxena mxares, xevs gaRma terasaze, adgil cixiebnis midamoebSi aRmoCenil samarovanze gaiTxara xuTi qvayuTi. xuTive samarxi damxrobili iyo aRmosavleTidan dasavleTisaken. micvalebulebi da-

statiebi

krZalulni iyvnen qristianuli wesiT. inventaris mixedviT, rogorc aRvniSneT, samarxebis asaki VIII_X saukuneebiTaa gansazRvruli [Рамишвили, Гогочури, Джорбенадзе, идр., 1988: 449]. samarovnis teritoriaze SemorCenili erTaderTi nagebobis naSTi, romlis nangrevebi mTlianad miwiTaa dafaruli, SesaZloa, naeklesiari iyos. Cveni azriT, xevsureTSi adreul Sua saukuneebs unda miekuTvnebodes: sofel ukanxadus adgil zais vakisa da samareT goris, sofel mowmaos adgil sapepelae gorisa da aseve gudanis Crdilo-dasavleT ferdobze arsebuli samarovnebi.

xevsureTi. sof. bacaligo

am samarovnebidan mxolod SemTxveviT mopovebuli masalebia cnobili da isini arqeologiurad Seswavlili ar aris.

statiebi

ramdenime wlis win, xevsureTis kulturuli memkvidreobis obieqtebis inventarizaciis dros, marto xevsureTis teritoriaze aRiricxa 20-ze meti ucnobi samarovani, romelTa TariRi jerjerobiT daudgenelia. g. rCeuliSvili aragvis xeobis samarovnebisa da sxva arqeologiuri Zeglebis Seswavlis safuZvelze askvnis, rom ukve adre Sua saukuneebSi fSav-xevsureTSi sakmaod mtkicedaa fexmokidebuli qristianuli religia da baruli materialuri kultura [rCeuliSvili 1990: 117]. fxovSi qristianoba ufro ganmtkicebuli Cans ganviTarebul Sua saukuneebSi. es kargad ikveTeba xevsureTis teritoriaze Seswavlili am xanis samarovnebis magaliTze. g. rCeuliSvilma sofel xaxmatTan miakvlia da nawilobriv Seiswavla sami qristianuli samarovani: adgil gorisyanis midamoebSi, Reliskarsa da saliqokoSi [rCeuliSvili 1990: 75, 76]. xaxmatis samarovnebze yvela samarxi damxrobilia qristianulad, dasavleTidan aRmosavleTisken. ConCxebi Tavdapirvel mdgomareobaSi mxolod

gorisyanis ramdinime sa-

marxSia dadasturebuli. micvalebulebi qristianuli wesiT yofilan dakrZaluli. danarCen samarxebSi Zvlebi mixvetili yofila an Tavad samarxebi iyo dazianebuli. niSandoblivia, rom adreul Sua saukuneebTan SedarebiT, ganviTarebul Sua saukuneebSi, fxovSi, mTlianad gabatonebulia dakrZalvis qristianuli wesi. Tu karTanas samarovanze jer kidev dasturdeboda naxevrad xel-fexmokecil pozaSi dakrZaluli micvalebulebi, xaxmatis samarovnebze msgavsi SemTxvevebi aRar fiqsirdeba [rCeuliSvili 1990: 110-111].

statiebi

damkvidrebulia azri, rom fxovSi qristianuli religiis danergva-ganmtkicebis procesi yvelaze warmatebuli ganviTarebul Sua saukuneebSia. swored am periodSi varaudoben fxovis mosaxleobaSi qristianuli dakrZalvis wesis, dReobaTa kalendris, locvaTa teqstebis, wmindanebis kultis damkvidrebas, rac fSav-xevsureTSi dResacaa Semonaxuli. xaxmatis, bisos, Suriscixisa da anatoris arqeologiuri Zeglebis Seswavla mowmobs, rom ganviTarebul Sua saukuneebSi fxovi mTlianad gaqristianebulia [rCeuliSvili 1999: 22]. Tumca, sul male es suraTi am regionSi sagrZnoblad icvleba. sofel barisaxos mopirdapire mxares, mdinare aragvis marjvena terasaze, arsebul Suriscixis samarovanze, samarxebis nawili TariRdeba XII-XIII ss-iT da ar SeiniSneba qristianuli dakrZalvis wesidan raime arsebiTi gadaxra [Рамишвили, Гогочури, и др. 1987:450]. amave samarovnis samarxebis meore jgufi, romelic XIII_XIV saukuneebs ganekuTvneba, ukve aRar emorCileba qristianul wesebs (samarxebi damxrobilia nebismierad). es faqti axsnilia monRolobis periodSi mTaSi samefo karisa da, Sesabamisad, qristianuli eklesiis gavlenis SesustebiT [rCeuliSvili 1999: 22]. werilobiTi wyaroebisa da arqeologiuri monacemebis mixedviT mkvlevarebi aRmosavleT saqarTvelos mTianeTis, kerZod ki, istoriuli fxovis gaqristianebis ramdenime etaps gamoyofen. r. ramiSvilis azriT, mcxeTis didi naTlisRebis Semdeg, rodesac armazis kerpTa namsxvrevebze aRmocendaqarTlis mZlavri qristianuli eklesia, samefo xelisuflebis (mir-

statiebi

ian mefem) ZiriTadi problema swored mTis mosaxleobis axal sarwmunoebaze moqceva gaxldaT. rogorc werilobiTi wyaroebidan Cans, erT-erTi pirveli RonisZieba mTis gaqristianebisa dasrulda imiT, rom mTis mosaxleobis didma nawilma Jinvalis karTan (wobnebSi, igivea rac wobeni) wm. ninosa da misi Tanmxlebi erisTavis winaSe daTmo Zveli kerpebi, mxolod maRalmTianeTis (ZiriTadad fxovis) mosaxleoba ar Seegua axal sarwmunoebas. amis gamo mefe mirianma mTis urC

sof xaxmati

mosaxleobas ,,daumZima xarkiâ&#x20AC;? da daiwyo ukompromiso brZola maT winaaRmdeg, visac ar surda qristianobis miReba. swored am RonisZiebiT iwyeba mTis qristianizaciis pirveli 50

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cikli. es procesi met-naklebi aRmavlobiT viTardeboda da piks miaRwia vaxtang gorgaslis epoqaSi. vaxtang gorgaslis marcxis Semdeg, rodesac iranis moZalebis Sedegad qveyanaSi cecxlTayvanismcemlebi momravldnen, qristianobas ara marto mTaSi, aramed barSic unda ganecada ukusvla, gansakuTrebiT qarTlSi mefobis gauqmebis Semdeg, anu 523 wlidan [ramiSvili 1996: 18]. angariSgasawevia is azric, rom VI saukunis I naxevridan asureli mamebis - nekreselis, zedaznelis, wilknelis, samTavnelis moRvaweobis areali ZiriTadad aRmosavleT saqarTvelos mTiswina da mTian zols moicavda. savaraudoa, rom swored maTma moRvaweobam ganapiroba adreul Sua saukuneebSi ara marto aRmosavleT saqarTvelos barSi, aramed mTianeTSic samonastro cxovrebis farTod gavrceleba, rasac mohyva am regionSi qristianobis marTlmadidebluri mrwamsis sabolood damkvidreba [wiklauri 2001: 91-92]. qristianobis xelaxali aRorZinebis meore ciklis dasawyisad r. ramiSvils VI saukunis meore naxevari miaCnia, gansakuTrebiT ki am saukunis 80-iani wlebidan, rodesac qarTlis samefoSi erismTavrobis instituti ganmtkicda. am aRmavlobis materialuri dadasturebaa gurgenisa da gansakuTrebiT stefanoz I-is saxeliT moWrili moneta da mcxeTis jvris taZari, romlis mSenebloba swored axali aRmavlobis sawyisadaa aRiarebuli. es aRmasvla bunebrivia Seexeboda mTasac da daiwyeboda qristianuli organizaciis aRdgenac. mogvianebiT, arabTa xalifatis agresiam, rogorc Cans, kvlav Seaferxa saqarTvelos mTis qristianizaciis procesi [ramiSvili 1996: 18].

statiebi

mTis qristianizaciis mesame ciklis dawyeba savaraudoa IX saukunidan, rodesac arabobis sagrZnobi Sesustebis fonze, qarTlSi gaZliereba iwyo calkeulma samTavroebma, romelTagan erT-erT- - kaxeTi saTaveSi edga antiarabul brZolebs. mTis qristianizaciis es cikli sayuradReboa imiT, rom garda sakuTriv qarTlis mTianeTisa moicva CrdiloeT kavkasiis garkveuli nawilic. swored am dros kaxeTis samTavros ZalisxmeviT unda iyos aRmocenebuli anatoris, Txabaierdisa da sxva eklesiebi, romlebic marTavda da realurad axorcielebda saxelmwifo politikas CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi [ramiSvili 1996: 19]. aragvis

xeobis samarovnebis kvlevisas sxva avtorebic

[rCeuliSvili, robaqiZe, CixlaZe 1994: 37-38] fxovSi qristianobis gavrcelebis sxvadasxva etaps gamoyofen. saqarTvelos samefo karis mier ganxorcielebul politikas mTis mimarT, xarkis damZimebasa da sxva aqciebs, bunebrivia, mTis mosaxleoba medgrad ewinaaRmdegeboda. mirian mefis mier dalewili kerpebi, ra Tqma unda, sruliadac ar niSnavda warmarTuli sarwmunoebis myisier mospobas. cxadia, adreuli Sua saukuneebis es eklesiebi Tavisi mravalricxovani momsaxure personaliT samefo xelisuflebis mtkice da saimedo sayrdeni iyo [ramiSvili 1980: 117; 119]. aRmosavleT saqarTvelos qristianizaciisa, imavdroulad, misi feodalizaciis procesi Sewyda monRolTa batonobis Semdeg da momdevno saukuneebSi aRarc ganaxlebula. miuxedavad aseTi didi Zalisxmevisa da mTaSi qristianobis sayovelTaod danergvisa - wers Tavis erT-erT naSromSi r. ramiSvili - sakmarisi iyo monRolTa Semosevebis Sedegad 52

statiebi

baris (saxelmwifos) xelisuflebis Sesusteba, rom TiTqmis mTlianad moiSala mTaSi qarTuli eklesiis naRvawi, gansakuTrebiT maRalmTianeTSi, sadac Zveli naeklesiari adgilebi ,,kvrivebadâ&#x20AC;? da adamianisaTvis akrZalul adgilebad daadgines [ramiSvili 1996: 19]. amasTan dakavSirebiT unda aRvniSnoT, rom fxovelebma, rogorc Cans, jer kidev monRolebamde uaryves eklesia da mRvdelmsaxurni. yvela naeklesiari ar gadaqceula kvrivad. amis naTeli dadasturebaa mag. barisaxos, xaxmatis, mowmaos, orbeulTis, ukanxadus da a.S. naeklesiarebi. isini dRevandeli jvar-xatebidan sakmaod daSorebulia da maTTan saerTo araferi aqvs. sof. ukanxaduSi or adgilze samareT gorze da zais vakeze, aseve mowmaoSi arsebul naeklesiarTa garSemo, rogorc Cans, gamarTulia eklesiis funqcionirebis droindeli samarovnebi. maT Sesaxeb mosaxleobaSi informacia ar aris SemorCenili. mxolod barisaxoSia naeklesiaris garSemo dRes moqmedi sasaflao. monRolebis dapyrobebs ukavSirebs g. rCeuliSvilic xaxmatisa da saerTod fxovis qristianul eklesia-samarovnebis funqcionerebis Sewyvetas, rasac unda mohyoloda aq myofi bareli misionrebisa Tu kolonistebis gaZeveba [rCeuliSvili 1990: 113]. ganviTarebul Sua saukuneebSi qristianoba fxovis mTel teritoriaze mtkiced fexmokidebuli Cans. qristianoba am droisaTvis ukve gascda fxovis sazRvrebs. kaxeTis samTavrosa da qarTuli eklesiis ZalisxmeviT, VIII_XI saukuneebSi, dRevandeli inguSeTisa (Txabaierdi, albierdi) da daRestnis (daTunas eklesia) teritoriebze mniSvnelovani saeklesio centrebi Sendeba. 53

statiebi

fxovis gaqristianebis Semdeg, anu mas Semdeg, rac wm. ninom isini Tavis rjulze moaqcia, werilobiT wyaroebSi aranairi cnobebi ar Cans imis Sesaxeb, Tu ra xdeba fxovSi. erT-erTi cnobidan vigebT, rom me-11 saukunis pirvel naxevarSi kaxeTis mefe kvirike III-em kvetaris erisTavs daumorCilna erwoTianelni, fxovelni, durZukni da RliRvi [qarTlis cxovreba 1973: 561, 10-11]. gvinda calke SevexoT fxovis ajanyebis Temas, romelic Cveni azriT, garkveul wilad gamowveuli unda yofiliyo saqarTvelos mTianeTis am nawilSi eklesiis, rogorc feodaluri institutis momZlavrebiTa da mTaSi Tavisi politikis ganxorcielebiT. ra iyo mizezi fxovis gandgomisa Cven ar viciT. amaze istoria ratomRac dums. Tamar mefis ucnobi istorikosis “istoriani da azmani SaravandedTani” da basili ezosmoZRvaris “cxovreba mefeT-mefisa Tamarisi” naSromebSi daculi, faqtiurad erTi da igive informacia, romelic sul ramdenime winadadebiTaa gadmocemuli, cxadia warmodgenas ver gviqmnis fxovelTa ajanyebis mizezebze. “maT ukue JamTa iwyes mTeulTa gandgomad, kacTa fxovelTa da didoTa. didoni ukue bunebiTa mSTvarTa da uxarSavsa Wamen, da mravalni Zmani erTsa dedakacsa miiyvaneben colad; romelni uCinarsa rasame eSmaksa Tayuanis-cemen da zogni uniSnosa Savsa ZaRlsa, da amas hyofen. xolo fxovelni juaris msaxurni arian da qristianobasa iCemeben. amaT iwyes rbevad da ჴocad da tyueobad, cxadad da RamiT [qarTlis cxovreba 1959: 111]. qarTuli feodaluri monarqiis mier XII saukunis miwurulsa da XIII saukunis dasawyisSi ganxorcielebulma sagareo poli54

statiebi

tikam da Zlevamosilad gadaxdilma umniSvnelovanesma omebma saqarTvelo axlo aRmosavleTSi uZlieres saxelmwifod aqcia. saqarTvelos samefo karis kursi aSkarad miuTiTebda imaze, rom saqarTvelos ambicia bizantiis adgilis dakaveba iyo. yvelasaTvis cxadi gaxda - kavkasiis samxreT sazRvarze saqarTvelos saxelmwifos arc aRmosavleTiT, arc dasavleTiT saSiSi mteri aRar hyavda [javaxiSvili 1983: 278-279]. ai, am dros, rodesac sagareo safrTxe aRar arsebobda, samefo kars aujanyda, politikurad da ekonomiurad arc Tu Zlieri regioni - aRmosavleT saqarTvelos mTianeTi-fxovi da didoeTi. mTielTa am â&#x20AC;&#x17E;janysâ&#x20AC;&#x153; qarTul istoriografia mTis iZulebiTi feodalizaciis Sedegad moiazrebs. iv. javaxiSvils, qarTveli eris istoriis II wignSi aris amonaridi Tamar mefis ucnobi istorikosis Txzulebidan

xevsureTi. cixedsofeli muco

statiebi

„istoriani da azmani SaravandedTanidan“ fxovis ajanyebis Sesaxeb, magram am movlenas javaxiSvili ratomRac komentaris gareSe tovebs [javaxiSvili 1983: 288-289]. Tamaris istorikosisganve vgebulobT, Tu raoden did mniSvnelobas aniWebda samefo kari qarTvel mTielTa ajanyebis CaxSobas. fxovidan mobrunebuli ivane aTabagi ase mimarTavs Tamars: “Zliero mefeo! iqmna brZaneba Seni, da movaoჴren urCni mefobisa Senisani didoeTi da fxoe[T]i.” xolo mefeman didad daimadla da uaRressa pativsa aRiyvana [qarTlis cxovreba 2012: 143]. feodalizaciis process ukavSirebs s. janaSia aRmosavleT saqarTvelos mTianeTis mosaxleobis amboxs me-13 saukunis dasawyisSi, romlis CaxSobasac samefo karis didi Zalisxmeva dasWirda. mTis mosaxleoba ibrZvis Tavisuflebis SesanarCuneblad da maTTvis gamzadebuli feodaluri uRlis winaaRmdeg - werda s. janaSia am istoriuli faqtis Sesaxeb [janaSia 1952: 430]. n. berZeniSvilic Tvlida, rom baris ideologiis SeWras mTaSi Tan sdevda mTis mosaxleobis feodalizacia, rasac ver urigdebodnen Tavisuflebis moyvaruli mTielebi da xSirad eurCebodnen bars. erT-erT aseT urCobad miaCnda mas fxovelTa ajanyeba Tamaris mefobis bolo wlebSi [berZeniSvili 1965: 53]. feodalizaciasTan erTad, - wers n. berZeniSvili, xdeboda mTianeTis „gaqarTuleba“, gaqristianeba. mTielTa didi ajanyebis Caqroba, rac qarTulma feodalurma laSqarma sami Tvis omis Semdeg Zlivs moaxerxa, iyo feodaluri baris ukanaskneli Zlieri Seteva TavisuflebisaTvis mebrZoli mTis winaaRmdeg [berZeniSvili 1973: 62]. 56

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fxovis ajanyebas gakvriT exebian TavianT sagazeTo statiaSi z. anCabaZe da S. badriZe. isini aRniSnaven, rom es iyo ara mTis zonis glexTa ajanyeba, aramed, SesaZloa, amjerad masStaburad didi, magram mainc patriarqalur-Temobrivi an adreklasobrivi “mTis“ rigiTi winaaRmdegobis gamovlineba feodalurad ganviTarebuli „baris“ mimarT [anCabaZe, badriZe 1971: 2]. ajanyebas udavoa hqonda Tavisi mizezebi, romlebsac ganapirobebda politikuri, ekonomikuri, religiuri da sxva sakiTxebi. r. ramiSvils amasTan dakavSirebiT gamoTqmuli aqvs sayuradRebo mosazreba: igi Tvlis rom fxovis ajanyeba gamowveuli unda yofiliyo baris mosaxleobis demografiuli matebiT. bars aRar SeeZlo mTis namati mosaxleobis miReba da miwebiT uzrunvelyofa. mTis SezRuduli resursebis pirobebSi ki Warbi mosaxleobis gantvirTvas, maTgan mTis gaTavisuflebas, sasicocxlo mniSvneloba unda hqonoda. SesaZloa, amas garkveulwilad daeCqarebina kidec fxovelTa ajanyeba [ramiSvili 1981: 152-153]. g. rCeuliSvili iziarebs fxovis ajanyebis r. ramiSviliseul mosazrebas, magram iqve svams logikur kiTxvas: raRa marto fxovi ajanyda da ara mTiuleTi, gudamayari, an qsnis mTianeTi? misi azriT fxovis janyis mizezebi unda veZeboT TviTon am provinciis politikur, socialur da Tundac fsiqologiur bunebaSi, rac, albaT, ganapirobebda mis gancalkevebas mTis danarCeni provinciebisagan [rCeuliSvili 1990: 115]. Cveni azriT, aq pirvel rigSi gasaTvaliswinebelia fxovis mwiri bunebrivi da ekonomikuri resursi mTis yvela da-

statiebi

narCen kuTxesTan SedarebiT. amasTan fxovi yvelaze metad mowyvetilia bars, weliwadis yvela dros SeuZlebelia misi kontaqti barTan, rac garkveul wilad gaaZnelebda eklesiamonastrebis msaxurebis barTan mudmiv kavSirsa da baridan momaragebas. Tu davuSvebT (da es albaT asec iqneboda), rom fxovSic ise, rogorc barSi, eklesias unda hqonoda Tavisi miwebi, yma-glexebi da adgilobriv mosaxleobas unda exada saeklesio gadasaxadebi, maSin savaraudoa, rom fxovelebs mZime tvirTad daawveboda eklesiisa da mis msaxurTa Senaxva. saqarTvelos saxelmwifos saSinao da sagareo mdgomareobidan gamomdinare, eklesiis mier mTaSi mkacri politikis ganxorcielebis periodad, rogorc Cans, Tamaris mefobis bolo xanebi SeirCa. vfiqrobT, rom fxovis ajanyebis sababic es unda gamxdariyo. fxovis ajanyebis Sesaxeb qarTlis cxovrebaSi daculi epizodis kiTxvisas TvalSi sacemia is, rom pirvel rigSi yuradReba gamaxvilebulia didoelTa da fxovelTa sarwmunoebasa da tradiciebze. kidev erTxel gavadevnoT Tvali am monakveTs ...didoni ukue bunebiTa mSTvarTa da uxarSavsa Wamen, da mravalni Zmani erTsa dedakacsa miiyvaneben colad; romelni uCinarsa rasame eSmaksa Tayuanis-cemen da zogni uniSnosa Savsa ZaRlsa, da amas hyofen. xolo fxovelni juaris msaxurni arian da qristianobasa iCemeben. amas mosdevs bolo winadadeba. amaT iwyes rbevad da á&#x192;´ocad da tyueobad, cxadad da RamiT [qarTlis cxovreba 2012: 95]. qarTlis cxovrebis am monakveTis kiTxvis dros iqmneba STabeWdileba, rom istorikosi wina planze moiazrebs sar-

statiebi

wmunoebriv mxares. cxadia, Znelia am patara fragmentidan raime mniSvnelovani daskvnebis gamotana, magram kiTxva ki namdvilad Cndeba: xom ar iyo fxovis ajanyeba eklesiis politikis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli? am kiTxvaze pasuxis gacema SesaZlebeli gaxdeba mas Semdeg, rac gaiTxreba fSav-xevsureTis teritoriaze mikvleuli naeklesiarebi da dadasturdeba ZaldatanebiTi ngrevis kvali. yuradsaRebia is faqtic, rom dRevandeli fSavis qveda zonis soflebSi, Carglis qvemoT, eklesiaTa nangrevebi SedarebiT kargadaa SemorCenili, rasac ver vityviT fxovis savaraudo sazRvrebSi arsebul teritoriaze. ar aris gamoricxuli, rom fxovis ajanyebis dros mosaxleobas Segnebulad daengria eklesiebi. fxovSi, rogorc Cans, amis Semdeg qristianuli eklesiebi aRar Sendeba, Tu mxedvelobaSi ar miviRebT dRevandeli fSavis qveda zonis soflebSi arsebul gviandeli Sua saukuneebiT daTariRebul naeklesiarebs. fxovis ajanyebis mizezebis kvlevisas gasaTvaliswinebelia is garemoebac, rom ajanyebuli mTielebi „Setevaze“ ki ar gadasaulan, aramed Tavis „qveyanaSi“ arian gamagrebulebi da Tavs icaven. es Zalian kargad Cans ivane aTabagis laSqris mier ganvlili gzis aRweridanac. mosaxleobis ukmayofileba Tamar mefiTa da samefo karis politikiT ivane aTabagis sityvebidanac Cans: ,,movaoჴren urCni mefobisa Senisani didoeTi da fxoe[T]i“. Tu davuSvebT, rom ajanyebulebi fxovs ar gascilebian, maSin vis arbeven, xocaven da atyveveben cxadad da RamiT? iqneb am mxareSi samefo karis warmomadgenlebi da raRa Tqma unda eklesiis msaxurni arian fxovelTa agresiis

statiebi

samizne? pasuxi am kiTxvaze jerjerobiT, samwuxarod, arc Cven gagvaCnia. sainteresoa fxovelTa Sesaxeb naTqvami sityvebi: “... fxoelni juaris msaxurni arian da qristianobas iCemebeno“. bunebrivia, Cndeba kiTxva - ratom aris Tamar mefis istorikosisaTvis „juaris msaxuroba“ miuRebeli? z. kiknaZe qarTlis cxovrebiseul teqstis am nawilTan dakavSirebiT ambobs: frazaSi naTqvamia, ori ram: samefo karis ideologi warmogvidgens fxovelTa religiis garegnul, obieqtur mxares, rom isini “juaris msaxurni arian”. am niSniT _ jvaris msaxurebiT _ qristianebi upirispirdebian sxva religiis aRmsarebelT. meore mxriv, frazaSi gamoxatulia fxovelTa TviTSegneba, saxeldobr, rom isini TavianT Tavs qristianebad Tvlian (qristianobas iCemeben). magram frazaSi isic SeiniSneba, rom mis damwers ar miaCnia isini namdvil qristianebad, rogorc unda iyos, magaliTisaTvis sveticxovlis mrevli [kiknaZe 1988: 143]. Cven viziarebT mkvlevaris am mosazrebas. sayovelTaod cnobili faqtia, rom jvris kulti mxolod qristianuli movlena ar iyo. misi genezisi Soreul warsulSia saZiebeli. jer kidev qristianobamde igi sxvadasxva daniSnulebiT da mniSvnelobiT gamoiyeneboda. qristes jvarcmis Semdeg ki, qristianobis erT-erT mTavar simbolod iqca. “ninos cxovrebaSi” aRwerilia saswauli, romelic mohyva mcxeTaSi pirveli eklesiis aSenebas. yovelRam zeciT Camodioda da eklesiis Tavze Cerdeboda cecxlovani jvari, romelsac ori varskvlavi axlda, romelTaganac erTi dasavleTiT, meore ki aRmosavleTiT moZraobda. wm. ninom urCia mirian mefes: im adgilas, sadac varskvlavebi gaCerdebodnen 60

statiebi

jvrebi aRemarTaT. dasavleTiT mimavali varskvlavi gaCerda TxoTis mTaze, aRmosavleTiT ki damdgara „dabasa bods, qveyanasa kaxeTisasa“. orive adgilze aRmarTes jvrebi. amiT moiniSna, daisarya, is qveyana, romelic moinaTla erTdrouli aqtiT mefesTan erTad [gagoSiZe 1999: 64-66]. sainteresoa, rom ToxTis mTaze arqeologiuri gaTxrebis Sedegad mikvleulia is adgili, sadac jvari iyo aRmarTuli. amis utyuari dasturia aq aRmoCenili qviSaqvis bloki, anu jvris aRsamarTavi postamenti [gagoSiZe 1975: 66].

sof. gveleTi

istoriuli wyaroebidan cnobilia, rom 325-326 wlebSi qarTlidan saberZneTSi, samefo karis qristes rjulze moqcevasTan dakavSirebiT, igzavneba ori elCoba romis keisarTan 61

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konstantine didTan, raTa man qarTlSi moavlinos mRvdlebi mosaxleobis naTlisRebisa da jvrebis aRmarTvisTvis [patariZe 2000: 11]. jvris Temasa da mis semantikas exeba Tavis erT-erT naSromSi s. janaSia. igi wers, rom axali kultis miRebis pirveli aqtebi mdgomareobda naTlisRebasa da xis jvris aRmarTvaSi. jvari aris simbolo, romlis saSualebiT qristianoba egueba winaTve arsebul rwmenebs, ganwyobilebasa da warmodgenebs [janaSia 1949: 238-240]. aRsaniSnavia, rom qarTuli termini “jvari” saqarTvelodan Sevida da dRemde Semonaxulia CrdiloeT kavkasiis xalxebSi: CerqezebSi, SavizRvispira SafsuRebSi, yubanis SafsuRebSi, saerTod kiaxebis sxvadasxva tomSi, yabardoelebSi, abazebSi, osebSi, qistebSi [janaSia 1949: 251-252]. jvrisa da qva-jvrebis kvlevis Temas exeba v. Tofuriac. igi wers, rom qva-jvarebi pirvelad mxolod salocavi, Tayvaniscemis obieqti unda yofiliyo, mogvianebiT man es funqcia dakarga. qva-jvarTa dasabami saqarTveloSi moqcevis pirvel xanebs ukavSirdeba. SemdegSi mis adgils iWers taZari da, rac mTavaria, swored jvris taZari [Tofuria 1942: 62-63]. qristianobis aRiarebis pirveli aqtebi qarTlSi, rogorc ukve iTqva, naTlisRebisa da xis jvrebis aRmarTvaSi gamoixateboda. aseTi tradiciis damkvidreba ki, umTavresad ganapiroba qarTlis politikur da sasuliero-kulturul centrSi - mcxeTaSi aRmarTulma jvrebma, rac SemdgomSi mimbaZvelobis sagnad iqca. jvrebis aRmarTva fxovSic, rogorc Cans, misi gaqristianebis dRidanve unda dawyebuliyo. aqedan unda momdinareobdes fxovelTagan jvris Tayvaniscemis tradiciac,

statiebi

romelic aq gvianobamde Cans SemorCenili. amis Tqmis safuZvels gvaZlevs

Satilis maxloblad anatoris nasoflaris

teritoriaze arsebul naeklesiarSi aRmoCenili jvris postamentic, romelic aq eklesiis aSenebamde unda aRemarTaT, albaT daaxloebiT 326 wlisTvis [wereTeli 2002: 21]. gaqristianebis sawyis etapze aRmarTuli jvrebis adgilas eklesiebi, cxadia, yvelgan ver aSendeboda, gansakuTrebiT ki, mTis pirobebSi. jvrebi, rogorc ukve iTqva, saTanado nagebobaTa gareSec asrulebda Tavis Tavdapirvel daniSnulebas. isini rogorc qristianobis simbolo Tayvaniscemis obieqti iyo eklesiebis aSenebamde da, savaraudoa, mogviano xanebSic. fxovSi jvrisadmi Tayvaniscemis, uSualod jvris siaxloves qristianuli RvTis msaxurebis Catarebis tradicia, rogorc Cans, gvianobamde SemorCa da Tanac adgilobrivi â&#x20AC;&#x17E;interpretaciiTâ&#x20AC;&#x153;. Tamaris istorikosi SesaZloa amas gulisxmobda, rodesac werda: ...jvaris msaxurni arian da qristianobas iCemebeno. saqarTveloSi, eklesia-monastrebis farTo aRmSeneblobis xanaSi, jvrebis aRmarTvis faqtebi TandaTanobiT klebulobs da IX saukunidan TiTqmis srulad qreba. Tumca jvari kvlav ganuyofeli nawilia qristianuli kulturisa da is did adgils ikavebs qristianul arqiteqturaSi taZrebis fasadebisa da interieris SemkobaSi [kaxiani, WaniSvili da sxva 2012: 2930]. miuxedavad imisa, rom axali qva-jvarebis aRmarTva aRar xdeba, Zvels mainc uyuradRebod ar toveben. jvrebs, rogorc wminda reliqvias, eklesiebis mSeneblobis dros iyeneben. amis naTeli magaliTia gasuli saukunis 80-iani wlebis dasawyisSi sofel davaTis RvTismSoblis saxelobis eklesi-

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is burjSi CaSenebuli im stelis aRmoCenis faqtic, romelzedac amokveTili iyo qarTuli anbani [ramiSvili 2008: 35-36]. sagulisxmoa, rom fSav-xevsureTis teritoriaze Seswavlil eklesiebSi, rogorc wesi, TiTqmis yvelgan dadasturebulia sakurTxevlis win aRsamarTavi jvris bazebi. saqarTvelos am mxareSi dRes arsebuli salocavebis saxeldebac - jvari da jvarni, qristianobis sawyisi etapis xisa Tu qvis jvrebidan unda iRebdes saTaves. xevsureTis saukeTeso mcodne, eTnografiuli masalebis Semkrebi da mravali wignis avtori al. oCiauri Tavis CanawerebSi salocavis aRmniSvnel terminad mudmivad iyenebs - „jvars“ an „jvarnis“ da arsad axsenebs sityva „xats“ [oCiauri 1988; 2005]. “jvarisa’’ da “xatis” mniSvnelobis Seswavlas sagangebo naSromi miuZRvna al. WinWaraulma. igi wers, rom Sua saukuneebze adre xati samlocvelosa da RvTaebis, xolo xatoba dReobis, religiuri dResaswaulis mniSvnelobiT ar dasturdebao. xatis aseTi mniSvneloba man verc Zveli qarTuli enis leqsikonebSi aRmoaCina. Zveli qarTuli werilobiTi Zeglebis mixedviT xati niSnavs: ,,gamosaxuleba, naxati, msgavseba, feri, saxe, suraTi, Sesaxedaoba” [WinWarauli 1976: 84-85]. amave mniSvnelobiT gamoiyeneba xati xevsurul dialeqtSi. xevsuruli ornamentis calkeuli saxeobebis saxelwodebebSi gvxvdeba terminebi: “xati”, “xatani”, “xatis xatani”, “xatula” da sxva [bardaveliZe, Citaia 1939: 5]. al. WinWarauli zemoT naxseneb naSromis daskvniT nawilSi wers: mTaSi xati arc warmarTul samlocvelos erqva da arc qristianuls. es termini baridan Sevida mTaSi gasul saukuneSi [WinWarauli 1976:

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87]. Tu davuSvebT, rom aRmosavleT saqarTvelos mTianeTis salocavebis aRmniSvneli termini „jvari“

momdinareobs

qristianobis pirvel etapze saqarTveloSi aRmarTuli xisa Tu qvis jvrebidan, maSin termini „xati“, rogorc amas al. WinWaraulic aRniSnavs, marTlac gvian Sesuli Cans aRniSnul regionSi. v. bardaveliZes jvari da xati sinonimebad miaCnia. misi azriT, isini aRniSnavs, rogorc ama Tu im tomisa da Temis mfarvel da baton-patron RvTisSvilebs, ise am RvTisSvilTa miwier sabrZaniss [bardavelZe 1974: 10-11]. marTebulad ar gveCveneba zogierTi eTnografis adrindel naSromebSi gamoTqmuli mosazrebebi, rom xevsureTSi, fSavsa da TuSeTSi terminebi „jvari“ da „xati“ sxvadasxva sididisa da mniSvnelobis salocavis aRmniSvneli terminebia [kandelaki 1981:89; 95; TofCiSivili 1985: 102-103]. xevsureTis magaliTze dabejiTebiT SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom yvela salocavi, iqneba es sasoflo, sagvaro Tu saTemo, moixsenieba jvris da ara xatis saxeliT. fxovs ajanyebis Sedegad miyenebuli Wrilobebi arc ki eqneboda moSuSebuli, rom saqarTvelos Znelbedobis Jami daudga. jer jalaledinis damangrevelma laSqrobebma da xuTwlianma batonobam daangria qveyana, male amas monRolTa mier qveynis dapyroba mohyva da dRis wesrigSi dadga qarTvelTa fizikuri gadarCenis sakiTxi. bunebrivia, aseT dros mTisTvis aRaravis ecala. mTaSi arsebuli eklesiebi, rogorc ukve iTqva, an daangries, an TviTon daingra. sabolood moiSala aq qristianuli kultmsaxureba da am droidan aRmosavleT saqarTvelos mTianeTSi xdeba e.w. „warmarTuli“ salo-

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cavebis reanimacia. Tumca, qristianobam mTaSi imdenad didi kvali datova, rom jvar-xatebSi RvTismsaxureba, dRemde, qristianuli â&#x20AC;&#x17E;niSniTâ&#x20AC;&#x153; mimdinareobs. qristianuli arqiteqturuli Zeglebisgarda, mTis mosaxleobaSi Semonaxulia qristianuli saRvTismetyvelo teqstebic. gansakuTrebiT es exeba jvar-xatTa sadideblebs, romelTa meSveobiT tardeba yvela religiuri dResaswauli aRmosavleT saqarTvelos mTianeTSi. aRniSnul teqstebs mecnierTa umravlesoba qristianuli saRvTismetyvelo teqstebis fragmentebad aRiarebs.

kistnis koSkebi. xedi samxreTidan

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akademikosi akaki SaniZe, romelmac gasuli saukunis dasawyisSi TviTon Sekriba xevsuruli zepirsityvierebis ubrwyinvalesi nimuSebi da, maT Soris, xucobis teqstebi werda: „kurTxebaSi“ erTmaneTSi areulia qristianuli eklesiis locvebi ,,samebisa”, “mamao Cveno” da a.S. sityvebi sazogadod isea damaxinjebuli, rom zogjer Znelia amocnoba imisa, Tu saidan aris amoRebuli” [maxauri 2011: 86-87]. s.makalaTias xevsuruli jvar-salocavebi winaqristianul salocavebad miaCnda, romlebmac mogvianebiT qristianizacia ganicada [makalaTia 1984: 229; 238]. v. bardaveliZe xevsurul kurTxevaTa teqstebis Sesaxeb aRniSnavs, rom am teqstebs aSkarad etyoba qristianuli religiis beWedi. isini unda iyos droTa viTarebis gamo xevsureTSi zepirgadmocemiT Seryvnili qristianuli teqstebi. maTTvis saTanado dednis mikvleva TumcaRa Znelia, magram ara SeuZlebeli [bardaveliZe 1938: 5]. z. kiknaZis azriT, “kurTxevani warmoadgens qristianuli saliturgio teqstebidan da wminda werilidan (saxarebidan) “amoWril” fragmentebs, romlebic erTmaneTs raime Sinaarsobrivi kavSiris gareSe ise SeduRebian, rom erT ganuyofel mTlianobas qmnian“ [jvar-xatTa sadideblebi 1998: 8]. analogiur azrs aviTarebs x. mamisimediSvilic Tavis sadisertacio naSromSi. is aRniSnavs, rom aRmosavleT saqarTvelos mTianeTis sakulto teqstebi qristianulia Tavisi arsiT, xolo mTielTa religiuri yofa da kultmsaxureba SegviZlia aRviqvaT, rogorc mTis “xalxuri”. qristianoba [mamisimediSvili 1998: 36].

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sagangebo Tavs uZRvnis Tavis naSromSi aRniSnul Temas t. maxauri. igi wers: sakulto teqstebis skrupulozuri Seswavla cxadyofs, rom ,,warmarTuli elementebi’’ am teqstebSi meoreuli movlenaa, rac kanonikuri qristianuli RvTismsaxurebis ukiduresi “gaxalxurebis” Sedegad warmoiqmna [maxauri 2011: 86, 98]. bunebrivia Cndeba kiTxva, Tu rodidan da ra gziT unda SeeRwia mTaSi qristianuli liturgikis saRvTismetyvelo teqstebsa da damkvidrebuliyo kultmsaxurebaSi. gamoTqmulia mosazreba, rom xucobanis teqstebSi ,,dRe dResindeli” qristianuli locvebidan zepiri gziT unda iyos Sesuli da damkvidrebuli fSav-xevsureTSi [mamisimediSvili 1998: 35]. Cveni azriT, jvar-xatTa sadideblebi, romlebic sxvadasxva saRvTismetyvelo literaturidan momdinare fragmentebia, SemorCenili unda iyos im droidan, rodesac iq arsebul eklesiebSi mimdinareobda RvTismsaxureba. mTisa da baris urTierTobis ararsebobis pirobebSi, eklesiebis funqcionirebis Sewyvetis Semdeg, rogorc Cans, kultmsaxureba itvirTes adgilobrivebma, maT vinc ramdenadme CarTuli iyo eklesiis samsaxurSi. sxvagvarad Cven ver warmogvidgenia qristianuli teqstebis zepirad SeRweva mTaSi. es teqstebi, rogorc Cans, me-13 saukunis dasawyisidan zepiri gziT gadaecemoda kultis msaxurTa sxvadasxva Taobas. isini droTa ganmavlobaSi Seiryvna, amave dros „gaxalxurda“ kidec da am saxiT moaRwia Cvenamde. Cveni azriT, fxovSi qristianobis gavrcelebisa da damkvidrebis momentebi unda iyos asaxuli zogierT andrezsa da

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zepir gadmocemaSi. aris garkveuli istoriuli movlenebi, romlebic droTa ganmavlobaSi moTologiurma saburvelma dafara da maTi warmoSobis xnovanebis garkveva, cxadia, dRes SeuZlebelia. andrezebis mimarTeba konkretul adgilsa da nagebobasTan gvaZlevs imis saSualebas, rom davadginoT Tu romelia pirveladi - materialuri Zegli Tu andrezi. crolis saneba, rogorc andrezi iuwyeba, gergetis beTlemidan mobrZanebula sofel ukanxaduSi. crolis wveris saneba (sameba) gergetis beTlemidan aris wamosuli, vidre crolis wverze daarsdeboda is mindorSi yofila dabrZanebuli [kiknaZe 1985: 61-63; kiknaZe 1996: 44-45]. gergetis beTlemi ki, rogorc cnobilia, erT-erTi adreuli kldeSi nakveTi samonastro kompleqsia. crolis sanebis mogzauroba RilRoSic, Cveni azriT, unda mianiSnebdes qristianuli centrebis, am SemTxvevaSi, eklesiebis kavSir-urTierTobaze. aseve, anatoris mTavarangelozis jvris RilRoSi mogzaurobis andrezSic anatoris eklesiisa da RilRoSi arsebuli (tyoba-ierda, alb-ierda) saeklesio centrebs Soris kontaqtebi unda iyos asaxuli da ara preistoriuli xanis movlenebi [wiklauri 2010: 25]. qristianuli informaciis Semcvelia, zemoT naxsenebi, xmalas mTavarangelozis mironmdinare alvis xis Sesaxeb arsebuli andrezic. sruliad SesaZleblad migvaCnia xevsuruli andrezebis mixedviT arqeologiuri Zeglebis gamovlena. amasTan dakavSirebiT SeiZleba gavixsenoT crolis sanebis andrezi, romlis mixedviTac saneba sanam crolis wverze dabrZandeboda, manamde mindorSi yofila daarsebuli [kiknaZe 2009: 81]. Cveni

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varaudiT, ar aris gamoricxuli, rom andrezSi moxseniebul mindorSi igulisxmebodes zais vake. sadac, adreul Sua saukuneebSi eklesia unda yofiliyo. statiis dasasruls daskvnis saxiT gvinda aRvniSnoT, rom fxovSi qristianobis gavrceleba qarTlis samefo karis gaqristianebisTanave iwyeba. Tavdapirvelad, aq mimdinareobs xisa Tu qvis jvrebis aRmarTva, razec metyvelebs anatoris eklesiaSi aRmoCenili IV saukunis pirveli naxevris Suaxanebis jvris postamenti. jvrebis aRmarTvas, rogorc Cans, sakmaod farTo xasiaTi unda hqonoda da mas unda moecva yvela dasaxlebuli punqti. am procesis Tanmdevi unda yofiliyo eklesiebis mSenebloba, rac masStabebis mxriv, cxadia, ver iqneboda jvrebis aRmarTvis tolfasi. fxovSi qristianobis gavrcelebis etapebi asaxulia aq Seswavlil adre da ganviTarebul Sua saukuneebis samarovnebze. adreuli safexuri, Cveni azriT, â&#x20AC;&#x17E;misioneruliâ&#x20AC;&#x153; xasiTisa unda yofiliyo anu, rodesac eklesia mosaxleobisgan ar iTxovs aranair saeklesio gadasaxads. saqarTvelos gaerTianebisa da feodaluri monarqiis gaZlierebas ki unda mohyoloda fxovSi eklesiis, rogorc feodaluri institutis momZlavrebac. aRniSnuli garemoeba unda gamxdariyo fxovis ajanyebis mizezi me-13 saukunis pirvel aTwleulSi. fxovis ajanyebis Caqrobis Semdeg saqarTvelos saxelmwifos istoriis borbali ukuRma datrialda. qveyana jer jalaledinma, Semdeg ki monRolebma daipyres. mTaSi moiSala saeklesio-samonastro cxovreba da qristianuli RvTismsaxureba. mosaxleobis mier saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi Seswavlili da SeTvisebuli qristianuli codnis mixedviT fxovSi 70

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„restavrirebul“ salocavebSi, samRvdeloebisa da eklesiis gareSe iwyeba „gaxalxurebuli qristianuli“ kultmsaxureba. am salocavebis saxeli „jvarni“ adreuli qristianobidan iRebs saTaves. mogvianebiT, fSav-xevsureTSi arsebuli qristianobis nakvalevze „ileqeba“ andrezuli da sxva saxis miTologiuri gadmocemebi, romlebic zepiri saxiT aRwevs Cvenamde. is kultmsaxureba, romelic dRes aRmosavleT saqarTvelos mTianeTSia SemorCenili ZiriTadad qristianobidanaa nasazrdoebi. prof. z. kiknaZis sityvebiT rom vTqvaT: „qristianobaa pirveladi da “warmarTobad” miCneuli faqtebi qristianobis TandaTanobiTi “paganizaciis” Sedegia“ [kiknaZe z. 1988: 147]. arRunis xeoba. qaCus cixe

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dRes sakmaod rTuli da SeuZlebelia mTielTa kultmsaxurebaSi „warmarTuli elementebis“ mkveTri gamijvna qristianuli danaSrevebisagan. qristianuli RvTismsaxurebis ararsebobis pirobebSi qristianuli rCeba dakrZalvis wesi. Tumca, xSir SemTxvevaSi saTanado yuradReba aRar eqceva samarxTa damxrobas.

statiebi

gamoyenebuli literatura: 1. anCabaZe z. badriZe S. 1971: feodaluri saqarT-

velos istoriis swori gagebisaTvis. gazeTi â&#x20AC;&#x17E;literaturuli saqarTveloâ&#x20AC;&#x153;, 12, 1971, Tbilisi. 2. bardaveliZe v. 1938: aRmosavleT saqarTvelos qa-

rTveli mTielebis sasuliero teqstebi. masalebi saqarTvelos eTnografiisaTvis, t. 1, Tbilisi. 3.

bardaveliZe v. Citaia g. 1939: qarTuli xalxuri ornamenti I, xevsuruli. Tbilisi.

4. bardaveliZe v. 1974: aRmosavleT saqarTvelos

mTianeTis tradiciuli sazogadoebriv-sakulto Zeglebi, t. I, fSavi. Tbilisi. 5. bardaveliZe v. 1982: aRmosavleT saqarTvelos

mTianeTis tradiciuli sazogadoebriv-sakulto Zeglebi. t. II, Tbilisi. 6. berZeniSvili n. 1965: saqarTvelos istoriis sakiTxe-

bi, wigni II, Tbilisi. berZeniSvili n. 1973: saqarTvelos istoriis sakiTxebi, wigni VI, Tbilisi. 7. gagoSiZe i. 1975: samadlos arqeologiuri eqspedi-

ciis 1972 wlis muSaobis angariSi. saqarTvelos muzeumis arqeologiuri eqspediciebi, IV, gv. 32-39. Tbilisi (red. l. WilaSvili). 8. gagoSiZe i. 1999: qarTlSi qristianobis damkvi-

drebis istoriisaTvis. s. janaSias saxelobis saqarTvelos saxelmwifo muzeumis moambe, 43-, gv. 5767. Tbilisi (red. l. WilaSvili) 73

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9. Tofuria a. 1942: qva-jvarni saqarTveloSi, masa-

lebi saqarTvelosa da kavkasiis istoriisaTvis, nakv. IV, gv. 28-63. Tbilisi. 10. TofCiSvili r. 1985: mTiuleTisa da gudamayris

mosaxleobis zogierTi istoriul-eTnografiuli sakiTxi. saqarTvelos ssr mecnierebaTa akademiis macne. istoriis, arqeologiis, eTnografiisa da xelovnebis istoriis seria. 2, gv. 86-104, Tbilisi (red. g. meliqiSvili). 11. kandelaki m. 1981: qarTvel mTielTa socialur-

religiuri struqturis sakiTxebi (“jvari” da “xati”). saqarTvelos ssr mecnierebaTa akademiis macne. istoriis, arqeologiis, eTnografiisa da xelovnebis istoriis seria. 1, gv. 89-99. Tbilisi (red. g. meliqiSvili). 12. kaxiani k. WaniSvili g. kopaliani j. maCabeli k. ale-

qsiZe z. RliRvaSvili g. patariZe n. 2012: adreqristianuli saeklesio kompleqsi dmanisidan. Tbilisi. 13. kiknaZe z. 1985: qarTul miTologiur gadmocemaTa

sistema, Tbilisi. 14. kiknaZe z. 1988: “warmarToba” Tu qristianoba? Ju-

rnali “mnaTobi”, 4, gv. 139-148. Tbilisi. 15. kiknaZe z. 1996: qarTuli miTologia, jvari da saymo, Tb. 16. kiknaZe z. 1996: jvar-xatTa religia aRmosavleT

saqarTvelos mTianeTSi. adreqristianuli arqeologiis meore konferencia miZRvnili akad. iv.

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javaxiSvilis dabadebis 120-wlisTavisadmi, moxsenebaTa mokle Sinaarsebi, gv. 21. Tbilisi (red. r. ramiSvili). 17. kiknaZe z. 2009: andrezebi (aRmosavleT saqarT-

velos mTianeTis religiur-miTologiuri gadmocemebi). Tbilisi. 18. makalaTia s. 1984: xevsureTi, Tbilisi. 19. mamisimediSvili x. 1996: xucobanis teqstebis

qristianuli Zirebi. adreqristianuli arqeologiis meore konferencia miZRvnili akad. i. javaxiSvilis dabadebis 120-wlisTavisadmi. moxsenebaTa mokle Sinaarsebi, gv. 22. Tbilisi (red. r. ramiSvili). 20. mamisimediSvili x. 1997. jvar-xatebi sakulto

teqstebSi, sakandidato disertacia, Tbilisi. 21. maxauri t. 2011: folklorul-eTnografiuli

narkvevebi, wigni III, Tb. oCiauri al. 1988: qarTuli xalxuri dReobebis kalendari, xevsureTi (arxotis Temi), Tbilisi. 22. oCiauri al. 2005: qarTuli xalxuri dReobebis

kalendari, xevsureTi II (budeâ&#x20AC;&#x201C;xevsureTi, Satil-miRmaxevi), Tb. 23. patariZe l. 2000: qarTvelTa gaqristianeba ,,qa-

rTlis cxovrebisâ&#x20AC;? mixedviT. kreb. qristianoba saqarTveloSi istoriul-eTnologiuri gamokvlevebi. gv. 8-16, Tbilisi (red. n. abakelia da m. CxartiSvili). 75

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24. ramiSvili r. 1996: aRmosavleT saqarTvelos

mTianeTis gaqristianebis ZiriTadi safexurebi da Taviseburebani arqeologiuri masalebis da werilobiTi wyaroebis mixedviT. adreqristianuli arqeologiis meore konferencia miZRvnili akad. i. javaxiSvilis dabadebis 120-wlisTavisadmi. moxsenebaTa mokle Sinaarsebi, gv. 16-19. Tbilisi (red. r. ramiSvili). 25. ramiSvili r. 1981: mTisa da baris urTierTobis

zogierTi sakiTxi aragvis xeobis axali arqeologiuri

masalebis mixedviT. Jinvalis eqs-

pedicia, meore samecniero sesiis masalebi, gv. 98-154. Tbilisi (red. r. ramiSvili). 26. ramiSvili r. 2008: arqeologiuri kvleva-Zieba

davaTSi. Tbilisi. 27. rCeuliSvili g. 1990: fSavis aragvis xeobis arqe-

ologiuri Zeglebi. Tbilisi. 28. rCeuliSvili g. 1999: qristianoba Sua saukunee-

bis fxovSi. qristianuli arqeologiis mesame samecniero konferencia (moxsenebaTa mokle Sinaarsebi) gv. 21-22. Tbilisi (red. r. ramiSvil). 29. rCeuliSvili g. robaqiZe c. CixlaZe v. 1996: da-

krZalvis qristianuli ritualis gavrcelebis sakiTxisaTvis

aRmosavleT

saqarTvelos

mTianeTSi aragvis xeobis masalebis mixedviT. adreqristianuli arqeologiis meore konfer-

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encia miZRvnili akad. i. javaxiSvilis dabadebis 120-wlisTavisadmi.

moxsenebaTa

mokle

Si-

naarsebi, gv. 20. Tbilisi (red. r. ramiSvili). 30. rCeuliSvili g. robaqiZe c., CixlaZe v. 1994:

aragvis xeobis adre Sua saukuneTa xanis samarovnebi da mTaSi qristianobis gavrcelebis sakiTxi. qristianuli civilizacia da saqarTvelo, konferencia miZRvnili adreqristianuli arqeologiis pirveli msoflio kongresis 100 wlisTavisadmi, moxsenebaTa mokle Sinaarsebi. gv. 37-38. Tbilisi (red. r. ramiSvili). 31. saqarTvelos istoriisa da kulturis ZeglTa

aRweriloba 2008. t. 2. Tbilisi. 32. qarTlis cxovreba 1959: t. II, Tbilisi. 33. qarTlis cxovreba 1973: teqsti dadgenili yve-

la ZiriTadi xelnaweris mixedviT s. yauxCiSvilis mier, t. IV, Tbilisi. 34. qarTlis cxovreba 2012: t. II, Tbilisi. 35. Zveli qarTuli agiografiuli literaturis Ze-

glebi 1963: wigni I, red. ilia abulaZe, Tbilisi. 36. wereTeli k. 1981: fSav-xevsureTis adre Sua

saukuneTa xuroTmoZRvruli Zeglebi. Jinvalis eqspedicia, meore samecniero sesiis masalebi, gv. 70-78. Tbilisi (red. r. ramiSvili). 37. wereTeli k. 2002: anatoris mariamwmidis ekle-

siis daTariRebisaTvis. qristianuli arqeolo-

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giis VI konferencia, moxsenebaTa Sinaarsebi, gv. 16-22. Tbilisi (red. r. ramiSvili, g. bolqvaZe). 38. wereTeli k. 1999: istoriuli fxovisa da misi

mTiswineTis qristianuli arqeologiuri Zeglebi. disertacia, istoriis mecnierebaTa kandidatis samecniero xarisxis mosapoveblad. Tbilisi. 39. wiklauri iv. 2001: eklesia_monastrebi aR-

mosavleT saqarTvelos mTianeTSi. qristianuli arqeologiis V konferencia, moxsenebaTa mokle Sinaarsebi, gv. 88-92. Tbilisi (red. r. ramiSvili, g. bolqvaZe). 40. wiklauri iv. 2010: xevsureTi, masalebi aRmosav-

leT saqarTvelos

mTianeTis SeswavlisaTvis

(kavkasiis magaliTze), wigni I, Tbilisi. 41. WinWarauli al. 1976: “jvarisa’’ da “ xatis” mniS-

vnelobisaTvis qarTulSi. saqarTvelos ssr mecnierebaTa akademiis macne. enisa da literaturis seria. 3, gv. 84-92. Tbilisi. ( red. al. baramiZe). 42. javaxiSvili iv. 1983: qarTveli eris istoria,

wigni meore, Tbilisi. 43. javaxiSvili iv. 1965: qarTveli eris istoria,

wigni meore, Tbilisi. 44. janaSia s. 1949: Sromebi, t. I, Tbilisi. 45. janaSia s. 1952: saqarTvelos istoria uZvelesi

droidan me-13 saukunemde. Sromebi, t. II, Tbilisi. 46. Рамишвили Р. М. Гогочури Г. К. Джорбенадзе В. А. и др.

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1988: Исследование в горных районах Восточной Грузии. - В сб.: Археологические открытия 1986 года. сс. 447-450. Москва. 47. Робакидзе Ц. В. 1995: Исследования на Недзыхском

могильнике. Полевые Археологические Исследования в 1987 году. сс. 124-12. Тбилиси (ред. О. Лордкипанидзе). 48. Рчеулишвили Г. М., Гогочури Г. К., Маргвелашвили

М. Г. 1995: О работе Пховского отряда. Полевые Археологические Исследования в 1987 году. сс. 125-130. Тбилиси (ред. О. Лордкипанидзе).

fotoebi gadaRebulia giorgi gogoWuris mier

sur. 1. neZixis bzianis kompleqsi, VI-VIII ss.

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sur. 2. neZixis RvTismSoblis eklesia, XIIs.

sur. 3. Tvalivis wm. giorgis eklesiis kompleqsi, VIII_IX ss

sur. 4. gudruxis RvTismSoblis eklesia, „adgilis deda“, X s.

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sur. 5. kanatia, kudos wm. giorgis eklesia, VIII-IX ss

sur. 6. swrofavis eklesia, X s.

statiebi sur. 7. swrofavi, sayviralis kompleqsi, VIII-IX ss.

sur. 8. karTanas eklesia, X-XI ss.

statiebi sur. 9. anatoris mariam wmindis eklesia, IX-X ss.

sur. 10. orbeulTas eklesia, IX-X ss.

ganivi Wrili

grZivi Wrili

statiebi

giorgi laRiaSvili

ialoiluTefes tipis arqeologiuri Zeglebis qronologiis Sesaxeb qarTul arqeologiur literaturaSi gabatonebulia azri, rom isini q.w. I d q.S. I saukuneebiT TariRdeba. es debuleba prof. g. nioraZes ekuTvnis [nioraZe g., 1940:92-93] da SemdgomSi igi ior-alaznis ormdinareTSi gamovlenili aRniSnuli tipis Zeglebis daTariRebis qronologiur orientirad iqca [Tolordava v., 1978]. Tumca, amJamad arsebuli faqtobrivi masala da nioraZis mosazrebis kritikuli ganxilva, vfiqrobT safuZvelia imisa, rom gadaisinjos Cvens istoriografiaSi tradiciulad damkvidrebuli, aRniSnuli tipis Zeglebis prof. g. nioraZiseuli qronologia. am sakiTxis gasarkvevad saWiroa mokled mimovixiloT misi istoriografia. ialoiluTefes tipis materialuri kulturis naSTebma, qarTvel arqeologTa yuradReba XX saukunis 30-iani wlebis dasasrulidan miipyro. kerZod, 1937 wels md. alaznis marjvena napirTan, sof. arxiloskalos midamoebSi prof. g. nioraZem gaTxara patara samarovani (7 ormosa-

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marxi, gverdze dasvenebul, Zlier kidurebmokecili micvalebulebiT), romelTa inventari msgavsi iyo kavkasiis albaneTis antikuri xanis samarovnebis inventarisa. arxiloskalos

samarovnis tipis samarxeuli komple-

qsebi mikvleuli da gaTxrilia (1915 w. xelmZRvaneli - e. lalaiani) azerbaijanis teritoriaze, nuxis (dRevandeli gabalis) raionis sof. nijTan. 1926 wels, imave sof. nijis midamoebSi, adgil ialoilu-TefeSi azerbaijanis saxelmwifo muzeumis eqspediciam d. Sarifovis xelmZRvanelobiT gaTxara samarovani. swored am aRmoCenis Sedegad damkvidrda samecniero literaturaSi terminebi: ,,ialoiluTefes kultura“ da ,,ialoiluTefes tipis Zeglebi“. es kultura xasiaTdeba keramikis mTeli rigi Taviseburi formebiT: samfexa langrebi, fexiani jamebi, samtuCa sawuriani xeladebi, mil-niskartiani doqebi da sxv. arxiloskalos samarovnis masala gaxda safuZveli prof. g. nioraZis cnobili monografiisa ,,alaznis velis“ (ialoiluTefe g.l.) kulturasTan dakavSirebiT [nioraZe g., 1940]. aRniSnul naSromSi prof. g. nioraZe Seecada gadaeWra am tipis materialuri kulturis naSTebis qronologiis sakiTxi, romelic im periodSic kavkasiis arqeologiis erT-erTi aqtualuri problema iyo. ialoiluTefes kulturis pirvelaRmomCenebma: e. lalaianma da d. Sarifovma Шарифов Д., 1927 es sakiTxi Riad datoves.am kulturis Seswavlis Semdgom etapze gamoiTqva dausabuTebeli da sakmaod bundovani mosaz-

statiebi

rebebi, magaliTad paseki wers, rom: “yvela monacemis mixedviT jerjerobiT ialoiluTefes tipis kultura unda miekuTvnos ganviTarebuli liTonis xanis sakmaod gviandel periods, ufro rkinis xanas, vidre brinjaos epoqas” [Пассек Т., Латинин Б., 1927:221]. fineli arqeologis a. talgrenis azriT, ialoiluTefes keramika yobanuri kulturis Tanadroulia [Tallgren ., 1928:199]. f. hanCari aRniSnavda, rom ialoiluTefes keramika q.w. 1000-900 wlebs unda miekuTvnebodes [ancar ., 1934:85]. a. iesenma ialoiluTefes kultura q.w. IV-I saukuneebiT daaTariRa [Иессен А., 1929:38]. 1929:38]. mogvianebiT, aseTi qronologia gaiziares k. treverma [Тревер К. 1959:67] da o. ismizadem. am ukanasknelma sagangebo monografia miuZRvna ialoiluTefes kulturas. monografiaSi ganxilulia ialoiluTefes samarovanze 1926 w. (d. Sarifovi) da 1949-1950 wlebSi (i. jafarzade) ganxorcielebuli arqeologiuri gaTxrebis Sedegebi. agreTve, damuSavebuli da gamoqveynebulia e. lalaianis ganaTxari masala sof. nijis midamoebidan. mkvlevaris azriT, ialoiluTefes kulturis dasawyisi etapi q.w. I aTaswleulis Suaxanebia, xolo ialoiluTefes samarovani am kulturis arsebobis mogviano etaps asaxavs da q.w. III-I saukuneebiT TariRdeba [Исмизаде О.,1956:76].prof.g. nioraZe samfexa jami da sawuriani xelada milaris velidan (siRnaRis muzeumis eqspozicia)

ialoiluTefes

kulturis asaks q.w. I d q.S. I

statiebi

saukuneebiT gansazRvravda [nioraZe g., 1940:92-93] da, rogorc aRvniSne es azri dRemde dominirebs Cvens samecniero literaturaSi. amrigad, specialur literaturaSi sakvlev sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT mravali gansxvavebuli azria. aq saWirod aRar vTvliT t. პasekisaa da b. latininis, a. talgrenis, f. hanCaris mosazrebebis gakritikebas da ganvixilavT mxolod a. iesenis, g. nioraZisa da o. ismizades debulebebs, radgan, erTi mxriv, isini saTanadodaa argumentirebuli, meore mxriv ki maT daskvnebSi TvalsaCino gansxvavebac SeiniSneba.amasTanave, am avtorTa debulebebi, Cveni azriT, ver xsnis ioralaznis ormdinareTSi ialoiluTefes tipis Zeglebis arsebobis qronologiis sakiTxs. a. iesenisa da o. ismizadeseuli qronologia efuZneba ialoiluTefes kulturis adreantikur-elinisturi xanis albanuri materialur kulturasTan (sxvadasxva tipis samarxebiTa da misTvis damaxasiaTebeli inventariT (keramikiT) gaigivebas. miuxedavad imisa, rom ialoiluTefes samarovanze ormosamarxebis garda sxva tipis samarxi ar dasturdeba o. ismizade Tvlis, rom am kulturas axasiaTebs aseve, alizis samarxebi, mcire zomis yorRanebi, jargvaluri samarxebi da qvevrsamarxebi [Исмизаде О.,1956:3-4]. swored qvevrsamarxebis

qronologiis

mixedviT

gvTavazobs

mkvlevari ialoiluTefes kulturis sawyisi etapis savaraudo TariRs _ q.w. I aTaswleulis Suaxanebs, radgan am periodidan (ufro zustad - q.w. IV saukunidan) Zveli al-

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baneTis teritoriaze farTod vrceldeba qvevrsamarxebi [Гошгарлы Г., 2012:35; Нонешвили А., 1992: 137]. a. iesenisa da o. ismizades qronologia metad zogadia, garda amisa, ior-alaznis ormdinareTSi dRemde gaTxril-dokumentirebuli, kavkasiis albaneTisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli samarxeuli Zeglebi mxolod ialoiluTefes samarovnis tipis ormosamarxebiT aris warmodgenili. ialoiluTefes tipis ormosamarxebis aRnagoba da dakrZalvis wesi xasiaTdeba garkveuli TaviseburebebiT, esenia: micvalebulis marjvena an marcxena gverdze dasveneba Zlier moxril, kidurebmokecil pozaSi; samarxebSi TiTqmis yovelTvis dasturdeba msxvilfexa da wvrilfexa pirutyvis, aseve frinvelis Zvlebi da obsidianis natexebi. amave tipis samarovnebisaTvis aris

damaxasiaTebeli

saritualo qvevrebis Cataneba [ix. Исмизаде О.,1956:16; nioraZe g., 1940:17; Tolordava v., 1978], esenia: arxiloskalos, ulianovkisa da saqobos samarovnebi. albaneTis teritoriaze am tipis Zeglebis arsebobis qronologiur CarCoebad ki,

miRebulia q.w. III-I saukuneebi [Исмизаде

О.,1956:76; Халилов Дж., 1985:203; Гошгарлы Г., 2012:19]. prof. g. nioraZe sakvlevi kulturis qronologias numizmatikuri monacemebis safuZvelze gansazRvravda. es numizmatikuri masalaa: 1926 wels d. Sarifovis mier ialoiluTefes samarovanze mopovebuli moneta (Zv.w. 90 wels moWrili vercxlis denari); aseve kirovabadis samarovanze g. rozendorfisa (1903 w.) da Semdgom i. humelis

statiebi

(1937-1938 ww.) mier mopovebuli q.w. I saukunis II naxevris romauli da arSakiduli monetebi. agreTve, samTavros erT-erT qvevrsamarxSi aRmoCenili parTuli moneta (q.w. I saukunis II naxevari) [nioraZe g., 1940:91-92]. am numizmatikuri faqtebidan gamomdinare, mecnierma gamoitana daskvna, rom ,,alaznis velis (ialoiluTefe g. l.) kultura unda miekuTvnos Cveni welTaRricxvis wina da dasawyis pirvel saukuneebsâ&#x20AC;? [nioraZe g., 1940:92]. am kulturis zeda qronologiuri zRvris gansazRvrisas, mecnieri miuTiTebda im garemoebaze, rom zemoT naxsenebi q.w. I s-is II naxevris monetebi, SesaZloa q.S. I saukuneSic yofiliyo mimoqcevaSi. Sesabamisad, avtoris azriT, sakvlevi kulturis zeda qronologiuri zRvari q.S. I saukuneSic unda gadmodiodes. prof. g. nioraZis debuleba, TiTqosda myar argumentebs efuZneba, magram Tu CavuRrmavdebiT sakiTxs, SesaZloa misi zogierTi punqti saeWvod gveCvenos. saqme is aris, rom dasaxelebul monetaTagan erTaderTi, romauli denaria (q.w. I saukunis damdegi) mopovebuli ialoiluTefes samarovanze. danarCeni, q.S. I s-is II naxevris romauli da arSakiduli monetebi (fraat III-is (q.w. 70-57 ww.) da orod I-is (q.w. 57-38/37 ww.) mopovebulia kirovabadis alizsamarxebis samarovanze.

nioraZis

moRvaweobis

dros da Semdgomac, am samarovans miiCsawuriani xelada lagodexis municipalitetis sof. ulianovkidan (saqarTvelos erovnuli muzeumi)

statiebi

nevdnen ialoiluTefes kulturisaTvis damaxasiaTebel Zeglad [Исмизаде О.,1956:3-4]. Tumca, mogvianebiT alizis samarxebis am kulturis wreSi ganxilva aRar xdeboda. kvlevam cxadyo, rom am tipis samarxebSi dadasturebuli keramikis msgavseba ialoiluTefes tipis keramikasTan _ formaluria da arc damzadebis teqnikiT, arc kecis faqturiTa Tu sxva niSnebiT maT saerTo araferi aqvT erTmaneTTan. ufro metic, aRniSnuli alizsamarxebis samarovani, amJamad erTaderTia mTel aRmosavleT amierkavkasiaSi da mas analogi aq ar eZebneba. igi aRiarebulia parTiidan kavkasiis albaneTSi SeWrili kolonistebis samarovnad [Гошгарлы Г., 2012:112-113], gansxvavebiT ialoiluTefes samarovnisa da misi tipis Zeglebisagan, romlebic yovelgvari eWvis gareSe albaneTis avtoqtonuri mosaxleobis kuTvnilebaa [ix. Иессен А., 1929; ; Исмизаде О.,1956; Тревер К. 1959; Халилов Дж., 1985; Гошгарлы Г., 2012]. amrigad, kirovabadis alizsamarxebis samarovani materialuri kulturis sul sxva wreSi moiazreba, Sesabamisad, iq mopovebuli monetebis mixedviT ialoiluTefes kulturis finaluri etapis gansazRvra ar unda iyos marTebuli.

igive SeiZleba iTqvas zemoT naxseneb

samTavros qvevrsamarxSi mopovebul monetazec. zogadad, nivTebis formaluri msgavsebis mixedviT prof. g. nioraZe xSirad ukavSirebda ialoiluTefes kulturas iseT artefaqtebsa Tu arqeologiur kompleqsebs, romlebsac saerTo araferi aqvs masTan. ufro naTlad rom

statiebi

warmovaCinoT Cveni Tvalsazrisi ganvixiloT sakiTxi konkretulad ra saxis artefaqtebis mixedviT miakuTvna prof. nioraZem is alizsamarxebi da samTavros qvevrsamarxi (romlebSic zemoT naxsenebi monetebi aRmoCnda) ialoiluTefes kulturas. am monetebis Tanmxleb inventarSi warmodgenili yofila samtuCa xeladebi, moCalisfrod gamomwvari, dabali yeliT, sferuli mucliTa da brtyeli uquslo ZiriT. mrgvalkveTiani yuri daZerwilia pirsa da mucelze [nioraZe g., 1940:91, sur.11]. imis safuZvelze, rom am tipis (g. nioraZiseuli tipi II, gv. 24) xeladebi dadasturda arxiloskalos samarovanze ialoiluTefes tipis keramikasTan erTad (samfexa langrebi, sawuriani xeladebi da sxv.), nioraZem isini am kulturis ganmsazRvrel artefaqtad moiazra. Tumca, dakvirveba gviCvenebs, rom am tipis WurWeli scdeba ialoiluTefes kulturis farglebs da samxreT kavkasiis mraval Zeglze gvxvdeba. magaliTad, garda aRniSnuli kulturis tipuri Zeglebisa [Исмизаде О.,1956: tab. I, sur.4,7; tab.XII, sur. 8; tab. XXXII, sur.6], msgavsi xeladebi mravladaa aRmoCenili Sida da qvemo qarTlis gvianelinisturi da gvianromauli periodis Zeglebze: karsnisxevSi [afaqiZe a., kalandaZe s., nikolaiSvili v., 1978: sur.230,277], yaTnalixevSi [xaxutaiSvili d., 1964:91, tab. I, sur.1;] samfexa jami Telavis municipalitetis sofel gulgulidan (Telavis istoriuli muzeumi)

statiebi

kariakSi (kariakis samarovans prof. i. gagoSiZe Zv.w. IV s-iT aTariRebs [gagoSiZe i., 1982:60]). Tumca, CvenTvis saintereso erTi xelada (iqve, tab. IX,3), romelic SemTxveviTaa mopovebuli, ismizades azriT, ar unda iyos elinisturi xanis dasasrulze ufro Zveli da sxv. analogiuri xeladebi cnobilia ivrisa da alaznis xeobebis gvianromauli periodis samarovnebidanac [ramiSvili r., 1979: tab.34 sur. 66-124; CikoiZe c., 1979:9, tab.I, sur.6,7]. amrigad, am tipis xeladebi ar aris mxolod ialoiluTefes kulturisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli, isini drosa da sivrceSi Zalze farTo diapazonze vrceldeba, Sesabamisad, maTi Tanmxlebi monetebis mixedviT ialoiluTefes tipis Zeglebis daTariReba aramarTebulad migvaCnia. Tu gaviziarebT yovelive zemoT Tqmuls, maSin prof. g. nioraZis debulebis is punqti, romlis mixedviTac ialoiluTefes kulturis finaluri etapi q.S. I saukuneSi gadmodis marTebuli ar aris, radgan zemoT ganxiluli kirovabadisa da samTavros samarovnis aRniSnuli monetebis (q.w. I saukunis II naxevari) Semcveli arqeologiuri kompleqsebi, romelTa mixedviTac mecnierma amgvari daskvna gamoitana _ gansaxilveli tipis Zeglebis dasaTariReblad ar gamodgeba. am TvalsazrisiT niSandoblivia, rom prof. g. nioraZis mier SemoTavazebuli ialoiluTefes kulturis TariRi q.w. I d q.S I saukuneebi, imave numizmatikuri monacemebis safuZvelze, amJamad mxolod kirovabadis alizsamarxebis samarovnis funqcionirebis qronologiur CarCoebad aris aRiarebuli [Гошгарлы Г., 2012:63]. 92

statiebi

rac Seexeba TviT ialoiluTefes samarovanze mopovebul romaul denars (q.w. 90 w.) igi vfiqrobT, am kulturis finalur etaps q.w. I saukuneSi moiazrebs. sxva gansaxilveli Temaa ior-alaznis ormdinareTSi tipis Zeglebis

ialoiluTefes

gaCenis qveda qronologiuri zRvari.

radgan Cvens arqeologiur istoriografiaSi aRniSnul regionSi am kulturis Semotana albaneTis teritoriidan moiazreba [Пицхелаури К., 1977:226; ficxelauri k., 1973:202-206; gagoSiZe i., 2007:28], gasarkvevi rCeba drois romel monakveTSi SeiZleboda SemoWriliyo igi kaxeTis teritoriaze. prof. g. nioraZiseuli qronologia ver xsnis am sakiTxs. pirvel yovlisa, imitom, rom numizmatikuri faqtebi, realurad ara ialoiluTefes, aramed sul sxva kulturuli wris (samTavros qvevrsamarxi, kirovabadis alizsamarxebis samarovani) arqeologiuri kompleqsebis TariRis maCvenebelia.meore: im monetaTagan, romelTa saSualebiT g. nioraZe arxiloskalos samarovans aTariRebda, arc erTi ar aris mopovebuli, araTu am samarovanze, TviT ior-alaznis ormdinareTSic ki. amasTan, arxiloskalos samarovnis tipis (igive ialoiluTefes tipis) ormosamarxebi, rogorc aRvniSneT q.w. III-I saukuneebis qronologiur CarCoebSi eqceva.am garemoebebidan gamomdinare, es samarovani aRniSnuli vrceli periodis nebismier monakveTs SeiZleba miekuTvnebodes. Tumca, qarTul arqeologiur istoriografiaSi imdenad gavrcelebulia

statiebi

arxiloskalos samarovnis g. nioraZiseuli daTariReba, rom mas Semdeg am samarovnis inventaris paraleluri masalis TariRad tradiciulad miRebulia q.w. I d q.S. I saukuneebi [Tolordava v., 1978]. Cvens istoriografiaSi pirvelad prof. i. gagoSiZem aRZra sakiTxi ialoiluTefes kulturis ior-alaznis ormdinareTSi arsebobis qronologiis dazustebis saWiroebasTan dakavSirebiT [gagoSiZe i., 2007:28]. aRniSnul regionSi am kulturis gavrcelebis Taviseburebebze saubrisas gagoSiZe SeniSnavs, rom qumbaTSi Seswavlili q.w. I da q.S. I saukuneebis kulturuli fena da Sesatyvisi samarxebi ar Seicavda ialoiluTefes tipis masalas, Zeglis geografiuli mdebareobisa da qronologiis mixedviT ki, mosalodneli iyo iq misi dadastureba [gagoSiZe i., 2007:29]. mecnieri miuTiTebs, rom es garemoeba axsnas saWiroebs, Tumca sakiTxs Riad tovebs. prof. i. gagoSiZe (ise, rogorc antikuri xanis aRmosavleT saqarTvelos arqeologiaSi momuSave mkvlevarebis absoluturi umravlesoba) eyrdnoba prof. g. nioraZis qronologias da sruliad bunebrivad miaCnia aRmosavleT kaxeTSi q.w. I da q.S. I saukuneebis arqeologiur Zeglze ialoiluTefes kulturis dadastureba. Tumca, vfiqrobT ukve naTelia, rom qronologia gadasasinjia, Cveni mosazrebis sasargeblod metyvelebs Tundac es ukanaskneli magaliTi. zogadad, ialoiluTefes kulturasTan dakavSirebiT, yvelaze aqtualur sakiTxad alaznis auzSi misi ga-

statiebi

Cenis qronologiis problema migvaCnia, radgan mis sabolood gadasaWrelad, jerjerobiT metad mwiri masala mogvepoveba. am regionSi gaTxril-dokumentirebul ialoiluTefes tipur Zeglebze (arxiloskalo, ulianovka, saqobo) ar aRmoCenila viwro qronologiuri CarCoebis momcveli myari damaTariRebeli masala. xolo ialoiluTefes tipis samarxebis miRebuli qronologia (q.w. III-I saukuneebi) metad zogadia am problemis Sesaxeb garkveuli azris gamosaTqmelad xelSesaxeb masalas gvawvdis gurjaanis municipalitetis sof. vaCnaZianis (sabWoTa periodi `Sroma~) samarovani. prof. i. gagoSiZe adasturebs Semdeg faqts: romauli respublikuri denariT (q.w. 73 w.) daTariRebuli samarxi ar Seicavda ialoiluTefes tipis keramikas, xolo stratigrafiulad masze gviandel samarxebSi warmodgenili iyo ialoiluTefes kulturisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli WurWeli adgilobriv keramikasTan erTad [gagoSiZe i., 2007:29]. vaCnaZianis masalebidan gamomdinare prof. i. gagoSiZe varaudobs, rom ialoiluTefes kultura saqarTvelos teritoriaze vrceldeba q.w. I saukunis meore meoTxedidan da q.S. I saukunemde ganagrZobs arsebobas [gagoSiZe i., 2007:28]. aqve, ar SeiZleba angariSi ar gaewios kaxeTis mudmivmoqmedi arqeologiuri eqspediciis xelmZRvanelis _ akad. k. ficxelauris sayuradRebo dakvirvebas, rom ior-alaznis auzSi ar arsebobs q.w. I saukuneze adreuli periodiT daTariRebuli Zegli, romelsac raime

statiebi

niSani hqondes ialoiluTefes kulturisa [ficxelauri k., 1973:201-202]. yovelive zemoTqmulis gaTvaliswinebiT, gansaxilveli kulturis ior-alaznis ormdinareTSi arsebobis qronologiis sakiTxi am etapze amgvarad warmogvidgeba: igi q.w. I saukunis Sua xanebidan vrceldeba aRniSnul regionSi da welTaRricxvaTa mijnamde arsebobs. Tumca, es daskvna ar aris saboloo, radgan, rogorc aRiniSna ioralaznis auzis ialoiluTefes tipis gaTxril-dokumentirebul Zeglebze (sul oriode samarovania gaTxrli da mecnierulad Seswavlili - arxiloskalos samarovani; lagodexis municipalitetis sof. ulianovkasTan saqarTvelos saxelmwifo muzeumis eqspediciam (xelmZRvaneli r. abramiSvili) 1960-61 ww. gaTxara ori ormosamarxi, es masalebi daamuSava da gamoaqveyna v. Tolordavam [Tolordava v., 1978]; 1972 wels akad. s. janaSias saxelobis muzeumis eqspediciis (xelmZRvaneli prof. l. WilaSvili) saqobos (lagodexis muncipaliteti) razmma (xelmZRvaneli g. rCeuliSvili) soflis midamoebSi gaTxara ialoiluTefes tipis ramdenime samarxi. masala gamouqveynebelia, daculia simon janaSias saxelobis saqarTvelos

erovnul

muzeumSi.

saqobos samarovnis Sesaxeb informaZabriseburtaniani tolCa Telavidan (Telavis istoriuli muzeumi)

statiebi

cia mogvawoda Zeglis gamTxrelma - prof. g. rCeuliSvilma, risTvisac madlobas vuxdiT) dRemde ar dadasturebula viwro qronologiuri CarCoebis ganmsazRvreli dasaTariRebeli masala. amdenad, kategoriuli daskvnebis gamotana, mxolod axali faqtobrivi masalis gamovlenis Semdeg aris SesaZlebeli.

l i t e r a t u r a 1. afaqiZe a., kalandaZe s., nikolaiSvili v., 1978:

mcxeTis mudmivmoqmedi arqeologiuri eqspediciis 1975 wlis muSaobis angariSi. mcxeTa, t. II. – Tbilisi. 2. gagoSiZe i., 1982: TrialeTis samarovnebi. –

Tbilisi. 3. gagoSiZe i., 2007: qarTlis samefos (iberiis)

sazRvrebi q.w. I saukuneSi. iberia-kolxeTi 3. – Tbilisi. 4. Tolordava v., 1978: antikuri xanis samarxe-

bi ulianovkadan. saqarTvelos arqeologiis sakiTxebi, I. _ Tbilisi. 5. nioraZe g., 1940: alaznis velis gaTxrebi,

Tbilisi.

statiebi

6. ramiSvili r., 1979: erwos veli gvianarmazul xa-

naSi. – Tbilisi. 7. CikoiZe c., 1979: qalaqi Telavi. _ Tbilisi. 8. ficxelauri k., 1973: aRmosavleT saqarTvelos

tomTa istoriis ZiriTadi problemebi (q.w. XV-VII ss.) arqeologiuri masalebis mixedviT. – Tbilisi. 9. xaxutaiSvili d., 1964: ufliscixe, t. I. – Tbilisi 10. Алиев К., 1992: Античная Кавказская Албания. - Баку 11. Гошгарлы Г., 2012: Типология погребальных памятников

античного периода на территории Азербайджана. - Баку. 12. Иессен А., 1929: Культура Ялойлу-Тапа в Закавказье

(предварительная

характеристика),

Сборник

Государственной Академии истории материальной культуры, 1. - Москва- Ленинград 13. Исмизаде О.,1956: Ялойлутепинская культура.- Баку 14. Казиев С,.1953: О двух кувшинных и двух катакомбных

погребениях. Материальная культура Азербайджана, Т.З.- Баку 15. Нонешвили А., 1992: Погребальные обряды народов

закавказья.- Тбилиси. 16. Пахомов Е., 1937: Статуэтка из Моллаисаклинского

сельбища и ее датировка. Известия Азерб. филиала Академии наук СССР. – Баку. 17. Пассек Т., Латинин Б., 1927: К вопросу о керамике

из Ялойлутепе. Известия обшества обследования

statiebi

изучения Азербайджана, #4. – Баку 18. Пассек

Т.,

1946:

Джафарханский

могильник

(археологические разведки в Муганской степи), Вестник древней истории, # 2. 19. Пицхелаури К., 1977: Памятники второй половины

I тысячелетия до н. э. на территории Кахетии. Советская археология. - Москва 20. Розендорф Г. 1906: Раскопки, - Oтчет археологической

комиссии за 1903 г.- Санкт-Петербург 21. Скиндер В,.1906: Опыт археологической разведки.-

Пятигорск. 22. Тревер К. 1959: Очерки по историки культуре

Кавказской Албании (IV в.’до н.э. - VII в. н.э.) Изд-во Академия наук СССР.- Москва- Ленинград. 23. Халилов

Дж.,

1985:

Материальная

культура

Кавказской Албании. - Баку. 24. Шарифов

Д.,

1927:

Раскопки

Ялойлу-Тапа

(Нухинский у., 1926 г.), Материалы Азгосмузея, Вып. 1. - Баку 25. Tallgren A., 1928: Eurasia Septentrionalis Antiqua, B. III,

Helsinki, 26. Hancar F., 1934: Kaukasus-Luristan. Zuge Kultureller

Verwandt-schaft des prahistorischen Kaukasusgebites mit dem Alten Orient. Eurasia Septentrionalis Antiqua, b. IX, Helsinki

Tvalsazrisi

redaqciisgan:

saqarTvelos

eklesia-monas-

trebi ara mxolod Cveni qveynis RirsSesaniSnaobaa, aramed mkvlevarTaTvis mravali saidumlos momcveli. da manam, sanam arqeologia dagvanaxebs

taZris

pirvelsaxes,

gvauwyebs

misi agebis TariRsa Tu aRmSeneblis vinaobas, mecnierebi istoriul wyaroebze dayrdnobiT, ama Tu im taZarTan dakavSirebiT, uamrav mosazrebas gamoTqvamen. bunebrivia, sainteresoa, ras fiqroben mecnierebi, adasturebs Tu ara arqeologiuri gaTxrebis Sedegebi mkvlevarTa Tvalsazriss. amitom, Jurnal “onlain arqeologias” daemata axali rubrika - T v a l s a z r i s i. amjerad, gTavazobT istoriis mecnierebaTa doqtoris, saqarTvelos kulturuli memkvidreobis dacvis erovnuli saagentos muzeumebisa da muzeum-nakrZalebis samsaxuris ufrosi specialistis eka kaWaravas statias “alaeerdis

kaTedralis

daTariRebisTvis”.

maS ase - rodis aigo alaverdis taZari, vin iyo ri, ni

100

kaTedralis misi

pirveli

taZrisa,

eka

mSeneblobis episkoposi kaWaravas

iniciatoda

qtitor-

TvalsazrisiT:

Tvalsazrisi

alaverdis kaTedralis daTariRebisaTvis

eka kaWarava

alaverdis kaTedrali mdebareobs kaxeTSi, sof. alaverdTan

(axmetis

munici paliteti), alaznis

velze,

Telavidan 20 km-is daSorebiT. alaverdis eparqiis sazRvrebs Seadgenda: CrdiloeTiT da aRmosavleTiT kavkasionis qedi da md. stori, samxreT-aRmosavleTiT â&#x20AC;&#x201C; md. Turdo, dasavleTiT da samxreT-dasavleTiT kaxeTisa da civ-gomboris qedebi. mTianeTidan alaverdis eparqiaSi gaerTanebuli iyo fSav-xevsureTi da TuSeTi. alaverdis sakaTedro taZari qarTuli xuroTmoZRvrebis erT-erTi udidesi da umniSvnelovanesi Zeglia. saistorio wyaroebSi alaverdis kaTedralis mSene-

101

Tvalsazrisi

blobis Sesaxeb cnoba ar moi poveba. Tumca,

taZ-

ari TviT aris dasturi imisa, rom is XI saukunis I

naxevris kuTvnilebaa. qarTul istoriografia-

Si alaverdis sakaTedro taZris mSeneblobisa da saepiskoposo kaTedris daarsebis TariRad zogadad XI s-is pirveli meoTxedi an mesamedia aRiarebuli. bis

naSromis

monacemebis

mizania

saistorio

wyaroe-

gaTvaliswinebiT,Aalaverdis

taZris agebisa da gansrulebis TariRis dazusteba, taZris mSeneblobis iniciatorisa da qtitorTa, misi

pirveli

episkoposis

vinaobis

dadgena.

VII-IX saukuneTa ganmavlobaSi kaxeT-hereTis teritoriaze Zvelis nacvlad mravali axali Zegli igeba da ZeglTa ganaxlebiTi Tu gafarToebiTi samuSaoe-

102

Tvalsazrisi

bi xorcieldeba. am periodSi uZvelessa Tu sameklesian bazilikebs enacvleba gumbaTovani arqiteqturis Zeglebi (gurjaanis yvelawminda, vaCnaZianis yvelawminda, nekresi, stefanwminda xirsaSi, iyalTos monastris mTavari eklesia, ozaanis amaRleba da sxv.). cnoba amave periodSi alaverdis monastris teritoriaze warmoebuli mSeneblobis Sesaxeb arc erT wyaros ar Semounaxavs. Cveni azriT, VIII-IX saukuneTa kaxeT-hereTis xuroTmoZRvruli Zeglebis qtitorTa yuradReba arc alaverdis monasters unda mokleboda da iq, sadac XI saukuneSi kaTedrali aSenda da sadac ioseb alaverdelis Tanadrouli salocavis arsebobaa savaraudo, VIII-IX saukuneebSi axali taZari aigeboda. vfiqrobT, alaverdis monastris teritoriaze arqeologiuri kvleva-Ziebis Sedegad Cveni varaudis damadasturebeli masala uTuod gamovlindeba. es masala ki, am periodis alaverdis Sesaxeb werilobiTi wyaroebis ararsebobis

pirobebSi, didad

kaTedralis

istoriis

dagvexmareba

alaverdis

rekonstruqciis

saqmeSi.

X saukunis dasawyisisaTvis alaverdi kax mefeTa (qorepiskoposTa) moqmedi salocavi monasteri unda yofiliyo. aRniSnuls adasturebs cnoba daculi, rogorc `matiane qarTlisaĂ Si~ da vaxuSti batoniSvilTan ise, eredvis wm. giorgis eklesiis saamSeneblo warweraSi. cnoba kaxTa mTavris kvirike I-isa

103

Tvalsazrisi

(892-918) da egris-afxazeTis mefis konstantine III-is (893-929) hereTisaTvis koaliciur laSqrobas exeba. XI saukunis anonimi avtoris Txzuleba `matiane qarTlisas~ Tanaxmad: ,,... viTar gardaÃdes welni raodennime da moeSena queyana, maSin uÃmo kÂrike qorepiskoposman kostanti afxazTa mefesa; Cavides hereTad da moadges cixesa veJinisasa. afxazTa mefe moadga zedaTkerZo, da kÂrike quemoT. da viTar miswures waRebad, maSin adarnase patriki movida, paraskevis juarsa miupyra zavis piri, mosca afxazTa mefesa ariSi, gavazni da kÂrikes orWobi. viTar daizavnes, da Semoiqces movida kostanti, afxazTa mefe, iloca alaverds wmidis giorgis winaSe, da Semosa xati misi oqroTa. xolo laSqari misi umravlesi waravlina gzasa garesa da friad pativ-sca kÂrike qorepiskoposman, da warvida queyanad TÂsad~ [15.264]. igive faqti dasturdeba eredvis wm. giorgis eklesiis saamSeneblo warweraSi: `... Ãelmwifobasa

RmrTivdamyarebulisa

wmidisa

kon-

stantine mefisasa, romelman brZana da Cavida hereTs Sigan, herTa mefeÁ gaaqcia da muniT mSvidobiT iqca, ciskrad alaverds iloca, mwuxri breZas gadahÃTa; meored kula avida, vejinisa cixe dalewa~ [9.172]. vaxuSti batoniSvili am laSqrobas 906-921 wlebSi

mimdinare

dgomad

movlenaTa

moslvisa

Soris

abul-kasimisa

moiazrebs. miuwoda

“...SemkÂrikem

kaxTa qorikozman am mefes kostantines. aman mis-

104

Tvalsazrisi

rulman Semusrna cixeni hereTisani, merme dazavdnen kĂ&#x201A;rike kaxTa, mefe kostantine da herTa mefe da ukmoqceulman kostantine mefeman mosWeda oqroTi xati alaverdis mTavar mowamis wmidis giorgisa da Seamko friad da movida afxazeTs~ [7.798].

`matiane

qarTlisasa~

vaxuStis

Tanaxmad,

laSqroba unda Semdgariyo `Semdgomad mosvlisa abul kasimisa~ anu sajTa pirveli laSqrobis Semdgom (908-914 ww.). vaxuStisave cnobiT, 918 wlidan kaxeTSi kvirike I-is memkvidre fadla II mTavrobs, amdenad kvirike I-isa da konstantine afxazTa mefis erToblivi laSqroba 918 welze gvian ver ganxor-

105

Tvalsazrisi

cieldeboda. amasTanave `matiane qarTlisas~ Tanaxmad, kvirike-konstantines laSqroba ara mxolod abul kasimis laSqrobis Semdgom Sedga, aramed ,,... viTar gardaĂ&#x192;des welni raodennime da moeSena queyana~ [15.264], e.i. 914 wlidan ramdenime wlis Semdgom da danamdvilebiT 918 wlamde, anu 916-917

wlebSi.

aseTi mniSvnelovani gamarjvebis mopovebisaTvis alaverds locva da egris-afxazeTis mefis mier alaverdis wminda giorgis xatis oqroTi Semkoba, mowmobs, rom alaverdi metad mniSvnelovani Zegli iyo da adasturebs faqts - X saukunis dasawyisisaTvis wminda giorgis saxelobis alaverdi moqmedi, kax mefeTa Tu qorepiskoposTa salocavi gaxldaT da savaraudod, VIII-IX saukuneebs unda miekuTvnos. saeWvoa, es ceremoniali ioseb alaverdelis

Tanadroul

mcire

eklesiaSi

Catarebuliyo.

pirdapiri cnobebi imis Taobaze, rom taZris mSeneblobisa da samRvdelTmTavro kaTedris daarsebis iniciatori kvirike didi iyo,ar mogvepoveba. kvirike III alaverdTan dakavSirebiT arsad ixsenieba (gamonaklisia alaverdis taZris kankelis filis qveda nawilze SemorCenili kidurwaisruli asomTavruli warweris xuTi grafema - `.. ke qor..~. g. gagoSiZis varaudiT, am fragmentis gagrZeleba unda iyos meore fragmentze SemorCenili kidurwaisruli asomTavruli warweris oTxi grafema - ~bksi~. am fragmentTa gaerTianebiT

106

Tvalsazrisi

warwera ikiTxeba,rogorc ~.. k(virik)e qor[e]b(is)k(opo) si..~ [6.24]. Tumca, SesaZloa, kankeli Zveli taZrisaTvis, axali kaTedralis aSenebamdec damzadebuliyo. maSin rodesac, mematiane aRniSnavs administraciul reformas - dedaqalaqis TelavSi gadatanas, bodojis sasaxlis mSeneblobas, alaverdis mSeneblobis mouxseneblobis faqti wyaroTa simwiriT ver aixsneba. metad bunebrivi iqneboda misi reorganizatoruli politikis gaTvaliswinebiT alaverdis axali taZris mSenebloba gaeTvalsaCinoebinaT. es faqti arsad aris dafiqsirebuli, rasac gansakuTrebuli mizezi unda ganapirobebdes. aRniSnulis gasarkvevad, gavadevnoT Tvali alaverdis mSeneblobis Tanamedrove politikuri movlenebis ganviTarebas. bagrat III-is zeobis xanaSi (975-1014) saqarTvelos gaerTianebis procesi qarTul xuroTmoZRvrebaSic aisaxa. Tanmimdevrulad igeba bediis (`aman didman mefeman aRaSena saydari bediisa, Seqmna saydrad saepiskoposod, mocvala man gudayĂ&#x201A;sa saepiskoposo, Sewirna sofelni mravalni yovelTa Ă&#x192;evTa da adgilTa, ganasrula yovliTa gangebiTa, romel aravin yofil ars sxua mefe msgavsi misi queyanisa qarTlisasa da afxazeTisasa~ [15.281], nikorwmindis, bagratis taZrebi, safuZveli eyreba sveticxovels, romlis ganaxlebac, aseve bagrat mefis iniciativaa. msxvili sasuliero centrebis daarseba, maTi lokalizaciis

107

Tvalsazrisi

gaTvaliswinebiT, dasturia qarTvelTa xelmwifis Tanmimdevruli politikisa, romelic qveynis saboloo gaerTianebas isaxavs miznad. mematianis gadmocemiT `eklesiaTa maSenebelma~

bagrat afxazTa

da qarTvelTa mefem bagratis taZris satfurebis dros `...Semokribna maxlobelni yovelni Ãelmwifeni da kaTalikosni, mRdelTmoZRuarni da yovelTa monasterTa winamZRuarni, da yovelni didebulni zemoni da quemoni, mamulisa da samefosa misisa myofni, da sxuaTa yovelTa saÃelmwifoTani~ [15.281]. am epizodidan kargad Cans afxazTa da qarTvelTa mefisaTvis axali kaTedralis mSeneblobis mniSvneloba. daaxloebiT

1010

wlisaTvis

bagrat

III

`...da-

sua...didebulTa kacTa Svili meyvisi da gazrdili TÂsi melqisedek kaTalikoz-patriaqad.~ bagrat III-is

108

aRzrdili

umaRlesi

sasuliero

xelisu-

Tvalsazrisi

fali misi Tanamoazre, centralizebuli politikis sruli mxardamWeri da aqtiuri gamtarebelia. melqisedekis ese

kaTolike

cxoveli,

stoani

droisaTvis

samociqulo

romeli

na, daZvelebul eSemo

aRsaydrebis vaxtang

iyo da

bWeni

`didi

eklesia

sveti-

gorgasals

aReSe-

JamTs

SlilobiT

daqceul

iyo...~

gar-

[15.282].

matiane qarTlisas Tanaxmad, `...aRaravin iyo mwe aRSenebad da arcara-vis Zal-edva aRSeneba misi (sveticxovlis - e.k.)~ [15.282]. es amonaridi naTelyofs, rom am droisaTvis saqarTvelos umTavresi sakaTedro taZris mSeneblobisa da SemkobisaTvis qveyanaSi araviTari materialuri resursi ar arsebobda. aqedan gamomdinare, aRsaydrebisTanave, daaxloebiT 1010 wlisaTvis, melqisedek kaTolikosi konstantinopols miemgzavreba basili imperatorTan TxovniT

109

Tvalsazrisi

- `raTa Seewios.~ melqisedeki `mividaAda miuTxra yoveli

SeuZlebloba

qarTvelTa

saTxoveli

misi~ [15.282]. imperatorma daakmayofila qarTvelTa kaTolikosis Txovna `mosca monasteri kestoria, romel[sa] r<e sofeli aqus, ganZi da Sesamkobelni eklesiaTani, xatni da juarni, da yovelive samRvdelmTavro da samRdelo samkauli~ [15.282]. rogorc Cans, es Sewevna uSualod sveticxovelis ganaxlebas iTvaliswinebda: melqisedek kaTolikosi `warmovida da moiwia queyanasave TĂ&#x201A;ssa qarTlad da sameufod qalaqad mcxeTad, da iwyo Senebad gareTiTa bWiTa da gareSemoTa stoiTa moqmniTa da zedadaburviTa, da yoveli ganasrula. da mimadla RmerTman ganaxleba mcxeTis qalaqisaca, da Seamko didi kaTolike samociqulo eklesia sveti-cxoveli yovliTa samkaulobiTa, oqroTa da vecxliTa, TualiTa da margalitiTa~ [15.281]. niSandoblivia aRniSvna, rom `yoveli ganasrula da mimadla RmerTman ganaxleba mcxeTis qalaqisaca...~ anu saimperatoro Sewevna imdenad mniSvnelovani iyo, rom sveticxovelis gansrulebisa da Semkobis Semdgom melqisedek kaTolikosma mcxeTac ganaaxla. bizantiis saimperatoro karze kaTolikosis momdevno vizitebis mizani materialuri daxmarebis miReba gaxldaT, rac aucilebeli iyo qarTuli sasuliero centrebis gaZlierebisTvis, savaraudoa, rom maT Soris, alaverdic moiazreboda.

110

Tvalsazrisi

kaTolikosis bizantiaSi pirveli vizitis dros bagrati kaxeTisaTvis ibrZvis. daviT qorepiskoposis gardacvalebis Semdeg bagratma tyved igdo kvirike III. man `iwyo Zebnad kaxeTisa, da ZaliTa misiTa miuwdomeliTa or wel warixuna yovelni cixeni kaxeTisni. Seawyudia kÂrike boWormas, da dauyenna cixesa gareSemo mcvelni weliwdamdi, wariRo boWormaca. da dai pyra sruliad hereTi da kaxeTi...~ [15.279]. amdenad, bagrat III-em sami weli ibrZola kaxeT-hereTisaTvis da srulad daeufla mas, daaxloebiT 1011 wels. XI s-is 10-ian wlebSi hereTi ise, rogorc kaxeTi, gaerTianebuli qarTuli saxelmwifos SemadgenlobaSi Sevida [4.254]. bagratma `warmoiyvana kvirike da daiWira TÂssa karsa zeda~ [15.279]. kvirikes samefo `karsa zeda Wera~ anu sapatio tyveoba 1020 wlamdea savaraudo. kvirikes gansakuTrebulad gamorCeuli mdgomareoba (g. CubinaSvilis samarTliani dakvirvebiT: «Характерно, что Баграт III, вместо применения к Квирике методов устранения от власти, к которым он прибегнул в отношении двух кларджетских правителей, или обложить данью, как Ганджийского Эмира Падлона, - взял его к своему двору» (18.24) Г. Н. Чубинашвили, Архитектура Кахетии, Тб.,1959, gv. 24) unda miuTiTebdes imas, rom saqarTvelos samefo kars kvirike Zalian sWirdeba. yovelive amas Semdgom ganviTarebuli 1011

wlidan

politikuri 1020

wlamde

movlenebic samefo

mowmobs.

karze

sapa-

111

Tvalsazrisi

tio

tyved

yofiliyo

myofi qveynis

kvirike

daaxloebuli

kaTolikos-patriarq

unda melq-

isedekTan, is TviTmxilveli iqneboda sveticxovlis

aRmSeneblobisa

ganaxlebis

procesis.

kvirike giorgi I-is gamefebis Semdgom gaaTavisufles. herma da kaxma didebulebma isargebles bagrat III-is gardacvalebiT, axalgazrda mefis taxtze asvliT da axlad gaerTianebuli saqarTvelos garTulebuli sagareo politikuri viTarebiT. sumbat daviTis Zis Tanaxmad: giorgi I-s `ganudga ... queyana hereT-kaxeTisa, da RadrobiTa aznaurTaTa Sepyrobil iqnes erisTavni~ [15.383]. asevea es ambavi gadmocemuli

`matiane qarTlisas~ CanarTSic [15. 284]. bagrat III-is mier pativayrilma kaxma didebulebma `RadrobiT~ (daundoblad e.k.) Sei pyres bagratis moxele-eri-

112

Tvalsazrisi

sTavebi. vaxuSti batoniSvilis Tanaxmad: `...kvirikem dai pyra kaxeTi da hereTica da iwoda mefeT kaxTa~ [7.561], ris Semdgomac `maT queyaniT kualadve euflnes maTni ufalni romelTa pirvel aqunda igi~ [15.383]. anu kaxma didebulebma daibrunes bagratis mier CamorTmeuli pativi da sakuTreba. vaxuStis cnobiT `aman kvirike mefeman ufros ganamtkicna erisTavebi~, e.i. kvirikem erTgulad namsaxurni moimadliera [7.300,301]. n. berZeniSvilis Tanaxmad, kax feodalTa ZalisxmeviT hereT-kaxeTi danarCen saqarTvelos CamoSorda [4.254], Tumca, Cveni azriT, es ar unda yofiliyo qarTul saxelmwifos srulad mowyvetili damoukidebeli politikuri erTeuli. miuxedavad imisa, rom her-kaxni ajanydnen da giorgi I iZulebuli gaxda mniSvnelovnad daeTmo poziciebi, kvirikes gaTavisufleba qarTvelTa mefesTan SeTanxmebiT, garkveuli pirobebis safuZvelze unda momxdariyo, rasac mowmobs SemdgomSi kvirikes qarTvel mefeebTan (giorgi I, bagrat IV) samxedro operaciebSi Tanamonawileoba [1.106]. am droisaTvis kaxeT-hereTi erTiani qarTuli saxelmwifos sivrceSi unda moiazrebodes, misi politikuri statusi garkveul valdebulebebs unda iTvaliswinebdes da garkveuli suverenitetis xarisxiT centraluri xelisuflebis ZiriTadi politikuri kursis gamtarebeli unda iyos. garda samxedro kavSirisa, amis dasturia kaxeT-hereTis

113

Tvalsazrisi

saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqis iuridisdiqciis daqvemdebarebaSi yofna da sapatriarqos mier mniSvnelovani yma-mamulis floba kaxeT-hereTSi [16.26-27; 5.238]. sapatriarqos meSveobiT qveynis centraluri xelisufleba agrZelebs bagrat III-is strategias da eklesia centralizebuli politikis ganmaxorcielebel umTavres Zalad gvevlineba. melqisedek kaTolikos-patriarqis xelmZRvanelobiTa da Tanmimdevruli, gonivruli qmedebebiT mimdinareobs qveynis

114

Tvalsazrisi

kulturul-religiuri gaerTianeba (g. CubinaSvili sagangebod aRniSnavs qarTlis, hereTisa da kaxeTis kulturul erTobas da imowmebs melqisedek kaTolikos-patriarqis dawerils mcxeTisadmi, romlis Tanaxmadac kaTolikosis mcxeTis sveticxovlisadmi Sewiruli yma-mamuli kaxeT-hereTsac moicavs). rac Seexeba sakuTriv kulturul erTobas, cxadia, igulisxmeba erTiani qarTuli qristianuli kultura da centralizaciis procesi (`yoveli saqarTvelos~ Camoyalibebas daemTxva saqarTvelos sapatriarqos daarseba. saqarTvelos patriarqis titulaturaSi gaCnda qarTvel mefeTa titulaturis msgavsi formula - `mamamTavari aRmosavleTisa~. saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqi XI-XIII saukuneebSi erTian qarTul saxelmwifoSi erTian qarTul eklesias ganagebda. mis iurisdiqcias eqvemdebareboda afxazeTis (das. saqarTvelos) kaTolikosi, marTlmadidebeli somxuri eparqiebi `somxeTis mitropolitis~ meTaurobiT, saqarTvelos sapatriarqos qveynis politikur sazRvrebs gareT arsebuli qveynebic [10.117]). kaxeT-hereTis valdebulebaTagan erT-erTi alaverdis didi sakaTedro taZris mSenebloba da saepiskoposo kaTedris daarseba unda yofiliyo â&#x20AC;&#x201C; umniSvnelovanesi, rogorc sakuTriv kaxeTis ise, qarTuli saxelmwifosaTvis (alaverdisa da nekresis kaTedrebi imTaviTve moiazreboda, rogorc sayrdeni qarTuli saxelm-

115

Tvalsazrisi

wifos

politikur-kulturul-religiuri

warmate-

bebisa hereTisa da imierkavkasiis mimarTulebiT). ranTa da kaxTa samefoebis gaerTianebis zusti TariRi arsebuli wyaroebidan ar Cans. sumbat daviTis Ze am faqts giorgi I-is taxtze asvlasa (1014 w.) da misi mefobis meSvide wels (e.i. 1021 w.) basil berZenTa mefis saqarTveloze gamolaSqrebis movlenebs Soris moiazrebs. n. berZeniSvils ranTa da kaxTa samefos Seqmnis TariRad XI s-is 20-iani wlebi miaCnia (n. berZeniSvili 1930 wlis ianvriT daTariRebul naSromSi `mcxeTis sabuTi XI saukunisa~ werda:K`1011 wels bagrat III daatyveva kĂ&#x201A;rike da samflobelo CamoarTva. ukanaskneli kvlav daepatrona hereT-kaxeTs mxolod 1014

wlis Semdeg

giorgi bagratis Zis gamefebis pirvel wlebSi [5.235]. mogvianebiT, naSromSi `aRmosavleT kaxeTis warsulidan (mokle politikuri cnoba),~ romelic pirvelad daibeWda mimoxilvelis III tomSi 1953 wels, is wers: `XI saukunis 10-ian wlebSi hereTi iseve, rogorc kaxeTi gaerTianebuli saqarTvelos feodalur saxelmwifoSi Sevida (1010 w.), magram male (amave saukunis ocian wlebSi) her-kax didebulTa erTma jgufma isargebla saqarTvelos politikuri garTulebiT da bizantiis keisris aqtiuri mxardaWeriT hereT-kaxeTi danarCen saqarTvelos moswyvita. kaxeTis qorikozma kvirike didma hereT-kaxeTi politi-

116

Tvalsazrisi

kurad gaaerTiana, administraciulad moawyo da am axali erTeulis mefe iqmna. amiT hereT-kaxeTis politikuri Serwymis procesi dasrulda~ [4.254;12.221]. sumbat Cvenc

daviTis

veTanxmebiT

Zis n.

cnobis

gaTvaliswinebiT,

berZeniSvilis

mosazre-

bas [4.254]. kvirikem samefo faqtiurad Zveli istoriuli

sazRvrebis

farglebSi

aRadgina.

kaxeT-hereTis gaerTianebis Semdgom kvirike didis politika samefos gaZlierebisa da aRmSeneblobiskenaa mimarTuli. am droisaTvis aris savaraudo alaverdis kaTedralis mSeneblobis dasawyisic. alaverdis taZris mSeneblobisaTvis saWiro iqneboda

117

Tvalsazrisi

mniSvnelovani finansuri resursis mobilizeba da bunebrivia, ismis kiTxva - ra saxsrebiT Sendeba alaverdi? miuxedavad imisa, rom kvirike III-is mmarTvelobis wlebi kaxeTis yovelmxrivi aRmavlobis periodad aris aRiarebuli da misi Tanamedrove mematiane kvirikes Sesaxeb aRniSnavs, rom `ganmdidrda kvirike da moirWma yoveliTurT da amisaTvis ewoda didi kvirike,~ alaverdis mSenebloba mogvianebiT unda dawyebuliyo. kaxeTs axlad dabrunebul kvirikes, cxadia taZris aRmSeneblobisTvis saWiro saxsrebi ar gaaCnda, xolo alaverdis mSeneblobis dasawyisi ki misi dabrunebidan Zalian male, daaxloebiT 1025 wlisaTvis aris savaraudo. saeWvoa, alaverdi, mxolod adgilobrivi finansuri resursiT agebuliyo. alaverdis qtitorTagan, taZrisave konqis warweridan CvenTvis cnobilia mxolod giorgi abaÁM- alaverdis konqis maSenebeli. savaraudoa, sxva adgilobriv didebulTa Sewevnac, maT Soris pirvel yovlisa goderZi erisTavT-erisTavis: `+ wmidao giorgi, mexvaÁSne eyav winaSe RmrTisa monasa Sensa giorgi abaÁs, diswoÂlsa goderZi erisTavT erisTavisasa, romelman aRaSena .. konqi ese,~ Tumca es sakmarisi ar iqneboda. aRniSnulis safuZvelze Cven vvaraudobT, alaverdis taZris mSeneblobis iniciativasa da materialur SewevnaSi saqarTvelos pirvelma patriarqma mniSvnelovani wvlili gaiRo da vfiqrobT, rom misi

118

Tvalsazrisi

momdevno vizitebi bizantiis saimperatoro karze da maT Sedegad miRebuli materialuri daxmareba alaverdis mSeneblobasac mniSvnelovnad Seewia. `matiane qarTlisas~ cnobiT melqisedeki daaxloebiT 1025-1026 wlebs Soris meored midis konstantinepolSi [15.292] (`amisa Semdgomad warvida patriaqi melqisedek kostantine mefisa winaSe konstantinepoled. Seiwynara mefeman berZenTaman kostantine{m} da mosca Sesamkobelni eklesiaTa, xatni da juarni, da yoveli samRvdelmTavro da samRdelo samkauli~ [15.290]). es TariRi emTxveva alaverdis mSeneblobis savaraudo dasawyiss. kaTolikosis meore vizitis epizodis aRwerisas wyaroSi sveticxovlis Semkoba saerTod aRar moixsenieba, mxolod aRniSnulia, rom `Sesamkobelni eklesiaTa, xatni da juarni, da yoveli samRvdelmTavro da samRdelo samkauli~ gankuTvnilia zogadad qarTuli eklesiebisaTvis. sveticxovelTan dakavSirebiT mamulebis vrceli CamonaTvalia gawerili, rac am Sewevnis Sedegad kaTolikosma `daudva wmidasa amas dedaqalaqsa mcxeTas, suetsa cxovelsa.~ kaTolikosi `movida queyanasa da samwysosa TÂssa da iyida soflebi taos: zadkareki xuTiTa agara[Á]Ta, da ZaRlis-Ãevs iyida sofeli oroTa samiTa agara[Á]Ta. ese ornive sofelni maTiTa agara[Á]Ta TvisTa ZmaTa ganZiTa iyida. da klarjeTs moigo sofeli erTi sxloani. da SavSeTs moigo sofeli didi sslobani,

119

Tvalsazrisi

agara misi naRuarevi. da javaxeTs moigo sofeli tonTio. da kolas moigo da daaSena sofeli didi orotani agara[Ă ]Ta. da fanavars aaSena sofeli erTi maxarovani. da sakoeTs Sei pyrna da aaSenna sofeli orni {da}: naqalaqevi da berdaZoni, da daudva wmidasa amas dedaqalaqsa mcxeTas, suetsa cxovelsa~ [15.290]. am epizodSi sakaTalikoso kaxur-heruli mamuli jer ar ixsenieba. savaraudoa, kaTolikosis meore

vizitis Sedegad bizantiisagan miRebuli materialuri Sewevna alaverdisaTvisac yofiliyo gankuTvnili. kaTolikos-patriarqis saimperatoro karze mesame vizitis dros, daaxloebiT 1027-1028 wlebisaTvis: `warvida kaTalikoz-patriaqi melqisedek winaSe ro-

120

Tvalsazrisi

manoz berZenTa mefisa kostantinepoled. Seiwynara da mosca Sesamkobelni eklesiaTani, xatni da juarni, da yoveli samRvdelmTavro da samRdelo samkauli, da warmovida queyanasa da samwysosave TÂssa~ [15.294]. zemoaRniSnulis

safuZvelze, safiqrebelia, rom

kaTolikos-patriarqis pirvelma vizitma ganapiroba ganaxleba da Semkoba mcxeTisa da sveticxovlis taZris. momdevno vizitebis Sedegad patriarqma sveticxovels SeZenili mamulebi uboZa da miiRo materialuri Sewevna sxva qarTuli eklesiebisaTvis, maT Soris alaverdis taZris SenebisTvis. aRsaniSnavia aseve, rom kaTolikosis bizantiaSi mesamed gamgzavrebam qarTls Sewirul mamuls (`Semdgomad amisa wmidaman meufeman kaTalikos-patriaqman melqisedek moigo qarTls: monasteri palavra oTxiTa sofliTa; da cuqiTi SesavliTa misiTa; yincvisi SesavliTa misiTa; da Sindebis naxevari; kurbiTs saaznauro kargi sofeli erTi; CoCeTs ubani erTi, miwa da venaÃi sasefeo; zeganTa sofeli erTi Sidari~ [15.296]) garda sveticxovlisaTvis daudvia: `kaxeTs axatans ubani erTi da nosorna sofeli erTi; da hereTs monasteri didiTa ZaliTa {da} lagodeÃi da hereTsve katexisa eklesia SesavliTa misiTa; da kaks vaWari aTormeti; da ziari sofeli didi.~ amasTanave,

melqisedekma

`yovelni

sofelni,

romelni kaTolike eklesiisani arian, aaSenna da

121

Tvalsazrisi

dadgna yvelgan saxlni da aago eklesiani ricxĂ&#x201A;T yovelnive~ [15.296]. cxadia, kaTolikosma esec bizantiidan

miRebuli

daxmarebiT

ganaxorciela.

kaTolikos-patriarqs samcxeTo sakuTreba -

`ese

yoveli soflebi, romeli man moigo. da romelni sofelni Zuelad hqondes wmidas[a] suetsa cxovelsa da kaTolike eklesiasa, da sxua Sesavalni rac iyvnes~ bagrats moaxsena da Seuvaloba gamoiTxova. bagratmac `misca simtkice Seuvalobisa~ [15.296]. alaverdis taZris xuroTmoZRvrebaSi qarTluri gavlenis arseboba jer kidev g. CubinaSvilma aRniSna [17.433-434]. Cvenc veTanxmebiT mosazrebas, rom alaverdis taZris mSeneblobisa da Semkobis aqtiuri Tanamonawile `qarTluri skola~ gaxlavT. savaraudoa, rom mcxeTasa da mis SemogarenSi arsebuli saxelosno (Tu saxelosnoebi) saqarTvelos sapatriarqos eqvemdebareboda (6.28). SesaZloa, es saxelosno melqisedek kaTolikosis gankargulebiT daarsda da eklesia-monasterTaTvis materialuri saxsrebis mosapoveblad gamiznuli bizantiuri vizitebis Sedegi gaxldaT. Cveni

mosazrebis

dasabuTebisTvis

aseve

mniS-

vnelovania alaverdis aRmosavleT fasadze, jvris marjvniv

arsebuli

Zlier

dazianebuli

warwera

(daaxl. 1033-1049 wlebi), romelSic, Cveni azriT, ixsenieba kaTalikosi iovane, igive iovane oqropiri. moxsenieba kaTolikos-patriarqisa, romelmac `mra-

122

Tvalsazrisi

valni eklesianni aRaSenna da gana[a]xlna~A[15.296] da samcxeTo sakuTrebaSi arsebuli saeklesio ymamamulis Seuvaloba gamoiTxova, rogorc bagrat, ise gagik-kvirike kaxTa mefisagan, pirdapir miuTiTebs mis CarTulobaze alaverdis taZris agebis procesSi, anu taZris mSeneblobis didi nawili gansrulebulia swored misi zeobis periodSi. aRniSnuli kidev erTi dasturia saqarTvelos sapatriarqos monawileobisa alaverdis kaTedralis agebaSi. Cveni azriT, saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqi melisedeki,araTu monawileobda alaverdis mSeneblobis procesSi, aramed am aRmSeneblobis erT-erTi mTavari iniciatori da mate-

123

Tvalsazrisi

rialuri mxardamWeri gaxldaT, xolo iovane oqropiri misi saqmis Rirseul gamgrZeleblad gvevlineba. amdenad, zemoTqmulis safuZvelze alaverdis taZris mSeneblobis dasawyisi unda vivaraudoT daaxl. 1025 wlisaTvis, rodesac ranTa da kaxTa mefe kvirike III didia, xolo saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqi - melqisedeki. taZris

mSeneblobis iniciatori

qarTuli saxelmwifos uzenaesi saero da sasuliero xelisuflebaa, umTavresi ganmaxorcielebeli -

saqarTvelos sapatriarqo. alaverdis kaTedra-

lis mSeneblobis gagrZeleba Semadgeneli nawilia bagrat III-is politikuri kursisa, romelic qarTvelTa mefis xeldebul teritoriaze sasuliero centrebis

daarseba-ganaxlebis

saSualebiT

qvey-

nis politikur da kulturul-religiur erTianobas moiazrebs. saqarTvelos sapatriarqo kaxeTis xelisuflebasTan imierkavkasiis

TanamSromlobiT

hereTisa

kulturul-religiur

SemoerTe-

ba-SemomtkicebisaTvis iRvwis da qveynis politikur erTianobas myar ideologiur safuZvels uqmnis.

SesaZloa, amitomac

saistorio

mexsierebaSi

alaverdis taZris mSeneblobisa da saepiskoposos daarsebis faqti kvirike III didTan ar asocirdeba. alaverdis

taZris

daTariRebisa

kaTedris

pirveli mRvdelTmTavris â&#x20AC;&#x201C; alaverdeli episkoposis vinaobis dadgenisTvis fasdaudebelia alaverdis wm.

124

Tvalsazrisi

giorgis eklesiis aRmosavleTsa da samxreT fasadebze Sesrulebuli taZris Tanadrouli, istoriuli xasiaTis sami warwera. am TvalsazrisiT CvenTvis sainteresoa zemoaRniSnul warwerebSi moxseniebuli istoriuli pirebi, romelTa moRvaweobac ZiriTadad kaxTa mefis - gagik-kvirikes zeobis periods emTxveva. eseni arian: giorgi abai, goderZi erisTavTerisTavi da kaTolikos-patriarqi iovane oqropiri. giorgi CubinaSvilis [17.404] cnobiT, pavle ingoroyvas 1946 wlis 25 dekembers alaverdis taZris daTariRebis Sesaxeb saintereso moxseneba waukiTxavs. ingoroyvas daTariRebac alaverdis warweraTa monacemebze iyo dafuZnebuli. p. ingoroyvas aRmosavleT fasadis pirveli warweris garda warmoudgenia sxva ori warweris miseuli interpretacia, rac g. CubinaSvilisaTvis miuRebeli aRmoCnda. Znelia mtkiceba, magram metad savaraudoa, es ori warwera T. barnavelis naSromSi ganxiluli warwerebi yofiliyo. im droisaTvis warwerebi naklebad dazianebuli da SedarebiT advilad wasakiTxi iqneboda. mkvlevaris argumentacia g. CubinaSvilis gadmocemiT, dafuZnebuli iyo alaverdis warwerebSi moxseniebuli istoriuli pirebis identifikaciaze. g. CubinaSvilis informaciiT pavle ingoroyva yuradRebas amaxvilebs goderZi erisTavis pirovnebaze. g. CubinaSvili ironiulad moixseniebs p. ingoroyvas mier goderZis, rogorc

125

Tvalsazrisi

politikuri moRvawis mniSvnelobis gazviadebul Sefasebas

(«Для даты построения Алавердского кафедрала

и деятельности эристава эриставов Годердзи, он набросал красочную картину истории с освещением выдающегося значения в политической жизни Кахетии Годердзи, рисуя его фактическим правителем страны по смерти Квирике Великого в 1033 году, при его племяннике Гагике-Квирике» [17.404]). samwuxarod g. CubinaSvili mxolod fragmentulad axsenebs p. ingoroyvaseul gaSifvras («...он (pavle ingoroyva – e.k.) привлек ещё две надписи ... предлагая определенное восстановление чтения, которое принять не

126

Tvalsazrisi

представляется возможным (с восстановлением имен царя и его сестры)» [17.404])

warwerisa marcxena fasadze.

misi TqmiT, am warweraSi, ingoroyva hi poTeturad aRadgens aRsarTan I-is saxels (miseuli wakiTxviT - aRsarTlani). erT-erT warweraSi (mkvlevari isev ar azustebs romels gulisxmobs) p. ingoroyvas amoukiTxavs mefisa da mefis dis saxeli. samwuxarod, ar Cans romel mefezea aq saubari, aRsarTanze Tu romelime sxva monarqze. samxreTis fasadis warweris meoTxe striqonSi marTlac ikiTxeba ~- rTlan fsa...~. sainteresoa, rom

ingoroyvas

taZris

mSene-

blobis dasawyisad kvirike didis (1020-1025 wlebi) mefobis periodi miaCnia, xolo rodesac aRadgina samxreTis fasadis warweraSi mefe aRsarTanis saxeli, taZris gansrulebis TariRad 1065 w. daadgina, anu gansrulebula Turq-selCukebis Semosevamde («... Из гипотетического восстановления в надписи на южном фасаде имени царя Агсартана

(в его чтении Агсартлана)

(pavle ingoroyva – e.k.) высказал предположение, что храм окончен до появления в Грузии в 1065 году сельджуков, при которых

Агсартан принял ислам и следовательно, не

мог построить христианский храм. А начало де отнес за 2025 лет в царствование ещё Квирике III Великого» [17.404]). alaverdis wm. giorgis eklesiis warweraTagan ori - alaverdis taZris aRmosavleT, xolo erTi samxreT fasadzea. amaTgan pirveli (romelic Sedar-

127

Tvalsazrisi

ebiT ukeT ikiTxeba) daculia aRmosavleT fasadze jvris gamosaxulebis qvemoT. es aris asomTavruliT Sesrulebuli orstriqoniani warwera (warweris aRmomCeni g. CubinaSvili, warweris mdebareobis adgils Semdegnairad aRwerda: «Восточный фасад облицован весь квадрами желтоватого ширими крупного размера правильными рядами. А в обеих нишах части сводов, видимо, сложены из плотного, не ноздреватой породы, белого камня. Из такого же материала и ряд кладки под крестом, где вырезана надпись. Позднее верх фронтона и боковых частей починен кирпичом и весь фасад оштукатурен и побелен. Но ныне в значительных частях штукатурка слезла и открылся настоящий древний вид фасада. Он разбит на пять арок из центра; ... Вверху центральной арки имеется сравнительно небольшой рельефный крест, под которым идет ряд кладки с надписью крупными заглавными буквами в две строки, частью закрытые штукатуркой.» [17.389]. warweris ak. SaniZiseuli gaSifvris Sedegad miRebulia Semdegi istoriuli Sinaarsis teqsti (warweris wakiTxvaSi g. CubinaSvils ak. SaniZe daexmara, Tumca man Tavi Seikava meore striqonis Sua nawilis wakiTxvisgan [17.389]: `+ wmidao giorgi, mexvaÁSne eyav winaSe RmrTisa monasa Sensa giorgi abaÁs, diswoÂlsa goderZi erisTavT erisTavisasa, romelman aRaSena .. konqi ese.~ amave warweras detalurad ganixilavs T. barnaveli. barnavelic aRniSnavs, rom dazianebis gamo metad Znelia misi zogierTi nawilis amokiTxva

128

Tvalsazrisi

da SesworebaTa safuZvelze gvTavazobs warweris garkveulwilad saxecvlil interpretacias: `q. wmidao giorgi mwe-mfarvel eyav winaSe RmrTisa monasa Sensa giorgi arqiepiskopozs, woÂlsa goderZi erisTavT-erisTavisasa, romelman konqi ese, amin.~

aRaSen-ganamSvena

warweraze dakvirvebis safuZvelze,

vfiqrobT, rom ak. SaniZiseuli wakiTxva ufro zusti unda iyos da metad Seesabamebodes realur viTarebas. Cveni azriT, ikiTxebaAab<Ás – da ara arqiepiskoposi. Cvens xelT amJamad arsebuli dokumenturi wyaroebis safuZvelze danamdvilebiT SeiZleba iTqvas, rom XI saukunis I naxevarSi moRvawe alaverdeli mRvdelTmTavris arqiepiskoposad moxsenieba gamoricxulia. alaverdeli episkoposi mTavarepiskoposis rangSi mxolod XIII saukunidan ixsenieba (`dawerili mRvimis krebulisa basili alaverdelisadmi~: `... yovelTa wmidaTa SuamdgomlobiTa da TavsdebobiTa dagiwereT dawerili ese Tq(uÀ)n, basili alaverdel mT(a)v(a)rebiskopossa, C(uÀ)n, mRÂmes damkÂdrebulTa yovelTa krebulTa, erTsulobiTa ZmaTa, didTa da mcireTa yovelTave, erTmanerTisa gamozraxviTa da nebismyofelobiTa...~ [16.190-191]. aq SesaZlebelia argumentad wyaroTa deficitis moSvelieba, magram arc erT Cvenamde moRweul XI-XIII saukuneebis dokumentSi cnobili alaverdeli mRvdelTmTavrebi - basil alaverdelamde,mTavarepiskoposis rangSi ar moixseniebi-

129

Tvalsazrisi

an. yovel SemTxvevaSi, danamdvilebiT SeiZleba iTqvas, rom XI saukunis pirveli alaverdeli mRvdelTmTavari mTavarepiskoposis tituls ar flobda [16.190]. g. CubinaSvilis dakvirvebiT, warwera Sesrulebulia aRmosavleT fasadis gansrulebis Semdgom. Cveni azriT, warwera unda mivakuTvnoT periods, rodesac taZris mSenebloba dasasruls uaxlovdeba da sabolood gansrulebuli ar aris. amas gvafiqrebinebs giorgis mxolod ambad (abaÁ) – monastris winamZRvrad moxsenieba, maSin rodesac metad savaraudoa, taZris gansrulebis Semdgom giorgis alaverdel episkoposad saxeldeba. g. CubinaSvili taZris daTariRebis sakiTxis ganxilvisas, amba giorgis goderZisTan

dakavSirebiT

xsenebisas, aRniSnavs:

«Эристав эриставов Годердзи, племянник которого авва Георгий, очевидно настоятель, или епископ Алавердский, является строителем собора, жил действительно в первой половине века. Но как естественно упоминание около 1040 и в 1046 гг. другого его племянника Джеди, эристава Штори и Мадчи, не является ограничивающим этими годами ни деятельности, ни самих упомянутых хроникой лиц, ни тем более того его племянника, который строил Алаверди.»; aseve:

«...упоминание Годердзи

giorgis miiCnevs (авва Георгий, очевидно настоятель, или епископ Алавердский, является строителем собора),” maSin rodesac warweraSi giorgi garkveviT mxolod taZris

130

Tvalsazrisi

konqis maSeneblad ixsenieba. misive mosazrebiT, amba giorgis taZris mSenebloba episkoposad aRsaydrebis Semdgom unda daewyo (...стал алавердским епископом и мог приступить к строительству),rasac aseve ver daveTanxmebiT. g.

CubinaSvilis

mier

taZris

konqis

aRmSene-

blad giorgi abaÁs moxsenieba miuTiTebs, rom is taZris mSeneblobis Tanamedrovea. Cveni varaudiT, igive piri - amba giorgi unda ixseniebodes xirsis

wm.

stefanes

eklesiis

taZris

gare

kedel-

ze, samxreTis fasadze, reliefuri jvris marjvena mklavze amokveTil erT-erT asomTavrul warweraSi. T. barnavelis SeniSvniT, warwera Zlieraa dazianebuli, magram gadarCenili fragmentebiT SesaZlebelia teqstis Semdegi saxiT aRdgena: `qriste, adide glaxaki giorgi mTavarepiskopozi~ [2. 149-150].

131

Tvalsazrisi

SesaZlebelia xirsis wm. stefanes taZris am warweraSi moxseniebuli giorgisa da alaverdis winamZRvar giorgis gaigiveba, giorgisa, romelic am warweris Sesrulebis droisaTvis ukve episkoposis rangSia. iq sadac T. barnaveli aRadgens sityva mTavarepiskopozs, warweris Zlier dazianebis gamo gaSifvrac metad hi poTeturia, vinaidan T. barnavelis mier savaraudod amokiTxuli [T]-sa da [r]-s qveda nawili imdenadaa dazianebuli, rom ar ikiTxeba da Znelia mtkiceba, rom es dazustebiT `T~ da `r~ grafemebia. rac Seexeba amave fragmentis mesame grafemas, mis sizusteSi TviT mkvlevars epareba eWvi da kiTxvis niSans usvams ([p](?)). fragmentis bolo nawili - `z<i~ - Cveni azriT, SesaZloa daboloeba iyos sityva episkopozisa. amdenad, am fragmentis mTavarepiskoposad amokiTxva metad saeWvoa. xolo im SemTxvevaSi, Tu Cveni mosazreba marTebulia (anu - es piri SesaZloa alaverdeli mRvdelmTavari iyos),

rogorc ukve

aRvniSneT, alaverdels Cvenamde moRweuli wyaroebiT XIII s-mde mTavarepiskoposis rangSi ver vxvdebiT, rac TavisTavad gamoricxavs sityvis am fragmentis mTavarepiskoposad aRqmas. saistorio wyaroTa monacemebis gaTvaliswinebiT imis miuxedavad, rom fragmentis pirveli nawilis gaSifvra praqtikulad SeuZlebelia, aq metad savaraudoa iyos `ebiskopozi~. amasTanave warweraSi arsebuli sityva `glaxa-

132

Tvalsazrisi

ki~ moxseniebuli piris sasuliero statuss gulisxmobs (mag. aseve ixseniebs Tavs ioane samTavneli). warweraSi moxseniebul giorgis alaverdel episkoposad moazrebis safuZveli, amave jvris marcxena

mklavze

eraa, romlis

ganTavsebuli teqstic

orstriqoniani barnavelis

warw-

Tanaxmad

amgvarad ikiTxeba: `qriste, adide gagikÁ mefe.~

gagik mefe ranTa da kaxTa mefe gagiki unda iyos. T.barnavelic

samarTlianad

aigivebs

gagiks

im dros moRvawe gagik kaxTa mefesTan. kaxTa mefisa

alaverdeli

mRvdelTmTavaris

Tanad-

roul warwerebSi moxsenieba sruliad bunebrivia. vfiqrob, zemoTqmulis safuZvelze SesaZlebelia alaverdis pirvel mRvdelTmTavrad amave monastris winamZRvari (abaÁ – abba – amba) da erT-erTi qtitori alaverdis taZris konqis maSenebeli goderZi erisTavT-erisTavis diswuli giorgi abaÁ CavTvaloT. giorgi abaÁ – TavisTavad cxadia, Rirseuli kandidaturaa axlad daarsebuli alaverdis saepiskoposo kaTedris mRvdelTmTavrobisTvis. saeWvoa, rom erisTavT-erisTavis

diswulis

nacvlad, romelic

aq ukve moRvaweobs da erT-erTi mTavari qtitoria (is xandazmulic ar unda iyos - goderZi erisTavT erisTavis diswulia) sxva piri daedginaT episkoposad. is monastris winamZRvaria da episkoposis rangSic iqneboda ayvanili. sawinamZRvro da saepis-

133

Tvalsazrisi

koposo xarisxis SeTavsebis tradiciac (amba alaverdeli episkoposi) misgan unda momdinareobdes. alaverdis taZris daTariRebis dazustebisa da misi pirveli mRvdelTmTavaris identificirebisaTvis

mniSvnelovania

turisa da maWis erisTavT-erisTavTan goderZisTan dakavSirebiT

arsebuli

cnobebis

gaTval-

iswineba.

goderZis

pirovnebiT, rogorc aRvniSneT,

jer

kidev p. ingoroyva dainteresda. g. CubinaSvilis skepsisi, rogorc p. ingoroyvas

mosazrebasTan

[17.404] ise, taZris daTariRebisas sakuTriv goderZis Sesaxeb arsebuli informaciis mniSvnelobasTan dakavSirebiT, marTebulad ar migvaCnia. miT umetes, rodesac is, Tavad aRniSnavs warweris mniSvnelobas, romelic asoTa moyvanilobidan da mdebareobidan

gamomdinare

saamSenebloa

(«... она (надпись

- Э. К.) производила впечатление строительной надписи по начертанию букв, по месту расположения и отчасти даже по

134

Tvalsazrisi

обрывкам текста, что и оправдалось… ...Правда, прочтение надписи не оправдало надежды найти в ней непосредственно дату построения; но все таки она содержит упоминание одного исторического лица, которое мы, кажется можем считать известным по хронике «Матиане Картлисай»

деятелем;

Во всяком случае только относительная хронологическая близость

к упоминаемому Годердзи того определения

памятника, которое получено в результате его художественного анализа (перелом Х и ХI вв.), призывает к осторожности при отыскивании нужных рамок среди зтих данных…» [17.403]. rogorc aRiniSna,Dalaverdis aRmosavleT fasadis umTavres warweraSi alaverdis monastris winamZRvari giorgi goderZi erisTavT-erisTavis diswulad ixsenieba. rogorc Cans, goderZi imdenad mniSvnelovani figuraa kaxeT-hereTis samefoSi, rom warweraSi taZris konqis maSenebeli monastris winamZRvari sagangebod aRniSnavs, misi erisTavis diswulobas. SesaZloa, moxseniebas statusis garda, CvenTvis ucnobi sxva mizezic ganapirobebdes. miuxedavad imisa, rom alaverdis taZris SemorCenil warwerebSi taZris mSeneblobaSi goderZis wvlili ar fiqsirdeba, dasaSvebia goderZis qtitorobac (gavixsenoT mis mier Sio-mRvimis monastrisaTvis gaRebuli Sewiruloba). goderZi Tul Si

erisTavT-erisTavis

dokumentursa ramdenime

Sesaxeb

naratiul

mniSvnelovani

cnobaa

qar-

wyaroebdaculi.

135

Tvalsazrisi

giorgi bis

III-is

1170

ganaxlebis

mis

monastris

wlis

Sio-mRvimis

Seuvalo-

goderZi

Sio-mRvi-

sigelSi erT-erT

Semwirvelad

ixsenieba.

mRvimis monastris mamulebis CamonaTvalSi dasaxelebulia: ,,...ivanwmidaĂ , Zueladve goderZisa Semowiruli: daoTi, kuirike kaxTAmefisagan Semowiruli, alaWini, xaxuilagisgan Semowiruli...~ [16.67-68]. Sio-mRvimis ba

monastrisaTvis

saukunis

30-40-ian

iyos

gacemuli, am

teri

kax

mefeTa

wlebs

droisaTvis

patronobas

SewiruloSoris

mRvimis

aRiarebs

unda monas-

[8.111-112].

goderZis Sesaxeb momdevno cnoba moi poveba `matiane qarTlisaSi~. aq daculi informaciis Tanaxmad, 40-ini wlebis dasawyisSi bagrat IV-m kaxeTSi, miqel-gabrielis mTasTan (amJamindeli adgilmdebareoba ucnobia) daamarcxa kaxeTis laSqari, pankisisa da xornabujis erisTavebTan erTad tyved Caigdo `...jedi, diswuli goderZisa, Storis erisTavi da maWelisa..~ [15.298] am cnobasTan dakavSirebiT ix. [11.107-108]; (es adgili qarTlis cxovrebis anaseul nusxaSi asea: ,,gailaSqra afxazTa mefeman kaxeTs, Seeba da SeuĂ&#x192;da mTasa zeda miqel-gabrielTasa, da wyobasa Sina Sei pyrna stefanoz varjanis Ze, pankisisa erisTavi, da vaje, siZe gurgeni berisa, xuarnabuCis erisTavi, da jedi diswuli goderZisa, turis erisTavi da mWelisa.~ gv. 185). goderZis, ukve rogorc erisTavT-erisTavs vxvdeb-

136

Tvalsazrisi

iT daaxloebiT 1046 wlisaTvis ganviTarebul movlenebTan dakavSirebiT. `matiane qarTlisas~ cnobiT,

,,...isnis velsa movides kaxTa mefe gagik da

erisTavT-erisTavi goderZi, da yovelni didebulni kaxeTisani darbazobad bagrat mefisa winaSe da mS-

137

Tvalsazrisi

vidobisa Zebnad. maSin ganvida bagrat mefe velsa isnisasa, moiyvanna kaxni da iTayvanna, misca mSĂ&#x201A;doba da ganutevna. da iyo sixaruli da mSĂ&#x201A;doba da sauravi dRiTi-dRe Sematebisa~ [15.300]. niSandoblivia, rom mSvidobis saZebnad bagratTan wveul kaxTa Soris mefis Semdgom ixsenieba erisTavT-erisTavi goderZi da Semdgom `yovelni~ anu danarCeni didebulni. XI saukunis qarTuli feodaluri sazogadoebis ierarqiaSi erisTavT-erisTavi mefis Semdgom pirveli piria (qarTuli feodaluri sazogadoebis gabatonebuli klasis ierarqiuli sqema amgvaria: mefe, erisTavT-erisTavi, erisTavi, aznauri memamule, aznauri mosakargave. es kargad aris asaxuli giorgi II-is 1072 wlis sigelSi [14.139.1] erisTavT-erisTavs `Zegli erisTavTas~ mixedviT hqonda `mTavroba yovelTa didebulTa da aznaurTa, romelni mkvidrn arian~ mis samflobeloSi. vaxuStis Tanaxmad, `ese erisTavni daidginebodnen mTavarni da warCinebulni,~ `mTavrisa jer iyo,raTa aqundes Camomavloba da gvari igi da amis mimarT cixe-qalaqi, simagre da xeobani. da Tvinier amisa ara isaxeleboda mTavrad.~ [7.14]). unda

vifiqroT,

rom

goderZi

erisTavT-eri-

sTavi yvela am moTxovnas akmayofilebda. rogorc Cans, am droisaTvis goderZi, kaxeTis samefoSi mefis Semdeg pirveli piria. goderZi kvirike di-

138

Tvalsazrisi

dis memkvidris – gagikis Tanamedrovea. misi aRzeveba gagikis zeobis periodSia savaraudo – XI s-is 40-iani wlebisaTvis is jer kidev erisTavad, xolo 1046 wlisaTvis erisTavT-erisTavad ixsenieba. goderZi

erisTavT-erisTavi

kaxur

uaRres-

ad warCinebul da Zvel sagvareulos unda ekuTvnodes в

(«само имя Годердзи могло быть, как часто

феодальных

семьях,

родовым

повторяться

через

поколение, на что есть основание даже в хронике.» [17.403]. savaraudoa, rom

materialuradac

uzrunve-

lyofili gaxldaT. Tavad goderZi,an misi uSualo winapari kvirike didis erTguli da namsaxuri erisTavi unda yofiliyo. sagulisxmoa `matiane qarTlisas~ cnoba, rom kvirikes gamefebis Semdgom `maT queyaniT kualadve euflnes maTni ufalni romelTa pirvel aqunda igi~ [15.383] da `aman kvirike mefeman ufros ganamtkicna erisTavebi~. [7.300, 301]. SesaZloa, goderZis (an mis winapars) kvirikes gamefebaSi mniSvnelovani wvlili miuZRodes, xolo kvirikes gamefebis Semdgom, Tavisi samemkvidreo daebrunebinos da sxvac mieRos. vaxuSti

batoniSvilis

Tanaxmad,Kkvirike

didis

dros turisa da maWis saerisTavoebs Tav-TavianTi erisTavebi unda hyoloda. is kaxeT-hereTs daarsebul Svid saerisTavos erTmaneTisgan damoukidebel erTeulad asaxelebs. hereTs daarsebul saeri-

139

Tvalsazrisi

sTavoTagan amjerad CvenTvis sainteresoa mesame da meoTxe – maWisa da turis (Storis) saerisTavoebi. vaxuStiseuli monacemebis Tanaxmad, maWisa da turis saerisTavoebis sazRvrebi amgvaria: ,,maWis wylis queiTi da alaznis aRmosavleTi SakixiTurT da xunzaxiTurT~ da `Storis Ãevidam maWis wylamde alaznis aRmosavleTi didoeTiTurT, romel ars aw gaRma-mÃari~ [7.561]. swored es teritoria unda Seadgendes goderZi erisTavT-erisTavis samflobelos. am saerisTavoTa gaerTianeba gagikis zeobis periodSia savaraudo da safiqrebelia, rom goderZis aRzevebasTan aris dakavSirebuli. misi turisa da maWis heruli saerisTavoebis erisTavad dadgena

cxadia,

goderZis

gansakuTrebul

damsax-

urebas unda miuTiTebdes. ranTa da kaxTa samefoSi is meore piria. am Amosazrebas amyarebs is faqtic, rom kax mefe-mTavarTa umTavresi sasuliero centris - alaverdis monastris winamZRvari gaxlavT misi diswuli – giorgi abaÁ, romelic am warweraSi

swored

goderZis

diswulad

ixsenie-

ba, rac metad aTvalsaCinoebs goderZis statuss. `matiane qarTlisaSi~ arsebobs cnoba goderZis vaJis – guaramis Sesaxeb: `da viTar amas Sina gardaÃdes dReni zafxulisani, da kualad iwyo li parit maTve ficxelTa sauravTa. da gamoityuvna anisiT dedofli-

140

Tvalsazrisi

sagan abuseri,erisTavi artanujisa,da xixaTa da cixisjuarisa da awyueris cixis patroni, da ivane erisTavi, ivane dadiani da guaram goderZis Ze, beWis cixisa patroni, - Sei pyrna igini anisis karsa. da daagdo tfilisi mefeman, da gavida javaxeTs~ [15.300]. amdenad, CvenTvis cnobilia goderZis vaJi `guaram goderZis Ze, beWis cixisa patroni~ da misi ori diswuli, romelTagan erTi sasuliero piri â&#x20AC;&#x201C; alaverdis monastris winamZ-

141

Tvalsazrisi

Rvari amba giorgia da meore _ jedi, romelic saero piria da bagrat IV-is mowinaaRmdege kaxTa banakSia. CvenTvis aseve sayuradReboa aRmosavleT fasadze, jvris marjvniv, didi warweris odnav zemoT arsebuli meore, mcire warwera. T.barnavelis azriT, qva romelzec Sesrulebulia warwera gamofitulia da daSlili, amitom asoebis umetesi nawili Zlivs irCeva. Zlier dazianebul warweras mkvlevari Semdegi saxiT aRadgens: `qriste, Seiwyale [io]vane [mRvdelm]Ta[vari], amin.~ vin SeiZleba iyos es giorgi winamZRvrisa (abaÁs) da goderZi erisTavT-erisTavis Tanamedrove [io]vane [mRvdelm]Ta[vari]? iq sadac T. barnaveli warweraSi SemorCenil or grafemas ~– Ta –~ aRadgens, rogorc mRvdelTmTavars, mRvdelTmTavaris nacvlad, xom ar unda iyos ~kaTolikosi~? (mosazrebis

gadasamowmeblad

konsultaciisaTvis

mivmarTe b-n giorgi oTxmezurs. misi azriT, Cveneuli wakiTxva savsebiT dasaSvebia - e.k.), anu -

xom

ar unda igulisxmebodes kaTolikosi iovane, igive iovane oqropiri (daaxl. 1033-1049), romelic swored giorgi abaÁsa da goderZi erisTavT-erisTavis Tanamedrovea?

`da

gardaicvalaDwmida

ese, (melqisedek

kaTolikos-patriarqi - e. k.) da aw warumarTen RmerTman oqropirs, melqisedekisgan Svilad gazrdilsa; dajda kaTalikos-patriaqad oqropiri...~ (CanarTieqscerpti mcxeTis XI saukunis sabuTidan [15.296]).

142

Tvalsazrisi

`matiane qarTlisaÁs~ Tanaxmad, iovane oqropirma melqisedekis msgavsad `...mravalni Sematna didsa kaTolike samociqulo eklesiasa. da aRaSena dasavlis kuTxs samxriT ekvderi, qviTa wmidiTa da TeTrad Suenierad gamoqandakebuliTa, yovlad wmidisa da kaTolike eklesiisa...~ (CanarTi-eqscerpti mcxeTis XI saukunis sabuTidan [15.296]). sveticxovels garda `...wmidaman aman kaTalikos-patriaqman oqropir{ma} mravalni eklesianni aRaSenna da gana[a]xlna~ (CanarTi-eqscerpti mcxeTis XI saukunis sabuTidan [15.296]). niSandoblivia, rom is samcxeTo sakuTrebaSi arsebul saeklesio yma-mamulis Seuvalobas gamoiTxovs da iRebs, rogorc bagrat mefis, ise gagik-kvirike kaxTa mefisagan: `da sxua Sesavalni rac iyvnes moaÃsena bagrat kurapalatsa da kÂrike (unda iyos gagik-e. k.) kaxT mefesa, diswulsa kÂrike mefisasa, da Sevalad gauÃadnes, da misca simtkice Seuvalobisa.~ melqisedek

kaTolikosis

dawerilis

ganxil-

visas n. berZeniSvili, sagangebod amaxvilebs yuradRebas

iovane

sakiTxze

[4.247-249].

msjelobis

kaTolikosis naSromSi,

Sedegad, gamotanilia

mniSvnelovani

daskvna.

identifikaciis argumentirebuli araerTi

melqisedek

metad

kaTolikosis

dawerili oqropirma daamtkica melqisedekis gardacvalebis Semdeg misi mwirvelis, ioanes TxovniT. iovane

kaTolikosi

aseve

moxsenebulia

1033

143

Tvalsazrisi

wels gadaweril mestiis saxarebis anderZSi [3.93-94]. garda amisa, rTlis eTi, moT

n. berZeniSvili imowmebs iovane qa-

kaTolikosis

s-is

fokas

naxevari)

Sesrulebul

eklesiis

samxreTis

warweraSi

iovane

(javax-

karis

ze-

oqropirad

moxseniebis faqts. warwera amotvifrulia moCuqurTmebuli jvris marjvniv lamazi, msxvili asomTavruliT: `qr(ist)e,

Z(e)o

s(i)ty(ova)o

R(mr)

T(i)s(a)o,

ad(id)e Á//ov(a)ne oqr//op(i)ri q(a)rTl(i)//sa kaTalikoz//i orTav//e S(i)na cx(ov)r//eb(a)Ta. amin.~ amave jvaris marcxniv, wina warweris gaswvriv, aseTive asoebiT Sesrulebulia bagrat (IV) kurapalatis sadidebeli warwera: `q(ris)te, ad(i)de b(a)gr//at ko(Â)r(a)p(a)l(a)ti.~ xolo

karis

marcxniv,

kedelze

gancalkevebiT

sxva, saintereso Sinaarsis warweraa dafiqsirebuli: `q.sax(eli)Ta R(mr)T(isaÁT)a, me b(a)v//[r](e)li R(i)rs viqm(e)n Se(ne)b(as) // [aw](mida)Á[s]a am(i)s ek(lesii)sa s(a)f(u)Z(ve)li // d[aid]o(Â)a me T(a)na d(a)vS(oÂe)r Ã//e[losa]ni viy(a)v oqropi(ri)sa // q(arTlisa) k(aTaliko)z(i)sa~ (vimowmebT

warwerebis

gagoSiZiseul

wakiTxvas.

ix. i. gagoSiZe, g. gagoSiZe, qarTlis xuroTmoZRvarTuxucesi, literatura da xelovneba, #3-4, Tb., 1992). arsebuli

warwerebis

safuZvelze

berZeniSvi-

li askvnis, rom oqropir kaTolikoss erqva iovanec,

144

Tvalsazrisi

iovanes

erqva

oqropiri, da

rom

iovane-

oqropiri zogjer mxolod oqropirad ixsenieba. aqve, sqolioSi n. berZeniSvili imowmebs anton kaTolikoss, romlis wyobilsityvaobaSic naTqvamia

`iovane vhsTqva mamamTavar pirvel, vin oqropiri inarTaulsaxela.~Aaqedan gamomdinare, n. berZeniSvili svams kiTxvas, Tu kaTolikosi mxolod `narTauli saxeliT~ SeiZleboda moxseniebuliyo, ratom ar SeiZleba davuSvaT, rom igive ioane-oqropiri zogjer

145

Tvalsazrisi

mxolod ioaned wodebuliyo? da sabolood askvnis, rom melqisedekis uSualo memkvidre mcxeTis sakaTalikoso taxtze iyo ioane kaTolikosi, romelic agreTve oqropiradac iwodeboda da is Cans daaxloebiT 1033-1049 ww-Si. iovane kaTolikosisa da oqropiris identificirebisas Cven sruliad sakmarisad migvaCnia n. berZeniSviliseuli mosazrebebis damowmeba (am sakiTxs T. Jordaniac daueWvebia, rogorc n. berZeniSvili varaudobs, T. Jordaniam icoda, rom `ioane da oqropiri erTi-da-igive saxelia~ [13.95; Sen. 4]). veTanxmebiT aRniSnul mosazrebebs da Tamamad gamovTqvamT varauds, rom alaverdis taZris aRmosavleT fasadze Sesrulebul meore warweraSi moxseniebuli iovane,Eunda iyos melqisedek kaTolikosis Semdgom mcxeTis sakaTalikoso taxtzeAaRsaydrebuli iovane oqropiri, xolo misi moxsenieba iZleva taZris daTariRebis dazustebis kidev erT damatebiT arguments. kvlevis Sedegad miRebulia Semdegi daskvnebi: a) aRmosavleT fasadis didi warweris wakiTxvaSiUupiratesoba wakiTxvas. XI episkoposad

unda

mieniWos

ak.

SaniZiseul

s-is moRvawe alaverdelis mTavarmoxsenieba

gamoricxulia, Sesabamis-

ad T. barnavelis gaSifvriT sityva `abaﾃ《~ `arqiepiskopoziT~ Canacvleba ar aris mizanSewonili; Bb) vinaidan warweraSi giorgi jer kidev mxolod ambad anu monastris winamZRvrad da ara

146

Tvalsazrisi

episkoposad

ixsenieba,

alaverdis

taZris

aR-

mosavleTisa da samxreTis fasadebis Tanadrouli warwerebi Sesrulebuli unda iyos alaverdis taZris sabooloo gansruleba-satfurebamde; g)

alaverdis

goderZi

pirveli

episkoposi

erisTavT-erisTavis

abai, romelic

alaverdis

unda

diswuli

taZris

konqis

iyos

giorgi maSene-

belia. is monastris winamZRvaria da taZris gansrulebisa

satfurebis

Semdgom

episkoposis

rangSic iqneboda ayvanili. misgan unda momdinareobdes sawinamZRvro da saepiskoposo xarisxis SeTavsebis tradicia (amba alaverdeli episkoposi); d) amba giorgis garda alaverdis erT-erTi qtitori SesaZloa iyos misi biZa - goderZi, maWisa da turis heruli saerisTavoebis erisTavT-erisTavi; e) aRmosavleT fasadis jvris marjvniv mcire warweraSi

barnavelis

wakiTxviT

mRvdelTm-

Tavris nacvlad Cveni azriT unda iyos kaTolikosi da unda igulisxmebodes aRmosavleTisve fasadis Tanadroul warweraSi moxseniebuli, amba giorgisa da goderZis Tanamedrove, saqarTvelos kaTolikospatriarqi iovane oqropiri (daaxl. 1033-1049), alaverdis taZris gansruleba misi zeobis Tanadroulia. v) goderZi - XI s-is 40-iani wlebis dasawyisisaTvis erisTavad, 1046 wlis movlenebTan dakavSirebiT da alaverdis konqis gansrulebis droisaTvis ukve eri-

147

Tvalsazrisi

sTavT-erisTavad ixsenieba. alaverdis warwerac Sesabamisad Sesrulebuli unda iyos 40-iani wlebis Semdgom. z) alaverdis taZris mSeneblobis dasawyisi kvirike didis tyveobidan dabrunebidan (1020) mokle xanSi, daaxloebiT

1025 wlisaTvisaa

savaraudo.

kaTedra-

lis masStabisa da teqnikuri SesaZleblobebis gaTvaliswinebiT, mSeneblobasMsul mcire oci-ocdaxuTi weli mainc dasWirdeboda. vfiqrobT, alaverdis taZris mSenebloba daiwyo daaxloebiT 1025 wels da gansrulda XI

saukunis 40-iani wlebis miwuruls.

T) aRmosavleT fasadis jvris marjvniv mcire warweraSi iovane oqropiris moxsenieba, romlis zeobis xana daaxloebiT 1033-1049 wlebia, gvexmareba taZris gansrulebis TariRis dazustebaSi. alaverdis taZris mSeneblobis gansrulebac goderZisTan dakavSirebuli cnobebidan gamomdinare da ioane oqropiris zeobis gaTvaliswinebiT unda daTariRdes 1046-1049 wlebiT (iovane oqropiris kaTolikosobis zeda zRvari metad pirobiTia). yovelive zemoaRniSnulidan gamomdinare, vfiqrobT, SesaZlebelia

alaverdis

taZris

mSeneblobis

gan-

sruleba-satfurebisa da alaverdis saepiskoposo kaTedris daarsebis TariRad pirobiTad 1050 wlis dadgena, xolo pirvel mRvdelmTavrad amba giorgis aRiareba.

148

Tvalsazrisi

bibliografia: 1. asaTiani n., kaxeTis samefo XV-XVI saukuneebSi, (sadoqtoro disertacia), Tb., 1989. 2. barnaveli T., kaxeTis istoriuli Zeglebis warwerebi, Tb., 1962. 3. baqraZe

d., laSTxveris

saxarebis

anderZi,

Сборник материалов для описания мест. и племен Кавказа, XLIII. 4. berZeniSvili

n.,

saqarTvelos

istoriis

sakiTxebi, III, Tb., 1966. 5. berZeniSvili

n.,

saqarTvelos

istoriis

sakiTxebi, IV, Tb., 1967. 6. gagoSiZe g., alaverdis taZris Tavdapirveli kankelis fragmentebi, alaverdis eparqiis istoriis furclebi, 1, 2006-2007. 7. vaxuSti batoniSvili, aRwera samefosa saqarTvelosa, teqsti dadgenili yvela ZiriTadi xelnaweris mixedviT s. yauxCiSvilis mier, qarTlis cxovreba, t. IV, Tb., 1973. 8. kaWarava e., SiomRvimis monastris senioraluri kuTvnilebis sakiTxisaTvis Sua saukuneebSi, Tsu Sromebi, 349, 2003. 9. lapidaruli

warwerebi, I, aRmosavleT

samxreT saqarTvelo, Seadgina da gamosacemad moamzada n. SoSiaSvilma, Tb., 1980.

149

Tvalsazrisi

10. lominaZe b., saqarTvelos sapatriarqo da misi avtokefalia, religia, 1-2. 11. musxeliSvili d., kaxeT-hereTis politikuri geografiis sakiTxebi XII-XIII ss-Si, saqarTvelos istoriuli geografiis krebuli, Tb., 1967. 12. papuaSvili T., hereTis istoriis sakiTxebi, Tb., 1970. 13. Jordania T., qronikebi da sxva masala saqarTvelos istoriisa da mwerlobisa, II, tf., 1897. 14. saqarTvelos istoriis narkvevebi, saqarTvelo XI-XV saukuneebSi, t. III, Tb., 1979. 15. qarTlis cxovreba, I, teqsti dadgenili yvela ZiriTadi xelnaweris mixedviT s. yauxCiSvilis mier, I, Tb., 1955. 16. qarTuli

istoriuli

sabuTebis

korpusi,

Seadgines da gamosacemad moamzades T enuqiZem, v. silogavam, n. SoSiaSvilma, Tb., 1984. 17. Чубинашвили Г. Н., Архитектура Кахетии, исследование развития архитектуры в восточной провинции Грузии в IV-XVIII вв., Тб.,1959. 18. ciskariSvili v. javaxeTis epigrafika rogorc saistorio wyaro, Tb., 1959.

150

Tvalsazrisi

fotoebi gadaRebulia giorgi gagoSiZis, giorgi bagrationisa da nana aRapiSvilis mier.

151

s tud e n t ur i gve r d i

daviT gagoSiZe - daibada TbilisSi, 1991 wels, daamTavra Tbilisis me-6 sajaro skola, amJamad Tsu-s studentia, swavlobs bakalavriatis IV kursze. eufleba arqeologis specialobas. monawileobda 20-mde qarTul da 9 saerTaSoriso arqeologiur eqspediciebSi saqarTvelosa da sazRvargareT: kviprosze (Ralias monastris gaTxrebi), azerbaijanSi (yarajamirlis sasaxlis gaTxrebi), grakliani goris, aruxlos (qarTul-germanuli eqspedicia), xovlegoris (qarTul-avstriuli eqspedicia) gaTxrebSi. gavlili aqvs staJirebis sruli kursi saqarTvelos kulturuli memkvidreobis dacvis erovnuli saagentos didi mcxeTis arqeologiur saxelmwifo muzeum-nakrZalSi. monawilea saerTaSoriso student-arqeologTa pit riversis xsovnisadmi miZRvnili sami konferenciis (varZia).

152

dedoflis goris adreuli Sua saukuneebis namosaxlari dedoflis goris Seswavlis istoria

daviT gagoSiZe

dedoflis gora mdebareobs qarelis municipalitetis sofel doRlaurTan, dedoflis mindvris samxreT kideze, mtkvris marcxena Senakadis, fciswylis SesarTavis maxloblad, mdinaris marcxena, maRal napirze. farTo da Rrma TxriliT, romelic brinjaos xanaSi unda iyos gaWrili, gora gamoyofilia dedoflis mindvrisgan. goris simaRlea 34 m mdinaris donidan. dedoflis gora e.w. aradeTis orgoris dasavleTi goraa. aradeTis orgoras zogjer doRlauris orgorasac uwodeben, radgan aq 1920-ian wlebSi doRlauris velidan (mdebareobs agaris gaswvriv, mtkvris piras) gadmosuli osebi dasaxlebulan da aradeTis kuTvnil miwebze sofeli doRlauri dauarsebiaT. orgoras, adgilobrivi mcxovreblebi zogjer foStigorasac uwodeben, radgan dedoflis goris CrdiloeTiT, TxrilgaRma, dedoflis mindvris kideze aRmarTul SedarebiT dabal goraze XIX saukuneSi qarTlimereTis samxedro gzis erT-erTi safosto sadguri idga

153

s tud e n t ur i gve r d i

[gagoSiZe 1986:13, gagoSiZe, wowelia1991:72]. yvelaze maRali, dasavleTis gora Tamaris goris saxeliTac moixsenieba. legenda am goris warmoSobas Tamar mefis laSqrobas ukavSirebs. legendis mixedviT Tamaris laSqars dedoflis mindori nawvimarze gamouvlia da mindvris boloSi, mdinaris piras fexebi talaxisgan gauwmendavs da im talaxs maRali gora Seuqmnia. dedoflis goriT jer kidev XX saukunis dasawyisSi dainteresdnen. 1926 wels Tbilisis universitetis studentma geologma, aradeTis mkvidrma l. titviniZem dedoflis goris samxreT-dasavleT nawilSi Caatara mcire gaTxrebi. ganaTxari masala inaxeba Salva amiranaSvilis saxelobis xelovnebis muzeumSi da TariRdeba q.w.I - q.S. I saukuneebiT (brinjaos 2 batilumi, Zvlis piqsida, oqros samkauli da sxv.) [gagoSiZe 1973:77-82, Iberia and Rome, 2008:98-99,161,170-175]. 1953-1963 wlebSi aradeTis orgora araerTxel moixila s.janaSias saxelobis saqarTvelos saxelmwifo muzeumis urbnisis arqeologiurma eqspediciam (xelmZRvanelebi n. berZeniSvili, g. lomTaTiZe, p. zaqaraia). 1957 wels es adgilebi arqeologma o. RambaSiZem dazvera. 1972 wlidan qarelis municipalitetSi muSaoba daiwyo s. janaSias saxelobis saqarTvelos saxelmwifo muzeumis Sida qarTlis arqeologiurma eqspediciam, romelmac 1972 da 1976 wlebSi dazverviTi gaTxrebi ganaxorciela dedoflis goraze. 1979 wels Sida qarTlis arqeologiurma eqspediciam gaTxara dedoflis goris CrdiloeTiT mdebare gora, sadac sabocvre meurneobis mSeneblobis dros

154

gamoCnda kulturuli fenebi. Seswavlil iqna gvianbrinjaosa da adre rkinis xanis saxlebi da sameurneo ormoebi, romlebic Seicavda adreuli brinjaos xanis inventars. imave wels sabocvre meurneobis CrdiloeTiT, e.w. dedoflis mindvris

samxreT boloSi arqeologiuri gaTxrebis Sedegad gamovlinda samarovani, sadac gaiTxara III aTaswleulis pirveli naxevris 13 samarxi, II-I aTaswleulis 41 ormosamarxi da gvian brinjaos xanis erTi yorRani, romelSic cxenebSebmuli etli aRmoCnda [gagoSiZe, qoriZe, gogiCaiSvili, 1986. Iberi-

155

s tud e n t ur i gve r d i

aandRome, 2008]. maSinve dadginda, rom es samarovani CrdiloeTiT da dasavleTiT grZeldeboda. 2011 wels cnobili gaxda, rom am samarovanze unda gaevlo Tbilisi-senaki-leseliZis mSenebare avtomagistrals. 2012 wels saqarTvelos erovnulma muzeumma da arqeologiurma asociaciam daiwyo am adgilis Seswavla. gaiTxara 153 adre da gvianbrinjaos xanis samarxi. aradeTis orgoris aRmosavleT goraze mxolod gvianbrinjao - adrerkinis periodis kulturuli fenebi dafiqsirda. 1985 wlidan dedoflis goraze stacionaruli gaTxrebi daiwyo (xelmZRvaneli i. gagoSiZe). gaTxrebi mimdinareobda 1985-1990, 1992-1993 da 2004-2007 wlebSi. arqeologiuri gaTxrebiT dadasturda, rom dedoflis gora mravalfeniani namosaxlaria, sadac kulturul SreTa saerTo simZlavre 1014 metrs aRwevs. pirveli samosaxlo dedoflis goraze, q.w. IV aTaswleulSi gaCenila; momdevno kulturul fenebSi warmodgenilia mtkvar-araqsisa da bedenis kulturebi, romlebic dafarulia gvianbrinjao-adrerkinis xanis feniT. momdevno fena antikuri xanis sasaxlis nangreviTaa warmoqmnili, es nangrevebi ki TavisTavad dafarulia CvenTvis saintereso, adreuli Sua saukuneebis xanis kulturuli fenis 4 samSeneblo horizontiT, romlebic q.S. IV-VI saukuneebiT TariRdeba. VI saukunis Semdeg goraze aRaravin dasaxlebula [gagoSiZe, wowelia 1991:47]. 1985 wels dawyebuli Sida qarTlis arqeologiuri eqspediciis ZiriTad mizani iyo q.w. I s-Si agebuli sasaxlis - iberiis

156

(qarTlis) mefeTa erT-erTi rezidenciis Seswavla [gagoSiZe 1999:57]. q.w. I s-Si, rodesac goraze sasaxlis Seneba dauwyiaT, goris simaRle dedoflis mindvris donidan 10 metrs aRwevda da imasac Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, rom goras mindvrisgan TiTqmis 10 m siRrmis Txrilic hyofs, unda vaRiaroT, rom strategiuli TvalsazrisiT sakmaod xelsayreli adgili yofila SerCeuli cixe-darbazis asagebad. sasaxlis Tanamedrovea goridan CrdiloeTiT 3 kilometris daSorebiT, dedoflis mindvris centrSi, arqeologiuri gaTxrebis Sedegad gamovlenili grandiozuli sataZro kompleqsi, romelic qarTlis (iberiis) mefeTa sagvareulo salocavi iyo. safiqrebelia, rom sasaxleSi cxovrobda xelisufali, romelsac eqvemdebareboda dedoflis mindvris Semogareni, periodulad ki, rodesac dedoflis mindvris taZrebs misalocavad akiTxavda xolme qarTlis mefe da misi ojaxi, igive sasaxle iqceoda samefo rezidenciad [gagoSiZe, wowelia, 1991:47-48]. arqeologiuri monacemebis Tanaxmad sasaxle dangreula q.S. I saukunis bolos, albaT, dedoflis mindvris sataZro kompleqsTan erTad. rogorc Cans, sasaxle imsxverpla Zlierma miwisZvram da misgan gamowveulma xanZarma q.S. I s-is bolos da SemdgomSi aRar aRudgeniaT. q.S. I saukunis bolodan - IV saukunemde dedoflis gora dausaxlebeli iyo. IV saukunidan dedoflis goraze axali mosaxleebi Cndebian da aq sicocxle VI saukunemde gagrZelda.

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s tud e n t ur i gve r d i

dedoflis goris pirveli kulturuli fenis sisqe sxvadasxva adgilas meryeobs 50 sm-dan 3 m-mde. igi dafuZnebulia im droisTvis ukve didi xnis mitovebul samefo sasaxlis nangrevebze. am kulturul fenaSi gamoiyofa stratigrafiulad Tanmimdevari oTxi samSeneblo done, romlebic pirobiTad danomrilia zemodan qvemoT da daTariRebulia Sesabamisad, q.S. VI, V-VI, V da IV saukuneebiT. TariRebi, cxadia, miaxloebiTia da damyarebulia arqeologiur masalaze (keramika, samkauli, sabeWdavebi da sxv.), romelic metnaklebad erTgvarovania dedoflis goris pirveli kulturuli fenis oTxive samSeneblo horizontze da zogadad IV-VI saukuneebiT TariRdeba. arsebobs erTi radiokarbonuli TariRic: mesame samSeneblo horizontidan aRebuli naxSiris nimuSi Seiswavles Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis radionaxSirbadis laboratoriaSi (xelmZRvaneli a. burWulaZe). nimuSis Seswavlam aCvena 485Âą55w, romelic kalibrirebiT Sesworda 522Âą22 wlad. rogorc i. gagoSiZe aRniSnavs, orive TariRi Tavsdeba IV-VI saukuneTa farglebSi, Tumca mesame donisTvis ramdenadme moulodnelia [i. gagoSiZe 1999:57-58]. ukve iTqva, rom Sida qarTlis arqeologiuri eqspediciis mTavari mizani iyo samefo sasaxlis Seswavla. miuxedavad imisa, rom dedoflis goris adreuli Sua saukuneebis masala mdidari da mravalferovania, pirveli fenis arqeologiuri masala dRemde ar aris detalurad Seswavlili da gamouqveynebelia. aq warmodgenilia, rogorc arqiteqtura - sacxovre-

158

beli da sakulto nagebobebi, ise mdidari nivTieri masala keramikuli, mina, Zvlis, liTonis (oqro, vercxli, brinjao, rkina) xis, qsovilisa da sxva nawarmi. es yvelaferi, rogorc zemoT aRiniSna warmodgenilia oTx Tanamimdevar samSeneblo horizontSi da amdenad am masalis Seswavla saSualebas mogvcems SevimuSaoT ufro dazustebuli qronologia, rogorc calkeuli artefaqtebis ise, kompleqsebisTvis. sayuradReboa is garemoeba, rom namosaxlarze aRmoCnda is masala, kerZod samkauli (fibulebi, sakinZebi da sxv.) da minis WurWeli, rac ZiriTadad mxolod samarxebidan (mcxeTa-samTavro, rusTavi, urbnisi, alevi, diRomi da sxv.) iyo cnobili. winamdebare naSromis mizani ar aris arqeologiuri masalis detaluri Seswavla, es momavlis saqmea. me mxolod vecdebi dedoflis goris adreuli Sua saukunis namosaxlaris zogadi suraTis monaxazi SemogTavazoT. monacemebi gamoyenebuli maqvs, rogorc publikaciebidan ise, dedoflis goris gaTxrebis xelnaweri angariSebidan.

dedoflis goris IV-VI saukuneebis namosaxlaris topografia da arqiteqtura IV saukuneSi, rodesac dedoflis goraze axali mosaxleebi mividnen miwis zedapiri iyo iseTi, rogoric is antikuri xanis sasaxlis ngrevis Sedegad gaxda. TiTqmis ovaluri moyvanilobis goris Txemis perimetrs Semouyveboda daax-

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loebiT 15-20 metri siganis SemaRleba, romelic faravda sasaxlis nangrevebs. goris Txemis Sua nawili 3-4 metriT dabla iyo xsenebul SemaRlebaze. axalmosaxleebma sacxovrebeli saxlebis asaSeneblad gamoiyenes swored es SemaRleba da am samosaxlos arsebobis ganmavlobaSi misi gegmareba, rogorc es gaTxrebma daadastura, ar Secvlila. aseTi suraTi dadasturda goris Txemis am SemaRlebis Crdilo monakveTze, romelic ukve arqeologiurad Seswavlilia. SemaRlebis aRmosavleT nawili jer gaTxrili ar aris. goris Txemis samxreTi da samxreT-dasavleTi nawili aRar arsebobs, mdinarem gamorecxa goris Ziri da goris Txemis es nawili Cangreulia [i. gagoSiZe 1986]. goris Txemis Sua nawilSi gaTxrebiT gamovlinda warmarTuli samlocvelo, romelic TiTqmis ucvleli gegmarebiT oTxjer iyo ganaxlebuli IV-VI saukuneebSi. samlocvelos garSemo Cvili bavSvebis samarxebi gaiTxara. bavSvebi samarxSi dasvenebulni iyvnen marjvena an marcxena gverdze xelfexmokecil mdgomareobaSi. samarxebi uinventaro iyo. imave midamoebSi aRmoCnda ramdenime mTliani goWis ConCxi. marTalia umetes SemTxvevaSi ver moxerxda mTliani Senobebis gamoCena, magram gairkva, rom sacxovrebeli saxlebis kedeli nagebi iyo alizis agurisgan, riyis qvis safuZvelze. iataki TixiT iyo molesili. saxlebi Sedgeboda TiTo gegmaSi kvadratuli TiTo oTaxisagan. yvela gaTxril saxls kari samxreTiT hqonda, romelic gadioda oTaxidan mis win mowyo-

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bil derefanSi. gadaxurva (rogorc Cans banuri) eyrdnoboda oTaxis SuagulSi aRmarTul dedaboZs. boZis win Suacecxli kera iyo mowyobili, romlisganac nacecxluri laqebi SemorCenila. mxolod erTi kera gaiTxara ukidures aRmosavleT nawilSi, romelic Tixis sqeli feniT Selesili filaqvebiT iyo agebuli. keris gverdiT oTaxSi miwaSi Cadgmuli iyo qvevris msgavsi, sagangebo daniSnulebis Tixis WurWeli, romlis Sesaxebac qvemoT visaubreb. yvela saxls win ezo hqonda, sadac saxlis maxloblad miwaSi erTi an ori saRvine qvevri iyo Cadgmuli, saSualod 250 litri tevadobis. qvevrebi daxuruli iyo bazaltis sarqvlebiT, romlebsac centrSi saduRari xvreli hqonda datanebuli. ezos boloebSi dafiqsirda sapirfareSo (sawreti) ormoebi, romlebSic, umetes SemTxvevaSi, Cadgmuli iyo Zirmotexili qvevri, zogjer pirqve. imis Sesaxeb, rom eseni swored sapirfareSoebi iyo metyvelebs maT garSemo lurjad SeRebili niadagis fena. oTaxebsa da ezoebSi mravali sxvadasxva daniSnulebis ormo gaiTxara - zog maTgans sameurneo daniSnuleba hqonda, zogi ki sanagve iyo. gansakuTrebiT aRsaniSnavia, pirveli fenis meoTxe samSeneblo horizontis ezoebSi mravlad dadasturebuli ormoebi, romlebic aSkarad ganZis maZieblebis mier iyo gaTxrili. rogorc Cans, sasaxlis nangrevebze mosuli pirveli mosaxleebi miwis Txris dros SemTxveviT waawydnen sasaxlis droindel nivTebs da Semdeg sagangebod daiwyes Zieba. magram aRsaniSnavia, rom aseTi Txrilebi, mx-

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olod ezos teritoriazea. rogorc Cans, axalmosaxleebma sasaxlis Senobebis iatakamde CaRweva ver moaxerxes ramdenime metriani nangrevis gamo, romelic iatakebs faravda. urbnisSi,

romelic

kilometriTaa

daSorebuli

dedoflis goras arqeologiuri gaTxrebiT gamovlinda amave periodis sacxovrebeli saxli, romelic ise, rogorc dedoflis goris saxlebi aSenebuli iyo aliziT, riyis qvis safuZvelze. iatakic dedoflis goris saxlebiviT Tixatkepnili iyo da banuri gadaxurva hqonda. kedlebis sisqec

erTi da igive gaxldaT - 90 sm [WilaSvili1964:90-91]. rogorc aRiniSna dedoflis goris Txemis dadablebul centralur nawilSi samlocvelo iyo mowyobili. samlocvelos

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mSeneblobis teqnika gansxvavebulia sacxovrebeli Senobebisagan. samlocvelo gancalkevebiT mdgari saxli iyo, TixiT Selesili wnulis kedlebiTa da rogorc Cans banuri gadaxurviT. mSeneblobis aseTi wesi Sida qarTlSi cnobilia adreuli brinjaos xanidan [javaxiSvili, Rlonti 1962:44 45]. oTaxis (farTobi daaxloebiT aTiode mÂ˛) ukana marcxena kuTxeSi idga sakurTxeveli, nagebi TixiTa da riyis qviT. sakurTxevlis zedapirze TixaSi Cadgmul-Calesili iyo wina mxares gaxsnili Tixis didi (60x50sm) oTxkuTxa keci. misgan marjvniv mowyobili iyo viwro da Rrma sanacre, isic gaxsnili wina mxares. kecis win da odnav dabla sagangebo safexurSi piramde Cadgmuli iyo Tixis qoTani. kecis zedapiri cecxliT Serujuli, sanacre ki wminda nacriT iyo savse. sakurTxevlis marjvniv miwaSi Cadgmuli iyo mcire zomis qvevri. warmarTuli sakurTxevlebi dedoflis goraze ramdenjerme aris ganaxlebuli IV-VI saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi, xolo dangreuli samlocveloebis nacvlad, daaxloebiT imave adgilas, axals aSenebdnen [gagoSiZe 1999:58-59]. ukve aRvniSne, rom samlocveloebis garSemo Cvili bavSvebis samarxebi da damarxuli goWebi gaiTxara. garda amisa, aqve gamovlinda ormoebi, romlebsac, rogorc Cans, sakulto daniSnuleba unda hqonoda, radgan im ormoebSi aRmoCnda kviristavebi da Tixis WurWlis natexebisgan gamoTlili diskoebi, romelTaganac zogierTi gaxvretilic iyo. aseTi diskoebis Sewirvis wesi saqarTveloSi am bolo dromde SemorCa.

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v.bardaveliZes damowmebuli aqvs qalebis salocavi - barbol (svaneTSi, faris TemSi, sofel faris pirdapir eceris mimarTulebiT mdebare gorakze). eqspediciam muSaobis dros goraze aRmoaCina erTad miyrili uamravi fiqalis, kirqvisa da nawilobriv rkinis mrgvali, Suaze mrgvaladve gaxvretili sagnebi, romelTaganac zogi kviristavi iyo. adgilze eTnografiuli kvleva-Ziebis Catarebis Sedegad gairkva, rom am salocavSi kviristavebi da msgavsi sagnebi qalebs miutaniaT da barbolis saxelze SeuwiravT. rodesac svanis ojaxSi uSobeli Zroxa moigebda, ojaxis mgSgali (Zroxebis mwveleli qali) gamonaxavda kviristavs (CerSdas), an mis msgavsad fiqalisa, Tu kirqvis naWers gaTlida, am sagans axlad mogebul Zroxas jiqanqveS SeuSverda da cali xeliT Zroxas Camowvelida ise, rom rZiscvaria aucileblad kviristavis naxvretSi gasuliyo. Semdeg am kviristavs sagangebod gamocxobil yvelisgulian kvers mgSgali salocav barbolSi waiRebda da iq barbales saxelze Seswiravda wvelis baraqis, Zroxis sisaRisa da gamravlebisaTvis locva-vedrebiT. Sesawir kvers iqve Seeqceoda, kviristavs ki tovebda. barbolis salocavSi aseve dadiodnen uSvilo qalebi da Svils SesTxovdnen. mihqondaT cximiani Sesawiri da kviristavebi an maTi msgavsi sagnebi da swiravdnen [bardaveliZe1941:19-21]. kviristavebsa da msgavs sagnebs aRiqvamdnen qalis sasqeso organos simbolod. amgvari mniSvnelobis sagnebis Sewirva barbolis saxelze am ukanasknelis qalur bunebasTan da fun-

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qciebTan unda iyos dakavSirebuli [bardaveliZe1941:21-24]. qarTveli tomebis mzis RvTaebis emblemac wrisa da diskos moyvanilobis unda yofiliyo. mrgvali, Suaze gaxvretili fiqali da kviristavebi barbales saxelze ewireboda. SeiZleba isini barbales astralur bunebasTan iyo dakavSirebuli da maTi msgavsi sagnebi barbales, rogorc mzis RvTaebis emblemac gaxldaT [bardaveliZe 1941:63-64; surgulaZe 1977]. dedoflis goris adreuli Sua saukuneebis savsebiT msgavsi warmarTuli sakurTxeveli gaTxara 1988 wels, saqarTvelos xelovnebis saxelmwifo muzeumis arqeologiurma eqspediciam yaTlanixevis amave periodis (q.S. IV-VI ss.) namosaxlarze ufliscixis maxloblad [gagoSiZe, 1999:59]. aseTive sakurTxeveli aRmoCnda awyurSic, adre Sua saukuneebis eklesiaSi (v.liCeli) [gagoSiZe,1999:60]. dedoflis goris pirvel fenaSi aqamde Seswavlil arc erT SenobaSi ar dadasturda kramitis gamoyeneba. Tumca, gaTxrebis dros fenaSi aqa-iq Cndeboda kramitis natexebi [gagoSiZe,1999:58].

dedoflis goris IV-VI saukuneebis nivTieri masala dedoflis goris pirvel kulturul fenaSi arqeologiuri gaTxrebis Sedegad gamovlinda mravalferovani da mdidari nivTieri masala. es aris sayofacxovrebo, sameurneo daniSnulebis nivTebi, samkauli, iaraRi, sakulto daniSnulebis

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nivTebi, romlebic liTonisagan (rkina, oqro, spilenZi), minisagan, Tixisagan, Zvlisa da qvisagan aris damzadebuli. gansakuTrebiT mdidari da mravalferovania keramikuli masala, romelic warmodgenilia rogorc sayofacxovrebo ise, sameurneo da sakulto daniSnulebis nivTebiT. qvemoT ganvixilavT dedoflis goris pirvel kulturul fenaSi mopovebuli masalebis ZiriTad tipebs, samSeneblo horizontebad maTi diferencirebis gareSe. es Semdgomi kvlevis sagania. keramikuli nawarmi - dedoflis goris pirveli fenis keramikuli nawarmi aris, rogorc Ria feris (mowiTalo, moTeTro) ise, Savad da ruxad gamomwvari.

keramikuli

nawarmi maRalxarisxiania, Txelkedliani.

zedapiri

mogluvebulia, zog SemTxvevaSi

angobirebuli

da gaprialebuli. ornamentuli Semkuloba gansakuTrebuli mravalferovnebiT ar gamoirCeva da warmodgenilia TiTqmis mxolod wertilovani naWdevebiT. ukve aRiniSna, rom yoveli sacxovrebeli kompleqsis ezoSi erTi an ori saRvine qvevri aRmoCnda. ufro momcro zomis aseTive qvevrebi samlocveloebSic iyo Cafluli. dedoflis goris adreuli Sua saukuneebis qvevrebs aqvs marTkuTxa ganikveTis brtyeli bako, SedarebiT viwro, cilindruli yeli,

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kvercxiseburi formis Zirisaken Seviwroebuli tani da viwro brtyeli Ziri. tani mxrebidan Ziramde Semkulia sada, reliefuri sartylebiT. qvevrebi sxvadasxva zomisaa. maTi simaRle meryeobs 0,6-1,5 metramde. piris diametria 30-40 sm, Ziris-15 sm. qvevrebi gamomwvaria kargad ganleqili Tixisgan da Txelkedliania. kecis sisqe 2 sm-s ar aRemateba. qvevrebi mowiTalo ferisaa. zustad amave periodis aseTive qvevrebi gaTxrilia urbnisSi. magram aRsaniSnavia, rom dedoflis gorisgan gansxvavebiT aseTi qvevrebi urbnisSi marnebSia gamovlenili. urbnisis erT-erT maranSi 16 qvevria gaTxrili [WilaSvili1964:108]. dedoflis goraze dazianebul saRvine qvevrebs sxva daniSnulebiTac iyenebdnen. rogorc aRvniSneT, gamovlenilia miwaSi Cafluli Zirmotexili qvevrebi, zogjer pirqve. rogorc Cans es sapirfareSo iyo. zemoT ukve movixsenie sagangebo daniSnulebis qvevris msgavsi WurWeli, romelic keris gverdiT iyo Cadgmuli miwaSi. am WurWels adreuli Sua saukuneebis xanis Cveulebrivi qvevris forma aqvs: brtyeli bako, cilindruli yeli da reliefuri sartylebiT Semkuli kvercxiseburi tani da viwro, brtyeli Ziri, magram qvevrisgan gansxvavebiT ZirTan gamowvamde sagangebod gamoyvanili xvreli aqvs datanebuli, romelic milisebri SveriliT gamodis gareT. meore Taviseburebaa Tarosebri Sverili mowyobili Sida pirze, qvevris yvelaze farTo nawilSi. aseTi WurWlis simaRle 1 metramdea.

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zustad aseTive qvevris natexebi mimobneuli yofila urbnisSi gaTxrili abanos mesame oTaxSi. l. WilaSvili varaudobs, rom aseTi qvevrebi gamoiyeneboda wylis dasagroveblad da naxvreti ZirSi imisaTvis iyo, rom qvevri mTlianad dacliliyo [WilaSvili1964:109-110]. magram qvevris muclis Sida pirze mowyobili Taro, romlis arsebobas l. WilaSvils ar axsenebs, albaT qvevris ufro sxva daniSnulebaze unda miuTiTebdes. sameurneo daniSnuleba unda hqonoda agreTve didi zomis pirmoyril samyura dergebs. maT ori yuri aqvs (erTmaneTis sapirispirod ganlagebuli) muclis zeda nawilSi, xolo mesame - cal mxares - moTavsebulia maT Soris, maTze odnav maRla. zog dergs aseTi mesame yuris nacvlad TiTisebri Sverili aqvs. dergis kvercxiseburi sxeuli horizontaluri sartylebiTaa Semkuli. zog SemTxvevaSi ZiriTadi yurebis mimagrebis adgilas SeimCneva Wdeuli ornamentebi. dergis Ziri viwro da brtyelia. am tipis pirmoyrili WurWeli saqarTveloSi pirvelad Cndeba adreelinistur xanaSi da ganagrZobs arsebobas adreul Sua saukuneebamde. aRmoCenilia samadloSi, ufliscixesa da RarTiskarSi [Гагошидзе 1979:89. xaxutaiSvili 1970:121. Iberia and Rome 2008:71]. dedoflis goris sasaxleSi gamovlenili pirmoyrili dergi formiT saerTod ar gansxvavdeba adreuli Sua saukuneebis dergebisgan, Tumca am ukanasknelisgan gansxvavebiT 4 yuri aqvs [Iberia and Rome 2008:70-71].

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dedoflis goris pirveli fenis TiTqmis yvela saTavsSi iyo brtyelZira, amforiseburi WurWeli. es aris didi zomis (60 smde) oryura WurWeli, cilindrulyeliani, daqanebuli CaRaruli bakoTi. ~lenturi~ yurebi mimagrebulia yelsa da mxarze. mxrebi daqanebulia, muceli odnav gamoberili, Ziri farTo da brtyeli. gvxvdeba agreTve yelwiboiani egzemplarebic. am tipis WurWeli mravladaa aRmoCenili, rogorc aRmosavleT ise, dasavleT saqarTvelos IV-VI saukuneebis Zeglebze da isini publikaciebSi moixsenieba, rogorc Cafi, koka an amfora. rgansa da urbnisSi aRmoCenili msgavsi WurWeli TiTqmis ar gansxvavdeba dedoflis goris egzemplarebisgan [WilaSvili1964:92-93. bragvaZe 2000:108-109]. aseve zustad msgavsi WurWelia aRmoCenili modinaxes samarovanze [nadiraZe 1975:47-48,57]. dedoflis goraze didi raodenobiTaa gamovlenili sxvadasxva formisa da zomis calyura doqebi. gvxvdeba rogorc yelwiboiani ise, gluvyeliani doqebi. yelwiboian doqebs yuri mimagrebuli aqvs yelze wibosTan da mxarze. gluvyelians ki, xan yelze, xan pirze aqvs miZerwili yuris zeda nawili. piri gadaSlili aqvs, bako momrgvalebuli. yuri umetesad ovalurganikveTiania. gvxvdeba aseve ~lenturi~ yuric. zogierT doqs yurze daZerwili aqvs kopebi. tanis formebi sxvadasxvagvaria. gamoirCeva msxliseburi, kvercxiseburi formis doqebi. Ziri farTo da brtyelia. calke tipad gamoiyofa samtuCa doqebi - saRvineebi, romlebic aSkarad sufris WurWeli unda yofiliyo. yuri TiTq-

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mis yovelTvis mrgvalganikveTiania da zeda nawili miZerwilia tuCze. gamosarCevia agreTve viwro da maRalyeliani doqebi, romlebsac zogjer wiboc Semouyveba. yuris zeda nawili, rogorc wesi daZerwili aqvs yelze. dedoflis goris doqebs Soris aRsaniSnavia kargad naprialebi, daaxloebiT aguris feri, angobirebuli calyura doqebi. keci Txelia. piri odnav gadaSlili, brtyeli daqanebuli bakoTi. yeli maRali aqvs. ovalurganikveTiani yuri mimagrebuli aqvs yelze da mxarze. zog SemTxvevaSi, yelis qvemoT mraval rigad Semouyveba iribi marcvlovani Wdeebi. rogorc samtuCa ise, yelwiboiani da gluvyeliani calyura doqebi mravladaa aRmoCenili urbnisis adreuli Sua saukuneebis fenebSi [WilaSvili1964:92-93,110-113]. rganis samarovanze napovnia amave periodis msgavsi tipis doqebi [bragvaZe2000:112-113]. isini dadasturebulia aseve modinaxes adreuli Sua saukuneebis samarovanze [nadiraZe1975:57 58]. erwosvelze aRmoCenili am tipis WurWlis ganxilvisas r. ramiSvili aRniSnavs, rom msgavsi WurWeli aRmoCenilia mcxeTasa da zRuderSi [ramiSvili1979:63-64]. agurisfer-narinjisferi kargad naprialebi msgavsi calyura doqebi cnobilia modinaxes samarxebSi. isini napovnia monetebTan erTad da zustad TariRdeba IV saukuniT [nadiraZe 1975:47-48,57]. doqebis garda sufris WurWlidan dedoflis goraze ramdenime TefSi, jami da samarilea aRmoCenili.

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sayofacxovrebo Tixis nawarmidan dedoflis goris adreuli Sua saukuneebis fenebSi mravladaa aRmoCenili luTeriumebi. luTeriumebi langris an didi zomis konusurad gaSlili jamis formisaa da pirze datanili aqvs tuCi, an Camosasxmeli mili. luTeriumebi ZiriTadad gamomwvaria moyavisfro-mowiTlod. bako brtyeli da Sesqelebuli aqvs, Ziri farTo da brtyeli. zog luTeriums tuCTan kopebic aqvs dasmuli. am WurWlis daniSnuleba zustad ar aris gansazRvruli, magram aRsaniSnavia, rom dedoflis goraze aseTi WurWeli mravladaa aRmoCenili. urbnisSic vxvdebiT msgavsi tipis WurWels da l. WilaSvili mas niskartian langars uwodebs [WilaSvili1964:111-112]. dedoflis goraze samzadi qoTnebi gvxvdeba rogorc yuriani ise, uyuro. es aris Rrma, farTopiriani, brtyelZira WurWeli, romelic misi daniSnulebisgan gamomdinare, umetes SemTxvevaSi, Savad an ruxadaa SeWvartluli, Ria cecxlis zemoqmedebis gamo. qoTnebi, rogorc wesi sada zedapiriania, Tumca gvaqvs ramdenime cali, romlebic horizontuli, wvrili RarebiTaa dazolili. urbnisSi msgavsi tipis qoTnebi ZiriTadad kerebTan iyo dadasturebuli. erT SemTxvevaSi mTeli qoTanicaa aRmoCenili, romelic mTlianad nacarSi iyo Cafluli [l. WilaSvili1964:112-113]. dedoflis goris adreuli Sua saukuneebis keramikuli WurWeli adgilobrivi nawarmia da, rogorc Cans, imave sawarmoo centrSia damzadebuli, romelSic urbnisis Tanadrouli namo-

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saxlaris keramika. magram dedoflis goraze aRmoCnda ramdenime importuli WurWelic, romlebic WiquriTaa dafaruli. zemoT ukve aRvniSneT, rom dedoflis goraze, rogorc saxlebSi ise, samlocveloebTan arsebul sakulto ormoebSi aRmoCnda Tixis WurWlis natexebisagan gamoTlili diskoebi, gaxvretili diskoebi, sagangebod gamoZerwili rgolebi da keramikuli kviristavi. kviristavs, rogorc wesi konusuri forma aqvs da amiT gansxvavdeba keramikuli borblebisagan da gaxvretili diskoebisagan. Tumca, maTi erTad aRmoCena adasturebs, rom kviristavebs garda sayofacxovrebo daniSnulebisa (TiTistaris damamZimebeli) sakulto mniSvnelobac hqonda. amaze metyvelebs aseve kviristavebis zedapirze datanebuli ornamenti. kviristavebisa da gaxvretili diskoebis kavSiri Svilierebisa da nayofierebis qalRvTaebasTan, (rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT) aRwerili aqvs v. bardaveliZes, romelic am qalRvTaebis Tayvaniscemas mzis Tayvaniscemasac ukavSirebs [bardaveliZe1941:19-24,63-64].

172

1. doqi; 2. yelwiboiani doqi; 3. amforiseburi WurWlis fragmenti; 4. yelwiboiani doqi; 5. tuCiani doqis fragmenti.

dasasruls, unda aRiniSnos, rom aqve gamovlenilia Tixis konusuri da naxevarsferuli formis sabeWdavebi, romlebzec warmodgenilia sxvadasxvagvari kveTili xazebi. minis WurWeli - dedoflis goris adreuli Sua saukuneebis fenebSi napovnia minis WurWlis ramdenime natexi. es aris TeTri feris sqelkedliani minis WurWeli, romlis zedapiri dafarulia wriuli amoxexili RrmulebiT. msgavsi WurWlis fragmentebi aRmoCenilia urbnisis naqalaqaris VI-VII ss. fenebSi da l.WilaSvils vrclad aqvs ganxiluli. minis WurWeli namdvilad importi unda iyos, magram Zneli dasadgenia kerZod saidan aris Semotanili [l. WilaSvili 1964:118-120]. Zvlis nawarmi - dedoflis goris adreuli Sua saukuneebis mosaxleebi farTod iyenebdnen Zvlisagan damzadebul nivTebs. Zvlisgan amzadebdnen: maxaTs, sakinZs, salamurs. sakinZebis Tavebi mravalferovania. gvxvdeba figurulTaviani sakinZebi. aRsaniSnavia erTi sakinZis fragmentis Tavi rqosani cxovelis skulpturuli gamosaxulebiT. gamosaxuleba

6 7 8

6. qvevris msgavsi miliani WurWeli; 7. samyura pirmoyrili dergi; 8. naprialebi doqis fragmenti.; 9. qoTani

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moTavsebulia oTxkuTxa brtyel sadgarze. kudi moklea, cxovels kisris areSi ki fafriseburi Sverilebi aqvs. gvxvdeba maxaTebi gaxvretili yunwiT, agreTve mrgvalganikveTiani maxaTebi maryuJiseburi, dabrtyelebuli TaviT. Zalian sainteresoa Zvlis erTi soliseburi nivTi, romelsac zedapirze oTxi Rrma koncentruli naWdevi aqvs. zeda nawilSi ki farTo naxvreti. es nivTi, albaT sakidi unda iyos. yuradRebas iqcevs Zvlis konusuri formis mili, romelsac cali mxridan ori naxvreti aqvs. savaraudoa, rom es salamuria. agreTve, gvxvdeba Zvlis ramdenime nivTi, magram maTi daniSnulebis garkveva sakmaod rTulia. SeiZleba aq saqme gvqondes aseve Zvlis sawer iaraRTan - stilosTan. urbnisSi am periodis Zvlis ramdenime msgavsi nivTia napovni, romelTaganac l.WilaSvili erT-erTs stilosad moiazrebs. aseve aRniSnavs, rom Zvlis iaraRi Cveni welTaRricxvis pirveli saukuneebidan Cans sakmaod gavrcelebuli [WilaSvili1964:122-124]. dedoflis goris sasaxleSi Zvlis nawarms mravali daniSnulebiT iyenebdnen. Zvlisgan iyo damzadebuli - stilosebi, sakidebi, sakinZebi, piqsidebi, kamaTlebi, mcire zomis qandakebebi, avejis nawilebi, gravirebuli firfitebi, samkiTxao saTamaSoebi, gasaRebi [Iberia and Rome 2008:86-103]. qvis nawarmi - dedoflis goraze TiTqmis yvelaze didi raodenobiT napovnia forovani bazaltisagan damzadebuli mrgvali xelsafqvavebi. xelsafqvavebis zeda qvas centrSi

174

erTi naxvreti aqvs RerZisTvis. erTi naxvreti ki kidesTan hqonda saxelurisTvis, centris maxloblad, ori mogrZo morkaluli naxvreti marcvleulis Casayrelad iyo gamiznuli. qveda qva brtyeli da sada iyo da mxolod erTi naxvreti hqonda centrSi, romelSic xis RerZi iWedeboda. qveda qvas zogjer qvevris sarqvladac iyenebdnen ise, rogorc urbnisSi [WilaSvili1964:109]. Tumca, dedoflis goris zogierTi sarqveli sagangebod qvevrisTvisaa gamoTlili. bazaltis qvisaganaa aseve gamoTlili ramdenime sferuli nivTi, romlebic SesaZlebelia Surdulis qvebi yofiliyo. SerCeuli riyis qvebi gamoiyeneboda sanayebad. Savi feris fiqlisagan gamoTlilia salesi qvebi, romelTac cal boloSi naxvreti aqvs datanebuli. salesi qvebis sxvadasxva formisaa: cilindruli, brtyeli, oTxwaxnaga. dafiqsirebulia qvis ramdenime gaxvretili disko da kviristavi. liTonis nawarmi - dedoflis goraze aRmoCenil nivTebs Soris liTonisagan iaraRi da samkaulia damzadebuli. iaraRebidan dedoflis goraze napovnia isrispirebi, danebi da nemskavi. rkinisagan aris, agreTve damzadebuli jaWvi, xolo rkinis firfitebisagan gaurkveveli daniSnulebis nivTi. yvela isrispiri orfrTiani da grZelyunwiania. danebi moxrilia, calpirlesuli, samanWvle naxvretebiT taris nawilSi. nemskavi oTxkuTxaganivkveTiania da misi sigrZe 3 sm-ia. msgavsi tipis moxrili danebi farTod aris gavrcelebuli adrerkinis xanidan da dRemde gamoiyeneba [ramiSvili1979:93, gagoSiZe 1968:34, Iberia and Rome 2008:145]. 175

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samkauli - samkauli gvxvdeba brinjaosi da oqrosi. brinjaos samkaulidan warmodgenilia: beWdebi, sayureebi, sakinZebi da mSvildsakinZebi. beWdebSi gamoirCeva erTi beWedi: mrgvalganikveTiani mavTuliT Seqmnilia spiralurad daxveuli, wriuli moyvanilobis faraki da beWdis rkali. farakidan rkalze gadasvlis adgilas orive mxares daxveulia mavTulebi. farakis diametria 1-1,2 sm, rkalis diametri 2 sm. dedoflis goraze aris aseve brinjaos ramdenime sakinZi. gamoirCeva erTi sakinZi - mrgvalganikveTiani ReroTi da astragalis formis TaviT. sakinZebi adreuli Sua saukuneebis aRmosavleT saqarTvelos arqeologiur kompleqsTa tipuri nawilia [afxazava1979:85]. aseve napovnia ramdeni mesayure rgoli, romlebsac Tavebi erTmaneTze aqvs gadadebuli. dedoflis goraze gvxvdeba rkinis ramdenime mSvildsakinZic. aseTi samkauli aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi IV saukuneSi vrceldeba [afxazava 1979:6]. dedoflis goris mSvildsakinZebis analogiuria urbnisSi aRmoCenili mSvild sakinZebi [WilaSvili1964:127-128]. dedoflis goraze jerjerobiT oqros mxolod erTi eqvsfurcela vardulis formis samkaulia aRmoCenili. oqros firfitaze darCilulia 7 bude - erTi centrSi, eqvsi ki vardulis furclebze. budeebSi muqi wiTeli feris granatis Tvlebi aris Casmuli. budeebSi Casmuli Tvlebi sxvadasxva formisaa: mrgvali, ovaluri da wveTis. ori Tvalbude carielia. magram calke napovnia granatis aseTive ramdenime Tvali. agreTve, aRmoCenilia sxvadasxva formis minis Tvlebi.

176

aradeTis orgoris dedoflis goraze adreuli Sua saukuneebis namosaxlari warmodgenilia erTi kulturuli feniT, romelSic 4 samSeneblo horizonti gamoiyofa. fena zogadad TariRdeba IV-VI saukuneebiT da samosaxlos arsebobis mTeli periodis ganmavlobaSi misi gegmareba ar Secvlila, miuxedavad imisa, rom is minimum oTxjer daingra. yvela sacxovrebeli erTnairi iyo: qvis safuZvelze amoyvanili alizis kedlebiTa da banuri gadaxurviT. yvela gaTxrili saxli daaxloebiT erTi zomisa da erTnairi iyo. saxlebi ezoebiTurT ganlagebuli iyo goris Txemis perimetrzeda, SesaZlebelia, Sekrul wres qmnida, romlis SuaSi idga samlocvelo. namosaxlaris gaTxrebma mravalricxovani da mravalferovani masala mogvca, romelic asaxavs adreuli Sua saukuneebis qarTlis rigiTi mosaxleobis yofis TiTqmis yvela aspeqts. gansakuTrebuli mravalferovnebiT gamoirCeva keramikuli WurWeli. arqeologiuri masala samosaxlos mTeli arsebobis ganmavlobaSi met-naklebad erTgvarovania. magram aq Cven stratificirebul ZeglTan gvaqvs saqme da am masalis detaluri ganxilva samSeneblo horizontebis mixedviT saSualebas mogvcems SevimuSaoT arqeologiuri masalis ufro detaluri qronologia. gansakuTrebuli yuradRebis Rirsia is garemoeba, rom dedoflis goraze IV-VI saukuneebSi cxovrobdnen warmarTebi, miuxedavad imisa, rom am periodSi qristianoba qarTlis samefoSi saxelmwifo religiad iyo gamocxadebuli. dedoflis 177

s tud e n t ur i gve r d i

goris Txemis centrSi mdebare warmarTul samlocveloSi arsebuli sakurTxeveli (ise, rogorc misi analogiuri sakurTxevlebi yaTlanixevSi da awyurSi) Tavisi konstruqciiT msgavsia brinjaos xanis sakurTxevlebisa, romlebic maxloblad mdebare berikldeebis namosaxlarzea gaTxrili. TviT samlocvelos kedlebic uZvelesi samSeneblo teqnikiT, e.w. sarlastisTaa nagebi. yovelive es miuTiTebs imaze, rom Sida qarTlis dasavleT nawilSi IV-VI saukuneebSi jer kidev cocxali iyo Zveli adgilobrivi warmarTuli religia. dedoflis goris samlocvelo, SesaZlebelia, nayofierebis momniWebeli, mzis qalRvTaebisadmi iyo miZRvnili. ramdenadac Sida qarTlis dasavleT nawilSi, sadac dedoflis gora mdebareobs VI saukuneze adreuli qristianuli eklesia ar Cans, SemTxveviTi ar unda iyos warmarTTa samosaxlos arseboba dedoflis goraze. qristianobis damkvidreba qarTlis am nawilSi, rogorc Cans, dakavSirebulia camet asurel mamaTa moRvaweobasTan.

178

gamoyenebuli literatura 1. afxazava 1979 - n. afxazava. adreuli Sua saukunee-

bis aRmosavleT saqarTvelos nivTieri kultura. Tbilisi, 1979. 2. bardaveliZe 1941 - v. bardaveliZe, qarTvelTa

uZvelesi sarwmunoebis istoriidan (RvTaeba barbar-babar), Tbilisi,1941. 3. bragvaZe 2000 - z. bragvaZe. rganis samarovani, ar-

qeologiuri Jurnali I, Tbilisi, 2000, gv.107-151. 4. gagoSiZe 1968 - i. gagoSiZe. iTxvisis samarxi.

saqarTvelos saxelmwifo muzeumis moambe, 25-b, Tbilisi, 1968, gv.31-45. 5. gagoSiZe 1973 - i. gagoSiZe. batilumebi aradeTi-

dan. Zeglis megobari 33, Tbilisi, 1973, gv. 73-82, 104-105. 6. gagoSiZe 1986 _ i. gagoSiZe. Sida qarTlis arqe-

ologiuri eqspediciis 1985 wlis angariSi (xelnaweri). 7. gagoSiZe 1987 _ i. gagoSiZe. Sida qarTlis arqe-

ologiuri eqspediciis 1986 wlis savele angariSi (xelnaweri). 8. gagoSiZe 1999 - i. gagoSiZe. qarTlSi qristianobis

damkvidrebis Sesaxeb. saqarTvelos saxelmwifo muzeumis moambe, 43-b, Tbilisi, 1999, gv. 57-68.

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9. gagoSiZe, qoriZe, gogiCaiSvili 1986 d i. gagoSiZe,

e. qoriZe, a. gogiCaiSvili. Sida qarTlis arqeologiuri eqspediciis 1979-1981 wlebis savele muSaobis angariSi. saqarTvelos saxelmwifo muzeumis arqeologiuri eqspediciebi, VIII, Tbilisi, 1986, gv. 56-67. 10. gagoSiZe, wowelia 1991. i. gagoSiZe, m. wowelia. ar-

ameulwarweriani firfitebi dedoflis goridan. amierkavkasiis istoriis problemebi, Tbilisi, 1991, gv.47-78. 11. nadiraZe 1975 - j.nadiraZe, yvirilis xeobis arqe-

ologiuri Zeglebi, Tbilisi, 1975. 12. ramiSvili1979 - r. ramiSvili, erwos veli gvi-

anarmazul xanaSi, Tbilisi, 1979. 13. surgulaZe1977 - i. surgulaZe, barbaroba. qarTu-

li sabWoTa enciklopedia 2, Tbilisi, 1977, gv. 203. 14. WilaSvili 1964 - l. WilaSvili. naqalaqari urbni-

si. Tbilisi, 1964. 15. xaxutaiSvili 1970 - d. xaxutaiSvili, ufliscixe,

Tbilisi, 1970. 16. javaxiSvli, Rlonti 1962 - al. javaxiSvili, l.

Rlonti. urbnisi, Tbilisi, 1962. 17. Gagoschidze 2000. Neuer archaologischer Befundim Bezirk

180

Kareli, Schida Kartli. in: Archaologische Mitteilungen AusIranund Turan. Bend32, Berlin, 2000, pp. 51-58. 18. Gagoshidze 1992. The Templesat Dedoplis Mindori. East and

West, Vol.42, N1, 1992, Rome, pp. 27-48. 19. Gagoshidze 2001. A Royal Palace in First Centure Iberia. Ac-

cording to the Archaeological Material from Dedoplis Gora, Georgia. In The Royal Palace Institutionin the First Millennium BC, Monographs of the Danishat Athens, 2001, Vol. 4, pp.259284. 20. Gagoshidze 2004. TheRoyal Palace of the First Century BC –

First Century AD at Dedoplis Gora. Journal of Georgian Archaeology. The Jurnal of the Otar Lordkipanidze Centre for Archaeological Studdies, N1,2004, pp. 170-185. 21. Iberia and Rome 2008: Iberia and Rome.The Excavations of the

Palace at Dedoflis Gora and the RomanIn fluenceinthe Caucasian Kingdom of Iberia.Edited by A.Furtwangler,I. Gagoshidze, H.Lohr, N.Ludwig. Beier@Beran,2008. 22. Гагошидзе 1979 - Ю.М. Гагошидзе, Самадло, Тбилиси, 1979.

181

muzeumebi da artefaqtebi

“onlain arqeologia” mkiTxvels axal rubrikas sTavazobs - muzeumebi da artefaqtebi. rubrika gagacnobT sayovelTaod cnobil da naklebad cnobil muzeumebis nacnob Tu ucnob, axalaRmoCenil Tu didi xnis win napovn artefaqtebis istorias, daxasiaTebas, maT adgils qarTuli kulturisa da zogadad, msoflio kulturuli memkvidreobis sivrceSi. rubrikis pirvel werils _ borjomis

mxareTmcodneobis

muzeumSi

daculi sanawile jvris atribuciis sakiTxisaTvis – gTavazobT saqarTvelos kulturuli memkvidreobis dacvis erovnuli saagentos

muzeum-na-

krZlebisa da samuzeumo koleqciebis marTvis samsaxuris menejeri, xelovnebaTmcodneobis doqtori irma doliZe.

182

muzeumebi da artefaqtebi

borjomis mxareTmcodneobis muzeumSi daculi sanawile jvris atribuciis sakiTxisaTvis

saqarTvelos muzeumebSi, romelTa ricxvi orass aRemateba, qveynis kulturuli memkvidreobis udidesi da umniSvnelovanesi nawilia Tavmoyrili. saqarTvelos kulturuli memkvidreobis dacvis erovnuli saagento, romelic pasuxismgebelia qveynis masStabiT arsebul uZrav kulturul memkvidreobaze 15 muzeum-nakrZals, muzeumsa da arqiteqturul saits aerTianebs (stefanwmindis istoriuli muzeumi, didi mcxeTis arqeologiuri saxelmwifo muzeum-nakrZali, varZiis, ufliscixis, qsnis xeobis, kldekaris, quTaisis istoriul-arqiteqturuli muzeum-nakrZalebi, parmen zaqaraias saxelobis noqalaqevis arqiteqturul-arqeologiuri muzeum-nakrZali, eqvTime TayaiSvilis saxelobis guriis mxaris arqeologiuri muzeum-nakrZali, didi liaxvis xeobis saxelmwifo muzeum-nakrZali, samSvildisa da ujarmis arqiteqturuli ansamblebi, borjomis mxareTmcodneobis muzeumi, niko firosmanaSvilis saxelmwifo muzeumi, gremis muzeumi). arqiteqturul da arqeologiur memkvidreobasTan erTad (muzeum-nakrZalebisa da muzeumebis samuzeumo SenobaTa didi nawili Tavad aris kulturuli memkvidreobis Zegli. aq aTeul aTasobiT artefaqtia daculi. mravalferovnebiT

183

muzeumebi da artefaqtebi

gamorCeuli es koleqciebi Cveni istoriis nawilia da, imavdroulad, mravalmxriv saintereso informaciis momcveli. vfiqrobT, mniSvnelovania maTi samecniero mimoqcevaSi Semotana mkvlevarebisa da farTo sazogadoebisTvis wardgena. muzeum-nakrZalebisa da muzeumebis gacnobas saagentos muzeumebs Soris yvelaze adreuli, TiTqmis saukunovani istoriis borjomis mxareTmcodneobis muzeumiT daviwyebT. aq 38 aTasze meti eqsponatia daculi. 1926 wels muzeumi satyeo muzeumad dafuZnda da erT weliwadSi damTvaliereblebic miiRo. 1934 wels mas daemata eTnografiuli ganyofileba, saxelwodeba Seecvala da borjomis muzeumi ewoda, 1938 wels ki, iq mxaris istoriis ganyofilebac gaixsna da borjomis mxareTmcodneobis muzeumi daerqva. istoriulia muzeumis Senobac. is ganTavsebulia ruseTis saimperatoro ojaxis, romanovebis, kancelariis SenobaSi. fsevdogoTuri stilis arqiteqturuli nageboba germanelma inJinerarqiteqtorma vladimer Sveierma 1890 wels aago. Senobas miniWebuli aqvs kulturuli memkvidreobis Zeglis statusi.

sanawile jvari borjomis mxareTmcodneobis muzeumidan

184

muzeumebi da artefaqtebi

borjomis mxareTmcodneobis muzeumSi daculia: arqeologiuri (q.w. II-I aTaswleulebis brinjaos diskoebi, balTebi, minisa da Tixis WurWeli, sabrZolo iaraRi, mcire plastikis nimuSebi da sxv.), ferweris, grafikis, qandakebis, gamoyenebiTi xelovnebisa (maT Soris romanovebis samefo dinastiis kuTvnili evropuli da aRmosavluri warmoebis WurWeli da sxv.) da eTnografiis, numizmatikis (kolxuri TeTris koleqcia, monRoluri drama, romauli dinari, bizantiuri, qarTuli, Turquli, rusuli monetebi da sxv.), Zvirfasi liTonebis koleqciebi, sabunebismetyvelo masalebi, werilobiTi Zeglebi, memorialuri nivTebi, kino da fotomasalebi. amjerad yuradRebas gavamaxvilebT muzeumSi dacul erT eqsponatze (sain. #1085), romelic prof. p. vinogradov-nikitins 1938 wlis 25 seqtembers, aTeulobiT sxva nivTTan erTad, gadaucia muzeumisTvis. ZiriTad SemosulobaTa wignSi eqsponatis Rirebulebad miTiTebulia 10 maneTi. es aris brinjaos sanawile jvari, kerZod, misi erTi firfita (8X4,8 sm) figuriT orantis pozaSi. jvari dazianebulia. gatexilia misi marjvena horizontaluri qimi. dazianebulia gamosaxulebac, kerZod, cxviri, marjvena xelis mtevani, Tvali. figura mcire siRrmiTaa CakveTili da TiTqmis mTlianad avsebs jvris sibrtyes. igi vertikalurad da horizontalurad daStrixuli grafikuli dekoriT Semkul grZel samos-

185

muzeumebi da artefaqtebi

Sia warmodgenili. Tavs, aseve, dekoratiulad gadawyvetili Saravandedi amkobs, romlis zemoTac nawilobriv ikiTxeba berZnuli warwera `... NIA~ an `... NTA~ (sawyisi asoebi waSlilia). gavrcelebuli tradiciiT warwera gamosaxuli wmindanis saxels aRniSnavs. samwuxarod, dazianebis gamo ver xerxdeba konkretul wmindanTan misi identificireba. figura wverosania. pirobiTadaa gadmocemuli saxis nakvTebi â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Tvalebi, piri. xelebi mxrebis simaRlezea gaSlili, rogorc es orantis (mlocveli) pozisTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli. jvris zedapiri nawilobriv mwvane patiniTaa dafaruli. stilistur-gamomsaxvelobiTi TvalsazrisiT borjomis mxareTmcodneobis muzeumSi daculi sanawile jvari Sua saukuneebis bizantiasa da qristianul samyaroSi farTod gavrcelebul brinjaos sanawile jvrebis jgufs ganekuTvneba. jvar-reliqvariumi, sanawile jvari, enkolpioni _ wminda nawilebis SenaxvisTvis gamiznuli gulsakidi samkaulia. wminda nawilebisadmi Tayvaniscemis tradicia qristianobis damkvidrebis adreuli periodidanve momdinareobs. aseTi jvrebis tipuri nimuSebi Semkulia sxvadasxva kompoziciiTa da gamosaxulebiT. yvelaze gavrcelebuli sqemaa - erT firfitaze RvTismSoblis, meoreze ki jvarcmis gamosaxuleba, rasac xSirad jvrisebr kompoziciasac uwodeben. mravladaa SemorCenili, aseve, sxvadasxva wmindanTa gamosaxulebebiT

186

muzeumebi da artefaqtebi

(wm. giorgi, wm. irine, wm. nikolozi, wm. stefane da sxv.) Semkuli sanawileebic. mcirericxovania anikonuri (mcenareuli, geometriuli motivebi) dekoris jvrebi. sanawileebi gvxvdeba erT mxares wmindanis, meoreze ki jvris dekoratiuli gamosaxulebebiTac. es `siriuli~, `siria-palestinuri~, `axloaRmosavluri~ enkolpionebi da `wminda miwis jvrebi~ _ ukve as welze metia mkvlevarebis mier bizantiuri (farTo gagebiT) jvar-reliqvariumebis Zalian didi da arasistematizebuli jgufis aRmniSvnelad

gamoiyeneba~

(Пескова А.А.,

Строкова Л. В.

Христианские древности Византии в «Сирийской коллекции» Б.И.и В.Н. Ханенко. СПб.: Петербургское Востоковедение, 2012). sanawile gulsakidi jvrebis warmoebis masiur xasiaTze arqeologiuri gaTxrebis xofuris sanawile jvari

Sedegad aRmoCenili jvrebis simravlis garda, maTi mra-

valferovnebac metyvelebs. gansakuTrebiT izrdeba maTi warmoeba xatmebrZoleobis periodis Semdeg (IX saukunis Sua xanebidan).

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marTalia, isini gansxvavdeba teqnikiT, stiliTa da zogjer masaliTac, magram msgavsia ikonografiuli TvalsazrisiT. rogorc n. pokrovski SeniSnavs, aq ar iyo farTo Canafiqrisa da originaluri Semoqmedebis dro. miT umetes, rom es sakulto-saritualo nivTebi vanis sanawile jvarcmis gamosaxulebiT

gamiznuli iyo ara mxolod damkveTTaTvis, aramed, sazogadod mravalricxovan

morwmuneTaT-

vis. amitom xSirad jvrebi mzaddeboda ara imdenad mxatvrebis, ramdenadac xelosnebis mier _ sazogadod miRebuli Sablonebis Sesabamisad

(Покровский

Н.

Евангелие въ памятниках иконографии, преимущественно

византииских

русских, 1892 г. стр. 337). jer kidev gasuli saukunis I naxevarSi g. CubinaSvili yuradRebas amaxvilebda enkolpionTa Seswavlis aucileblobaze, ramdenadac saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi isini mniSvnelovani teqnikuri evoluciis suraTs warmoaCens (g. CubinaSvili, `siriis barZimi uSgulSi~, saqarTvelos muzeumis moambe XI-, Tbilisi, 1941 w.). n. kondakovis azriT ki, es nivTebi calke unda iqnas Seswavlili, arqe-

188

muzeumebi da artefaqtebi

ologiur masalaSi isini XIX saukunis 70-iani wlebidan Cndeba, ramdenime aseuls aRwevs da aqedan gamomdinare, sistematizacias saWiroebs. enkolpionTa daniSnulebis Sesaxeb mkvlevari aRniSnavs, rom sanawile jvrebi umTavresad gamoiyeneboda ara gulsakidad, aramed sacecxluris TavsarTis Camosakideblad, riTic aixsneba aseTi Zeglebis eklesiaTa nangrevebSi aRmoCenis xSiri faqtebi. zemoaRniSnulis dasturs mecnieri jvrebis wyvil `yurebSi~ xedavs, romlebic zemodan da qvemodan ekvris ZiriTad korpuss. n. kondakovis azriT, am yurebSi eyreboda saSualo zomis jaWvi, romelzec magrdeboda sacecxluris saxuravi da ixsneboda moZraobis Sesabamisad. mkvlevari aqve gansazRvravs sanawile jvrebis tipologias da maTi gavrcelebis periods – VI-XIV saukuneebs. misi dakvirvebiT, uZvelesia brtyeli, kveTis teqnikiT Sesrulebuli jvrebi daTariRebuli IX saukunemde periodiT, Semdeg Cndeba inkrustirebuli da bolos, yvelaze gvian – reliefurgamosaxulebebiani jvrebi. daaxloebiT XI saukunidan kveTa icvleba Camosxmuli gamosaxulebebiT, romlebic XII-XIII saukuneebSi enkolpionTa Semkulobis TiTqmis erTaderTi xerxia. am dros moixaza msgavsi jvrebis aRmoCenis arealic _ xmelTaSua zRvis sanapiro, gansakuTrebiT misi aRmosavleT nawili (Кондаков

Н.П.

189

muzeumebi da artefaqtebi

Иконография Богоматери, т. I. С-Петербург, 1914 г. стр. 258-260). v.zalesskaia bizantiis gamoyenebiT xelovnebaSi siriis rolis gansazRvrisas yuradRebas amaxvilebs enkolpionebzec. misi azriT, enkolpionTa warmoeba jer kidev adreuli Sua saukuneebidan momdinareobs. mogvianebiT ki, maT Zveli nimuSebis (adreuli ikonografiuli tipebisa da stilisturi xerxebis) mibaZviT, TiTqmis XII saukunemde amzadebdnen. mkvlevari gamoyofs, agreTve, jvar-enkolpionebs gravirebuli gamosaxulebebiTa da vercxlis inkrustaciiT, romelTac X-XI saukuneebiT aTariRebs da Tvlis, rom isini VI-VII saukuneTa im prototipebis mixedviTaa Seqmnili, romelTac Cvenamde ar mouRwevia (Залесская В.Н. Сирииский художественный металл византииского времени и его историческое значение (вопрос о роли Сирии в прикладном искусстве Византии), Ленинград, 1970г. стр.8-12). mkvlevari, aseve, aRniSnavs, rom `sazogadod miRebuli TvalsazrisiT, aseTi jvrebis warmoebis centrebi iyo siria da palestina, saidanac momlocvelebi maT avrcelebdnen mTels qristianul samyaroSi, magram Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, rom X-XI saukuneebSi es teritoriebi ar Sedioda bizantiis imperiis SemadgenlobaSi, im mcire periodis gamoklebiT, roca roman II-is dros siriis rigi olqebi gaaTavisufles arabebisagan, gamor-

190

muzeumebi da artefaqtebi

vanis sanawile RvTismSoblis gamosaxulebiT

icxuli ar aris rom isini mzaddeboda konstantinepolSi, magram aRmosavluri tradiciis mimdevrobiT~

(Залесская

В.Н.

Часть бронзового креста-складня из Херсонесса, ВВ. Т. XXV.. стр.173174). mniSvnelovania, rom

am lit-

urgikuli nivTebis damzadeba mxolod garkveul periodebs ar moicavs. es procesi grZeldeba saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi. Tavad jvris formis, dekoratiuli morTulobisa da ikonografiuli programebis umniSvnelo cvlilebebiT. amasTan, xSirad saqme gvaqvs arqauli ikonografiis gameorebasTan. rac, Tavis mxriv, arTulebs enkolpionTa daTariRebas da xSirad maT vrcel qronologiur CarCoebSi aqcevs. mniSvnelovania, rom arqeologiuri gaTxrebis an SemTxveviTi aRmoCenebisas sanawile jvrebi gamovlenilia rogorc sacxovreblebSi, ise samarxebSi, Tumca es ukanaskneli umniSvnelo raodenobisaa da raime saxis tendenciaze ar unda miuTiTebdes. dawyebuli XIX-XX saukuneTa mijnidan, yofili bizan-

191

muzeumebi da artefaqtebi

tiis imperiis aRmosavleT provinciebSi damzadebuli jvrebi, msoflios msxvili muzeumebis mier gamocemuli katalogebis saSualebiT TandaTan cnobili da xelmisawvdomi xdeba. ase magaliTad, b. pitarakisis brinjaos gulsakidi jvar-reliqvariumebisadmi miZRvnil monografiaSi (2006w.) warmodgenilia Svidasamde nimuSi anatoliis, saberZneTis, dasavleT evropis, amerikis muzeumebidan da kerZo koleqciebidan (Brigitte Pitarakis. Les croix-reliquaires pectorales byzantines en bronze. Paris, éd. A. et J. Picard, 2006 (Bibliothèque des Cahiers Archéologiques. XVI). aq `ganxiluli jvrebis 20%-s arqeologiuri konteqsti aqvs, rac azustebs maT TariRs. ZiriTadad, isini XI saukuniT TariRdeba...~ (Пескова А.А., Строкова Л. В. dasax. naSr.). samwuxarod, daudgenelia borjomis mxareTmcodneobis muzeumSi daculi sanawile jvris aRmoCenis garemoeba da, Sesabamisad, arqeologiuri konteqsti, rac Zeglis Sesaxeb damatebiT informacias mogvawvdida. amitom enkolpionis Seswavlis safuZveli Tavad jvris ikonografiul-stilisturi Taviseburebebis analizia. Cvenamde moRweuli sanawile jvrebis ikonografiaSi wamyvani adgili eTmoba wmindanTa orantis pozaSi gadmocemas. aseTi gadawyveta tipuria zogadad sanawile jvrebis dekoratiuli SemkulobisTvis da gansakuTrebiT gravirebulgamosaxulebiani enkolpionebisTvis. 192

muzeumebi da artefaqtebi

oranta gavrcelebulia rogorc calkeuli wmindanis gamosaxvisas, ise erT mxares jvarcmis, meoreze ki, RvTismSoblis gamosaxulebaTa warmodenisas. amis TvalsaCino nimuSebi saqarTvelos erovnul muzeumSi daculi enkolpionebis magaliTzec SegviZlia ganvixiloT. orantis garda, isini saerTo stilistur niSnebze, ikonografiul sqemebsa da maTi gavrcelebis qronologiazec dagvafiqrebs, rac borjomis muzeumSi dacul sanawilesTan msgavsebis gamo ufro metad mniSvnelovania. esenia: S. amiranaSvilis saxelobis xelovnebis muzeumSi daculi xofuris sanawile jvari (saqarTvelos xelovnebis muzeumis saganZuris fondi, #11296. brinjao, zoma 7X4 sm), romelic gasuli saukunis 70-ian wlebSi moiZia da saqarTvelos xelovnebis muzeums usasyidlod gadasca gurgen qurasbedianma (saxelwodeba jvris aRmoCenis adgilidan momdinareobs - lentexis raionis sof. xofuri) da s. janaSias saxelobis saqarTvelos istoriis muzeumSi daculi vanis sanawile jvari (saqarTvelos erovnuli muzeumis s.janaSias saxelobis saqarTvelos istoriis muzeumi. `a~ fondi, inv.#1480. spilenZi, 10X5 sm (sakidebis gareSe 6,8X5 sm). `motanilia e.v. ter-avetisianis mier vanis vilaieTSi mowyobili eqspediciis Sedegad. aRmoCenis adgili vanis vilaieTi~ (muzeumis sainventaro wigni) dRevandeli TurqeTis teritoria). 193

muzeumebi da artefaqtebi

IX-X saukuneebiT daTariRebuli es jvrebi (i. doliZe, xofurisa da vanis sanawile jvrebi, stilistur-qronologiuri sakiTxebi, xelovneba, #5-6, 1993 w. gv.87-99) damzadebulia Camosxmis wesiT, CakveTil-gravirebuli

vanis sanawile jvari

gamosaxulebebiT. maTTvis damaxasiaTebelia berZnulenovani warwerebi. borjomis muzeumis sanawile jvrisgan gansxvavebiT xofurisa da vanis jvrebi sruli saxiTaa daculi. erT firfitaze jvarcmis, meoreze ki orantis pozaSi gadmocemuli RvTismSoblis gamosaxulebebiT. Tvalis farTo WrilebiTa da wertilebiT aRniSnuli gugebiT, gansxvavebiT borjomis sanawilis figurisgan, sadac Tvalis farTo ovali SedarebiT mkveTradaa CakveTili da gugis gareSea.

194

muzeumebi da artefaqtebi

jvarcma, romelic erT-erTi yvelaze metad gavrcelebuli kompoziciaa, gansakuTrebul yuradRebas imsaxurebs. qristianul ikonografiaSi jvarcmis or tips vadevnebT Tvals. jvarcma cocxali macxovris warmoCeniT, rogorc es vanis enkolpionzea da jvarcma gardacvlili (an momakvdavi) qristes gamosaxulebiT, rogorc es xofuris jvarzea. `pirveli jvarcmis Teologiuri, dogmaturi interpretaciaa: qriste triumfatori, qriste gamarjvebuli, `qriste sikvdilisa sikvdiliTa damTrgunveli~. jvarcmis meore tipi am Temis `realisturi~ asaxvaa. qriste Cveulebrivi adamiania, Cveulebrivi momakvdavia da dogmaturi suraTis nacvlad aq `adamianuri drama~ - tanjva-vaeba da sikvdilia warmodgenili~ (T. sayvareliZe, XII saukunis qarTuli Weduri xelovnebis istoriidan, Tbilisi, 1980 w. gv.31).

xofuris jvarze

macxovari gardacvlilia - Tvalebi daxuWuli aqvs. tanT usaxelo kolobiumi mosavs. Tavs ki jvruli Saravandedi umSvenebs. qristes monograma IC XC sanawile jvris horizontalur mklavze, macxovris xelebis qvemoTaa ganawilebuli. xofurisgan gansxvavebiT, vanis sanawileze macxovari cocxalia, Ria TvalebiT, nakawri wveriT, saxis dagrZelebuli ovaliTa da Tvalebisa da cxvir-piris SemaerTebeli naxatiT. mis Tavs jvruli Saravandedi

195

muzeumebi da artefaqtebi

amkobs. kiseri patara da moklea. tanT usaxelo, grZeli kolobiumi mosavs, romelzec qvemoT daSvebuli xazebiT miTiTebulia klavi. terfebi aqac ferxTsayrdenzea ganTavsebuli. qristes monograma (IC XC) warmodgenilia horizontaluri RerZis marcxena nawilze. meore mxares _ berZnuli warwera NIKA (gamarjveba). sigrZivi RerZis zeda nawili, romelzec warwerebiani ficari unda iyos mikruli, sami samkuTxedisgan Semdgari jvris formis motiviTaa aqcentirebuli, is xofuris jvris jvarcmis kompoziciis msgavsad, Sebrunebuli saxiTaa mocemuli. amdenad, enkolpionebis wina pirze Cven jvarze gakrul macxovars vxedavT, meore mxares - RvTismSoblis gamosaxulebas palmis totebiT. es garemoeba gvafiqrebinebs, rom Tavad sanawile jvris mxatvruli gaformebis idea sikvdilis daTrgunvisa da masze gamarjvebis simboluri azriTaa gajerebuli. Cven mier ganxilul orive jvarze macxovari sikvdilze gamarjvebulia. rogorc Cans, am droisaTvis gardacvlili qristes mxatvruli saxe, romelic cocxali macxovris gamosaxulebis paralelurad Cndeba, jer kidev ar warmoaCens tkivilebiT saxeSeWmuxnilsa da tangaqzneqil qristes figuras, adamianuri sawyisiT wina planze.

196

muzeumebi da artefaqtebi

borjomis sanawile jvrisgan gansxvavebiT, vanis jvarze RvTismSoblis saxe nikapTan mkveTrad dagrZelebuldaviwroebuli ovaliT, xofuris jvris gamosaxulebas enaTesaveba. am ukanasknelisgan gansxvavebiT vanis jvarze dekoratiulad da, imavdroulad, sqematuradaa naCvenebi Tma, rac mas borjomis jvars amsgavsebs. xofuris jvarze Tma ar isaxeba. RvTismSobels maforiumis Tavsaburavi xuravs, romelic, imavdroulad, Saravandedis funqciasac asrulebs. dekoratiulad nimbiTaa Semkuli borjomis jvris gamosaxulebac, romelic savaraudod mamakacs unda asaxavdes, amaze miuTiTebs wveric. xofurisa da vanis sanawile jvrebis gamosaxulebaTa Tavze jvrebia mocemuli, rac maT wmindanobas aRniSnavs. vanis jvris SemTxvevaSi berZnuli warweriT â&#x20AC;&#x201C; IYHTPXP. T. yauxCiSvili wignSi `berZnuli warwerebi saqarTveloSi~ (Tbilisi, 1951 w.gv. 271-272) sagangebod aRniSnavs, rom `saqarTvelos muzeumis istoriis ganyofilebaSi aris spilenZis jvari vanidan, zed orive mxares amokawrulia adamianebi SaravndiT. erT mxares TiTqos aris jvarcma. mis xelebqveS weria ... iesu qriste, Zleva. meore mxares adamianis Tavze weria: I...TPXP. nivTi XVI-XVII saukuneebze adrindeli ar unda iyos.~ amJamad warweris yvela aso ikiTxeba. vfiqrobT igi sanawile jvris damzadebis

197

muzeumebi da artefaqtebi

Tanadrouli unda iyos. warweris adgili saerTo kompoziciaSi Tavidanve Cans gansazRvruli. Sesabamisad, misi gviani Sua saukuneebiT daTariReba umarTebulod gveCveneba. miT ufro Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, rom sanawile jvrebi am droisaTvis ukve aRar gvxvdeba.

figurebs

orive jvarze grZeli stola mosavs, welamde gadmofenili maforiumis kalTebiT. ise rogorc es borjomis muzeumis sanawilezea. rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, jvarreliqvariumebis gamosaxulebaTa mniSvnelovani Sinaarsobrivi da ikonografiuli Tavisebureba orantis gamosaxulebaa. rogorc morwmuneTa sulis gamoxatuleba igi uZvelesi droidanaa cnobili. jer kidev qristianobis gavrcelebis pirvel xanebSi micvalebulTa suls orantis saxiT gamosaxvdnen. asea katakombebis mxatvrobaSi,

sanawile jvari sof. Zevridan

198

muzeumebi da artefaqtebi

magaliTad, romis priscilas katakombis velatos kubikulis moxatulobaSi. gasaTvaliswinebelia, aseve, rom gavrcelebuli varaudiT, oranta, rogorc es Zvelqristianul periodSi iyo, ierusalimis taZris msaxuri wminda qalwulis an RvTismSoblis, rogorc pirveli diakoni qalis saxes warmoaCens (Кондаков Н.П. Иконография Богоматери, т. II. Петроград, 1915 г. стр. 69). saqarTveloSi mravlad Semodioda iseTi liturgikuli da sakulto nivTebi, rogorebicaa siria-palestinuri brinjaos sacecxlurebi da bizantiuri gulsakidi jvrebi _ enkolpionebi. maTi `saqarTveloSi gavrceleba, ufro zustad ki aRmosavlur-qristianul centrebSi Seqmnili liturgikuli nivTebis arseboba savsebiT kanonzomierad Cans, Tu gaviTvaliswinebT qarTuli qristianobis aRmosavlur warmomavlobas~ (k. maCabeli, brinjaos sacecxlurebi saqarTveloSi, xelovneba, 6, 1991 w. gv.43). sanawile jvrebze kveTiT Sesrulebul pirobiT gamosaxulebebSi wamyvania primitiuli, sqematuri naxati. gamomsaxvelobiTi enis mkafiod gamovlenili sibrtyobriv-grafikuli

maneriTa

dekoratiulobisadmi

miswrafebiT, razec TvalnaTliv metyvelebs figuraTa samosisa da nimbis damuSavebis principi formebis gamokveTili geometrizaciiTa da danawevrebiT.

199

muzeumebi da artefaqtebi

aRsaniSnavi da saxasiaToa, aseve, is uzustobani, romlebic gamosaxulebaTa amokveTa-damuSavebaSi iCens Tavs. acdenili, konturs gadasuli, zog adgilas gaormagebuli xazebiT, xelebze arazusti raodenobis TiTebiTa da zogadi miniSnebebiT. sanawile jvrebis gamomsaxvelobiTi, mxatvruli ena ukiduresad gamartivebuli da sqematuria, gadmocemis xazobriv-grafikuli maneriT, rac bunebrivad da logikurad aRiqmeba xatmebrZoleobis (VIII s. da IX s. I nax.) dasrulebis Semdeg. imdenad didia simbolizmis mniSvneloba sazogadod am periodis xelovnebaSi, rom gamosaxuleba garkveuli niSan-simbolo xdeba. saxviTi enis paralelurad mniSvnelovania, Tavad jvris formac. Cven mier ganxiluli sanawileebi mklavebgafarToebuli jvrebia (borjomis muzeumis sanawile jvars Tanabari siganis qimebi aqvs). qronologiurad isini XI saukunemde gvxvdeba. Semdegi periodidan vrceldeba ufro rTuli formis _ qimebmomrgvalebuli an samnawiledi daboloebis jvrebi. icvleba maTi Semkobis xerxic. Warbobs Camosxmis wesiT Sesrulebuli jvrebi (Залесская В.Н. Часть бронзового креста складня из Херсонеса, ВВ. 1964 г. стр.173). mravladaa msgavsi formis jvrebi aRmoCenili CrdiloeT kavkasiisa da ruseTis teritoriebze. isini farTod 200

muzeumebi da artefaqtebi

yofila aq gavrcelebuli XI-XIII saukuneebSi. s.janaSias saxelobis saqarTvelos istoriis saxelmwifo muzeumSi daculia rusuli warmomavlobis jvarcmis gamosaxulebiani enkolpionis erTi nawili (`a~ fondi, `16~ md. malkis napirebidan. zomebia 7,3 X 5,3 sm). misi oTxive qimi momrgvalebulia da Semkulia medalionSi Casmul wmindanTa biusturi gamosaxulebebiT, rac sazogadod damaxasiaTebelia am periodis rusuli warmoebis jvrebisaTvis. Camosxmis wesiTaa, aseve, Sesrulebuli amave muzeumSi daculi enkolpioni (sainventaro @#a22. brinjao, 6X4,5 sm enkolpioni, napovnia yofili quTaisis mazraSi, sof. ZevrSi, md. ZirulasTan tarielis xeobaSi. Semowira meTode qaTamaZem Cxaridan, 1891 wels). erT mxares jvarcmuli macxovrisa da avazakebis, meoreze _ nikopeas tipis RvTismSoblisa da mTavarangelozTa gamosaxulebebiT. am ukanasknelisgan gansxvavebiT, borjomis, vanisa da xofuris jvrebi erTi stilisturi mimarTulebis _ brtyel, gravirebulgamosaxulebiani jvar-reliqvariumebis _ jgufs ganekuTvneba da qronolgiuradac ufro arqaulia.maTi saerTo niSnebia: figuraTa mkacri frontaloba, pirobiTad gaazrebuli garemos warmoCeniT, gamokveTili sibrtyobriv-grafikuli manera, romelic Tavs iCens ara marto samosis, aramed sazogadod figura-

201

muzeumebi da artefaqtebi

Ta gadawyvetaSi.aseve, niSandoblivia am tipis ZeglebisTvis metyveli, gamomsaxveli saxeebi, rac Jestebisa da proporciebis an sxeulis romelime nawilis mkafio utrirebiT miiRweva. es stilisturi niSnebi mWidrod akavSirebs erTmaneTTan ara marto borjomis muzeumis, vanisa da xofuris sanawile jvrebs, aramed qristianuli aRmosavleTidan momdinare amave jgufis Zeglebs. ase magaliTad, naTelia, rom erTi prototipis mixedviT aris Seqmnili xofurisa da vanis sanawile jvrebi. msgavsi kompoziciur-dekoratiuli gadawyvetis magaliTi ramdenadme garTulebuli ikonografiuli sqemiT (RvTismSoblis gamosaxulebasTan damatebuli mTavarangelozTa figurebi) warmodgenilia georgios colozidis katalogSi `koleqcioneris TvaliT danaxuli bizantia~ (saberZneTis kulturis saministro, aTeni, 2001 w. berZnul enaze) #32 sanawile jvarze (spilenZi, 8,5 X4,7 sm). Tumca aRsaniSnavia am ukanasknelis damuSavebis ukiduresad sqematuri xasiaTi. aq warmodgenili spilenZis Camosxmuli sanawile jvrebi jvarcmis, orantis pozaSi gadmocemuli RvTismSoblisa da sxvadasxva wmindanis (wm. nikolozi, wm. giorgi) gravirebuli gamosaxulebebiT XIXII saukuneebiTaa daTariRebuli, rac adasturebs jvarreliqvariumebis ikonografiuli sqemebisa da dekora-

202

muzeumebi da artefaqtebi

tiuli SemkobisTvis mza nimuSebis xangrZlivi periodis ganmavlobaSi gamoyenebis faqts. sainteresoa, rom ikonografiul sqemaTa msgavsebis paralelurad gvxvdeba identuri nimuSebic. aseTia, xofuris sanawile jvris zusti analogi daculi bizantiuri kulturis muzeumSi (saberZneTi, Tesaloniki). IX saukuniT daTariRebuli am nimuSis mixedviTaa Sesrulebuli sanawile jvris replika ukve XX saukunis II naxevarSi (http://www. greekjewelryshop.com/byzantine_crosses.html), rac TavisTavad saintereso faqtia. gvxvdeba, aseve, vanis jvar-reliqvariumis ikonografiuli sqemis sanawileebic daTariRebuli VIII-XI saukuneebiT (http://www.ancienttouch.com/crosses_and_enkolpia.htm http://www.ancientcoinage.org/judea-capta--jewish-war-coin-types.html). IX-XII saukuneebs ekuTvnis Tesalonikis bizantiuri kulturis muzeumSi eqsponirebuli aTeulobiT gravirebuli Tu Camosxmis wesiT damzadebuli jvar-reliqvariumi tipuri ikonografiuli kompoziciebiTa da Sesrulebis teqnikiT. brinjaos sacecxlurebisa da tyviis ampulebis msgavsad, gulsakidi jvrebic wminda adgilebSi Casuli mTeli saqristianos momlocvelTaTvis samaxsovro nivTebad iTvleboda da farTod vrceldeboda mTel msoflioSi. sxvadasxva qveyanaSi Catanili es wminda sagnebi iqceoda im sasurvel nimuSebad, romelTac saukuneTa ganmavlobaSi

203

muzeumebi da artefaqtebi

baZavdnen uli

samyaros

vadasxva

sanawile jvrebi bizantiuri kulturis muzeumidan TesalonikSi

204

qristiansx-

kuTxeSi

(k.maCabeli, brinjaos sacecxlurebi

saqa-

rTveloSi, xelovneba, #6, 1991 w. gv. 43). ra Tqma unda, dRes Znelia msjeloba adgilobrivadaa damzadebuli jvrebis

sanawile Cven

mier

ganxiluli nimuSebi ukve

SemuSavebuli

mza

ikongrafiuli

sqemebis safuZvelze Tu Semotanili, vi-

sanawile jvari, colozidis katalogi, N34

muzeumebi da artefaqtebi

naidan siriuli ikonografiuli da stilisturi niSnebi Tavs iCens rogorc bizantiis dedaqalaqidan momdinare, ise amierkavkasiaSi, yirimsa da egvipteSi

gamovlenil

Zeglebzec (Залесская В.Н. Сирииский художественный металл византииского времени и его историческое значение (вопрос о роли Сирии в прикладном искусстве Византии), Ленинград, 1970 г. стр.18), rac vfiqrobT TvalsaCinod gamoixata Cven mier ganxiluli nimuSebis magaliTzec. marTalia, sanawile jvrebis formasa da dekorSi xangrZlivi drois ganmavlobaSi myarad SenarCunebuli arqauli

ikonografi-

uli sqemebi da gamosaxvis xerxebi, xSirad ar iZleva maTi zustad daTariRebis SesaZleblobas, magram mxatvruli amocanisadmi midgomis, damuSavebis, ikonografiuli tipebisa da stilisturi Taviseburebebis gaTvaliswinebiT, borjomis muzeumis sanawile jvari IX-XI saukuneebis tipuri nimuSi da saerTo suliskveTebiTac am epoqis mxatvruli gemovnebis Tanaziaria.

205

xerTvisis cixe merab boWoiZe

xerTvisis cixe-darbazi erT-erTi kargad Semonaxuli safortifikacio nagebobaa saqarTveloSi, mdebareobs aspinZis municipalitetSi, qvemo javaxeTSi, istoriulad ori mtkvris - mdinare mtkvrisa da javaxeTis mtkvris SesarTavTan. vaxuSti batoniSvilis sityvebiT: â&#x20AC;&#x153;sad erTvis mtkuars javaxeTis mtkuari, am or mdinares Soris ars xerTvisi, mtkuris aRmosavleT kideze da javaxeTis mtkuris samxriT. da Seni ars aqa cixe friad magariâ&#x20AC;?. misi saxelwodebac adgilmdebareobas ukavSirdeba. xerTvisi xanmetobis periodis sityvaa da ZvelqarTulad SesarTavs niSnavs. xerTvisSi uZvelesi periodis naSTebia, rac imis mimaniSnebelia, rom is dasaxlebuli iyo manam, sanam aq cixe aSendeboda, anu jer kidev Zveli, adreuli xanidan. xerTvisis agebis TariRis Sesaxeb saistorio wyaroebSi cnobebi ar moipoveba. gadmocemiT cnobilia, rom xerTvisis cixe-darbazis eklesias daTariRebuli (985 w.) warwera hqonda. cixe-darbazi X saukuneSi unda iyos agebuli. momdevno periodSi nageboba araerTxel ganaaxles. saukuneTa ganmavlobaSi icvlebodnen misi mflobelebic. Tavdapirvelad xerTvisi samefo cixe iyo. XIV saukuneSi mis mflobelad gvevlineba mefis molareTuxucesi za206

koSki da galavani. amis mauwyebelia cixis Sesasvlelis karze, amJamad ukve dakarguli warwera, magram warweris teqsti cnobilia: â&#x20AC;&#x153;saxeliTa RvTisaTa, oxiTa da SewevniTa wmidisa mSoblisa RvTisaTa, mindobiTa wmidisa ioane maxaroblisaTa, viwye mefeT-mefisa molareTuxucesma zaqaria, Zeman qamqamisSvilisman, ofelman koSki da galavani ese qronikonsa mb gavaTaveT md. gulxine, aminâ&#x20AC;?. gvian Sua saukuneebSi xerTvisis mepatroneebad amatakisSvilebi gvevlinebian. 1578 wels xerTviss osmalebi daepatronnen, romlebmac igi livisa da sanjayis centrad aqcies.

gaicaniT saqarTvelo

qaria qamqamiSvili, romelsac 1354-1356 wlebSi aq augia

207

gaicaniT saqarTvelo

1624 wels giorgi saakaZem, xolo 1771 wels mefe ereklem aiRo xerTvisis cixe, magram misi SenarCuneba verc erTma SeZlo. istorikos oman xerxeuliZis gadmocemiT: ereklem â&#x20AC;&#x153;xerTvisis cixidam mcvelni gamoiyvana. iqidam jarma tyve da saqoneli mravali gamoatanes. xerTvisi qalaqi iyo. iq sul mdidari xalxi esaxlnenâ&#x20AC;?. xerTvisi osmalebisagan gaTavisuflda 1829 wels, rodesac

adrianopolis

xelSekrulebis

mixedviT

Turqebma xerTvisis cixe ruseTs gadasces. xerTvisis cixe Sedgeba citadelisa da galavnisagan. citadeli kldis viwro Txems miuyveba. Crdilo-aRmosavleTidan igi miuwvdomelia. burjebiani zRudiT SemosazRvruli citadelis Sida teritoria ramdenime monakveTadaa dayofili. aq aris mcire darbazuli tipis eklesia da sxva nagebobaTa naSTebi. samxreTidan

nawilobriv aRmosavleTidan mas akravs galavani; cixis

Crdilo-

dasavleTiT wyalze Casasvleli gvirabia. xerTvisTan axlosaa te-

208

gaicaniT saqarTvelo

rasebi, ganTqmuli xilis baRebiT. xerTvisis cixis dasavleTis koSki mrgvalwaxnagovania, me-10 saukunisa, aRmosavleTis ki - xuTwaxnaga, is citadelSi yvelaze amaRlebul adgilze dgas da gamorCeulad maRalia, garda amisa, arsebobs gviandeli samxreTis koSkic. dasavleT da aRmosavleT koSkebTan dakavSirebiT, zepirsityvierebaSi SemorCenilia legenda ostatisa da misi Segirdis Sesaxeb. legendis sizuste sadavoa, radgan meore koSki gacilebiT gviandeli periodisaa pirvelze, magram xalxSi amboben, rom aRmosavleTis koSki dasavleTis koSkis aRmSeneblis Segirds augia. es xuTwaxnaga

209

gaicaniT saqarTvelo

koSki swored imiT aris unikaluri, rom saqarTveloSi analogi TiTqmis ar eZebneba. mis mexuTe waxnagSi asasvleli kibea ganTavsebuli. xerTvisi tipuri cixe-qalaqia. citadelSi gamagrebulni gaxldnen feodalebi, anu maRali ierarqebi, qveda cixeSi ki dabanakebulni iyvnen meomrebi, garnizoni da a.S.

omianobis dros pirvel dartymas qveda cixe igeriebda, Sesabamisad, citadelSi Sesvla mtrisTvis sakmaod rTuli xdeboda. orive - zeda da qveda cixeebs mtkvrisken Camavali saidumlo gvirabebi aqvs. gvirabebis saSualebiT

210

amisa, iq myofTa wyliT momarageba. am Caketili gvirabebis konstruqcia sakmaod sainteresoa da rTuli arqiteqturiT gamoirCeva. dasavleTis vertikaluri gvirabi SesaniSnavad morgebulia kldes da qvemoT, im mrgvalzurgiani koSkSisken miemarTeba, romelSic mowyobili iyo Wa.

gaicaniT saqarTvelo

SesaZlebeli iyo saidumlod gasvla cixeebidan, garda

SedarebiT horizontalurad dagegmarebulia ufro aRmosavleTiT mdebare zeda cixis gvirabi. is, savaraudod, zeda cixes amaragebda wyliT.

211

gaicaniT saqarTvelo

warsulSi nebismieri safortifikacio nageboba mudmivad moiTxovda aRdgena-ganaxlebas. sxvagvarad misi SenarCunebaSeuZlebeli iyo. xerTvissac etyoba sxvadasxva periodis saaRmSeneblo fenebi. rom araferi vicodeT misi istoriis Sesaxeb, mxolod arqiteqturis mixedviT SeiZleba garkveuli daskvnebis gamotana. sabrZolo xerxebisa da iaraRis ganviTarebac moiTxovda cvlilebebis Setanas adre agebul safortifikacio nagebobaSi. rogorc cnobilia, XV saukunemde cecxlsasroli iaraRi saqarTveloSi ar arsebobda. Sesabamisad, am dromde arc ambrazurebi gvxvdeba. asea xerTvisSic. misi adreuli fenebi saTofurebsa da sazarbazneebs ar Seicavs. aRsaniSnavia isic, rom xerTvisi ara marto simagre, aramed feodalis rezidenciac iyo. aqedan gamomdinare, cxovrebis wesis cvla da sacxovreblis ganviTarebac moqmedebda nagebobaze. am mxriv xerTvisis cixe-darbazze yvela mflobelma Seitana garkveuli cvlilebebi. damkveTebi maRali wris saero pirebi da aq xangrZlivad Casaxlebuli dampyroblebi iyvnen. strategiulad metad mniSvnelovani mdebareobis gamo xerTvisis cixe-darbazs mTel feodaluri xanis ganmavlobaSi ar daukargavs funqcia. Sesabamisad, mis aRdgenaganaxlebebsac didi xnis istoria aqvs.

212

funqcia dakarga da mxolod 1980-1988 ww. Catarebuli sarestavracio samuSaoebis dros (proeqtis avtori merab boWoiZe) gamococxlda cixe-darbazi da misi Semogareni. swored am periodSia aRdgenili kedlebis didi nawili. 2014 wlidan saqarTvelos kulturuli memkvidreobis dacvis erovnuli saagento xerTvisis cixis ganaxlebas - dasavleT koSkis, sasaxlisa da sxva avariuli nawilebis reabilitacias gegmavs. xerTvisi mudam moiazreboda saintereso turistul obieqtad. varZiisken mimavali sazogadoeba gulgrili arasdros dautovebia xerTvisis cixis mSvenierebas. mas

gaicaniT saqarTvelo

mSvidobiani periodis dadgomis Semdeg xerTvisma

uzarmazari potenciali aqvs da damsaxurebulad SeiZleba daikavos erT-erTi wamyvani adgili turizmis ganviTarebis segmentSi.

fotoebi gadaRebulia merab boWoiZis mier.

213

xevsureTi gorSeRma xevi kaxa ximSiaSvili vin aRar yofila xevsureTSi... umravlesoba piriqiTa xevsureTs midis da arc Tu usafuZvlod, radgan swored iq elis mnaxvels xevsureTis ZiriTadi RirsSesaniSnaobani Satili, muco, ardoti. Tumca, am bolo dros piraqeTa xevsureTSi, abdelauris tbebze amsvlelTa raodenobamac imata, gasagebi mizezis gamo - Wauxebis Zirs mibjenili sami patara, samive sxvadasxva feris - mwvane, lurji da TeTri tba, marTlac saucxoo sanaxavia. xevsureTSi naklebad popularuli adgilebic arsebobs, Tumca isinic saocaria... saocari - silamaziT, saocari - is-

bacaligo

214

gaicaniT saqarTvelo

gorSegmis xevi

toriiT, saocari - andrezebiT.1 swored aseTi saocari adgilia gorSeRma, xevsureTis aragvis saTave, nawili bude xevsureTisa. am xeobaSi samanqano gza gudanidan Sedis. gorSeRma ramdenime sofels aerTianebs - winxadusa da ukanxadus, atabes, Cxubas, zeisteCos, bacaligos. soflebi dacarielebulia, zafxulSi TiTo-orola ojaxi Tu stumrobs, zamTarSi ki (rogorc miTxres), mxolod erTi kaciRa rCeba. gudanidan sul ramdenime kilometrSi, jer sofel Cxubas gaivliT, Semdeg miadgebiT bacaligos, swored im bacaligos, sadac Tinibeqa cxovrobda, romlis koSkis saZirkveli axlac 215

gaicaniT saqarTvelo 216

SeiZleba ixiloT da romelic ase brwyinvaled Semogvinaxa folklorma: ~zen bacaligos Tovlsa Tovs, qven bacaligos Srebisa, TinibeqaurT cixesa kuTxe marjvena skdebisa. zeda zis Savi yorani, liboSi gveli Zvrebisa, Siga wevs Tinibeqai, gulsuwadinod kvdebisa, gverds uzis coli lamazi, sanTeliviTa dnebisa.~

abudelauri TeTri tba

mopirdapire ferdze gadafenil winxadus. gorSeRmas xeobidan, SesaZlebelia gadasvla arxotis TemSi, tanies tbasTan, xolo anatoris Reles gavliT, guroTi piriqiTaSi, giorgi wmindasTan, aseve sofel roSkaSi. gorSeRmas xeobas medidurad dahyurebs crolis mTa. es is mTaa, romelic qarTlis cxovrebis mixedviT, aleqsandre makedonelma mis mier qarTlis mmarTvelad dadgenil azos qarTlis samefos CrdiloeTis sazRvrad daudo. crolis mTa erT-erTi yvelaze mistikuri adgilia xevsureTSi. xevsurebs sjeraT, rom swored crolis mTa iyo

gaicaniT saqarTvelo

Semdeg SemogxvdebaT sofeli atabe, gzad ki dainaxavT

aisi - Wauxebi

217

gaicaniT saqarTvelo

muco

dedamiwis Sua samani (anu niSnis qva). crolis mTaze gaxldaT sanebis (samebis) mTavari salocavi, romelsac misi ymani moixsenieben, rogorc â&#x20AC;?mfrinao angelozi, batono sanebav croliswverisaoâ&#x20AC;?. andrezebis mixedviT, crolis sanebis ymebma icodnen, rom saneba crolis mTis wverze iyo da, miuxedavad amisa, xevsruni mxolod garkveul adgilamde adiodnen crolis mTaze da iq swiravdnen SeTqmul saklavs. upiratesoba saklaviT asulTa Soris eniWebodaT wul-maxvewurT, anu maT, vinc vaJiSvilis SeZenas sTxovda sanebas. saklavis Sewirvis win xucesi gaikiTxavda, vin iyo wulT-maxvewuri da pirvel rigSi maT saklavs swiravda, mx-

218

gaicaniT saqarTvelo

muco

olod Semdeg - danarCenebisas. mijna, romlis iqiTac xevsurebi aRar Sediodnen, daaxloebiT im adgilidan iwyeba, sadac balaxi mTavrdeba, romlis zemoTac naSalia, TiTqmis qviSad qceuli sipi. aseT tabuirebul adgils, sadac adamianis Sesvla ar SeiZleboda, xevsurebi mkvrivs uwodeben. crolis mTis wveric mkvrivia. masSi SemTxveviT moxvedrili monadire Tavs movaled Tvlida, yovel wels saklavi Seewira da patieba eTxova crolis sanebisTvis imisTvis, rom mkvrivSi avida. andrezis mixedviT, mTis wverze, swored mkvrivSi iyo darbazi (darbasi) da saqvabe. andrezi imasac mogviTxrobs,

219

gaicaniT saqarTvelo

rom am utyeo adgilas saklavi qvabSi ucecxlod ixarSeboda da zamTarSi asul xalxs iq ar scioda. 2013 wels andrezSi naxsenebi darbazis naSTebis sanaxavad mcire eqspedicia moewyo. cxadia, eqspediciis wevrebi crolis mTis wveramde unda avsuliyaviT. crolis mTaze asvlis neba xucesma dagvrTo da avuyeviT aRmarTs. aRmarTi sakmaod kargad gatkepnili bilikiT iwyeba, daaxloebiT mTis Suawelze niSia gamarTuli. mivuaxlovdiT mijnas, romlis iqiTac mkvrivi iwyeba da, bunebrivia, bilikic daikarga. mivaRwieT Txems, sadac wesiT unda yofiliyo andrezebSi naxsenebi nagebobaTa naSTebi, Tumca, samwuxarod, araferi aRmoCnda. ai, xedebi ki marTlac gasaocari gaxlavT. sadRac Sors vxedavdiT Jinvalis wyalsacavs, sxva mxares - Wauxebs. gansakuTrebul xibls iqaurobas matebda SegrZnebac imisa, rom iseT adgilas viyaviT, sadac adamians didi xania fexi ar daudgams... gorSeRmaSi maspinZelic gansakuTrebuli dagvxvda - atabeli xucesi petre gogoWuri. vinc crolis mTaze asvlas gadawyvets, pativi unda sces xevsurTa rwmenasa da tradiciebs da mkvirvSi ar unda avides, an ki asvlis nebarTva iTxovos xucesisagan. 1

andrezi - xevsurul zepirsityvierebaSi samagaliTod

Semonaxuli ambavi laSqroba-mesisxleobis, gmirobisa da laCrobis, Temis an bWeebis gadawyvetilebisa da sxva SemTxvevaTa Sesaxeb, erTgvari moralur-iuridiuli Segoneba. Taobidan Taobas gadaecemoda zepiri moTxrobis an leq-

220

vnelovan rols asrulebda CveulebiTi samarTlis SeqmnaSi da misi erT-erTi ZiriTadi wyaro iyo. bWeebis gadawyvetilebis gansamtkiceblad da andrezis dasamaxsovreblad mesisxleTa Semrigeblebisagan specialur pirebs niSnavdnen, romelTac ~andrezis Sesanaxi~ gasamrjelo eZleodaT (vikipedia).

Satili

gaicaniT saqarTvelo

sis saxiT. xSirad mas precedentis Zala hqonda; mniS-

fotoebi gadaRebulia kaxa ximSiaSvilis mier.

221

gaicaniT saqarTvelo

bagratis arqeologia omar lanCava, roland isakaZe, Salva buaZe

bagratis taZris mecnierul kvlevas safuZveli diubua de monperem (XIX s-is 30-iani wlebi) Cauyara. quTaisis

siZveleebis

arqeologiuri

Seswavlis

sakiTxi, jer kidev kavkasiis arqeologiis moyvaruli sazogadoebis gaxsnisas, a. berJem wamoWra. 1880 wlis 18 noembers ruseTis V arqeologiuri yrilobis mosamzadebel komitets giorgi wereTelma warudgina moxseneba quTaisSi arqeologiuri aRmoCenebis Sesaxeb. imave xanebSi bagratis taZarSi arqeologiuri samuSaoebi Cautarebia quTaisis gimnaziis direqtors e. stoianovs. 1951 wels prof. vaxtang cincaZis xelmZRvanelobiT nangrevebisgan gaiwminda taZris interieri da fasadebi. samuSaoebSi monawileobda arqeologi aleqsandre ramiSvili. imave wels taZarSi gaWril 20-de sadazvervo TxrilSi Tavi iCina taZramdeli fenebis naSTebma. arqeologiuri kvlevis axali etapi iwyeba 1984 wlidan. quTaisis arqeologiurma eqspediciam (prof. oTar lorTqifaniZe, prof. omar lanCava) taZris garSemo aRmoaCina galavnis, karibWis, sasuliero pirTa senakebis,

222

gaicaniT saqarTvelo

Ria da daxuruli marnebis, sawnaxelisa da sxva nagebobaTa naSTebi. 2005-2012 wlebSi taZris reabilitaciis procesis paralelurad interiersa da ezoSi Catarebulma samuSaoebma gamoavlina sxvadasxva epoqisa da daniSnulebis pirvelxarisxovani Zeglebi. arqeologiuri kvlevis Sedegad dadginda, bagratis taZris ezosa da mimdebare teritoriaze (`arqielis gora~) uZvelesi dasaxlebis naSTebi q. w. II aTaswleulis Suaxanebidan Cndeba [lanCava o., isakaZe r. 2007: 15-19., lanCava 2007: 34-42., lanCava o., isakaZe r., berZeniSvili d., WumburiZe m., qarciZe n. 2010: 68; lanCava o., isakaZe r. 2010a: 4-13; lanCava o., isakaZe r., berZeniSvili d., buaZe S. 2012: 11-12]. jerjerobiT

suraTi 1, 2, 3

mcire monakveTze Seswavlil kulturul fenaSi gamovlenilia riyis qvisa da kaJis iaraRebi, Savad da movardisfrod gamomwvari keramikis fragmentebi. momdevno epoqa warmodgenilia q.w. VIII-VII ss-is im vrceli namosaxlariT, romelic Tavis droze TiTqmis mTlianad far-

223

gaicaniT saqarTvelo

avda quTaisis gorak-borcviani zolis centralur nawils `gabaSvilis goridan~ -`arqielis goramde~. taZris interiersa da ezoSi dadasturebulia 3 metramde simZlavris kulturuli fena xis nagebobebis naSTebiT. gairCeva ori stilis Senoba: 1. erT metramde simaRlis momrgvalebuli formis ormos garSemo aRmarTuli, TixiT Selesili Zeluri an wnuli 2. imave teqnikiT qvis erTriga fundamentebze agebuli Senobebi, maT Soris erTi orsaTavsianic . gamovlenilia adrerkinis xanis mravalricxovani kolxuri keramika, TixiT naZerwi adamianisa da cxvris qandakebebi, sadazedapiriani sabeWdavebi da kvirisTavebi ([lanCava o., isakaZe r. 2007: 15-19., lanCava o. 2007: 34-42., lanCava o., isakaZe r., berZeniSvili d., WumburiZe m., qarciZe n. 2010: 68; lanCava o., isakaZe r. 2010a: 4-13; lanCava o., isakaZe r., berZeniSvili d., buaZe S. 2012: 11-12]). sruliad gansakuTrebuli mniSvnelobisaa taZris interieris gaTxrebisas gamovlenili adreqristianuli arqiteqturis Zeglebi. q.S. IV s-Si or etapad agebuli cixe-qalaqis [lanCava o. 1996: 80-91., lanCava o. 2007: 109-111] centralur nawilSi iq, sadac dRes bagratis taZari dgas, augiaT didi zomis samnaviani bazilika [lanCava 2007: 112-113., isakaZe 2009: 138-153., lanCava o., isakaZe r. 2010a: 4-13; lanCava o. 2012: 11-15]. miuxedavad imisa, rom misi adreve dazianebuli kedlebis qsovili mom-

224

wagrZelebuli marTkuTxedis formis (gare zomebi narTeqsisa da minaSenebis CaTvliT 38X29 m) nagebobis gegmisa da interieris mowyobis calkeuli elementebis dadgena. (bagratis taZris arqeologiuri kvlevis procesSi gamovlenili Zeglebi sxvadasxva dros azomes: g. grZeliZem, m. yaraSvilma, iv. gremelaSvilma, m. gelaSvilma, n. inwkirvelma, e. narouSvilma, m. kvicianma, T. vaxtangaZem, m. WlikaZem, S. buaZem, r. isakaZem). am bazilikis naosis (interierSi 26,7X12 m) orive mxareze dafiqsirebulia misi Tanadrouli sworkuTxa minaSenebi. CrdiloeTis minaSeni ornawiliania: araswori oTxkuTxedis

gaicaniT saqarTvelo

devno epoqebis samSeneblo fenebiTaa gadafaruli, moxerxda

formis sanaTlavi (interierSi daaxl. 8,9X5,7 m sur. 5-9) da masze dasavleTidan midgmuli damxmare saTavsi (interierSi daaxl. 5,3X4 m). sanaTlavis aRmosavleTisa da CrdiloeTis

suraTi 4

225

gaicaniT saqarTvelo

kedlebs Signidan gasdevs aguriT naSeni arxi, romelic sanaTlavis dasavleT nawilSi hidravlikuri xsnariT mopirkeTebul auzSi ixsneba. samxreTis saTavsis (interierSi daaxl. 7,1X6,1 m) funqciis garkveva kvlevis am etapze ar xerxdeba. gamovlenilia bazilikis narTeqsic (interierSi daaxl. 12X6,4m ). misi dasavleTis kedlis centrSi kirxsnariT molesili 2 metramde siganis karis zRurbli da xis CarCos Casadgmeli cilindruli foso dadasturda. narTeqsis kari SigniT iReboda. imave zomis, albaT orfrTiani karis naSTi dafiqsirda naosis dasavleTis kedelis SuaSi. kidev erTi kari CrdiloeTis kedlis dasavleT nawilSi yofila, romlis meSveobiTac damxmare saTavsis gavliT naosidan sanaTlavSi SeiZleboda moxvedra. bazilikis

centraluri

navis

aRmosavleT

nawilSi

suraTi 5

226

8X5,4 m), romlis orive mxares, gverdiTa navebis gayolebaze aseve marTkuTxa moxazulobis viwro (interierSi 8X2 m) saTavsebis (pirobiTad pastoforiumebi) gegma ikiTxeba. analogiuradaa mowyobili nekresis naqalaqaris Wabukauris bazilikis (IV s.) sakurTxevlis monakveTi [baxtaZe 2010: 210]. sakurTxevlis monakveTis aseTi mowyoba arc Tu iSviaTad dasturdeba CrdiloeT siriisa da palestinis, mesopotamiisa da egviptis adrindel bazilikebze [baxtaZe 2010: 210. iqve literatura]. naosis karis CrdiloeTis CarCosa da

gaicaniT saqarTvelo

gamoikveTa marTkuTxa formis sakurTxeveli (interierSi

sakurTxevlis centraluri da CrdiloeTis

saTavsebis

gamyofi kedlis win erT xazze ganlagebuli

kuTxeebmom-

rgvalebuli ori ormos (zomebi daaxl. 0,45X0,45 m, h=0,4-0,5

suraTi 6

227

gaicaniT saqarTvelo

m) naSTi gaiwminda. erTi maTganis fskerSi uformo qvis fila ido. SedarebiT mcire zomis natexi qvebi ormoSi sxvadasxva simaRlezec dafiqsirda.

sakurTxevlis monakveTSi gamov-

lenili ormo naosis hidravlikurxsnarian

iatakSi kuTx-

eebmomrgvalebul sicarieles aCens, stratigrafiuladac Tanxvdeba da iseTi STabeWdileba rCeba, rom iataki ormoSi Casmul xis svetze iyo milesili. qvis svetebze dayrdnobili saxuravis xis konstruqciebi igulisxmeba Wabukauris IV s-is bazilikazec, romelic gegmiT, zomebiTa da sakurTxevlis mowyobis principiT quTaisis bazilikis analogiuria. `rogorc qristianul dasavleTSi, ise romis aRmosavlur-qristianul provinciebSi, antikur-romauli tradiciebidan gamomdinare, uZvelesi bazilikebis orferda saxuravebi umTavresad xis mzid konstruqciebs eyrdnoboda...~ (baxtaZe n. 2010 : 211; ix. agreTve jabua n. 2009: 151). sakurTxevlis monakveTis gegma, aRniSnuli ormoebis aRmoCena da is garemoeba, rom gaTxrebis Sedegad IV s-is bazilikis kuTvnili qvitkiris svetebi ar gamovlenila, safuZvels suraTi 7, 8, 9

228

viani samnaviani naosi warmovidginoT. bazilikis fundamentebi CaSvebulia winareantikuri xanis kulturul fenaSi. maTi simaRle meryeobs reliefis formisa da gruntis simkvrivis Sesabamisad da nagebia riyis qviTa da Warbkiriani, maRali xarisxis duRabiT. fasadebi amoyvanilia myife jiSis TeTri kirqvis mcire zomis, Sublgamoyvanili qvebiT, Sida sivrce ki Sevsebulia natexi qviTa da Warbkiriani duRabiT. kedlebis sigane 1,4 m-ia, wyobaSi `SeZlebisdagvarad daculia rigebis horizontaloba, riTic igi waagavs romaul xuroTmoZRvrebaSi kargad cnobil `pus incertum-s.~ analogiuri teqnikiTaa nagebi q.S. IV s-iT daTariRebuli ara

gaicaniT saqarTvelo

gvaZlevs xis svetebis ori rigiT gayofili orferdasaxura-

marto quTaisis, aramed vardcixis, noqalaqevisa da Sorapnis safortifikacio da saero nagebobebi [lanCava o. 1996: 79-98, sur. 5-6-11-12; lanCava o. 2007: 109-115, sur. 95-97-98-100-101; jafariZe v. 1989: 112 da Semdeg; jafariZe v. 1990; zaqaraia p., kapanaZe T. 1991: 17 da Semdeg]. bazilikis naosSi da sanaTlavSi dafiqsirda samSeneblo anatkecebze dafenili hidravlikurxsnariani iatakis Txeli (10 sm-de) Sre (naosis iataki sagrZnobladaa daxrili aRmosavleTidan dasavleTiT. analogiuradaa mowyobili momdevno bazilikebis iatakebic. aseve SeiniSneba, rom gverdiTa navebSi iatakis done odnav SemaRlebulia). momdevno etapze bazilika safuZvlianad gadaukeTebiaT, manamde ki drois raRac monakveTSi, rogorc Cans misi fun-

229

gaicaniT saqarTvelo

qcionireba SeCerebulia, risi dasturicaa Tavdapirvel iatakze dafenili 0,4 m-de simZlavris miwis fena, romelSic ikiTxeba ngrevisa da xanZris kvali. miuxedavad imisa, rom gadakeTebis kvali momdevno etapebis mSeneblobebis dros ukiduresad dazianebulia, mainc moxerxda axali nagebobis gegmis warmosaxva, romlis gare konturi Zveli bazilikis naosis interierSia Casmuli. saxeldaxelod amoyvanili kedlebi (sigane 0,4 m-de) nagebia bazilikis dangreuli konstruqciebidan aclili qvebiT, duRabisa da agurebis natexebiT. or SemTxvevaSi wyobis gasamagreblad horizontalurad dawyobili xis sworkuTxa Zelebis budeebic dafiqsirda. praqtikulad fundamentebis doneze SemorCenili fragmentebis mixedviT gamoikveTa

suraTi 10

230

lagebuli sxvadasxva zomis 5 saTavsis gegma. dasavleTis mcire zomis (interierSi 10,8X2,6 m) saTavsSi dafiqsirebulia lokaluri, xangrZlivi cecxlis nTebisgan gadawiTlebuli Tixatkepnili iatakis done. momdevno, didi zomis, orsvetiani saTavsis (interierSi 10,8X10,8 m) samxreTdasavleT kedelTan, savaraudo iatakis doneze aRmoCnda farTo, brtyelZiriani (adreuli Sua saukuneebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli) sadazedapiriani qvevri. mesame da meoTxe saTavsebi pirvelis msgavsad marTkuTxa formisaa, Tumca maTi gegma naTlad ar ikiTxeba. arc nagebobis gegma, arc xangrZlivi cecxlis kvali da

gaicaniT saqarTvelo

dasavleT-aRmosavleT xazze erTmaneTis paralelurad gan-

qvevri kanonikur qristianul msaxurebas ar ukavSirdeba. savaraudod es yvelaferi V s-is 70-80-iani wlebidan 523 wlamde egrisSi ganviTarebul movlenebs (iranis gaaqtiureba, waTes gaqristianeba da politikuri orientaciis Secvla) unda davukavSiroT da SesaZloa cecxlis kultis an sulac iranisgan mxardaWerili qristianuli eresis (savaraudod nestorianobis) arsebobis gamoZaxilic iyos [dawvr. ix. lanCava o., isakaZe r. 2010b: 10-12; isakaZe 2009: 139-140]. amave konteqstSi (iranis gabatoneba egrisSi) unda ganvixiloT Terjolis raionis sof. RvankiTSi adgil `dedaRvTisaze~ gaTxrili eklesiac, romlis mSeneblobac fundamentis donezea Sewyvetili [bragvaZe 2009: 5-13]. sadReisod Cvens xelT arsebuli monacemebiT, daaxloebiT VI s-is II meoTxedSi bazilika safuZvlianad Cans ganaxlebuli: 231

gaicaniT saqarTvelo

zemoxsenebuli gadakeTebis kvali mTlianad gadafarulia, aRdgenilia CrdiloeTis kedlis nawili., Sendeba axali, S xazze ramdenadme daviwroebuli (interierSi 9,2X6,4 m) narTeqsi da misi TaRebis gadasayvanad centrSi gaCenilia ori sworkuTxa burji. naosSi fiqsirebulia kargad damuSavebuli qvebiT amoyvanili navebis gamyofi sworkuTxa burjebi, romelTa bazebis qveda safexurebi VIII saukuneSi axali bazilikis jvris formis burjebis sayrdenebad gamouyenebiaT. narTeqsSi da naosis dasavleTis nawilSi iataki mopirkeTebulia sagangebod momzadebul safuZvelze dafenili maRali xarisxis hidravlikuri xsnariT, romelic centridan aRmosavleTiT kirxsnarSi Sezavebuli xreSiT Sedgenil iatakSi gadadis. orive maTgani calkeuli SekeTebebiT momdevno etapebzecaa gamoyenebuli. sanaTlavis iataksa da arxSi Caleqil ngrevis fenaSi in situ fiqsirebuli samSeneblo (maRalbortiani [h=7 sm] kramitebi da sxvadasxva zomis agurebi) da sayofacxovrebo (pirqediani, farToZiriani dergebi, Txelkedliani, moCalisfrokeciani, viwrod tandaRaruli amfora) keramikis fragmentebi VI s-iT TariRdeba. bazilikis meore da saboloo ngreva VI s-is SuaxanebSi egrisSi `did omianobas~ unda davukavSiroT. VII s-Si, savaraudod herakle keisris laSqrobebidan (VII s. 20-iani wlebi) sergi barnukis Zis ajanyebamde (697 w.), amave adgilze axali eklesia augiaT (28,3X15,8 m sur. 13).

232

alo zomis zedapirdakeWnili, uxeSad damuSavebuli kvadrebiT. samxreTis kedlis dasavleTis fasadze erTsafexuriani cokolia. naosSi, dasavleTis karis win sagangebod gaTlili qvis filebiT Sedgenili iatakis naSTi dafiqsirda, romelic centrisken Zvel, hidravlikurxsnarian (VI s-is) iataks ebmis. navebis gamyofi sworkuTxa burjebis naSTebi imdenad cudadaa daculi, rom ara marto zomebis, dasavleT-aRmosavleT xazze maTi ganlagebis intervalebis aRdgenac ki ver xerxdeba.

gaicaniT saqarTvelo

kedlebis (SemorCenili h=0,5 m) sisqe 1,4 m-ia da nagebia saSu-

suraTi 11

SemorCenili naSTebis mixedviT, savaraudod oTxi wyvili sworkuTxa svetiT sam navad gayofili marTkuTxeds miaxloebuli naosi (interierSi 17,4X13,2 m) erTi Sverili af-

233

gaicaniT saqarTvelo

sidiT bolovdeboda, romlis gare konturis kvali mTlianad waSlilia. afsidis interieris nawili mxolod fundamentis doneze Cans, Tumca gegmis aRdgenis saSualebas iZleva. sakurTxevlis orive mxares ikveTeba sxvadasxva zomis samkveTlo da sadiakvne. sadiakvnes (interierSi 5,9X2,7 m, kedlebis sigane 0,7-0,8 m) CrdiloeTis kedelSi fundamentis doneze SemorCenili svetiT (1,3X0,7-0,8 m) orad gayofili sakare Riobi (sigane saSualod 1,2 m) Cans. simetriis principiT aRdgenil samkveTlos (interierSi 5,9X5,2 m) samxreTis kedelSic analogiurad mowyobili sakare Riobi unda vivaraudoT. sakurTxevlis monakveTis TiTqmis msgavsi gadawyveta Cans opizis taZarze [jobaZe 2006: 24, sur. 1; xoStaria d. 2009: 80-92, sur. 12]. sakurTxevlis afsidis win, centrSi qvis filebiTa da duRabiT nagebi, damoukideblad mdgari sworkuTxa struqtura (daxl. 1,5X1,5 m) ikiTxeba, romelic trapezis safuZveli unda iyos. wyobis pirvel rigze milesili, erTmaneTisgan 5-10 smiT daSorebuli kirxsnaris iatakis ori Sre uCvenebs, rom igi funqcias gvianac (VIII s-Si) inarCunebda. TariRisa da istoriuli realiebis gaTvaliswinebiT vfiqrobT, rom swored es aris qarTul wyaroebSi moxseniebuli `quTaTisis saydari~ romelSic unda daekrZalaT qarTlis erisTavi stefanozi (qarTlis cxovreba 1955: 241). stratigrafiulad amave konteqstSi unda ganvixiloT `saydris~ samxreTiT 2 m-is daSorebiT gancalkevebiT mdgari

234

lis centrSi. misi interieris gaxsna da detalebze msjeloba SeuZlebelia. savaraudod esaa martiriumi, SesaZloa swored stefanoz erisTavis gansasvenebeli da Tu es asea, maSin igi arCilis quTaisSi moRvaweobis xaniT SeiZleba davaTariRoT. samsafexurian cokolze amoyvanili koSkuris CrdiloeTis kedeli VIII s-is bazilikis struqturaSia CarTuli da 2-3 metris simaRleze dResac kargad ikiTxeba. murvan-yrus laSqrobis Sedegad dazianebuli `saydari~ safuZvlianadaa gadakeTebuli leon II mier VIII s-is meore naxevarSi: gafarToebulia interieri, CrdiloeTisa da samxreTis mxares Cndeba sworkuTxa mklavebi, samxreTis sworkuTxa

gaicaniT saqarTvelo

koSkisebri nageboba (5,7X5,7 m) kariT (1,2 m) dasavleTis ked-

mklavSi sanaTlavia mowyobili, risi dasturicaa Rariani kramitebiT Sedgenili arxebi; dasavleTidan miSenebulia SesaniSnavad damuSavebuli safasado qvebiT agebuli narTeqsi. narTeqsis centrSi or, damatebiT paralelur sayrden kedelze fiqsirebul jvris formis svetebze gadayvanili TaRebiT sivrce sam araTanabar nawilad yofila gayofili, naosis dasavleTis kedelSi kvlav funqcionirebs Zveli (VII s.) kari. amave zomis kari unda yofiliyo narTeqsis dasavleTis kedlis centrSic. VIII s-is ganaxleba-gadakeTebis kvali `saydris~ interierSic kargad Cans. gaTxril monakveTebSi aRmoCnda erTmaneTisagan TiTqmis Tanabari intervalebiT (saSualod 2,5 m ) daSorebuli CrdiloeTisa da centraluri navebis gamyofi jvris

235

gaicaniT saqarTvelo

formis 6 burjis naSTi. erTi maTganis safexurebrivi baza TiTqmis mTlianadaa gadarCenili, danarCenebi ki momdevno mSeneblobebis drosaa dazianebuli an gadafaruli. arsebuli monacemebiT eqvsi wyvili svetiT sam navad gayofili bazilikis naosi gare sworkuTxedSi Cawerili sami naliseburi absidiT mTavrdeboda. es monakveTi momdevno ori samSeneblo feniTa da gasuli saukunis restavraciis SriTaa gadafaruli, Tumca bagratis taZris samkveTlosa da sadiakvneSi fundamentis doneze mkrTalad, magram mainc ikiTxeba Zveli afsidebis rkalis naSTebi, rac gegmis srulad aRdgenis saSualebas ar iZleva. am konteqstSi unda ganvixiloT kulturuli fenidan mom-

suraTi:12

236

ragmis gaxsniT ikiTxeba `gabrieli,~ warwera paleografiululad

VIII_IX ss-iT TariRdeba [silogava 2009: 75-79].

analogiuri antefiqsi cnobilia gudauTidan, sadac ikiTxeba `miqaeli.~ 2009-2010 wlebSi Catarebuli samuSaoebis Sedegad kidev erTi samSeneblo fena gamoiyo. mSeneblobis am etapze ganuaxlebiaT sakurTxevlis afsidebi. ganaxlebis kvali CrdiloeTis sworkuTxa mklavis samxreT-aRmosavleT kuTxis interiersa da eqsterierSi sarTulnaxevris simaRleze TvalnaTliv ikiTxeba. amave fenis kuTvnilia sakurTxevliswina naxevarwriuli burjebi (erTi maTgani SesaniSnavadaa

gaicaniT saqarTvelo

dinare asomTavrulwarweriani antefiqsic, romelzec qa-

ornamentirebuli sur. 16) da bagratis taZris dasavleTis kedlis amoyvanisas gauqmebuli Zveli karibWis TaRi ,Zeglis stratigrafiis gaTvaliswinebiT es fena zogadad IX-X ss-iT unda daTariRdes. faqtobrivi masalisa da werilobiTi wyaroebis ukiduresi simwiris gamo axla Znelia Tqma riTi iyo ganpirobebuli VIII s-is bolos agebul bazilikaze am masStabis ganaxlebiTi samuSaoebis Catareba. am fenis ufro mkafiod gamosakveTad da bagrat III droindeli mSeneblobisgan gasamijnad damatebiTi xuroTmoZRvruli kvlevaa saWiro. ori ukanaskneli samSeneblo epoqis kedlebis, sarkmlebis, sarTulebis gamyofi TaRebis, naliseburi sami afsidis, afsidiswina mrgvali svetebis naSTebi qsovili organuladaa

237

gaicaniT saqarTvelo

CarTuli bagratis taZris struqturaSi da sarTulnaxevris simaRleze dRemde kargad ikiTxeba, interieris elementebi ki iatakis donezea nivelirebuli. arqeologiuri masaliT dasturdeba bagratisa da winamorbedi taZrebis Rvarsadenebisa da sakanalizacio sistemebis arseboba. TurqTa marbieli laSqris mier 1510 wels gadamwvari taZ-

suraTi 13

ari, rogorc Cans gelaTTan erTad ganuaxlebia imereTis mefe bagrat III (1510-1565). kerZod: sakurTxevlis ganaxlebuli iatakisa da kankelis kirxsnaris struqtura dasavleTis

238

kvali `mozaikazec~ kargad ikiTxeba. gviani Sua saukuneebiT TariRdeba samxreTis karibWeSi SemorCenili freskebic. saarqivo masalebsa da arqeologiuri kvlevis Sedegebze dayrdnobiT aRdgenilia 1698 wlis [isakaZe r. 2006: 91-98] `iavarqmnas~ (vaxuSti bagrationi) gadarCenil taZris samxreTis karibWeSi XVIII s-is bolos gamarTul eklesiaze 1830-ian wlebSi Catarebuli saremonto samuSaoebis kvali [lanCava o., isakaZe r. 2007: 8-14; ]. 1985 wlidan dRemde taZris interierisa da ezos gaTxrebisas 100-ze meti samarxi aRmoCnda. maTi qronologiuri CarCo

gaicaniT saqarTvelo

mxridan `SeWrilia~ ambionis `mozaikur~ iatakSi. ganaxlebis

V-XIX ss-iT ifargleba. samarxTa ZiriTadi tipebia: ormosamarxebi, qvayuTebi, aguriT amoSenebuli samarxebi, kirxsnariTa da natexi qvebiT amoSenebuli samarxebi, akldamebi, kirxsnariani samarxebi, sarkofagi. adreuli Sua saukuneebis samarxebSi ori qronologiuri jgufi gamoiyofa: 1. uinventaro ormosamarxebi, romelTac faravs VI s-is dasawyisis hidravlikurxsnariani iataki. am ormosamarxebs CaWrili aqvs IV s-is bazilikis iatakis done. 2. VIII s-is meore naxevriT daTariRebuli ormosamarxebi da kirxsnariani samarxebi. am ukanasknelTa Soris gamoirCeva 50 mdidruli samarxi, romlis kamera mowyobili iyo VIII s-is bazilikis narTeqsSi. kirxsnariT dafaruli micvalebulis damxroba kanonikuria, xelebisa da fexebis poza (mar-

239

gaicaniT saqarTvelo

jvena xeli edo mkerdze, marcxena ki menjze. marjvena fexis muxls qvemoTa Zvlebi gadajvaredinebuli [gadalagebuli] iyo marcxena fexze, falangebi nakluli da gabneulia) ki araqristianuli. 50 samarxis inventari warmodgenilia oqros, vercxlisa da minis samajurebiT, beWdebiTa da sakidebiT. oqros nivTebi Semkulia lalisa da firuzis TvlebiTa da cisferi minanqriT [lanCava o., isakaZe r., qarciZe n. 2009: 17-20; lanCava o., isakaZe r. 2010a: 4-13, iqve lit-ra; lanCava o., isakaZe r. 2010b]. interdisciplinaruli kvlevebis Sedegad gairkva, rom 25 wlamde asakis qalbatoni iyo 1,56 m-de simaRlis, 40,9 kg. wo-

suraTi 14

240

boda sxvisi rZiT, hqonda sasunTqi organoebis daavadeba da bavSvobaSi raqitiT iyo avad, rac misi gardacvalebis mizezi ar gamxdara. samarxidan aRebul sinjebSi aRmoCenilia 50-ze meti saxeobis mcenaris mtveri, selis, bambisa da Salis boWkoebi, bevria zoologiuri masala. irkveva, rom mikrogaremo rbili haviT xasiaTdeboda, sadac Tbili qveynebidan Semotanili mcenareebic xarobda. micvalebuli dakrZales Semodgomaze, tanT ecva moZvelebuli, cisferi, sayeloiani kaba da gadafarebuli hqonda bambis TeTri sudara [dawvrilebiT ix. biTaZe l.,

gaicaniT saqarTvelo

nis; savaraudod daibada zamTarSi, dRenakluli, ikvebe-

yvavaZe e., lanCava o., isakaZe r., laliaSvili S., vaCeiSvili n., gafrindaSvili p., dobrovolskaia m. 2010: 280-310]. aseve gansakuTrebul yuradRebas imsaxurebs taZris samxreTis nalSi aRmoCenili 24-e samarxi. Sida mxridan SesaniSnavad damuSavebuli filebiT Sekrul qvayuTSi ori micvalebuli esvena. qristianuli kanonikiT dakrZalul ZiriTad micvalebuls (qali) marjvena beWis orive mxareze gadafenili hqonia wvrili ZafebiT naqsovi oqromkedi, xolo bavSvis (gogona) TavTan aRmoCnda oqros mrgvalganivkveTiani mavTulisgan damzadebuli wyvili sayure. stratigrafiis gaTvaliswinebiT 24 samarxi IX-X ss-iT SeiZleba daTariRdes.

241

gaicaniT saqarTvelo

taZris interieris arqeologiuri kvleva praqtikulad dasrulebulia. ezosa da mimdebare teritoriis samomavlo Seswavla ki bagratis taZarTan da Zvel bazilikebTan dakavSirebuli infrastruqturis gamovlenis saSualebas mogvcems.

literatura:

1. baxtaZe n. 2010: nekresis naqalaqarze gamovlenili Wa-

bukauris eklesiis 2. daTariRebisaTvis, Ziebani, 19. Tbilisi. 3. biTaZe l., yvavaZe e., lanCava o., isakaZe r., laliaSvili

S., vaCeiSvili n, gafrindaSvili p., dobrovolskaia m. 2010: bagratis taZarSi aRmoCenili `mdidari qalbatonis~ samarxis kompleqsuri kvlevis winaswari Sedegebi, analebi, 6, Tbilisi. 4. bragvaZe z. 2009: arqeologiuri gaTxrebi sofel

RvankiTSi, iberia-kolxeTi, 5, Tbilisi. 5. zaqaraia p., kapanaZe T. 1991: cixegoji-arqeopolisi-

noqalaqevi, xuroTmoZRvreba, Tbilisi. 6. isakaZe r. 2006: quTaisi XV-XVIII ss-Si (istoriuli wy-

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muzeumis oTar lorTqifaniZis arqeologiis centrisa da akaki wereTlis universitetis arqeologiuri eqspediciis mier quTaisSi, bagratis taZris eqsterierSi 2007 wels (15 ivnisi_30 agvisto) Catarebuli arqeologiuri samuSaoebis angariSi, xelnabeWdi, quTaisi. 11. lanCava o. 2012: quTaisis `didi bazilika,~ quTaisis

gaicaniT saqarTvelo

7. isakaZe r. 2009: quTaisis adreqristianuli eklesiebi,

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li samarxi `quTaTisis saydridan~ (axali aRmoCena), quTaisis saxelmwifo istoriuli muzeumis Sromebi, krebuli XIX. quTaisi. 13. lanCava o., isakaZe r., berZeniSvili d., WumburiZe m., qa-

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fundamentebis gamagrebasTan dakavSirebul samuS-

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warwera, gulani, 3(7), axalcixe. 18. qarTlis cxovreba 1955: qarTlis cxovreba, s. yauxCiS-

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astrebi istoriul taoSi, klarjeTsa da SavSeTSi. Tbilisi. 23. xoStaria d. 2009: klarjeTis eklesiebi da monastre-

bi, Tbilisi.

244

1. arqeologiuri masala Zv. w. II aTaswleulis Sua xanebis kulturuli fenidan. 2. Zv. w. VIII-VII ss-is orsaTavsiani nagebobis gegma. 3. arqeologiuri masala Zv. w. VIII-VII ss-is kulturuli fenidan. 4. IV s-is sanaTlavis gaTxrebis xedi taZris CrdiloeTis mklavSi. 5. taZris dasavleTi nawilis gaTxrebi reabilitaciis procesSi.

gaicaniT saqarTvelo

suraTebis aRweriloba:

6. taZris interieris centraluri navis 2010 wlis gaTxrebis xedi. 7. IV s-is bazilikis gegma. 8. V s-is nagebobis gegma 9. VI ganaxlebis kvali IV s-is bazilikaze. 10. xre 11. IX-X ss-is karibWis TaRi. 12. bagratis taZris ambionis `mozaika. 13. 50 samarxis inventari. 14. gaTxrebiT gamovlenili arqiteqturuli fenebi. gegma.

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gaicaniT saqarTvelo

zemo svaneTi giorgi pataSuri

svaneTi - saqarTvelos erT-erTi uZvelesi istoriul-geografiuli mxare, dasavleT saqarTvelos mTiani nawili mdebareobs kavkasionis mTavari qedis samxreT kalTebze, mdinareebis enguris, cxeniswylisa da kodoris saTaveebsa da Sua welSi. igi Znelad gasavleli bunebrivi sazRvrebiTaa Semofargluli. CrdiloeTidan _ kavkasionis mTavari qediT, aRmosavleTidan raWis qediT, xolo samxreT-dasavleTidan egrisisa da afxazeTis qedebiT.

mulaxis Temi da uSba

246

texilo gzebiT ukavSirdeboda. svaneTis farglebSi kavkasionis yvela uReltexili zRvis donidan 3000 m-ze maRlaa da wlis xagrZliv monakveTSi TovliTa da yinuliTaa dafaruli. uReltexilebis garkveuli nawili rTuli teqnikuri pirobebis gamo amJamad mxolod alpinisturi da samTo-turistuli moZraobisTvisaa gamoyenebuli. aris SedarebiT advilad savali uReltexilebi, romlebiTac adgilobrivi mosaxleoba axlac sargeblobs. svaneTis geofizikuri pirobebisa da mosaxleobis sameurneo da sulieri cxovrebis sxvadasxva TaviseburebaTa Sesaxeb saintereso cnobebia Semonaxuli, rogorc

gaicaniT saqarTvelo

istoriul warsulSi svaneTi gare samyaros sauRel-

qarTul saistorio TxzulebebSi ise, berZnul-romaul

ieli

247

gaicaniT saqarTvelo

werilobiT wyaroebSi. svanTa yofis Sesaxeb mraval saintereso informacias vigebT gviandeli Sua saukuneebis mkvlevar-mogzaurTa Canawerebidanac. antikur xanaSi svaneTi kolxeTis samefos Semadgeneli nawili iyo; adreul Sua saukuneebSi - egrisis samefosi, xolo ganviTarebul Sua saukuneebSi ki, saqarTvelos feodaluri saxelmwifos erT-erTi saerisTavo gaxldaT. geografiuli mdebareobisa da bunebrivi pirobebis gamo

ifxis reliefebi

svaneTs saukuneTa ganmavlobaSi ar exeboda mezobel regionebSi mimdinare istoriuli kataklizmebi, magram svaneTi - mudmivi moziare, monawile qveynis saxelmwifoebrivi cxovrebisa Znelbedobis Jams Zvirfasi nivTebis sa-

248

oba mis teritoriasa da eklesiebSi qarTuli da ucxouri warmomavlobis xelovnebis mravali Zeglis arseboba. garda amisa, svaneTi Sua saukuneebis qarTuli kulturis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani kera iyo - aq arsebobda adgilobrivi, TviTmyofadi mxatvruli skola, saoqromWedlo saxelosnoebi da a.S. svaneTi gansakuTrebulad mdidaria gamorCeuli saeklesio Tu saero xuroTmoZRvruli memkvidreobiT. mkvlevarebi yovelTvis dainteresebulni iyvnen svaneTis warsuliT. XIX s-is Sua wlebidan ki, mecnierebi ukve intensiurad ikvlvdnen svaneTs, xolo XX saukunis 20-iani wlebidan daiwyo svaneTis kulturuli

gaicaniT saqarTvelo

ganZur-sacavi iyo mTeli saqarTvelosTvis. aman ganapir-

memkvidreobis sistematuri mecnieruli kvleva. svaneTis materialuri da sulieri kulturis Zeglebi amJamad sakmaod kargadaa Seswavlili. svaneTi - saqarTvelos ganuyofeli nawili - sxva kuTxeebisgan gansxvavebuli TaviseburebebiT xasiaTdeba. Sua saukuneebis svaneTis cxovrebis zogierTi specifika axlac bundovnad aRiqmeba. jer kidev ar arsebobs erTiani azri regionis

socialur-ekonomiwm. giorgis Weduri xati nakifaris eklesiidan

249

gaicaniT saqarTvelo

kuri, politikuri da kulturuli ganviTarebis mTel rig arsebiT sakiTxebTan dakavSirebiT. saeklesio krebaTa matianeebi da saero saxis sxvadasxva xelnaweri, maRalmxatvruli oqromWedloba, daxvewili arqiteqtura, `ferweris svanuri mxatvruli skola,â&#x20AC;&#x153; eklesiebSi daculi didZali ganZeuloba da qristianuli kulturis mravali sxva komponenti svaneTSi qristianuli ideologiis yovlismomcvel xasiaTsa da saeklesio cxovrebis maRal doneze metyvelebs. svaneTis qristianuli monumenturi ferwerisa da liTonmqandakeblobis Seswavlis Sedegad dadginda, rom man stilisturi evoluciis igive etapebi gaiara, romlebic sruliad saqarTvelos xelovnebam. svaneTSi qristianuli xelovnebis ganviTareba, mravali TaviseburebiT gamoirCeva. is saerTo qarTuli xelovnebis ganviTarebis sinqronulad mimdinareobda da misi nawili iyo. marTalia, svaneTis adreuli Sua saukuneebis arqeologiuri Zeglebis kvleva dRemde SemTxveviT aRmoCenebsa

arqeologiur

dafuZnebuli,

magram

dazvervebzea gamovlenili

masala konkretuli epoqis socialurekonomikuri da sazogadoebrivi wyofxotreris kari, XI saukune

250

gaicaniT saqarTvelo

bis mraval sakiTxs hfens Suqs. adreuli Sua saukuneebis svaneTSi qristianuli ogiis

ideol-

xasiaTsa

saeklesio cxovrebis doneze

metyvelebs

engurisa

iswyalis

zemo

lze

cxenwe-

gamovlenili

samarovnebi da eklesiebi - solSi, xofurSi, fxutrersa da nesgunSi. adreuli Sua saukuneebis

svaneTSi

qristianuli Temebis arsebobaze

metyve-

lebs qveda marRisa da

xofuris

samarovnebi.

laSTxveris mxatvroba

xofurSi aRmoCenil samarxeuli

inventaridan

gansakuTrebulad

sayuradRe-

boa adreuli Sua saukuneebis e.w. `webelduri culebiâ&#x20AC;&#x153;, romelTa analogiuri, VI saukuniT daTariRebuli cule-

251

gaicaniT saqarTvelo

nakifaris interieri

bi, mravladaa aRmoCenili webeldis samarovnebze. zemo

svaneTis

saeklesio

xuroTmoZRvruli

tipi

ZiriTadad erTgvaria _ saSualo da mcire zomis darbazuli nagebobebi, Tanadrouli an gviani minaSenebiT sam mxares. miuxedavad tipobrivi simwirisa, gegmis mixedviT svanuri Zeglebi SeiZleba or jgufad davyoT: Cveulebrivi, sworkuTxedSi Cawerili nagebobebi da Sverilafsidiani eklesiebi. Sverilafsidiani eklesiebi ZiriTadad erTmaneTis msgavsia. samwaxnagiani afsidis wibos xSir SemTxvevaSi â&#x20AC;&#x153;gadatexiliâ&#x20AC;? pilastri, zogjer ki, lilvebis kona auyveba. aris aseve sruliad sada Sverilebi da ori SemTxvevaa, rodesac afsidi xuTwaxnaga SverilSi Tavsdeba. am tipis eklesiebi saxuravis mowyobis principis mixedviT Sei252

ac Sverili afsidisa da navis gadaxurva damoukidebeli aqvs da garedan afsidi nagebobis tanTan SedarebiT dabalia. meore jgufi ki aerTianebs iseT nagebobebs, romlebsac erTiani saxuravi aqvs, anu dasavleTis kedlis frontoniani gasrulebis sapirispirod, aRmosavleTiT frontoni ar keTdeba da saxuravic pirdapir gadadis afsidze. eklesiis fasadebi yuradRebas izidavs sada zedapirebiT, romlebic aRmosavleTiT gacilebiT mZlavr moculobaSia gadazrdili. sibrtyeebiT manipulireba da maTi sisadave fasadis mTavari mxatvruli datvirTvaa. sainteresoa aseve eklesiaTa jgufi, romlebsac mx-

gaicaniT saqarTvelo

Zleba or nawilad davyoT. pirveli - eklesiebi, romelT-

olod aRmosavleT fasadi aqvs morTuli sxvadasxva re-

wvirmis macxovari

253

gaicaniT saqarTvelo xedi sof.laRamze

liefuri gamosaxulebiT, isini adgilobriv rwmena-warmodgenebs unda ukavSirdebodes. mniSvnelovania, rom daxasiaTdes es reliefebi da kuTvnili adgili daikavos qarTuli qvis plastikis ganviTarebis istoriaSi. Zalze sainteresoa svaneTis lilvovani TaRnariT gaformebuli nagebobebidan eklesiebi, romlebSic, xSirad am dekoris sruliad axlebur da originalur gadawyvetas vxedavT. fasadis SexedvisTanave mkafiod igrZnoba misi kavSiri svanur saero xuroTmoZRvrebasTan, TaRna-

254

sa da koSkebis. amgvarad, svanuri saeklesio xuroTmoZRvreba mWidrod aris dakavSirebuli zogadad qarTul xuroTmoZRvrebasTan, Tumca, imavdroulad, adgilobriv tradiciebze dafuZnebuli

mkafio

individualobiT

xasiaTdeba.

vfiqrobT, svaneTis saeklesio xuroTmoZRvrebis Seswavlas didi mniSvneloba aqvs Sua saukuneebis qarTuli xuroTmoZRvrebis saerTo suraTis srulad warmosadgenad. amdenad, svaneTi gasaocaria rogorc bunebis silamaziT ise, tradiciuli Tu saeklexio xelovnebis mraval-

gaicaniT saqarTvelo

ris gadawyveta aSkarad msgavsia maSikulebiani maCubebi-

ferovani nimuSebiT.

fotoebi gadaRebulia giorgi pataSuris mier.

255

â&#x20AC;˘

saintereso gamocemebi

adresamiwaTmoqmedo kultura samxreT kavkasiaSi

aruxlos goraze 2005-2011 wlebSi Catarebuli arqeologiuri samuSaoebis angariSi adresamiwaTmoqmedo kultura samxreT kavkasiaSi - germaniis arqeologiuri institutis evraziis ganyofilebisa da saqarTvelos erovnuli muzeumis oTar lorTqifaniZis arqeologiuri centris gamocema. Tanaavtorebi - katrin bastert-lamprisi, ivan gacovi, petranka nedelCeva, daniel noimani, mixail ulrixi da ioahim vali. redaqtorebi - svend hanzeni da guram mircxulava. Tbilisi, 2013 weli. gverdebis raodenoba - 104. gamocema gankuTvnilia profesionalebisTvis, acnobs mkiTxvels aruxlos goraze 2005-2011 wlebSi ganxorcielebuli arqeologiuri gaTxrebis Sedegebs. gaformebulia saukeTeso ilustraciebiT, Sesrulebulia maRal poligrafiul doneze.

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257

•

saintereso gamocemebi

atenis sioni

adreuli Sua saukuneebis centralur-gumbaTovani xuroTmoZRvruli tipis istoriidan

saqarTvelos kulturuli memkvidreobis dacvis erovnuli saagentom gamosca guram abramiSvilis wigni “atenis sioni.” redaqtori - dinara vaCnaZe, gamomcemloba “nekeri,” gverdebis raodenoba - 219 da tabulebi - 55. naSromi adreuli Sua saukuneebis qarTuli xuroTmoZRvrebis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani Zeglis atenis sionis monografiulad Seswavlis pirveli mcdelobaa. wigni sainteresoa, rogorc profesionalebisTvis ise, farTo sazogadoebisaTvis. wigni gaformebulia saukeTeso ilustraciebiT, Sesrulebulia maRal poligrafiul doneze.

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259

â&#x20AC;˘

saintereso gamocemebi

muzeumi

muzeumi - saqarTvelos erovnuli muzeumis Jurnalis pirveli nomeri. Tbilisi, 2012 wlis dekemberi. gverdebis raodenoba - 70. redaqtori - Tamar babuaZe, dizaineri - Tornike lorTqifaniZe. Jurnalis

Sesaval

nawilSi

saqarTvelos

erovnuli muzeumis Jurnalis pirveli nomeri acnobs sazogadoebas saqarTvelos erovnuli muzeumis SemadgenlobaSi Semavali dawesebulebebis saqmianobas, romelic mecnieruli kvlevisa da sxvadasxva saxis gamofenebis garda, saganmanaTleblo sferosac moicavs. Jurnali gaformebulia saukeTeso ilustraciebiT, Sesrulebulia maRal poligrafiul doneze.

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261

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saintereso gamocemebi

ufliscixis istoriul-arqeologiuri muzeum-nakrZali

ufliscixis istoriul-arqeologiuri muzeum-nakrZali - saqarTvelos kulturuli memkvidreobis dacvis erovnuli saagentos orenovani (qarTul-inglisuri) gamocema. Tbilisi, 2013. redaqtori - m. boWoiZe, Semdgenelebi - g.WeiSvili, e.TabukaSvili, n.kviciani, v.SaniZe, n.maxaraZe. gverdebis raodenoba - 64. gzamkvlevi “ufliscixis istoriul-arqeologiuri muzeum-nakrZali” mkiTxvels acnobs kldeSi nakveT unikalur qalaqs, mis umTavres arqiteqturul kompleqsebs, muzeumSi eqsponirebul iq aRmoCenil artefaqtebs. gzamkvlevi gaformebulia saukeTeso ilustraciebiT, Sesrulebulia maRal poligrafiul doneze.

262

263

redaqciisgan redaqcia, SesaZloa, ar iziarebdes JurnalSi ganTavsebul

samecniero

statiebSi

gamoTqmul zogierT mosazrebas, magram Cveni Jurnali Seuferxeblad gamoaqveynebs amgvar werilebsac da, Sesabamisad, Riaa polemikisTvis.

redaqcia • koordinatori da samecniero redaqtori -

iulon gagoSiZe • koordinatorebi da lit.redaqtorebi -

maia ColoyaSvili, qeTevan qurdovaniZe • inglisurad Targmna nino maisuraZem • inglisuri teqstis samecniero da lit.re-

daqtori - nino gabunia • dizaineri - Tamar gulbani

264

N3 JurnalSi n.paWikaSvilis statia “rusTavSi,” 186-e gverdis, zemodan me-7 striqonSi sityvebis ~mirdat revis Zis~ nacvlad unda eweros ~Trdat revis Ze.~ N4 JurnalSi iulon gagoSiZis statiis “mefe flavius dadis vinaobisTvis” me-16 gverdis, zemodan me-14 striqonSi sityva potepis nacvlad unda eweros - nomeni.

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